Anna Waśkowska & Marek Cieszkowski

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL ANAT OMY

OF A LARGE OLISTOSTROME IN THE EOCENE

HI ERO GLYPHIC FOR MA TION OF THE SILESIAN NAPPE,

POL ISH OUTER CARPATHIANS

Anna WAŒKOWSKA1 & Marek CIESZKOWSKI2

1

AGH Uni ver sity of Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Geo phys ics and En vi ron men tal Pro tec tion, ul. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Po land; waskowsk@agh.edu.pl

2

Jagiellonian Uni ver sity, In sti tute of Geo log i cal Sci ences, ul. Oleandry 2a, 30-376 Kraków, Po land; marek.cieszkowski@uj.edu.pl

Waœkowska, A. & Cieszkowski, M., 2014. Biostratigraphy and depositional anat omy of a large olistostrome in the Eocene Hi ero glyphic For ma tion of the Silesian Nappe, Pol ish Outer Carpathians. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 84: 51–70.

Ab stract: The study fo cuses on a large olistostrome unit (~200 m thick and 4 km in strike-par al lel ex tent) em bed ded in the Mid-Eocene shaly Hi ero glyphic For ma tion of the Silesian Nappe, ex posed in the Ro¿nów Lake area. Foraminifer biostratigraphy and petrographic com par i sons are used to iden tify the prov e nance of olistoliths. The olistostrome is tri par tite with re spect of its olistolith com po si tion. The lower part of the olistostrome abounds in olistoliths of sand stones de rived from the Early Eocene turbiditic Ciê¿kowice For ma tion, whereas the mid dle part is dom i nated by olistoliths of Early Eocene bathyal mudshales. The up per part con tains olistoliths of Mid dle Eocene turbiditic “banded sand stones”, known from the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion and de pos ited in the bathyal zone above the CCD. The bathyal prov e nance of the olistostrome con trasts with the abys sal or i gin of the host ing green shales.

The olistostrome unit is in ferred to be com pos ite, emplaced in the ear li est Bartonian or at the Lutetian/ Bartonian tran si tion by a se ries of at least three large de bris flows that closely fol lowed one an other. Biostratigra-phical data and slump-fold vergence sug gest resedimentation from the bathyal north ern slope of the Silesian Cor dil lera that bounded the abys sal Silesian Ba sin to the south. North ward move ment of the thrust-formed cor dil lera must have warped up the baseofslope de pos its of the Ciê¿kowice For ma tion, caus ing their grav i ta -tional col lapse. This event destabilized the for mer lower-slope muddy de pos its, re sult ing in a sec ond phase of resedimentation by ret ro gres sive slump ing, which led to the col lapse of mid-slope sandy turbidites. The slope fail ures in volved con tem po ra ne ous Mid-Eocene sed i ment with an ad mix ture of foraminifers de rived from the up per slope or shelf mar gin and with ex otic bed rock de bris shed from the eroded cor dil lera crest. The cat a strophic multiphase em place ment of the olistostrome marked the last ma jor thrust ing pulse of the sec ond (Late Cre ta -ceous–Late Eocene) stage of tec tonic evo lu tion of the Outer Carpathian accretionary prism.

Key words: olistostrome, olistoliths, foraminifers, flysch, Eocene, Outer Carpathians. Manu script re ceived 19 August 2013, ac cepted 3 March 2014

IN TRO DUC TION

Olistostromes vary ing in prov e nance and di men sions have been re ported from all the main tectono-strati graphic units of the Outer Carpathian flysch (e.g., Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1958; Œl¹czka, 1964; Szymakowska, 1966, 1967, 1981; Oszczypko and Œl¹czka, 1987; Kotlarczyk, 1988; Polak, 1999; Rajchel, 2004; Cieszkowski and Golonka, 2006; Olszak, 2006; Cieszkowski et al., 2007, 2008a, b, 2009a, 2012a; Jankowski, 2007, 2008; and ref er ences therein). The olistostromes are em bed ded in turbiditic suc ces sions and range from iso lated thick sol i tary beds to mul ti plebed com -plexes sev eral hun dred metres thick. The or i gin of olistostro- mes in ac tive-mar gin tec tonic set tings is gen er ally re lated to

the top o graphic re lief of the orogen thrust front and accre-tionary-prism ridges, known as cor dil leras (e.g., Lucente and Pini, 2008; Oszczypko and Œl¹czka, 1987; Jankowski, 2007, 2008; Cieszkowski et al., 2009a; and ref er ences therein). Olistostrome de pos its also may be as so ci ated with high-re lief fault blocks in pas sive-mar gin set tings (e.g., Naylor, 1981; Callot et al., 2008) and the strongly up lifted shoul ders of rift bas ins (e.g., Wendorff, 2005a, b, 2011; Bailey et al., 1989), as re ported from the Carpathians and the forebulge mar gin of the Eu ro pean Plat form (Waœkowska et al., 2009; Cieszkowski et al., 2012b; and ref er -ences therein). As re gards the prov e nance of ma te rial, the

olistostrome va ri et ies in the Outer Carpathians in clude both allolistostromes and endolistostromes (sensu Ray mond, 1978). The for mer con sist of ex otic de bris de rived from bed rock that was up lifted and sub jected to mass wast ing, whereas the lat ter con tain solely resedimented intraforma-tional ma te rial. Olistostromes of mixed prov e nance have also been rec og nized.

De tailed re gional stud ies of the Carpathian olistostro-mes (e.g., Olszak, 2006; Jankowski, 2007, 2008; Ciesz-kowski et al., 2009a, b, 2012b) have been par al leled by com par a tive re search in the Alps, Apennines and Si cil ian Maghrebides (e.g., Cieszkowski et al., 1994, 1995, 2006a, 2009a, 2010a; Pescatore et al., 2010; Œl¹czka et al., 2011, 2012). The re sults were sum ma rized by Cieszkowski et al. (2009a), who also dis cussed the re la tion ship be tween the or i gin of olistostromes and the main tec tonic de vel op ment stages of the North ern Carpathians.

