Subjective loneliness, well-being and marital satisfaction in couples with different attachment styles
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(2) £¢Úȱǰȱȱ
(3) ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǻ
(4) Ǽȱ ȱ £¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǯȱ ŘśŖȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱ¡ȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ Ȭǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱěȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱǯ Key wordsDZȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱǰȱ Ȭ. Introduction One of the essential human needs is a need to create close relationship with ȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱĴȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞśDzȱ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞǼǯ. ȱȱDZȱȱȱ £ ȬǰȱȬǰȱǯȓǯǯ strona 514.
(5) ȱĴȱȱȱ For many years, the research on the relationships conducted from the perspecȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ £ȱȱȱǻŗşŞŝǼȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱęǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢DZȱǰȱ¡ȬȱȱǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǻǰȱŗşŝřǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱ ¢ǰȱŗşŝşǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŝşǰȱǯȱŗŘşǼǯ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŝDzȱǰȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŖDzȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŚDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŘDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼ1ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴment has positive correlations with marital satisfaction, adjustment and happiness ǻȱȱ ȱȱȱǼǰȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ show negative correlations with the indicated factors. As the conducted research ǰȱȱĴȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŚDzȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ĜǰȱŗşşŜǼǰȱȱǻǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŗşşŞǼȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ £ǰȱŗşşŗDzȱ¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱ ŗşşŚǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ. ȱȱDZȱ ǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŜDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŝDzȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŘDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ£ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱǰȱ Ȭ£ǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱ ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǯ 1. strona 515.
(6) Loneliness, marital satisfaction and well-being ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ęȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŗşŞŘDzȱg ǰȱ £¢ǰȱ£ȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱǻǰȱŗşŝřDzȱ ǰȱŗşşŘDzȱ£¢ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȱal distress evoked when an individual feels alienated, not understood or rejected ¢ȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞŚǼǰȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǻǰȱǰȱŗşŞŘDzȱȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻ
(7) ǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱǻǰȱŗşŝřDzȱ £ǰȱǰȱ ŗşşŖDzȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǻȱ
(8) ȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻ
(9) ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
(10) ¢ȱȱ
(11) ȱ ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ ȱĚǰȱ ȱ¡ȱity, low level of satisfactory conversations and spouse emotional support. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǻ£ÚǰȱŘŖŖŞǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻ
(12) £ǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱ
(13) £¢ÚǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱǰȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱĴȱǻ¢ǰȱě¢ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱǻ ǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱtionship was viewed as threatened, which caused an increase in the distress sympȱȱȱȱȱĜȱǻ ǰȱǰȱ £ǰȱŗşşŚǼǯ. strona 516.
(14) ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱĴȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ a starting point for the research into factors that mediate or moderate previously ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȬęǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȮȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱ social skills and support. Both were highlighted in three following studies. ȱȱęȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼȱŗŞřȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ research statistics, the models of statistical analysis of correlations and regressions ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ level of social skills and lower level of loneliness. The regression analyses indicated ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ £ȱ ǻŘŖŗŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱĴǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŜśŘȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ were positively correlated to higher level of loneliness and depression. At the same ǰȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǯȱ Both factors – distress and social support – were taken into consideration in ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ group consisted of seventy-three married women. The research analysed indirect ȱ ȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ and social support. For the needs of the analysis the mediation and moderation ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ. strona 517.
(15) ȱȱȱ¢ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱȱęȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȬǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻĴȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȬǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻȱǼȱǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŜDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖşDzȱ ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼǯ For the purposes of this study a multivariate framework was adopted. This ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱǰȱŗşŞŘDzȱ £ǰȱǰȱŗşŞŝǰȱŗşşŖDzȱǰȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱȱ
(16) ȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱfaction in long-term intimate marriages. This strategy was created in contrast to the past research that had relied on samples of college undergraduates (DiTommaso ȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ the functioning of marital satisfaction were formulated. Hypothesis 1. ȱĴȱ¢ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱǯȱDespite proving this thesis in the previous research (e.g., Mikulincer, Shaver, ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱity of conducting further mediating analyses. Hypothesis 2. Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŜDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖşDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯ Hypothesis 3. ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ Hypothesis 4. ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ ȬǼ2 seemed two intervening ȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȬȱǻDZȱ
(17) £¢Úǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱȂǯȱ 2. strona 518.
