Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Stowarzyszenie Polsko-Indonezyjskie „Sahabat”
Bali – raj wymyślony?
Abstrakt %DOL±UDMVNDZ\VSDPLHMVFHKDUPRQLMQHJRZVSyáHJ]\VWRZDQLDER-JyZSU]RGNyZLGHPRQyZHQNODZDKLQGXL]PXZLQGRQH]\MVNLP ĞZLHFLHLVODPX%DOLWRZ\VSDNWyUDFRURNXSU]\FLąJDU]HV]HWXU\- VWyZVZRLPQLHSRZWDU]DOQ\PHJ]RW\]PHPERJDWąNXOWXUąREU]ĊGR-ZRĞFLą]DSDFKDPLRUD]GĨZLĊNDPL.DĪG\]SU]\E\V]\]QDMG]LHWDP FRĞGODVLHELH-HGQDNF]\%DOLPRĪHVSHáQLüRELHWQLFĊSRV]XNLZDQHM FRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMRELHWQLF\DXWHQW\F]QRĞFL" &HOHPUHIHUDWXMHVWSU]HGVWDZLHQLHSURFHVyZNWyUH]DFKRG]Lá\ ZODWDFKGZXG]LHVW\FKLWU]\G]LHVW\FK;;ZLHNXRUD]PLDá\ZSá\Z QDNV]WDáWRZDQLHVLĊZVSyáF]HVQHJRZ\REUDĪHQLDRZ\VSLH$XWRUND ED]XMąFQDVZRLFKEDGDQLDFKWHUHQRZ\FKZ,QGRQH]MLSRGHMPLHSUyEĊ RGSRZLHG]HQLDQDS\WDQLHF]\%DOLWRUDMVNDZ\VSDF]\UDMZ\P\ĞORQ\ 6áRZDNOXF]RZH %DOLNXOWXUD%DOLV]WXNDEDOLMVNDWXU\VW\NDNXOWX-URZD:DOWHU6SLHV0DUJDUHG0HDG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQ Abstract %DOL±SDUDGLVHLVODQGDSODFHRIKDUPRQLRXVFRH[LVWHQFHRIWKHJRGV DQFHVWRUVDQGGHPRQVHQFODYHRI+LQGXLVPLQWKH,QGRQHVLDQ,VODPLF ZRUOG%DOLLVDQLVODQGZKLFKHYHU\\HDUDWWUDFWVPDQ\WRXULVWVZLWK LWVXQLTXHH[RWLFLVPULFKFXOWXUHULWXDOVVPHOOVDQGVRXQGV(DFKRI WKHQHZFRPHUVZLOO¿QGWKHUHLVVRPHWKLQJIRUKLPVHOIH+RZHYHU ZKHWKHULQ%DOLFDQIXO¿OOWKHSURPLVHVHDUFKHGPRUHRIWHQSURPLVH RIDXWKHQWLFLW\" 7KHDLPRIWKHSDSHULVWRSUHVHQWWKHSURFHVVHVWKDWWRRNSODFHLQ WKHWZHQWLHVDQGWKLUWLHVRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\DQGKDYHDQLPSDFW
RQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRGHUQLGHDVDERXWWKHLVODQG7KHDXWKRU EDVHGRQKHU¿HOGUHVHDUFKLQ,QGRQHVLDZLOODWWHPSWWRDQVZHUWKH TXHVWLRQZKHWKHU%DOLLVSDUDGLVHLVODQGRUSDUDGLVHFUHDWHG .H\ZRUGV %DOLFXOWXUHRI%DOL%DOLQHVHDUWFXOWXUDOWRXULVP:DOWHU 6SLHV0DUJDUHG0HDG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQ %DOLWRLQGRQH]\MVNDZ\VSDNWyUąZF]DVLHNRORQL]DFML+ROHQ- GU]\XVLáRZDOLVWZRU]\üLG\OOLF]Q\PPLHMVFHPUDMHPZNWy-U\PQDFRG]LHĔZVSyáHJ]\VWXMąERJRZLHLGHPRQ\=JRGQLH]H VZRLPLZ\REUDĪHQLDPLSUyERZDOLRGUHVWDXURZDüDGRNáDGQLHM