The pres ent study fo cuses on one of the larg est olistostrome units in the North ern Carpathians, which is em bed -ded in the Eocene Hi ero glyphic For ma tion of the Silesian Nappe and is well ex posed in the shore line cliffs of Ro¿nów Lake, north of Nowy S¹cz. The olistostrome was dis cov ered and first de scribed by Cieszkowski (1992, 1999), with fur -ther de tails re ported by Cieszkowski et al. (2009b, 2010b, 2012b) and Cieszkowski and Waœkowska (2013a, b). The pres ent pa per ad dresses the im por tant is sues of the olisto-strome unit’s biostratigraphy and com pound depositional anat omy, thereby shed ding a new light on the or i gin and em place ment time of this large olistostrome.

GEO LOG I CAL SET TING

The Carpathians are one of the ma jor branches of the Eu ro pean Alpides. The Pol ish Carpathians are the cen tral seg ment of the North ern Carpathian moun tain chain, pass -ing south-eastwards into the East ern Slo vak and Ukrai nian Carpathians and south-west wards into the West ern Slo vak and Czech Carpathians. The North ern Carpathians are sub -di vided into in ner and outer do mains (Mahe¾, 1974; Ksi¹¿-kiewicz, 1977; Cieszkowski et al., 1985; Œl¹czka and Ka-minski, 1998; Golonka et al., 2005, 2006; and ref er ences therein). The Outer Carpathian do main of the accretionary prism con sisted of sev eral deep-wa ter bas ins sep a rated by shal lowly sub merged or partly emerged cordilleran ridges (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1962, 1977; Œl¹czka and Kaminski, 1998; Golonka et al., 2005, 2006, 2013; and ref er ences therein). One of these deep synclinal bas ins was the Silesian Ba sin, sep a rated by Silesian Cor dil lera from the ad ja cent Magura Ba sin to the south. The ba sin evolved in Ju ras sic to Mio cene time and was filled with turbiditic de pos its. Af ter the Mio -cene, north ward tec tonic thrust ing had folded the Silesian Ba sin and up rooted it from the bed rock, form ing the Sile-sian Nappe (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1962, 1977; Golonka and Waœ-kowska, 2007; Golonka et al., 2013).

The Silesian Nappe oc curs in the cen tral seg ment of the Outer Carpathians (Fig. 1A; Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1965, 1977; Ko- szarski et al., 1974; Cieszkowski et al., 1985; and ref er -ences therein), thin ning out south wards be neath the youn ger Magura Nappe and the Fore-Magura nappe com plex

(Fore-Magura Zone sensu Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1965; see also Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1977; Œl¹czka and Golonka, 2006). The Silesian Nappe was thrust north wards over the Subsilesian Nappe. They both over lie the older Skole Nappe in the east ern sec -tor of the Pol ish Carpathians and cover di rectly Mio cene foredeep molasse in the west ern sec tor.

The Silesian Nappe com prises a siliciclastic sed i men -tary suc ces sion of Late Ju ras sic to Early Mio cene age, known as the Silesian Se ries, with a cu mu la tive stratigra-phic thick ness es ti mated at 5–7 km or pos si bly more. These de pos its rep re sent the orig i nal Silesian Ba sin. The tec tonic struc ture of the Silesian Nappe in the west ern sec tor in volves shal low and gen tle open folds, whereas long and nar -row, steeply imbricated folds pre dom i nate in the east ern sec tor.

The study area north of Nowy S¹cz is lo cated in the mid dle part of the Silesian Nappe (Fig. 1A), where ex ten -sive out crops are af forded by shore line cliffs of the ar ti fi cial Ro¿nów Lake in the Dunajec River val ley (Fig. 1B). Good qual ity out crops are due to sea sonal lake-level changes of sev eral metres with the re lated abra sion of coastal es carp -ments. The Silesian Nappe ex posed in this area is a turbi-ditic suc ces sion of Late Cre ta ceous to Oligocene age (Bur-tan and Skoczylas-Ciszewska, 1963; Cieszkowski, 1992). These rocks form the south ern limb of the so-called Ro¿-nów Anticline (Soko³owski, 1935; Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1977; Cieszkowski, 1992; Cieszkowski and Waœkowska, 2010; Cieszkowski et al., 2010c), with the beds dip ping south -wards at 10–45°. The lake’s east ern shore to the south of Bartkowa (Fig. 1B) shows a com plete Palaeogene sec tion of the Silesian Nappe. It con sists of the Ciê¿kowice Sand stone For ma tion with two or three ho ri zons of var ie gated shales, over lain by the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion whose main up per part con sists of green shales (Fig. 1B). These de pos its are cov ered by the Globigerina Marl For ma tion and the Meni-lite and Krosno for ma tions (Figs 1B, 2A).

The large olistostrome in the fo cus of the pres ent study is ~200 m thick and em bed ded in the Hi ero glyphic For ma -tion (Fig. 2B), which oth er wise con sists of thinly bed ded sandy-shaly to shaly flysch. The out crop sec tion stud ied is in the vil lages of Lipie and Gródek on the south-east ern shore of Ro¿nów Lake (Fig. 1B).

METH ODS

De tailed field study was car ried out to col lect data on the lithostratigraphic po si tion, petrographic com po si tion, depositional ar chi tec ture and strati graphic age of the olisto-strome. In ad di tion to mac ro scopic ob ser va tions, sam ples of the olistostrome ma trix, shaly olistoliths and ad ja cent flysch de pos its were ana lysed in thin sec tions us ing a Nikon LV 100POL mi cro scope. De scrip tive terms such as mudshale and clayshale are af ter Folk (1974).

To de ter mine the olistostrome age, the micropalaeonto-log i cal anal y sis of sed i ment sam ples fo cused on foraminifer as sem blages. Fif teen mudstone sam ples were col lected from the olistostrome and stratigraphically ad ja cent de pos -its (Ta ble 1). The in ves ti gated ma te rial was pre pared by stan dard micropalaeontological meth od ol ogy, in clud ing

mac er a tion in Glau ber salt mixed with wa ter and wash ing on 0.068–3 mm sieves. Foraminifer tests were sep a rated from the re sid uum and tax o nom i cally iden ti fied (Ta ble 1) us ing a Nikon MSZ 1500 stereomicroscope equipped with

Dig i tal SIGH DS-Fi1 cam era. The foraminifer as sem blages were fur ther sub ject to biostratigraphical anal y sis. The stud ied sam ples are housed at AGH in the first au thor’s col lec -tion.