(18) ȱěȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞǼǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ the marital satisfaction.. Sample ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŜŖŖȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘśŖȱ DZȱ ŘśŖȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ŘśŖȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻ¢ȱęȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ research was 40.58 (ȱƽȱŗŗǯŘŗǼȱȱ ȱřŞǯŗŜȱǻȱƽȱŗŖǯşŚǼǯȱȱȱȱ of marriage was 13.62 years (ȱƽȱŗŗǯŜŘǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȬȱ ȱ ǻřşǯŜƖǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱŗşǯŘƖǰȱşǯŘƖȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱŘǯŚƖȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ¡¢ȱ ŗŘǯŞƖȱȱȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȦ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ śŖƖȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱŗŚǯŚƖȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȦ¢Ǽǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗŖǯŚƖǰȱŚƖȱ were specialist professionals, and 1.6% of them worked at supervisory positions. Instruments ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱ¢ȱ£¢Ù ȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ £ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŗşŞŝǼȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯǯȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ in the current marriage. Responses are given with the use of the Lickert 7-point ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻŗǼȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻŝǼȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱŞȱȱǻȱȱȱŘŚȱǼǰȱ so the raw results are within 8-56 points, which are then transformed into standard ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ secure style ΅ȱƽȱŖǯşŗǰȱȱ¢ȱ΅ȱƽȱŖǯŝŞǰȱȱ¢ȱŖǯŞŖǯȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱŖǯŘśȱǻȱǯȱŗŝǼȱȱŖǯŞřȱǻȱ ǯȱŚǼǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ ȱǼǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǯǯDZȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽ ȱ ¢ȱ ££ȱ £¢ȱ ǻŗşşŗǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱǻŗşŝşǼǯȱ strona 519.
(19) ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ separate scales, there is only one general score for each investigated individual. The ȱȱȱŘřȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ řȱ ȱ Ŝȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ŗȬŗřȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǻǯǯDZȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱĚǼǯȱȱ ŗŚȬŘŘȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗǼȱnever ȱǻŝǼȱ ¢. Discriminatory power of ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ŖǯŘŘȱǻȱŗśǼȱȱŖǯşŜȱǻȱŗşǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ estimation of internal consistency was ΅ȱƽȱŖǯşŜǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
(20) Ǽ was ȱ ¢ Jenny ȱ
(21) ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻŗşŞśǼǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱŗŗȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗǼȱę¢ȱȱȱǻśǼȱę¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢DZȱȂȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĝȱ ΅ȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŞşǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
(22) ȱ ȱ correlate with UCLA loneliness scale (rȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŞŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ (rȱƽȱȬŖǯśŚǼǰȱȱȬȱȱȮȱȱǻrȱƽȱȬŖǯśŜǼǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȮȱ BDI (RȱƽȱŖǯŚŜǼǰȱȱȱȬȱǻr ƽȱŖǯśŚǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȮȱDZȱȱȱȱǻrȱƽȱȬŖǯŜǼǰȱȱȱ support (rȱƽȱȬŖǯŜŚǼǰȱȱȱȱȱǻrȱƽȱȬŖǯŗŗǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ (rȱƽȱȬŖǯřŖǼȱǻ ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ ĜȱǻŗşŞśǼȱȱ¢ȱ
(23) £¢ÚȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻ ȬǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȬȱ ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȦȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻŗǼȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻŝǼȱ ȱę¢ȱ. The tool ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱRȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ¢ȱĜȱ΅ reached 0.78.. Results ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯ. strona 520.