PyZLąFXNV]WDáWRZDüNXOWXUĊZ\VS\QDVZyMVSRVyEWDNDE\ MDZLáDVLĊMDNRĪ\ZHPX]HXPNXOWXU\KLQGXMDZDMVNLHM'OD+R-OHQGUyZSRGVWDZĊVSRáHF]HĔVWZDEDOLMVNLHJRVWDQRZLáDUHOLJLD EĊGąFDMHGQRF]HĞQLHNXOWXURZąPDWHULąVFDODMąFąVSRáHF]QRĞü RUD]LQVSLUDFMąGODDUW\VW\F]QHMSUDF\&KFLHOLRQL]DSRELHFHNV-SDQVMLLVODPXL]DFKRZDüNXOWXUĊEDOLMVNą'URJąMDNąZ\EUDOL DE\WRRVLąJQąüE\áRQDXF]DQLH%DOLMF]\NyZEDOLMVNRĞFLF]\OL MDNE\üDXWHQW\F]Q\P%DOLMF]\NLHP:SURZDG]RQRSURJUDP\ HGXNDF\MQHPDMąFHQDFHOXQDXF]DQLHPáRG\FKMĊ]\NDEDOLMVNLH- JROLWHUDWXU\RUD]WUDG\F\MQ\FKV]WXNSR]EDZLRQ\FKZVSyáF]H- VQ\FKZSá\ZyZVSR]DZ\VS\8F]RQRWDNĪHU]HPLRVáDLZ\UR-EXEDOLMVNLFKXSRPLQNyZGODWXU\VWyZ']LDáDQLDWHVWDQRZLá\ HOHPHQWSROLW\NLNXOWXUDOQHMUR]SRF]ĊWHMZODWDFKWU]\G]LHVW\FK ;;ZLHNXNWyUąQD]ZDQRZMĊ]\NXKROHQGHUVNLP%DOLVHHULQJ F]\OLEDOLQL]DFMą%DOL=DáRĪHQLHPSROLW\NLE\áRQLHW\ONR]D- FKRZDQLHNXOWXU\EDOLMVNLHMGODSU]\E\ZDMąF\FKQDZ\VSĊWX-U\VWyZDOHWDNĪHQDXF]HQLHVDP\FKZ\VSLDU]\MDNE\üEDUG]LHM EDOLMVNLPLLW\PVDP\PMDNE\üEDUG]LHMDXWHQW\F]Q\PL %DOLM- F]\F\PXVLHOLVLĊQDXF]\üMDNE\ü%DOLMF]\NDPL WDĔF]\üPD-ORZDüLSLVDüZVW\OXWUDG\F\MQ\P VWXGLRZDüEDOLMVNąOLWHUDWXUĊ LSUDNW\NRZDüZV]\VWNLHVZRMHFHUHPRQLH:V]\VWNLHG]LDáDQLD 0+LWFKFRFN/1RUULV%DOL WKH,PDJLQDU\0XVHXP7KH3KRWRJUDSKV of Walter Spies and Beryl de Zoete.XDOD/XPSXU±2[IRUG±6LQJDSRUH±1HZ
PLDá\MHGQDNFKDUDNWHUZ\ELyUF]\%DOLMF]\F\PLHOLSLHOĊJQR- ZDüWHWUDG\FMHRUD]WHV]WXNLNWyUH]RVWDá\ZVSRVyEV]F]H- JyOQ\Z\UyĪQLRQHSU]H]+ROHQGUyZ0LHOLSLHOĊJQRZDü]ZLą-]HNSRPLĊG]\UHOLJLąKLQGXGKDUPDRE\F]DMRZRĞFLąLV]WXNą 2SUHV\MQDIRUPDSROLW\F]QHMGRPLQDFMLXVLáRZDáDXWU]\PDü%DOL ZVWDW\F]QHMSR]\FML:NRQVHNZHQFML+ROHQGU]\XIRUPRZDOL Ī\ZHPX]HXP:W\PVDP\PF]DVLHNLHG\ZSURZDG]DQR]PLD-Q\GRW\F]ąFHNXOWXU\%DOLUHIRUPRZDQREDOLMVNLHRUJDQL]DFMH SROLW\F]QH0HGLDWRUDPLSRPLĊG]\+ROHQGUDPLD%DOLMF]\NDPL ZRUJDQL]DFMDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK]RVWDOL%DOLMF]\F\Z\NV]WDáFHQL ]D=DFKRG]LHNWyU\FKHGXNDFMĊVSRQVRURZDáU]ąG:VFKRGQLFK ,QGLL+ROHQGHUVNLFK.RQVHUZDW\ZQDSROLW\ND+ROHQGUyZXGH-U]DáDZ%DOLMF]\NyZFKFąF\FKE\üQRZRF]HVQ\PL:\VSLDU]H