Fig. 1. Geo log i cal set ting of study area. A. Sim pli fied geo log i cal map of the Pol ish Carpathians (mod i fied from ¯ytko et al., 1989) with lo ca tion of the study area. B. Geo log i cal map of the Ro¿nów Lake area (mod i fied from Cieszkowski, 1992) with lo ca tion of the studied olistostrome out crop.

54

Ta ble 1

Tax o nom i cal dis tri bu tion of foraminifers in the ana lysed sam ples from the olistostrome and “back ground” muddy turbidites

Background turbidites Olistostrome Below

olistostrome

Above

olistostrome Olistoliths Matrix

Sample no. HF-1 HF-2 HF-3 HF-4 CG-5 CG-6 CG-7 CG-8 CP-11 MX-13 MX-14 MX-15

Ammomarginulina aubertae Gradstein et Kaminski X ?

Ammobacaulites sp. I I

Ammodiscus cretaceus (Reuss) I I I X II III I

Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski I II

Ammodiscus tenuissimus Grzybowski I I I I

Ammodiscus peruvianus Berry II I X II III X III I I I I

Ammodiscus sp. II II I V I I

Annectina grzybowskii Jurkiewicz I? II I I

Annectina sp. X I

Ammolagena clavata Jones et Parker I I

Ammosphaeroidina pseudopauciloculata (Mjatliuk) III V V I

Ammosphaeroidinina/Cystammina sp. I

Bathysiphon sp./Nothia div.sp. (fragments) V X XV XV X X V X V III III V

Bulbobaculites sp. I

Conglophragmium irregulais (White) I I XV III

Cribrostomoides sp. III II I II I

Cystammina/Praecystammina sp. III X III V XV III V

Dolgenia sp. I II I II I I I I

Eratidus gerochi Kaminski et Gradstein I I ?

Eggerelloides sp. I I?

Glomospira charoides (Jones et Parker) II X II III XI V X I I I

Glomospira glomerata (Grzybowski) I I V I I

Glomospira gordialis (Jones et Parker) II I V II I II III V I

Glomospira diffundens Cushman et Renz II I

Glomospira irregularis (Grzybowski) I I II

Glomospira serpens (Grzybowski) I I I I I

Glomospira sp. I I

Gyroidinoides sp. I

Haplophragmoides kirki Wickenden I I II I

Haplophragmoides walteri (Grzybowski) I I V III V XV III V I

Haplophragmoides parvulus Blaicher III II III V

Haplophragmoides cf. parvulus Blaicher X

Haplophragmoides porrectus Maslakova I I I

Haplophragmoides sp. I I I I

Hyperammina sp. I I I I

Karrerulina coniformis (Grzybowski) I X I I XX III V II II I I

Karrerulina conversa (Grzybowski) I II XV I II

Paratrochamminoides olszewskii (Grzybowski) III

Paratrochamminoides div. sp. XV V XV X XV X X XV III I II I

Placentammina placenta (Grzybowski) I I I II

Popovia beckmanni (Kaminski et Geroch) III I I II I

Psammosiphonella (mainly P. cylindrica Glaessner

(fragments)) XI X X X XV XI X XV III I II II

Psammosphaera irregularis (Grzybowski) II

Pseudonodosinella elongata (Grzybowski) I I I I II

Pseudonodosinella nodulosa Brady I II I V II III

DE SCRIP TION AND IN TER PRE TA TION

OF DE POS ITS

Back ground turbidites

The olistostromehost ing Hi ero glyphic For ma tion con -sists of thinly bed ded sandy-shaly to shaly turbidites. The sand stones are thin- or oc ca sion ally me dium-bed ded, grey and grey ish-green, fine-grained and well sorted, show ing mainly pla nar par al lel strat i fi ca tion and sub or di nate rip ple crosslam i na tion. Boumatype turbidites Tbcd and Tcd pre -dom i nate, ac com pa nied by rare tubidites Tabcd. The basal sur faces of sand stone beds com monly show small me chan i cal or biogenic sole marks (re ferred to as hieroglyphs in Pol -ish, and hence the for ma tion’s name). The sand stones are com posed mainly of quartz grains with an ad mix ture of de -tri tal feld spar, mus co vite and glauconite as well as coalified plant de tri tus. Ce ment is si li ceous or si li ceous-clayey. The sand stones are in ter ca lated with grey ishgreen or oc ca sion -ally brown ish shales, gen er -ally non-cal car e ous. The shales pre dom i nate in the out crop sec tion stud ied, as sand stone beds thin up wards and grad u ally dis ap pear in the turbiditic suc ces sion.

The up per part of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion con sists of shales pass ing up wards into marly shales near the top. In the re gional lit er a ture, the sandyshaly lower part of the suc -ces sion has been tra di tion ally re ferred to as the Hierogly-phic Beds and the main shaly up per part as the Green Shales

(e.g., Burtan and Skoczylas-Ciszewska, 1964; Koszarski et

al., 1964; Kuciñski, 1965; Koszarski, 1966; Koszarski and

¯ytko, 1966; Cieszkowski et al., 1991; Cieszkowski, 1992; Leszczyñski and Radomski, 1994). The to tal thick ness of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion in the study area (Fig. 1B) is es -ti mated at ~350 m (Cieszkowski, 1992).

Olistostrome and its com po si tion

The olistostrome oc curs in the shaly mid dle part of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion (Fig. 1B) and has a thick ness of 170–210 m. Its strike-par al lel lat eral ex tent is es ti mated to be at least 4 km and pos si bly up to 7 km. The olistostrome is a cha otic sandy-grav elly de posit rich in large intraforma-tional and ex otic clasts of vary ing size, in clud ing huge olistoliths up to a few hun dred metres in length (Figs 2–5). The ma trix is an un sorted mix ture of siliciclastic mud, sand and fine-grained gravel, in clud ing clasts of sed i men tary rocks (mainly mudstones, sub or di nate marls and mi nor lime stones; Figs 3B, C, 5B, C). The sand is dom i nated by quartz, with sub or di nate feld spar, mus co vite and plant de -tri tus, whereas the cal car e ous com po nent is lim ited mainly to foraminifer tests.

