ɆɈɌɂȼ ɋȿɆȿɃɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁɅȺȾȺ ȼ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɃ ȻȿɅɅȿɌɊɂɋɌɂɄȿ Ɉ ɀɂɁɇɂ ȾɍɏɈȼȿɇɋɌȼȺ 1860–1870-ɏ ȽȽ.
THE MOTIF OF FAMILY DISCORD IN RUSSIAN SECOND-RATE FICTION ABOUT CLERGY'S LIFE OF THE 1860S AND 1870S
ɆȺɊɌȺ ɅɍɄȺɒȿȼɂɑ
ABSTRACT. In the present paper the analysis of a motif characteristic of the Church-oriented novels, novelettes, stories and sketches – the motif of family discord – is offered. The examination of several literary works of the 1860s and 1870s has shown that it is the depiction of the negative aspects of clergymen's family life that dominates, the reasons for which being different moral principles, hierarchy of values and major life objectives. Usually it is a priest's wife that is presented as a negative character, although the opposite may be also observed. In the paper both the influence of the literary motif of family discord, popular in the realistic literature, is examined and certain facts of everyday life of the Orthodox clergy are presented in order to show the combination of these factors in the Church-oriented literary works.
Marta Łukaszewicz, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa – Polska.
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1850-ɯ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1860-ɯ ɝɝ. ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɢ-ɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɢɫɬɨɜ) ɤ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ-ɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɤɥɢɪɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɡɭɪ-ɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɉ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ (ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɢ; ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟ-ɬɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX ɢ XX ɜɜ. ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɇ.ɋ. Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ. Ɉ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɟ-ɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜ. ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɦ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɤɚɤ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ” ɢɥɢ „ɫɜɟɬ-ɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ”, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɟ”1 . Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ” ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɛ-ɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ-ɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ: – ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧ-ɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɦɚ, ɜ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ; – ɜɵɛɨɪ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ ɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ; – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ „ɪɟ-ɡɸɦɟ”2 , ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɢ-ɩɢɱɧɵɟ, ɥɢɛɨ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ) ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ; – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ ɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ” ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢ: ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ, ɤɪɚɯɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɩɚɫɬɵɪɹ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɋɜɚɬɨɜɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-ɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɚɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɚɹ (ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɇ.ɋ. Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚ ɋɨɛɨɪɹɧɟ [1872] ɢ Ɏ.ȼ. Ʌɢɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɀɢɡɧɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ [1877], ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ-ɨɱɟɪɤ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɵ [1878]). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ – Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼɭɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ Ƚ.ɂ. ɇɟɞɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤ Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋɟ-ɲɟɬɧɢɤɨɜɚ, Ɉɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ Ⱦ.ɂ. ɋɬɚɯɟɟɜɚ ɢ ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɋɧɟɠɢɧɵɯ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɣ-ɫɤɨɝɨ, – ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɟɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ – ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ, ɪɚɡɥɚɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤ Ɋɟɲɟɬɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɷɬɚɩ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɭɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢ-ɤɨɦ: ɜɢɡɢɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɸ, ɩɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɹɬɤɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢ-ɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢ-ɟɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚ-ɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɭɞɟɛ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ________________ 1Ȼ.Ʌ. Ȼ ɟ ɫ ɫ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ 1880-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, [ɜ:] Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɨ-ɜɟɫɬɶ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɠɚɧɪɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1973, ɫ. 490. 2 ɋɦ. Ɋ. Ȼ ɚ ɪ ɬ, ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɩɟ-ɪɟɜɨɞ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɢɤɨɜɚ, [ɜ:] Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɏIɏ–ɏɏ ɜɜ.: ɬɪɚɤ-ɬɚɬɵ, ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɷɫɫɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1987, ɫ. 419.
ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɤɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ȿɝɨɪɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɚ. ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ, ɫɜɚɬɨɜ-ɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɨɩɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɇɚɞɟɣ. Ɍɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ – Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ Ȼɭɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɇɟɞɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɹɞ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɗɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɪɚɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɜɚɬɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ), ɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɪɚɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɹɦɨ ɢ ɯɥɟɫɬɤɨ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɞɶɹɤɨɧ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ɏɢɥɢɦɨ-ɧɵɱ: „ȼɟɞɶ ɧɚɲɚ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɜ”3 . Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟ-ɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟ-ɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɜ XIX ɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɠɟɧɚɬɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɤɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɦɨɧɚɯɨɦ (ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɢɛɚɬɚɪɢɟɜ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɟɞɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ). Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ-ɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ „ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ” ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɣ ɞɨɱɟɪɶɸ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɨɣ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚɯ ɠɟɥɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɨ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ȿɝɨɪ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɢɡ ɋɬɚɜ-ɥɟɧɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɟɯɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɬɨɥɟɲɢɧɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ, ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɶɹɱɤɚ, ɱɬɨ „ɭ ɨɬɰɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɱɤɚ, ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɧɚ”4 ɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɨ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɉɨɩɨɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɪɟ-ɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ), ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɶ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɡɚ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɉɚɧɢɤɚɞɢɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɪɟɤɨ-ɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɸ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɟɣ, ɞɨɱɟɪɶɸ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɨ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɨ-ɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ – ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ________________ 3 Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤ, „ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ” 1864, ʋ 8, ɫ. 275. 4 Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤ, „ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ” 1864, ʋ 6, ɫ. 339.
ɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, – ɨɧ ɪɟɲɢɥɫɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ: „ɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɚ, – ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ”5. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɹɞɟɣ ɨ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɪɨɬɟ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɣ „ɜɟɥɟɥ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢ-ɜɚɬɶ”6 ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ. ɀɟɥɚɜɲɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɭ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɭ ɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɳɭɳɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ „ɩɪɢɢɫɤɚɥɢ” ɠɟɧɢɯɚ – Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱɚ Ɂɥɚɬɨ-ɤɪɵɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɦɭɠɟɦ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɢ. ȼ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɧɟɥɨɜɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɟɫɬɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ: „ȿɝɨɪ ɂɜɚɧɵɱ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɢɬɫɹ, ɤɨɧɮɭɡɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɱɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ”7 , „Ⱥɧɞɪɸɲɚ ɫɤɨɧɮɭɡɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɤɚɪɬɭɡ ɧɚ ɨɤɧɨ”8; „ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɵ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɧɟɱɚɹɧɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ; Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɚ ɜɫɩɵɯɧɭɥɚ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɜɟɪɢ”9 . ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫ-ɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ: „Ⱥ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɜɟɳɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɲɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ”10 ; „ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ, ɞɭɦɚɥ ɨɧ, ɲɭɬɤɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɲɚɩɤɭ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɞɟɬɶ”11 . ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸ-ɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧ-ɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹɯ ɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɟ”, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɭ-ɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɸɧɨ-ɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȿɝɨɪ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɢɡ ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤɚ, ɫɵɧ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɶɹɤɨɧɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ-ɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ-ɦɢ (ɩɪɢɥɟɠɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɝɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ) ɞɨɛɢɥɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɹ. ȿɝɨ ɧɟ-ɜɟɫɬɚ ɇɚɞɹ, ɞɨɱɶ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ ɨ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɚ Ɍɸɥɟɧɟɜɚ, „ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɢ ɨɬɰɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɧɟɪ”12 , ɜ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɞɨɛ-ɧɚɹ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɛɪɚɤɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ________________ 5Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ, „Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟ-ɧɢɹ” 1864, ʋ 1, ɫ. 12. 6Ɉ. Ɂ ɚ ɛ ɵ ɬ ɵ ɣ (Ƚ.ɂ. ɇ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ, „ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȿɜɪɨ-ɩɵ” 1877, ʋ 9, c. 5. 7Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 8, ɫ. 268. 8Ɉ. Ɂ ɚ ɛ ɵ ɬ ɵ ɣ (Ƚ.ɂ. ɇ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 9, ɫ. 28. 9Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 31. 10Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 8, ɫ. 277. 11Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 1, ɫ. 19. 12Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 8, ɫ. 253.
(„ɫ ɤɚɦɢɥɚɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɟɪɫɧɵɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɦ”13). ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɉɚɧɢɤɚɞɢɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɭ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɸ „ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɭɱɢɥɢ, ɤɚɞɪɟɥɶ ɬɚɦ, ɜɚɥɟɰ, ɢ ɩɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ: ɦɟɪɫɢɬɟ, ɚɞɶɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ...”14 . ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱɚ Ɂɥɚɬɨɤɪɵɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɮɨɪ-ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɟɦ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɠɢɬɟɣ-ɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɸ ɨɬɰɚ („Ɉɬɟɰ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ Ⱥɧɞɪɸɲɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ «ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɚɪɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ, ɧɢ ɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɥɫɹ, ɢ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɫ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ»”15 ), ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ 60–70-ɯ ɝɝ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɦɭɠɭ, Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɥɸɛɹɳɢɦ ɨɬɰɨɦ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ (ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɇ.Ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɦɡɢɧ ɢ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɀɭ-ɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, „ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ”16 ). ȼɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɜɹ-ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɪɚɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ-ɨɱɟɪɤɟ ɋɬɚɯɟɟɜɚ Ɉɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ɋɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɋɧɟɠɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɉɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ – ɞɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ – ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɪɟɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ: 1. ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɵ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ɋɬɚɯɟɟɜɚ Ɉɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ, ɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɬɨɠɟ ɛɟɡɞɟɬɧɵɟ. 2. ȼ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɟɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɦɢ-ɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪ-ɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɵ; ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: Ɉɧ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɦ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɢ. ɍ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɣ Ȼɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɥ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɸɲɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ [...]. ɍ ɧɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɠɢɜɟɣɲɟɸ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɡɚɦɚɧɱɢɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ ɦɟɱɬɵ [...]. ɍ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɢɱɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ, „ɫɥɚɜɚ Ȼɨɝɭ, ɭɫɬɪɨɢɥɫɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ”. [...] ȼɫɟ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ ɫɭ-________________ 13 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 263. 14 Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 1, ɫ. 16. 15Ɉ. Ɂ ɚ ɛ ɵ ɬ ɵ ɣ (Ƚ.ɂ. ɇ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 9, ɫ. 61. 16 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 23.
ɩɪɭɝɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɵ. ȼɡɝɥɹɞɵ, ɜɤɭɫɵ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɠɟ-ɥɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ17 ; Ⱥɧɧɚ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜɧɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɤ ɛɥɚɝɚɦ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɟɝɨ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɹɦ, ɜ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɠɚɧ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɨɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ ɢ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɦɟɥ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɧɭɠɞɚɸ-ɳɟɦɭ ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɩɨɛɟɫɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜ18 , ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɭɪɧɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɱɟɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ, ɧɟɭɦɵɬɵɟ ɪɭɤɢ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɟɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɪɹɡɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɜɟɳɢ19 ; Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɥɨɞ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɜ ɫɨɛɨɣ [...] ɛɥɟɞɟɧ, ɯɭɞ, ɫɟɪɶɟɡɟɧ [...], ɧɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɬɶ, ɦɪɚɤ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ20 . 3. ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɠɢɡ-ɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ. ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤ ɞɨɛɪɵɣ, ɛɟɫɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɣ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ: ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɢɬɵɣ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɣ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ [...], ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ-ɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ21 ; ɨɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɦɢɪɚ, ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɵ22 . ȿɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɛɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɜɟ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɩɪɢɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ: ɜ ɝɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɧɚ [...] ɧɟ ɭɦɟɥɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ-ɛɚɪɫɤɢ, ɧɟ ɭɦɟɥɚ ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɬɶ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨ-ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɭ ɞɪɹɧɶɸ23 ; ɉɨɥɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɩɟɪɟɟɡɠɚɹ ɫɸɞɚ, ɦɨɝ ɥɢ ɨɧ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤ ɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɹ?24 ________________ 17Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 63. 18 Ⱦ. ɋ-ɯ-ɴ (Ⱦ. ɂ. ɋ ɬ ɚ ɯ ɟ ɟ ɜ), Ɉɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ, „ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ” 1872, ʋ 9, ɫ. 87. 19Ȼ ɥ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɟ ɜ (ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋ ɚ ɣ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɋɧɟɠɢɧɵɯ: ɪɨɦɚɧ, „ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȿɜɪɨ-ɩɵ” 1871, ʋ 10, ɫ. 690. 20Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 691. 21 Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 1, ɫ. 9. 22 Ⱦ. ɋ-ɯ-ɴ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 77. 23Ɏ.Ɇ. Ɋ ɟ ɲ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 8, ɫ. 254. 24 Ȼ ɥ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɟ ɜ (ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋ ɚ ɣ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 707.