SUDJQĊOLVLĊHGXNRZDüSR]QDZDüLSUyERZDüQRZHHNRQRPLF]-QHPRĪOLZRĞFLUR]ZLMDüQRZHIRUP\WDQHF]QHPDODUVNLHF]\ OLWHUDFNLH1LHNWyU]\FKFLHOLWHĪ]QLHVLHQLDSRG]LDáXNDVWRZH-JR:V]\VWNRWRZHGáXJ+ROHQGUyZPRJáRE\GRSURZDG]LüGR ]PQLHMV]HQLDLFKGRPLQDFML6WąGNRORQL]DWRU]\EDUG]RNRQVH-NZHQWQLHZSURZDG]DOLSODQEDOLQL]DFML%DOLNWyUHJRMHGQ\P ]]DáRĪHĔE\áRXWU]\P\ZDQLHSRNRMXLSRU]ąGNXQDZ\VSLH :ODWDFKPLĊG]\ZRMHQQ\FKVWZRU]RQRUDMGODDUW\VWyZSLVD- U]\LPX]\NyZSU]\E\ZDMąF\FK](XURS\L6WDQyZ=MHGQRF]R- Q\FK$PHU\NL1LHE\áWRMHGQDNUDMGOD%DOLMF]\NyZ.RORQLDO-QDSROLW\ND+ROHQGUyZQD%DOLVWDáDVLĊPLHV]DQNąLGHDOL]PX LSUDJPDW\]PX. /DWDGZXG]LHVWHLWU]\G]LHVWH;;ZLHNXWRF]DVNLHG\SU]\-E\ZDOLQDZ\VSĊQDXNRZF\LDUW\ĞFLXVLáXMąF\GRNXPHQWRZDü QDG]Z\F]DMQHGXFKRZHLDUW\VW\F]QHĪ\FLHZ\VSLDU]\ 'RQDM- EDUG]LHM]QDQ\FKQDOHĪą QLHPLHFNLPDODU]SU\PLW\ZLVWDLPX- /+RZH7KH&KDQJLQJ:RUOGRI%DOL5HOLJLRQ6RFLHW\DQG7RXULVP /RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN V $.XUQLDQLQJVLK6LPXODFUD%DOL$PELJXLWDV7UDGLVLRQDOLVDVL2UDQJ Bali<RJ\DNDUWDV± 0&ROGLURQ7UDQFHDQG7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKH $FWRULQ-DSDQHVH1RKDQG%DOLQHVH0DVNHG'DQFH'UDPD/HZLVWRQ±4XHHQ-VWRQ±/DPSHWHUV±
]\N:DOWHU6SLHVQLHPLHFNLIRWRJUDILOHNDU]*UHJRU.UDXVH EU\W\MVF\DNWRU]\1RHO+RZDUGL&KDUOLH&KDSOLQàRW\V]NDED-GDF]NDWDĔFD&ODLUH+ROWNWyUDSUDFRZDáDZUD]]KROHQGHUVNLP DQWURSRORJLHP:LOOHPHP6WXWWHUKHLPHPDQWURSRORG]\0DUJD- UHW0HDGL*UHJRU\%DWHVRQNDQDG\MVNLNRPSR]\WRULPX]\-NRORJ&ROLQ0F3KHH]ĪRQąDPHU\NDĔVNąDQWURSRORĪNą-DQH %HORPHNV\NDĔVNLPDODU]0LJXHO&RYDUUXELDV]ĪRQą5RVH EU\W\MVNDWDQFHUND%HU\OGH=RHWHKROHQGHUVNLHWQRPX]\NRORJ -DDS.XQVWKROHQGHUVNLOLQJZLVWD]QDZFDMĊ]\NyZLQGRQH]\M- VNLFK5RHORI*RULVDPHU\NDĔVNDWDQFHUNDLFKRUHRJUDIND.D-WKDULQH0HUVKRQKROHQGHUVNLDUW\VWD-RKDQ5XGROI%RQQHWRUD] EHOJLMVNLPDODU]$GULHQ-HDQ/H0D\HXUGH0HUSUHV7ZRU]\OL RQLQDZ\VSLHERKHPĊDUW\VW\F]Qą%\OLREVHUZDWRUDPLNXOWX-U\EDOLMVNLHM:VZRLFKSXEOLNDFMDFKSU]HGVWDZLDOL%DOLSU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPMDNRPLHMVFHJG]LHPRĪQDVSRWNDüQLHQDUXV]RQą NXOWXUĊWUDG\F\MQąDOHĪDGHQ]QLFKQLHSRGMąáWHPDWXNRORQL-]DWRUyZLLFKSROLW\NL -HGQ\P]SLHUZV]\FKRSLVXMąF\FKZ\VSĊE\áKROHQGHUVNL DUW\VWD:LMQDQG2WWR-DQ1LHXZHQNDPSNWyU\RGZLHG]Dá%DOL NLONDUD]\ZODWDFK ± ± L . 