Olistoliths rep re sent a range of sed i men tary and crys tal line rocks, but mainly frag ments of mudstones and sand -stones (Figs 3–5). The larg est olistoliths are blocks 100–300 m in length and up to 15–20 m in thick ness, rep re sent ing

Ta ble 1 continued

Background turbidites Olistostrome Below

olistostrome

Above

olistostrome Olistoliths Matrix

Sample no. HF-1 HF-2 HF-3 HF-4 CG-5 CG-6 CG-7 CG-8 CP-11 MX-13 MX-14 MX-15

Praesphaerammina subgaleata Vasicek I X

Recurvoides div. sp., Thalmannammina subturbinata

(Grzybowski), Recurvoidella lamella (Grzybowski) XV X XV X XI XX X V I III II III

Reophax pilulifer Brady II I

Reophax duplex Grzybowski I I I I

Reophax sp. I I

Reophax – single chambers II III II I III II I

Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski) XV X I V X

Saccammina grzybowskii (Schubert) I

Saccammina sp. I I

Spiroplectammina navarroana Cushman X XV I X II V

Spiroplectammina spectabilis (Grzybowski) V I XI V V I

Subreophax pseudoscalaris (Samuel) I I III I II

Trochammina globigeriniformis (Jones et Parker) III I I

Trochammina sp. I I I XI I

Trochamminoides elegans (Grzybowski) I I I

Trochamminoides subcorantus (Grzybowski) I II III I

Trochamminoides grzybowskii Kaminski et Geroch II II V II I

Trochamminoides proteus (Karrer) V V I

Trochamminoides variolarius (Grzybowski) I I I II I I

Fish tooth I

The classes of spec i men num ber fre quency per sam ple are: (I) 1–5, (II) 6–10, (III) 11–20, (V) 21–50, (X) 51–100, (XV) 101–200, (XI) 201–500 and (XX) ³501. Sam ples CP-9, CP-10 and CP-12 from beige-col our hard marlstone olistoliths and sam ple MX-11 from olistostrome ma trix were bar ren

pack ages of in ter nally non-de formed sandy-shaly or shaly flysch sim i lar to the de pos its of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion (Figs 3B, 4). Some of the blocks of thinly bed ded flysch show relic slump folds (Fig. 5A, E), whereas some oth ers con tain marly shale interlayers and/or interbeds of light-grey, fine- to coarse-grained, par al lel-strat i fied quartzose sand stones 0.5–1.2 m thick.

Blocks of thickbed ded sand stones closely re sem ble de pos its of the Ciê¿kowice For ma tion (Fig. 5H). These sand -stones are me dium- to coarse-grained, partly con glom er atic, and light-grey, yel low ish or blu ish-grey in col our. Some other sand stones (Fig. 3F) are com posed of quartz and car -bon ate grains with an ad mix ture of mus co vite. Cal car e ous grains are bioclasts com pris ing foraminifers, rem nants of bryo zoans, al gae, echinoids and molluscs. Shaly olistoliths con sist of light-to dark-grey, beige, green ish-grey or green

mudstones, var ie gated mudstones/claystones, and beige marly mudstones (Figs 3A, D–G, 4). Some of them re sem -ble the green shales of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion. The lar- gest olistolith, com posed of var ie gated shale, was mapped over a dis tance of more than 300 m (Cieszkowski, 1992). Also pres ent are olistoliths of var ie gated marls con tain ing Maastrichtian foraminifer as sem blages (Cieszkowski, 1992), sim i lar to those de scribed by Œl¹czka and Gasiñski (1985) from a marly olistolith in the Istebna For ma tion near Ro¿-nów. Oc cur ring spo rad i cally are clasts of Up per Ju ras sic Štramberk-type lime stones as well as ar moured balls formed of rolledup soft lime stone lay ers (Fig. 5I), the larg est ex -ceed ing 40 cm in di am e ter. Crys tal line rock de bris ranges in size from peb bles to boul ders up to 50 cm in di am e ter, rep re -sent ing gneiss es, gran ite-gneiss es, meta mor phic schists (mainly quartzose-micaceous) and vein quartz (Fig. 5G).

56

Fig. 2. Po si tion of the olistostrome. A. Litostratigraphic log of the Silesian Nappe in Ro¿nów Lake area (Fig. 1B). B. The fa cies con text of the olistostrome em bed ded in the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion.

Olistostrome ar chi tec ture

The olistostrome has a cha otic (mas sive) in ter nal struc -ture and “blocks-in-ma trix” tex ture, with ran domly scat -tered olistoliths float ing in un sorted coarse-grained ma trix (Fig. 4). How ever, the larg est olistoliths oc cur as rafted slabs roughly par al lel to the bed ding sur faces, and also most of the smaller ones tend to be aligned par al lel to the bed ding (Fig. 3). Fur ther more, the olistostrome shows a dis tinct compositional tripartition in its ver ti cal strati graphic pro file. Its lower part is rel a tively rich in large sand stone olistoliths sim i lar to the sand stones of the un der ly ing Ciê¿kowice For -ma tion (Figs 1B, 2). The mid dle part abounds in s-mall and large shaly olistoliths (Fig. 3) re sem bling the green shales of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion. The up per part in turn is dom i -nated by olistoliths of thinly bed ded flysch, sim i lar to the sandyshaly turbidites of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion, al -though of ten folded and oc ca sion ally con tain ing me dium to thick sand stone interbeds.

The sub or di nate more ex otic olistoliths – such as the de bris of Maastrichtian marls and Up per Ju ras sic lime stones or crys tal line-rock gravel – are sig nif i cantly smaller in size and seem to be scat tered in the olistostrome with out any ob -vi ous strati graphic trend.

Depositional pro cesses

The thinly bed ded back ground turbidites of the Hi ero -glyphic For ma tion are the dis tal de pos its of low-den sity (turbidites Tbcd and Tcd) and spo radic highden sity tur bid ity cur rents (turbidites Tabcd) sensu Lowe (1982). The lay -ered shaly up per part of the for ma tion rep re sents hemipe-lagic sed i men ta tion com bined with the ver ti cal stack ing of mud turbidites (sensu Stow and Shanmugam, 1980), de pos -ited by ex tremely di lute tur bid ity cur rents. Taken to gether, these turbiditic fa cies in di cate a sandstarved “dis tal” en vi -ron ment of flysch de po si tion.