(24) ȱŗǯȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ (ȱƽȱśŖŖǼ ŗǯȱȱĴ ŘǯȱȱĴ řǯȱȱĴ 4. Marital satisfaction śǯȱȬ 6. Loneliness. 1 – -0.24 -0.60 0.67 0.47 -0.47. 2. 3. 4. 5. – 0.48 -0.31 -0.18 0.22. – -0.60 -0.34 0.42. – 0.57 -0.45. – -0.46. M 42 26 20 104 24 25. 10.02 9.94 9.47 20.12 6.43 8.25. ȱȱęȱȱęȱȱȱ < 0.001 level. ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱǻrȱƽȱŖǯŜŝDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼǰȱȱĴȱǻrȱƽȱȬŖǯřŗDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼȱ ȱȱĴȱǻrȱƽȱȬŖǯŜŖDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼǯȱ ǰȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǀȱ ŖǯŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱęȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǻǼȱęȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱfaction when controlling ȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱ Ȭǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ satisfaction, the analyses of mediation were conducted with the use of PROCESS, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱŗȱȱŜȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢DZȱǻŗǼȱȱ ĴȱȱǰȱǻŘǼȱȱĴȱȱ ȬǰȱǻřǼȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǻŚǼȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ǻśǼȱ ȱ ĴȱȱǰȱǻŜǼȱȱĴȱȱ Ȭǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱŖǯśşDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼDZȱ ßȱ ƽȱ ȬŖǯŗŞDzȱ ȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŖşDzȱ tȱ ƽȱ ȬŚǯŞśDz ȱ ǀȱ ŖǯŖŖŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ RŶȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŚŝDzȱ FǻŘǰȱŚşŝǼȱƽȱŘŘřǯşŖDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ a set accounted for 47% of the variance associated with the marital satisfaction in ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŗǼǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ strona 521.
(25) Ĕ. ąĪ. Ĕ ąĪ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢Úǰȱ Čǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ or inconsistent mediation ǻǰȱ £ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ . ͲϬ͘ϰϳΎΎΎ. . ͲϬ͘ϰϱΎΎΎ. Loneliness. . ͲϬ͘ϰϳΎΎΎ. Secure attachment. Ϭ͘ϱϵΎΎΎ ͲϬ͘ϭϴΎΎΎ Ϭ͘ϱϵΎΎΎ. ͲϬ͘ϰϱΎΎΎ. Marital satisfaction. ͲϬ͘ϭϴΎΎΎ. Figure 1.ȱȱěȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ. ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬŖǯŘŘDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼDZȱßȱƽȱȬŖǯŚŖDzȱȱƽȱŖǯŗDzȱtȱƽȱȬŗŖǯŗŗDzȱ < 0.001. This ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ RŶȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŘśDzȱ FǻŘǰȱ ŚşŝǼȱ ƽȱ ŞřǯŚřDzȱ ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ for 25% of the variance associated with marital satisfaction in the model with amȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘǼǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ £ǰȱŘŖŗŖǰȱ ǯȱŗşŗǼǯȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ . Loneliness. . . ͲϬ͘ϰϱΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϮϮΎΎΎ. . Ϭ͘ϮϮΎΎΎ Ambivalent attachment. ͲϬ͘ϮϮΎΎΎ. ͲϬ͘ϰϱΎΎΎ Marital satisfaction. ͲϬ͘ϰϬΎΎΎ ͲϬ͘ϮϮΎΎΎ Figure 2.ȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ ͲϬ͘ϰϬΎΎΎ ϭϬ . . strona 522. ϭϬ.
(26) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬŖǯśDzȱȱǀ 0.001. The presented associȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼDZȱ ßȱ ƽȱ ȬŖǯŘŚDzȱ ȱƽȱŖǯŖşDzȱtȱƽȱȬŜǯřśDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱRŶȱƽȱŖǯŚŗDzȱFǻŘǰȱŚşŝǼȱƽȱŗŝśǯŘŖDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ interaction term as a set accounted for 41% of the variance associated with marital ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ĕ ąĪ ǻ¢Úǰȱ ČǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ . Loneliness. . . ͲϬ͘ϰϱΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϰϮΎΎΎ. . Avoidant attachment. ͲϬ͘ϱΎΎΎ. Marital satisfaction. ͲϬ͘ϮϰΎΎΎ. ȱřǯȱȱ ěȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ. ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŖǯśŗDzȱ ȱ ǀ 0.001. The presented associaȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȬǼDZȱ ßȱ ƽȱ ŖǯřřDzȱ ȱƽȱŖǯŗŗDzȱtȱƽȱşǯŜřDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱ RŶȱƽȱŖǯśŚDzȱFǻŘǰȱŚşŝǼȱƽȱŘŞŜǯŝřDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗȱǻȱŚǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ interaction term as a set accounted for 53% of the variance associated with mariȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱŚǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭǯ. ϭϭ. . strona 523.