8ZDĪDQ\MHVW]DSLHUZV]HJRHXURSHMVNLHJRDUW\VWĊNWyU\SU]\-E\áQDZ\VSĊ=DVá\QąáG]LĊNLVZRLPSUDFRPRUD]UyZQLHĪW\P LĪEĊGąFQD%DOLSU]HPLHU]DáMąMHĪGĪąFQDURZHU]H-HJRRVREĊ XSDPLĊWQLDUHOLHIZĞZLąW\QL3XUD0HGXZH.DUDQJZ.XEXWDP-EDKDQZUHJHQFML%XOHOHQJ1LHXZHQNDPSSU]HGVWDZLRQ\MHVW WDPMDNRF\NOLVWD 'XĪ\ZSá\ZQDNV]WDáWRZDQLHVLĊZ\REUDĪHQLD%DOLQD ĞZLHFLHPLDáQLHPLHFNLOHNDU]LIRWRJUDI*UHJRU.UDXVHNWyU\ Z URNXRSXEOLNRZDáNVLąĪNĊBali]DZLHUDMąFąIRWRJUD¿H Z\NRQDQHZF]DVLHMHJRSRE\WXZH:VFKRGQLFK,QGLDFK+R-OHQGHUVNLFK .VLąĪNDZ\GDQDSRUD]SLHUZV]\Z+RODQGLL]R- KWWS QRUWKEDOLRUJEXOHOHQJUHVHDUFKZRMQLHXZHQNDPSDQGEDOL>GR-VWĊS @ *.UDXVH%DOL±9RON/DQG7lQ]H)HVWH7HPSHO+DJHQ
VWDáDSU]HWáXPDF]RQDQDZLHOHMĊ]\NyZ1DVZRLFKIRWRJUD¿DFK .UDXVHSU]HGVWDZLDáMHGQRĞüF]áRZLHNDLQDWXU\EDOLMVNLHMRUD] SRáąF]HQLHĪ\FLDVSRáHF]QHJR]UHOLJLą8ND]\ZDáVHQVXDOQą VWURQĊNXOWXU\WDĔFHWUDQVRZHLPDVNRZHNUHPDFMHRUD]LQQH REU]ĊG\6WZRU]\áLOX]MĊWDMHPQLF]HML]DFKZ\FDMąFHMSRGNDĪ-G\PZ]JOĊGHPZ\VS\)RWRJUDIXMąFQDJLFKPáRG\FKPĊĪF]\]Q LNRELHW\ZF]DVLHNąSLHOLF]\SU]HFKDG]DMąFHVLĊEH]RNU\FLD SLHUVL]ZUyFLáXZDJĊQDHURW\F]QąVWURQĊ%DOL1LHNWyUH]MHJR ]GMĊü]RVWDá\X]QDQH]DZXOJDUQHLQLJG\QLH]RVWDá\RSXEOL-NRZDQH1LHZąWSOLZLHSRSXODUQRĞüNVLąĪNLSU]\F]\QLáDVLĊGR ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDZLHOXDUW\VWyZLQDXNRZFyZÄUDMVNąZ\VSą´ )RWRJUD¿H.UDXVHJRRGSRZLDGDá\HXURSHMVNLPZ\REUDĪHQLX HJ]RW\NLGODWHJRWHĪZ\ZDUá\WDNGXĪ\ZSá\ZQD]DLQWHUHVR-ZDQLHZ\VSąLMHMPLHV]NDĔFDPL 2JURPQH]QDF]HQLHGODNXOWXU\%DOLRUD]QDUR]ZyMWXU\VW\- NLQDZ\VSLHPLDáNLONXQDVWROHWQLSRE\W ± ]DIDVF\-QRZDQHJRQRZRRGNU\W\PÄRVWDWQLPUDMHPQD]LHPL´PX]\ND LDUW\VW\:DOWHUD6SLHVD7 2GHJUDáRQNOXF]RZąUROĊZSURPR-ZDQLXLG\OOLF]QHM%DOLSR]DJUDQLFDPLLPSHULXPKROHQGHUVNLFK NRORQL]DWRUyZ E\áQLHMDNRPHGLDWRUHPSRPLĊG]\%DOLD]H-ZQĊWU]Q\PĞZLDWHP6SLHVE\áPDODU]HPMHGQDNSUDZG]LZ\P QDU]ĊG]LHPMHJRSUDF\E\áDSDUDWIRWRJUD¿F]Q\)DVF\QRZDá JRUyZQLHĪ¿OP%\áVFHQDU]\VWąGRNXPHQWX¿OPRZHJRÄ'HU ,QVHOGHU'lPRQHQ´ RUD]NRQVXOWDQWHPSU]\WZRU]HQLXSU]H] $QGUH5RRVHYHOWD¿OPXÄ*RRQD*RRQD´NWyU\]DLQVSLURZDá