The thick olistostrome unit stands out as an iso lated brec cia “megabed” that dif fers strik ingly from the back -ground de pos its and sug gests a rare cat a strophic event. The mud-bear ing ma trix and cha otic struc ture of the olistostrome in di cate the em place ment mech a nism of a nontur bu lent co he sive de bris flow (Lowe, 1982), with the align ment of olistoliths re flect ing lam i nar shear. The folds ex hib -ited by the flysch olistoliths (Figs 4A, C, 5A, E) are nar row, with am pli tudes of 2–3 m and a north ern vergence, in di cat -ing hydroplastic synsedimentary de for ma tion and ap par ently rep re sent ing dis rupted re cum bent slump folds. The tri par tite compositional ar chi tec ture of the olistostrome sug

-Fig. 3. Ex am ple lithological logs from the olistostrome in the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion (slightly mod i fied from Cieszkowski et al., 2012). A. The up per part of the olistostrome, con tain ing olistoliths of turbiditic sand stones and sandy-shaly flysch. B, C. The mid dle part of the olistostrome, rich in shaly olistoliths. D. The up per part of the olistostrome, bear ing olistoliths of sandy-shaly flysch.

gests at least three con sec u tive de bris flows, which closely fol lowed one an other, yet de rived from some what dif fer ent source ma te ri als. The ge netic is sue of sed i ment prov e nance and pat tern of em place ment is dis cussed fur ther in a sub se -quent sec tion.

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

For com par a tive pur poses, sam ples were taken from the muddy turbidites di rectly be low the olistostrome (sam ples HF-1 and HF-2 in Ta ble 1) and di rectly above it (sam ples HF3 and HF4 in Ta ble 1). These de pos its are noncal car e -ous, light-grey mudshales interlayered with green ish-grey clayshales, slightly de formed and rep re sent ing the Green Shales of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion.

The foraminifer tests there are well pre served (Fig. 6), al though their as sem blages are rep re sented only by aggluti-nated forms, dom i aggluti-nated by long-rang ing cos mo pol i tan taxa be long ing to the cat e gory of deep-wa ter ag glu ti nated fora-minifers (DWAF). Pre dom i nant are spec i mens of the ge-nera Bathysiphon, Rhabdammina, Psammosiphonella (frag -ments of tu bu lar cham bers), Paratrochamminoides and

Tro-chamminoides, ac com pa nied by Recurvoides and Thalmanna- mmina (Ta ble 1). Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzy-bowski) (Fig. 6I–K) and Haplophragmoides parvulus Blaicher (Fig. 6M) oc cur as a com mon com po nent in all of the as sem blages ana lysed. Sam ples from above the olisto-strome con tain also Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski Fig. 6 A–C), Eratidus gerochi Kaminski et Gradstein and

Prae-sphaerammina subgaleata Vašíèek (Fig. 6O, P).

In the Outer Carpathian flysch, Reticulophragmium

amplectens (Grzybowski) ap pears at the end of the Early

Eocene (Jurkiewicz, 1967; Geroch and Nowak, 1984; Ol-szewska, 1997) and its acme is dated to the Lutetian (Jurkie-wicz, 1967; Morgiel and Szymakowska, 1978; Olszewska et

al., 1996, Chodyñ and Waœkowska-Oliwa, 2006). Ac cord ing

to the in te grated biostratigraphical zonation for Carpathians (Olszewska, 1997), this strati graphic in ter val is de fined as the Reticulophragmium amplectens Zone. It is de lim ited by the last oc cur rence of Saccamminoides carpathicus Geroch and the first oc cur rence of Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski.

Ha-plophragmoides parvulus Blaicher is known from the

Bar-tonian (Olszewska et al., 1996; Olszewska, 1997; Golonka and Waœkowska, 2011a; Golonka and Waœkowska, 2012).

The tax o nom i cal com po si tion of the foraminifer as sem -blages from be low the olistostrome (Ta ble 1) cor re sponds to the Reticulophragmium amplectens Zone, al though the as -sem blages show rel a tively low tax o nomic di ver sity. The Mid dle Eocene in the Outer Carpathians gen er ally con tains much more di ver si fied as sem blages (e.g., Geroch and

Gra-dziñski, 1955; Geroch, 1960; Liszkowa, 1956; Geroch et

al., 1967; Jurkiewicz, 1967; Cieszkowski et al., 2011; and

ref er ences therein), but also with Reticulophragmium

amp-lectens (Grzybowski) oc cur ring in as so ci a tion with Haplo-phragmoides parvulus Blaicher.

Foraminifer as sem blages from above the olistostrome (Ta ble 1) in di cate the Ammodiscus latus Zone. The spe cies

Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski, which is char ac ter is tic for

these as sem blages, oc curred in the Outer Carpathians in the Bartonian (Jurkiewicz, 1967; Olszewska et al., 1996) and co-oc curred with fre quent Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski) in the lower part of the Ammodiscus latus Zone (Geroch, 1960; Jurkiewicz, 1967; Geroch and Nowak, 1984; Olszewska, 1997). An other spe cies di ag nos tic of the Bartonian is Praesphaerammina subgaleata Vašíèek (Ta ble 1, Fig. 6O, P) (Olszewska et al., 1996; Olszewska, 1997; Golonka and Waœkowska, 2011b). The com mon oc cur rence of Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski) in the sam ples in di cates an early Bartonian age of the sed i ments covering the olistostrome.

Foraminifers in olistoliths

The fol low ing three main va ri et ies of shaly olistoliths were sam pled for micropalaeontological anal y sis (Ta ble 1): a non-cal car e ous, soft to hard, beige-col oured mudstone/clay-stone (sam ples CP-9, CPC-10 and CP-11); a non-cal car e ous, soft, green ish-grey par al lel-lam i nated mudstone (sam ples CG5 and CG6); and a noncal car e ous, soft, darkgrey par al -lel-lam i nated mudstone/claystone (sam ples CG-7 and CG-8).