(27) . Well-being. . Ϭ͘ϰϳΎΎΎ. . Ϭ͘ϱϭΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϱϳΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϯϯΎΎΎ. . Ϭ͘ϱϳΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϰϳΎΎΎ. . Secure attachment. Ϭ͘ϱϭΎΎΎ. Marital satisfaction. Ϭ͘ϯϯΎΎΎ. . ȱŚǯȱȱěȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ. ȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱ Ȭȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȬŖǯřŗDzȱȱǀ 0.001. The presented association was intenęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȬǼDZȱ ßȱ ƽȱ ŖǯśřDzȱ ȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŗŗDzȱ tȱ ƽȱ ŗŚǯŝşDzȱ ȱ ǀȱ ŖǯŖŖŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ RŶȱƽȱŖǯřŝDzȱFǻŘǰȱŚşŝǼȱƽȱŗŚŞǯŖŖDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱtion term as a set accounted for 37% of the variance associated with marital satisfacȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱśǼǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ £ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ . Well-being. . . Ϭ͘ϱϳΎΎΎ. ͲϬ͘ϭϴΎΎΎ. . ͲϬ͘ϭϴΎΎΎ Ambivalent attachment. ͲϬ͘ϯϭΎΎΎ. Ϭ͘ϱϳΎΎΎ Marital satisfaction. Ϭ͘ϱϯΎΎΎ. . ͲϬ͘ϯϭΎΎΎ ȱśǯȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ Ϭ͘ϱϯΎΎΎ . Ȭȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬŖǯŚŜDzȱȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȬǼDZȱ ßȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŚŘDzȱ ȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŗŖDzȱ tȱ ƽȱ ŗŘǯŜśDzȱ < 0.001. This ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱRŶȱƽȱŖǯśŘDzȱFǻŘǰȱŚşŝǼȱƽȱŘŜşǯŚşDzȱ . . ϭϮ. strona 524. ϭϮ.
(28) ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ for 52% of the variance associated with marital satisfaction in the model with secure Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŜǼǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ . Well-being. . . Ϭ͘ϱϳΎΎΎ. ͲϬ͘ϯϰΎΎΎ. . Avoidant attachment. ͲϬ͘ϰϲΎΎΎ. Marital satisfaction. Ϭ͘ϰϮΎΎΎ. . Figure 6.ȱȱěȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭȱ (***ȱǀȱŖǯŖŖŗǼ . ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱ ȬǯȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱǻȱȱǼȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ. . Discussion ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱęǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǻ ȬǼȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻ £ǰȱǰȱŗşşŖDzȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŜDzȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱϭϯ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŗşşŖDzȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŖDzȱǰȱŗşşŖǼǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱstrona 525.
(29) ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ
(30) ȱ ȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱlationship. The results of the present study showed that when the third factor (meǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ satisfaction, this strong relationship changed. The same situation took place when ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ who need to work on this aspect to maintain satisfactory relationships (Cohn et al., ŗşşŘǼǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱĴȱ style and marital happiness were empirically proved. The results indicate that loneȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱ ȬǼǯ ȱ ȱȱǻȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşŝřDzȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŖDzȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱǻŗşŞŞǼȱ suggests that loneliness can threaten feelings of personal self-worth and undermine ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşşşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ connected with negative emotions, depressivity, pessimism or feeling of rejection. ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ negatively related with the level of marital happiness. Since this phenomenon was ¡ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȭǯȱ strona 526.
(31) ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ tend to keep closer to their partners and are less likely to get comfort coming from ȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱěǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ ŗşşşǼǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ aware of this fear. When they feel insecure in their marriage they try to take care ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ social relationships lead to reducing the level of loneliness. Thus, if an avoidant ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱĴȱĴȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȁ ȱȱȂȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯ ¢ȱ Ȭȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ£ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯǯȱȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ ȱȱĚȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱǻȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱęȱěǯȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱę¢ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱǻ¢ǰȱě¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ
(32) £ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭǯ As for the limitations of the presented study, they refer to theoretical and methodological issues. Firstlyǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ strona 527.
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