ZLHOXGRSRGUyĪ\QD%DOLZW\PDXWRUNĊNVLąĪNL5HYROWLQ3D- 0+LWFKFRFN/1RUULVBali.RSFLWV± 7 $QWURSRORJ1LJHO%DUOH\Ī\FLX:DOWHUD6SLHVDSRĞZLĊFLáVZRMąKLVWR-U\F]QąQRZHOĊ]DW\WXáRZDQą,VODQGRI'HPRQVNWyUDSRUD]SLHUZV]\]RVWDáD RSXEOLNRZDQDSU]H]VLQJDSXUG]NLHZ\GDZQLFWZR0RQVRRQZ URNX 2EHFQLH]GMĊFLD:DOWHUD6SLHVD]QDMGXMąVLĊZDUFKLZXP0X]HXP+RU-QLPDQZ/RQG\QLH 1DG¿OPHP6SLHVSUDFRZDáZODWDFK ± ]D .6WHSSXWDW7KH *HQHVLVRI'DQFH*HQUH :DOWHU6SLHVDQGWKH.HFDNKWWS HWKQRPXVLNRORJLH NXJDFDW¿OHDGPLQPHGLDLQVWLWXW'RNXPHQWH'RZQORDGV6WHSSXWDWB:DO-WHUB6SLHVBDQGBWKHB.HFDNSGI>GRVWĊS @
radise6]NRWNLNWyUDZ URNXZ\MHFKDáDQDUDMVNąZ\VSĊ LSU]\EUDáDORNDOQHLPLĊ.¶WXW7DQWUL 6SLHVE\áQLHW\ONRDUW\VWąSU]HE\ZDMąF\PQDZ\VSLH0LDá GXĪ\ZSá\ZQDyZF]HVQ\NV]WDáWV]WXNLSRVLDGDáZáDVQąNRQ- FHSFMĊNXOWXU\&KFLDáVWDüVLĊF]ĊĞFLą%DOLE\üMHGQ\P]%DOLM- F]\NyZ-HGQDNFDáNRZLWąLQWHJUDFMĊ]Z\VSLDU]DPLXQLHPRĪOL-ZLá\MHJRKRPRVHNVXDOQRĞüRUD]EUDNĪRQ\'OD%DOLMF]\NyZ WRZáDĞQLHPDáĪHĔVWZRSRZRGRZDáRLĪPĊĪF]\]QDVWDZDáVLĊ SHáQRSUDZQ\PF]áRQNLHPVSRáHF]QRĞFL 6SLHV]GRE\áVáDZĊMDNRLPSUHVDULRWXU\VW\NLNXOWXURZHM %\á]DWUXGQLRQ\SU]H]NRORQLDOQHZáDG]HDE\SURPRZDü%DOL ]DJUDQLFą RGSRZLDGDá]DUR]ZyMDOWHUQDW\ZQHMWXU\VW\NL RSDUWHMQDV]WXFH0LDáGXĪ\ZSá\ZQDSU]HGVWDZLHQLH%DOL ZF]DVLH:\VWDZ\.RORQLDOQHMZ%RLVGH9LQFHQQHV Z3DU\ĪX Z URNXNWyUHME\áNXUDWRUHP3R]DZ\VWĊSHPDUW\VWyZ SU]\JRWRZDáIROGHUR%DOL]DZLHUDMąF\MHJRIRWRJUD¿H:\VWD-ZDE\áDZ\GDU]HQLHPEH]SUHFHGHQVX=HVSyáZ\VWĊSXMąF\ZH )UDQFMLE\áSLHUZV]\PSHáQ\P]HVSRáHPEDOLMVNLPMDNLZ\VWąSLá Z(XURSLH7DQFHU]HLPX]\F\]3HOLDWDQSRND]DOLVSHFMDOQLH SU]\JRWRZDQąQDWHZ\VWDZĊZHUVMĊFDORQDUDQJ.'RGDWNRZR ]DSUH]HQWRZDQRWDĔFHOHJRQJNHUDWRQLNHE\DUGXGXNRUD]MDQ-JHU:\VWDZDZ\ZDUáDRJURPQ\ZSá\ZPLĊG]\LQQ\PLQD .VLąĪND]RVWDáDSU]HWáXPDF]RQDQDMĊ]\NSROVNLLZ URNXZ\GDQD SU]H]3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW:\GDZQLF]\SRGW\WXáHP%XQWZUDMX. 0+LWFKFRFN/1RUULVBali.RSFLWV ,ELGHPV /.RODQNLHZLF]ĝZLĊW\$UWDXG:DUV]DZD V 'UXJLPZ\GDU]HQLHPE\áDWUDVD]HVSRáXPX]\F]QRWDQHF]QHJRSR (XURSLHL$PHU\FH]RUJDQL]RZDQDZ URNXSU]H]-RKQD&RVWD:LĊFHM -&RDVW'DQFLQJ2XWRI%DOL6LQJDSRUH :ODWDFKSLĊüG]LHVLąW\FK;;ZLHNX-RKQ&RVW]RUJDQL]RZDáWRXUQq SR(XURSLHL$PHU\FHWDQFHU]\UyZQLHĪ]3HOLDWDQ SDWU] LELGHP $.XVX-PD$ULQL/HJRQJ3HOLDWDQ3LRQLU3URPRVL.HVHQLDQ%DOL<DQJ7HWDS(NVLV 'HQSDVDU ,0%DQGHP(WQRORJL7DUL%DOL 'HQSDVDU V 16DYDUHVH $QWRQLQ$UWDXG6HHV%DOLQHVH7KHDWUHDWWKH3DULV&RORQLDO([SRVLWLRQ