The first cat e gory of sam ples ap peared to be bar ren or con tain a very poor foraminifer as sem blage (Ta ble 1), with rec og niz able plank tonic forms of Subbotina and

Globige-rina-type. The two other cat e go ries of sam ples ap peared to

con tain well-pre served, di ver si fied and abun dant microfo-ssils, tax o nom i cally sim i lar and con tain ing DWAF assem-blages. Char ac ter is tic is the dom i nance of Recurvoides,

Tha-lmannammina and Cribrostomoides (~30% of all spec i mens)

with nu mer ous oc cur rences of Karrerulina conversa (Grzy-bowski), Karrerulina coniformis (Grzybowski) and

Glomo-spira charoides (Jones et Parker) (Ta ble 1, Figs 7G, H, 8R, S).

The lat ter two spe cies are cos mo pol i tan, but their rich oc -cur rence may in di cate the Early Eocene Glomospira div. sp. Zone (Olszewska, 1997). In the Carpathian deep-wa ter realm, such as sem blages rich in Glomospira charoides (Jurkiewicz, 1967; Waœkowska, 2011) and with a high fre -quency of Karrerulina (B¹k, 2004; Cieszkowski et al., 2011) ap peared in the Early Eocene, af ter the Late Palaeo -cene Ther mal Max i mum (LPTM) cri sis (e.g., Bubík, 1995; Waœkowska-Oliwa and Leœniak, 2003; B¹k, 2004; Waœ-kowska-Oliwa, 2005; Chodyñ and WaœWaœ-kowska-Oliwa, 2006; Cieszkowski et al., 2006b, 2011; Waœkowska, 2011).

Fig. 4. Out crop de tails show ing the cha otic in ter nal struc ture of the olistostrome. The ham mer (scale) is 30 cm long and its head has a length of 17 cm. A. Olistoliths of sandy-shaly and shaly flysch in un sorted coarse-grained ma trix; note slump-fold rel ics to the right. B. Large intraformational olistolith of sandy-shaly flysch (lower part) and smaller of mudshale and sand stone olistoliths float ing in coarse-grained ma trix (up per part). C–E. Olistoliths of sed i men tary rocks in un sorted coarse-grained ma trix. F. Olistoliths of sandy-shaly flysch with slump-fold rel ics. G. Small sandy and shaly olistoliths scat tered in coarse-grained ma trix.

Sin gle spec i mens of Annectina grzybowskii (Jurkie-wicz) (Fig. 7I), Glomospira cf. diffundens Cushman et Renz and Praesphaerammina gerochi Hanzlíková also were found in the sam ples (Ta ble 1). Their last oc cur rence in the Carpathians is known from the Early Eocene de pos its (Jednorowska, 1968, 1975; B¹k, 2004; Kaminski and Grad-stein, 2005). The same per tains to the forms of

Spiroplecta-mmina navarroana Cushman, which con sti tute up to 10%

of the foraminifer as sem blages in the sam ples (Ta ble 1, Fig. 8J, L). This taxon oc curs fre quently in large num bers in the Late Palaeo cene–Early Eocene as sem blages (Gradstein and Kaminski, 1989; Kuhnt and Kaminski, 1997; Kinsey, 2000; Nagy et al., 2004; Kaminski and Gradstein, 2005), where it co-oc curs with nu mer ous Karrerulina (Nagy et al., 1997; Kinsey, 2000). Taken to gether, the foraminifer as sem blages in the sam pled shaly olistoliths cor re spond to the Early Eocene.

Foraminifers in olistostrome ma trix

Sam ples of grey to dark-grey, non-cal car e ous sandy mudstone from the olistostrome ma trix (sam ples MX-12, MX-13, MX-14 and MX-15 in Ta ble 1) con tained poorly pre served foraminifer as sem blages, with a low num ber of spec i mens and low tax o nom i cal di ver sity. One sam ple ap -peared to be bar ren. Rel a tively large forms of Cystammina/

Ammosphaeroidina dom i nate, ac com pa nied by spec i mens

of Spiroplectammina navarroana Cushman (Ta ble 1). These spe cies, with rel a tively large and solid tests, seem to be rel ics of con tem po ra ne ous foraminifer as sem blages that were de rived by de bris flows from the ba sin floor and spar-sely sur vived the “grind ing-mill” con di tions of the mass-flow in ter nal shear re gime.

DIS CUS SION

The com pos ite olistostrome unit em bed ded in the Hi -ero glyphic For ma tion in the Ro¿nów Lake area con sti tutes ~50–60% of the for ma tion’s lo cal bulk thick ness (Ciesz-kowski et al., 2009b, 2010b, 2012b). The lo cal thick ness of the for ma tion (~350 m) ex ceeds only slightly its gen eral thick ness range of 200–300 m (Cieszkowski, 1992; Lesz-czyñski and Radomski, 1994), which sug gests that the olistostrome had re placed a sig nif i cant part of the for ma -tion’s fine-grained turbiditic de pos its. The abun dance of large shaly and sandy-shaly olistoliths in the olistostrome unit supports this notion.

The olistostrome in the Ro¿nów Lake area, al though spec tac u lar in size and clearly rep re sent ing a ma jor cat a -strophic event, is by no means unique. The Silesian Nappe con tains sev eral such olistostromes of var i ous di men sions, which are par tic u larly large in the west ern part of the nappe – in the Late Ju ras sic–Early Cre ta ceous Vendrynì and

Hradištì for ma tions (see Jankowski, 2007, 2008; Ciesz-kowski et al., 2009a, 2012a). Large olistostromes, with olistolith sizes in the range of hun dreds to a few thou sand metres (olistoplaques), oc cur also in the Oligocene to Early Mio cene for ma tions in the south ern most, in ner zone of the Silesian Nappe. Nev er the less, the olistostrome in the Ro¿-nów Lake area is one of the larg est doc u mented within the Silesian Nappe and prob a bly the larg est known in the Polish sector of the Outer Carpathians.

Biostratigraphical data ob tained from the anal y sis of foraminifers in di cate that the em place ment of the olistostrome oc curred within the Ammodiscus latus Zone, cor re -spond ing to the early Bartonian (or pos si bly Lutetian/Bar-tonian tran si tion). The foraminifer as sem blages in the fine-grained turbidites di rectly be low and above the olistostrome are sim i lar to those re ported ear lier from the Green Shales mem ber of the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion in the study area (Cieszkowski, 1992; Cieszkowski and Waœkowska, 2013a) and from the co eval up per part of the for ma tion at other lo -cal i ties in the Silesian Nappe (e.g., Geroch, 1960; Morgiel and Szymakowska, 1978; and references therein).