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɬɢɜ „ɡɥɨɣ ɠɟɧɵ” ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɨɠɢɥ ɇ. ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɚ (1874), Ɉɬɟɰ ɂɜɚɧ ɢ ɨɬɟɰ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɋ.Ɋ. Ɋɨɞɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ (1881), ȿɞɟɬ! ɂ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɥɨɜɚ (1882), Ɍɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɋ.ɇ. Ɇɭɧɞɬ (1883), ɇɟ ɭɝɨɞɢɥ Ƚ.ɂ. ɇɟɞɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ (1883) ɢ ɞɪ., ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɟɞɤɨ (ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɇɟɞɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ). 4. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɫɨɪɵ, ɭɩɪɟɤɢ, ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɧɤɢ. ɂɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ (ɧɟɨɩɪɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɵ, ɞɥɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɦɚ, ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɟɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɨ-ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɜ ɤ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɫɬɜɭ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɪɤɚɧɬɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɵ: ɨɧɚ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɟɬ ɦɭɠɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ: [ɩɨɩɚɞɶɹ] ɫɬɚɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɢɬɶ, ɭɥɢɱɚɹ ɨ. ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ25; – ɇɟɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɬɵ ɞɟɥɨ ɡɚɬɟɹɥ [...] ɜɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɚ [...] ɇɢ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɨɬɚɥ ɬɵ ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɟɝɨ! [...] ɀɢɥ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɦɢɪɧɨ, ɬɢɯɨ, ɡɧɚɥ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɞɚ ɯɪɚɦ Ȼɨɠɢɣ, ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ26 ; ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɪɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ: „ɱɬɨ, ɦɨɥ, ɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ [...] ɰɟɥɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɫ ɦɭɠɢɤɚɦɢ ɟɤɲɚɟɦɫɹ, – ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɭɠɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɦɫɹ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɥɚ-ɩɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ”27 . 5. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɢ-ɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɢɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢ-ɜɚɧɢɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɜ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ: Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɨɣ, ɝɪɭɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɵɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ. Ⱦɥɹ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɢɱɚ ɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ28 ; ɟɝɨ ɫɦɭɳɚɥɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ [...] ɫɦɭɳɚɥɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ, ɭɞɚɱɚɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟ-ɧɢɹɦɢ29 ; ɨɬɟɰ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩ, ɩɨɩɚɜ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɛ-ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɢ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɦ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ________________ 25Ⱦ. ɋ-ɯ-ɴ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 120. 26 Ȼ ɥ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɟ ɜ (ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋ ɚ ɣ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 719. 27 Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 2, ɫ. 19. 28Ɉ. Ɂ ɚ ɛ ɵ ɬ ɵ ɣ (Ƚ.ɂ. ɇ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 11, ɫ. 11. 29Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 1, ɫ. 33.
ɨɳɭɳɚɥ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɢ ɦɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ30 . 6. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɚɞɸɥɶɬɟɪɚ (ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨ-ɨɛɳɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɠɟ-ɧɨɣ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɰɟɧɡɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨɣ) ɩɪɢ-ɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ, ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɟ ɋɧɟɠɢɧɵɯ ɢ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ-ɨɱɟɪɤɟ Ɉɬɟɰ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɣ ɚɤ-ɰɟɧɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ: ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɨɤ. Ɇɢɪɨɥɸɛɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɚ ɨ. ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɚɪɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɪɟɛɭɸ-ɳɢɟɫɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ Ɍɚɤ ɲɥɨ ɢɡɨ ɞɧɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɢɡ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɢ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɵ ɨɬɰɚ ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɹ [...] ɬɚɤ ɲɥɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ31 . ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɟ-ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɥɢɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɚɦɚ-ɬɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɧɟɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɶɢ: ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɤɟ ɜɨɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɚɪɬɚ ɝɧɟɜɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɲɜɵɪɹɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɥɨ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ32 ; Ⱥɧɧɚ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜɧɚ [...] ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɭɯɧɸ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɯɥɨɩɧɭɜ ɞɜɟɪɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɞɨ-ɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ ɫɵɩɥɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ33 . ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɲɚɹ ɨ. ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɸ ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɛɟɲɟɧɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɤɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ: ɟɝɨ ɥɸ-ɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ Ⱥɧɧɟ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɶɟɜɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ ɨɧ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, „ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ [...] ɦɢɪɧɨ ɢ ɬɢɯɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ”34, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɪɹɯɥɟɟɬ ɢ ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɟɧɢ-ɟɦ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɜ Ɂɥɚɬɨɪɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ („ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɚɟɬ ________________ 30Ȼ ɥ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɟ ɜ (ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋ ɚ ɣ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 690. 31Ⱦ. ɋ-ɯ-ɴ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 85–86. 32Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 78. 33Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 82. 34Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 123.