%HU\OGH=RHWHRUD]$QWRQLQD$UWDXG3LHUZV]D]Z\PLHQLR-Q\FKF]WHU\ODWDSyĨQLHMZ\MHFKDáDQD%DOLJG]LH]:DOWHUHP 6SLHVHPGRNXPHQWRZDáDWDQLHFEDOLMVNL'OD$UWDXGDZ\VWĊS JUXS\EDOLMVNLHMVWDáVLĊNDWDOL]DWRUHPGRGDOV]HMWZyUF]RĞFL. 1LHWUXGQR]JRG]LüVLĊ]-HU]\P*URWRZVNLPNWyU\QDSLVDá Ä2JOąGDQLHVSHNWDNOXEDOLMVNLHJRE\áRGOD$UWDXGDF]\PĞWD-NLPMDNGODMDVQRZLG]ąFHMV]NODQDNXOD6SHNWDNO%DOLMF]\NyZ Z\ZDELDá]QLHJRSRWHQFMDOQ\VSHNWDNOFDáNRZLFLHLQQ\NWyU\ GU]HPDáZQLPVDP\P´ :DUWRMHGQDN]D]QDF]\üLĪWHDWU]D- SUH]HQWRZDQ\Z3DU\ĪXE\áFKRüEOLVNLWUDG\F\MQHPXSU]HG-VWDZLHQLXSU]HWUDQVIRUPRZDQ\VWDQRZLáRVREOLZąZL]MĊ6SLHVD QDWHPDWHJ]RW\F]QHMZ\VS\,WRWHQZáDĞQLHZL]HUXQHN%DOL LQVSLURZDáZLHOXDUW\VWyZRUD]E\áSRZLHODQ\SU]H]ZLHOHODW :URNX :DOWHU6SLHVZUD]]-RKDQHP5XGROIHP%R- QHWHPRUD]&RNRUGD$JXQJ6XNDZDWL&RNRUGD*HGH5DLL*X-VWL1\RPDQ/HPSDGZVSyá]DáRĪ\áJUXSĊDUW\VWyZPita Maha ]DMPXMąFąVLĊSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPV]WXNąEDOLMVNą=DáRĪ\FLHOH WHMJUXS\]DNáDGDOLG]LDáDQLDPDMąFHQDFHOXUR]ZLMDQLHLSUH-]HQWRZDQLHV]WXNLEDOLMVNLHMZVSRVyESU]\VWĊSQ\RVRERP SU]\MHĪGĪDMąF\PQDZ\VSĊ=DGDQLHP6SLHVDL%RQHWDE\áR UyZQLHĪSRGQRV]HQLHXPLHMĊWQRĞFLORNDOQ\FKDUW\VWyZ']LĊNL G]LDáDQLRPPita Maha8EXGVWDáVLĊFHQWUXPV]WXNLEDOLMVNLHM RUD]PLHMVFHPJG]LHUR]ZLMDá\VLĊV]WXNLSODVW\F]QH.DĪGHJR GQLDRGE\ZDá\VLĊZHZVLSU]HGVWDZLHQLDWDQHF]QRPX]\F]-QHSUH]HQWRZDQRPLĊG]\LQQ\PLMDQJHURUD]WDQLHF%DURQJD ]5DQJGą . 6SLHVSU]\JRWRZDáUyZQLHĪSURJUDPDUW\VW\F]Q\NWyU\E\á SUH]HQWRZDQ\Z0X]HXP%DOLZ'HQSDVDU]HJG]LHSUDFRZDá QDVWDQRZLVNXNXUDWRUD7DQFHU]HLPX]\F\NWyU\FK]QDáSUH- ]HQWRZDOLVZRMHXPLHMĊWQRĞFLGOD(XURSHMF]\NyZL$PHU\ND-„7KH'UDPD5HYLHZ´YROV± 3DWU] 16DYDUHVH $QWRQLQ$UWDXGRSFLWV± -*URWRZVNL1LHE\áFDá\VREąÄ2GUD´ QU ]D /.RODQ-NLHZLF]ĝZLĊW\$UWDXGRSFLWV± ,0%DQGHP(WQRORJL7DUL%DOLRSFLWV