The olistoliths of green ishgrey and darkgrey noncal -car e ous mudshales, which dom i nate in the mid dle to up per part of the olistostrome, rep re sent deep-wa ter de pos its of Early Eocene age. Their foraminifer as sem blages abound in ag glu ti nated, flyschtype cos mo pol i tan forms in di cat ing de -po si tion in a deep-wa ter en vi ron ment be low the CCD. Worth not ing is the oc cur rence of Spiroplectammina navar-

roana Cushman as a sig nif i cant com po nent of foraminifer

as sem blages in the shaly olistoliths and pres ent also in the olistostrome ma trix. This cos mo pol i tan spe cies is typ i cal of bathyal en vi ron ments and un known from abys sal wa ter depths (see Gradstein and Kaminski, 1989; Kaminski and Gradstein, 2005; and ref er ences therein). This taxon is very rare in the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion and in the Silesian, Dukla and Skole nappes, but is rel a tively com mon in the Subsilesian Nappe (Geroch, 1960; Morgiel and Szyma-kowska, 1978; Cieszkowski, 1992), which comprises some- what shallower flysch (Waœkowska-Oliwa, 2005).

The biostratigraphical ev i dence in di cates that the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion was de pos ited in an abys sal en vi ron -ment, whereas the muddy de pos its resedimented as olisto-liths were orig i nally laid down in the Early Eocene at bathyal depth on a slope bound ing the abys sal Silesian Ba -sin. The north ern vergence of slump folds in the olistoliths in di cates olistostrome em place ment from the south, from the north ern slope of the Silesian Cor dil lera that bounded the Silesian Ba sin in the south. Com pa ra ble bathyal de pos its are known from the Subsilesian Nappe, which in cludes slope de pos its of the Subsilesian Cor dil lera that bounded the Silesian Ba sin in the north (Cieszkowski et al., 2006c). This ev i dence in di cates that muddy bathyal fa cies were de -pos ited on both sides of the Silesian Ba sin, on the slopes of the bound ing Silesian and Subsilesian cor dil leras. These fa

-Fig. 5. Close-up de tails of small olistoliths in the olistostrome. The ham mer (scale) is 30 cm long and its head has a length of 17 cm. A, E. Olistoliths of sandy-shaly flysch with rel ics of slump folds. B, C. Olistoliths of sed i men tary rocks in un sorted coarse-grained ma trix. D, F. Subrounded and rounded lime stone boul ders. G. Boul der of gran ite-gneiss. H. Boul der of sand stone de rived from the Ciê¿kowice Fm. I. Ar moured lime stone ball.

cies are poorly pre served and hence have been poorly reco-gnized until now.

The olistostrome in its lower part abounds in sand stone olistoliths that were ap par ently de rived from the un der ly ing Early Eocene Ciê¿kowice For ma tion, de pos its of a sand-rich base-of-slope turbiditic sys tem (Leszczyñski, 1981). The mid dle part of the olistostrome is dom i nated by shaly olistoliths, whereas its up per part bears olistoliths of thin- to me dium-bed ded quartzose turbiditic sand stones with nume- rous cal car e ous bioclasts. These sand stones are very sim i lar to the “banded sand stones” de scribed by Leszczyñski (1985) from the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion in the ad ja cent area of Jastrzêbia near Ciê¿kowice. The cal car e ous com po nent of these sand stones (such as grains of micritic lime -stone, foraminifer tests, rem nants of molluscs, echinoderms, coralline al gae and bryo zoans) and their car bon ate ce ment in di cate de po si tion in a bathymetric range above the CCD. This in ter pre ta tion is sup ported by the microfaunal con tent of the shale interlayers, which in cludes cal car e ous forms of both plank tonic and benthonic foraminifers (Cieszkowski, 1992). Plank tonic foraminifers are rep re sented by a Mid dle Eocene as sem blage with Subbotina linaperta Finaly,

Sub-botina yeguaensis Weinzierl et Applin and SubSub-botina eocaena Guembel (Cieszkowski, 1992). The turbiditic sand

-stones, resedimented as olistoliths, are thought to have been orig i nally de pos ited in the mid dle part of the south ern slope of the Silesian Ba sin, with some of their cal car e ous de tri tus de rived from the shal lower zone of the up per slope or shelf mar gin. The banded sand stones in the Hi ero glyphic For ma -tion have a very lim ited ex tent and are known only from the ar eas of Ro¿nów Lake and Jastrzêbia near Ciê¿kowice (Cieszkowski et al., 1992; Leszczyñski and Radomski, 1994; Cieszkowski and Waœkowska, 2013a). The up per part of the olistostrome con tains also oc ca sional olistoliths of Maas-trichtian var ie gated marls, which sim i larly rep re sent a mid dle slope depositional en vi ron ment (Cieszkowski, 1992).

The ad mix ture of subrounded to rounded, coarse gra-vel-sized ex otic de bris of Me so zoic lime stones (Fig. 5D, F) and crys tal line bed rock (Fig. 5G) rep re sents ma te rial de rived from the struc tural core of the Silesian Cor dil lera or its pri -mary grav elly cover. The bed rock core along the cor dil lera crest must have been lo cally ex posed to ero sion by waves or subaerial pro cesses prior to its de bris resedimentation.