ɜ ɦɨɟɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ”, „Ⱦɨɦɢɤ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɛɨɣ”35 ; „ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ, ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɨɟɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɞɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ”36 ), ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ ɜɫɟ-ɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɜɫɟ-ɦɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɟɬɵ. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ȼɭɧɚɤɨɜɚ Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɩɚɫɬɵɪɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɉɚɧɢɤɚɞɢɥɨɜɚ – ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɠɟɧɵ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɩɪɟɤɢ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɪɭ-ɛɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɶɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɜɵɤ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ [...] ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɨɩɨɬ, ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɧɟɫɛɵɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɱɬɭ37 . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɥɚɞ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ-ɱɢɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɦɨɬɢɜ „ɡɥɨɣ ɠɟɧɵ” ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɋɧɟɠɢɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɟ Ⱥɧɸɬɟ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨ (ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɥɸɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ɂɢɧɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨ (ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ), ɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɣ – Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɦ ɇɟɜɟɪɨɜɵɦ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɣ, ɫɟɫɬɪɨɣ Ɂɢɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨ-ɦɭ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɪɚɤ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ – ɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸ-ɳɟɣɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɵ ɩɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶ-ɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɦ ɫɥɵɲɚɬɫɹ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɢ Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɟ38 . Ɋɚɡɥɚɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɜ ɨ ɛɪɚɤɟ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɧɸɬɵ: ȼ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɨɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɰɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ, – ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟ-________________ 35Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 75. 36 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 123. 37Ɇ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ (ɇ.Ɏ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ʋ 1, ɫ. 33. 38ɋɦ. ȼ.Ƚ. Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɋɬɚɬɶɢ ɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɟ. ɋɬɚɬɶɹ 9: „ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ Ɉɧɟɝɢɧ” (oɤɨɧ-ɱɚɧɢɟ), [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬ. 7, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1955, ɫ. 473–480.
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ39 ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ: Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɠɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɠɢɥ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɫɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɥ. [...] Ɉɧ ɠɟɥɚɥ ɛɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɠɟɧɟ ɞɨɛɪɭɸ, ɱɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɱɢɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɚɫɶ40 . Ⱦɭɲɟɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɧɸɬɵ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜ-ɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɸɚɧɫɵ ɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ: ɫɤɭɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɪɚ-ɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɟɧɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɨɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɤ Ɂɢɧɟ ɢ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɡɚ-ɧɹɬɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɡ-ɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɠɟɧɵ, ɪɚɫɤɚɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡɵɫɯɨɞ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸ-ɳɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɨ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɪɚɡɥɚɞ ɫ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɟɣ – ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɠɟɧɵ – ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȼɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɶɢ – ɞɨɛɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɚɛɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɞɚ). ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɠɟɧɵ – ɨɬ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ, ɫɜɟɬɥɵɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɞ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɭɠɚ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨ-ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɨ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ. ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɬɨɥɤ-ɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɯ Ʌɟɧɭɲɤɨɣ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɦɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ 1860–1870-ɯ ɝɝ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɭɤɚ-ɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɪɚɱɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚ-ɤɨɦɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɟ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ________________ 39Ȼ ɥ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɟ ɜ (ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋ ɚ ɣ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ), ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 706–707. 40Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 707.
ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɬ.ɤ., ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ-ɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɪɚɤ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɠɟɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɜɞɨɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ɉɡɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ Ȼɭɧɚɤɨɜɚ, Ɇɢɪɚɠɢ ɇɟɞɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɋɹɫɚ Ɇ.ɇ. Ⱥɥɶɛɨɜɚ). ɋɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟ-ɦɨɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɨɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɴɹɫ-ɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤ-ɬɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ Pɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ.