QyZSU]HE\ZDMąF\FKZW\PF]DVLHQD%DOL,VWRWQHMHVWWRLĪ JUDOLRQLLWDĔF]\OLQLH]DOHĪQLHRGVNRPSOLNRZDQ\FKNDOHQGD-U]\EDOLMVNLFK:\VWĊSRZDOLUyZQLHĪGODJRĞFLSU]HE\ZDMąF\FK ZGRPX:DOWHUD6SLHVD:LHF]RU\]HV]WXNąEDOLMVNąVWDá\VLĊ QLHMDNRZL]\WyZNąQLHPLHFNLHJRPDODU]D:ODWDFKWU]\G]LH-VW\FK;;ZLHNXQLHE\áRRVRE\SU]\MHĪGĪDMąFHMQD%DOLNWyUD QLH]HWNQĊáDE\VLĊFKRüQDFKZLOĊ]:DOWHUHP6SLHVHP:LHOH ]QLFKSRZUDFDMąFGRVZRLFKNUDMyZSRZLHODáR6SLHVRZVNą ZL]MĊLG\OOLF]QHMZ\VS\-HGQą]QLFKE\áD&ODLUH+ROWNWyUD ZZ\GDQHMSU]H]VLHELHZ URNXNVLąĪFH$UWLQ,QGRQHVLD SU]HGVWDZLD:DOWHUD6SLHVDMDNRWHJRNWyU\SREXG]LáVWDW\F]Qą V]WXNĊ%DOLGRSURZDG]DMąFGRUR]ZRMXEDOLMVNLHMV]WXNLZVSyá-F]HVQHM$XWRUNDPLDáDUDFMĊZSU]\SDGNXPDODUVWZDJG\Ī SUDFDDUW\VW\VWDáDVLĊLQVSLUDFMąGODZLHOXEDOLMVNLFKPDODU]\ NWyU]\VWZRU]\OLQRZ\VW\OZPDODUVWZLHáąF]ąF\VW\OHSU\PL- W\ZLVW\F]Q\]EDOLMVNLP6SLHVSU]\F]\QLáVLĊGRWHJRLĪGRG]L-VLDM8EXGMHVWPLHMVFHPJG]LHUR]ZLMDVLĊWXU\VW\ND]ZLą]DQD SU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]HV]WXNą6SLHVXZDĪDQ\MHVW]DNUHDWRUDZ\-REUDĪHQLDQDWHPDW%DOLRUD]]DWZyUFĊVW\OXPDODUVNLHJR8EXG LSU]HGVWDZLHQLD5DPDMDQD]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPFKyUXkecak. :DUWRMHGQDNSRGNUHĞOLüLĪ,:D\DQ'LELDWDQFHU]FKRUHRJUDI SHGDJRJXGRZRGQLáĪHZSá\ZQDREHFQ\NV]WDáWNXOWXU\WDĔFD QD%DOLPLHOLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPORNDOQLWZyUF\:DOWHU6SLHV Z\NRU]\VWDáW\ONRLFKSRP\Vá\LZNRPSLODFMLSUH]HQWRZDáMDNR VZRMH'RQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKLQQRZDFMLQDOHĪ\ZSURZDG]HQLH SU]H]Vá\QQHJRWDQFHU]D,/LPEDNUXFKyZLJHVWyZ]DF]HUSQLĊ-W\FK]WDĔFDEDULV1LHRGQRWRZDQ\ZSá\ZQDRVWDWHF]Q\NV]WDáW WDĔFDPLDáDUyZQLHĪWDQFHUND.DWKDULQH0HUVKRQ. :DOWHU6SLHVMDNRZLHOELFLHOWDĔFDEDOLMVNLHJRQLHW\ONRRU- JDQL]RZDáSU]HGVWDZLHQLDF]\WZRU]\áQRZHRSUDFRZDQLDZF]H- ĞQLHMV]\FKZLGRZLVN&]ĊVWRE\áNRQVXOWDQWHPRUD]ZVSyáDXWR- 3DWU] &+ROW$UWLQ,QGRQHVLD &RQWLQXLWLHVDQG&KDQJH/RQGRQ .6WHSSXWDW7KH*HQHVLVRI'DQFH*HQUHRSFLWV