The olistolith com po si tion of olistostromes emplaced in the Silesian Ba sin may thus pro vide im por tant in for ma tion on the bed rock li thol ogy and sed i men tary en vi ron ments of the Silesian Cor dil lera, which acted as a cru cial source area, but was ul ti mately over rid den and deeply bur ied by the nappes. The com po si tion of olistoliths in the pres ent case also sheds light on the prov e nance and der i va tion dy nam ics of resedimented de bris. The compositional tripartition of

the olistostrome sug gests its em place ment by at least three large con sec u tive de bris flows, which closely fol lowed one an other and the de pos its of which be came amal gam ated into a seem ingly uni form unit of sed i men tary brec cia ~200 m thick. The first pulse of resedimentation in volved the Early Eocene turbiditic sands of the Ciê¿kowice For ma tion, which in di cates that these base-of-slope de pos its were war-ped up and destabilized by the thrust-driven up lift and north ward mi gra tion of the Silesian Cor dil lera. This tec -tonic de for ma tion con cur rently deep ened the synclinal Silesian Ba sin and es tab lished abys sal con di tions on its floor. The col lapse of the up lifted sands ap par ently desta-bilized the for mer lower-slope Early Eocene muddy flysch, the resedimentation of which then also trig gered ret ro gres -sive slump ing of the Mid dle Eocene mid-slope “banded” sandrich flysch. The thrustre lated up lift of an ti cli nal cor -dil lera shed also some ex otic Ju ras sic/Maastrichtian and crys tal line rock de bris onto the steep ened sub ma rine slope. This ma te rial, to gether with contemporaneous Mid-Eocene fine-grained sediment, was incorporated as an admixture in the debris flows.

The sub ma rine slope resedimentation, with the empla-ce ment of bathyal de pos its as a com pos ite olistostrome on abys sal ba sin floor, is thought to have marked the cul mi na -tion of the sec ond contrac-tional stage of the Outer Carpa-thians evo lu tion, dated to the Late Cre ta ceous–Eocene (Cieszkowski et al., 2009a). The accretionary prism at that stage evolved into an ar ray of deep en ing bas ins sep a rated by thrust-el e vated cor dil leras with bathyal slopes and partly emer gent crests ex pos ing lo cally bed rock (Golonka et al., 2013). The Silesian Ba sin alone ac cu mu lated a flysch suc -ces sion up to 3.5 km thick in Late Cre ta ceous to Mid dle Eocene time. The ba sin-fill suc ces sion shows at least three ma jor depositional cy cles of shaly or sandyshaly flysch al ter nat ing with thickbed ded, coarsegrained sandy to grav -elly flysch (see Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1962), prob a bly in re sponse to thrust ing pulses. The third cy cle is rep re sented by de po si -tion of the sandy Ciê¿kowice For ma tion (Leszczyñski, 1981; Cieszkowski, 1992), suc ceeded by the sandy-shaly to shaly Hi ero glyphic For ma tion and the cal car e ous Globige-rina Marl For ma tion. This last cy cle ap pears to have been fol lowed by a cul mi nat ing ep i sode of large-scale resedi-mentation that produced the large, composite olistostrome.

CON CLU SIONS

1. The thick (~200 m) and ex ten sive olistostrome em -bed ded in the Mid-Eocene shaly Hi ero glyphic For ma tion of the Silesian Nappe, ex posed in the Ro¿nów Lake area, is tri -par tite with re gard to the com po si tion of its main olistoliths.

Fig. 6. Foraminifers from the “back ground” shales of the Mid dle Eocene Hi ero glyphic For ma tion. Mi cro pho to graphs B, C, I and K were taken in im mer sion and J in re flected light; the oth ers are SEM im ages. The scale bar is 100 µm. A–C. Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski. D. Pseudonodosinella elongata (Grzybowski). E. Glomospira gordialis (Jones et Parker). F. Glomospira serpens (Grzy-bowski) G. Annectina biedai Gradstein et Kaminski. H. Glomospira cf. irregularis (Grzy(Grzy-bowski). I–K. Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski). L. Cystammina sp. M. Haplopragmoides cf. parvulus. N. Haplophragmoides sp. O, P. Praesphaerammina subgaleata Vašíèek.

Foraminifer biostratigraphy, com bined with com par a tive sed i men tary pe trog ra phy, has proved to be very use ful in iden ti fy ing the prov e nance of the olistoliths.

2. The lower part of the olistostrome abounds in olisto-liths of turbiditic sand stones de rived from the Early Eocene Ciê¿kowice For ma tion. The mid dle part is dom i nated by olistoliths of Early Eocene (Glomospira div. sp. zone) grey to green ishgrey bathyal mudshales. The up per part con tains olistoliths of Mid dle Eocene turbiditic “banded sand -stones”, sim i lar to those pres ent lo cally in the Hi ero glyphic For ma tion and at trib uted to a bathyal en vi ron ment above the CCD. The bathyal prov e nance of olistoliths con trasts with the abys sal muddy en vi ron ment of the olistostrome em place ment in di cated by the foraminifer as sem blages of the hosting green shales.

3. The olistostrome unit is in ferred to be com pos ite, em -place ment by at least three con sec u tive de bris flows in the early Bartonian (Ammodiscus latus Zone). The large de bris flows closely fol lowed one an other and their de pos its be -came amal gam ated by ver ti cal stack ing with sed i ment shear. Biostratigraphical ev i dence and slump folds in the olistoliths in di cate that the olistostrome sed i ment was de rived from the bathyal north ern slope of the Silesian Cor dil -lera, which bounded the abys sal Silesian Ba sin to the south. The up lift and north ward move ment of thrustformed cor -dil lera prob a bly warped up the slope-prox i mal sands of the Ciê¿kowice For ma tion, caus ing their grav i ta tional col lapse. This event destabilized the for mer lowerslope muddy de -pos its, which then trig gered the col lapse of mid-slope sandy turbidites in the process of retrogressive slumping.

4. The cat a strophic multi-phase em place ment of the spectacular olistostrome marked the last ma jor thrust ing pulse of the sec ond stage (Late Cre ta ceous–Late Eocene) of re gional tec tonic de vel op ment of the Outer Carpathian acc-retionary prism, when cor dil lera-bounded elon gate syncli-nal bas ins formed and deeply subsided.

Ac knowl edge ments

This study was sup ported by AGH Grant No. 11.11.140.173 and Pol ish Min is try of Sci ence and Higher Ed u ca tion Grant NN307 249733. We thank Teresa Wójcik for help ing in the prep a -ra tion of micropalaeontological sam ples. The scan ning elec tron mi cro graphs were made at the Scan ning Lab o ra tory of the Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Geo phys ics and En vi ron men tal Pro tec tion, AGH. Con struc tive re views by Krzysztof B¹k, Juraj Janoèko and Micha³ Warcho³, and ed i to rial com ments by Wojciech Nemec helped to im prove the manu script.

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