UHPSXEOLNDFMLGRW\F]ąF\FKWDĔFD:VSyáSUDFRZDá]5RHORIHP *RULVHPSU]\MHJRDUW\NXOH2YHU]LFKWYDQ'DQVDQ7RRQHHO In BaliZ\GDQ\PZ URNXZSHULRG\NXÄ'MDZD´0LDá UyZQLHĪVWDá\NRQWDNW]PHNV\NDĔVNLPPDODU]HP0LJXHOHP &RYDUUXELDVNWyU\Z URNXZ\GDáNVLąĪNĊ7KH,VODQGRI Bali]DZLHUDMąFąU\VXQNLLIRWRJUD¿HDXWRUDSU]HGVWDZLDMąFH %DOLL%DOLMF]\NyZZVSRVyEGRĞüEH]SUXGHU\MQ\MDNQDODWD WU]\G]LHVWH;;ZLHNX$UW\VWDHNVSRQRZDáVHNVXDOQRĞüZ\VSLD-U]\QDJLHSLHUVLG]LHZF]ąWRUD]NąSLHOHZU]HNDFK 1DMEDUG]LHM]QDQąSLVDQąSUDFą6SLVDMHVWNVLąĪND'DQFH DQG'UDPDLQ%DOLNWyUHMZVSyáDXWRUNąE\áD%HU\OGH=RHWH 'RG]LVLDMNVLąĪNDWDVWDQRZLSXQNWZ\MĞFLDZLHOXEDGDĔQDG WDĔFHPEDOLMVNLP]DUyZQR]DJUDQLF]Q\FKMDNLORNDOQ\FK EDGDF]\SRPLPRWHJRLĪĪDGHQ]DXWRUyZQLHSRVLDGDáZ\- NV]WDáFHQLD]]DNUHVXDQWURSRORJLLWDĔFDF]\WHRULLWDĔFD:SUD-F\QDGNVLąĪNą]HEUDOLVSRU\PDWHULDáIRWRJUD¿F]Q\=GMĊFLD Z\NRQDQHSU]H]6SLHVDFKDUDNWHU\]XMHGUDPDW\F]QRĞüREUD]X /XELáXZLHF]QLDüU\WXDá\RUD]GUDPDW\WDQHF]QHZNWyU\FK EUDá\XG]LDáF]DURZQLFHLGHPRQ\%HU\OGH=RHWHNRQFHQ-WURZDáDVLĊQDFRG]LHQQRĞFL'RNXPHQWRZDáDWHĪSUDFĊQDG NVLąĪNą']LĊNLMHMIRWRJUD¿RPPRĪQD]REDF]\ü6SLHVDSU]\ SUDF\NWyU\GODXZLGRF]QLHQLDHOHPHQWXJUR]\QDSU]\NáDG ZF]DVLHWDĔFD5DQJG\UR]SDODáNLONDRJQLVN]NWyU\FKG\P RWDF]DáWDQFHU]DZ]PDJDMąFSRF]XFLHQLH]Z\NáRĞFLSU]HGVWD-ZLHQLD=GMĊFLDGH=RHWHGRNXPHQWXMąFHSUDFĊ6SLHVDQLH ]RVWDá\RSXEOLNRZDQHZNVLąĪFHNWyUDW\PVDP\PXWUZD-OLáDZ\REUDĪHQLHR%DOLJG]LHOXG]LHVąDXWHQW\F]QLHMVLQLĪ ZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL$XWRU]\]GDZDOLVRELHVSUDZĊĪHLFKNVLąĪ- NDDE\PRJáDVLĊVSU]HGDüPXVLDáDE\üDWUDNF\MQDGODSRWHQ-FMDOQHJRRGELRUF\'DQFHDQG'UDPDLQ%DOL]RVWDáDZ\GDQD 5*RULV:6SLHV2YHU]LFKWYDQ'DQVDQ7RRQHHO,Q%DOLÄ'MDZD´ YRO;9,,V± ]D -/6ZHOOHQJUHEHO,Q0HPRULDá'U5RHORI *RULV ZLWKDELEOLRJUDSK\E\56.DUQL ³%LMGUDJHQ7RWGH7DDO/DQG±HQ 9RONHQNXQGH´ YROQUV 0+LWFKFRFN/1RUULVBali.RSFLWV
Z URNXLRGVDPHJRSRF]ąWNX]ELHUDáDHNVWUHPDOQLHSR-]\W\ZQHUHFHQ]MH3RVWU]HJDQDE\áDZNDWHJRULDFKDQWURSRORJLL ZL]XDOQHMRUD]HWQRJUD¿LWDĔFD. 'DQFHDQG'UDPDLQ%DOLGR G]LVLDMVWDQRZLFHQQHĨUyGáRZLHG]\QDWHPDWWDĔFyZEDOLMVNLFK 1LHMHGQRNURWQLHFKRUHRORG]\DQDOL]XMą]HEUDQ\SU]H]GH=RHWH L6SLHVDOXERGQRV]ąVLĊGRQLHJRZVZRLFKSXEOLNDFMDFK 3U]HGZ\GDQLHPNVLąĪNL'DQFHDQG'UDPDLQ%DOLZJUXG-QLX URNX:DOWHU6SLHV]RVWDáDUHV]WRZDQ\LRVąG]RQ\SU]H] +ROHQGUyZ]DKRPRVHNVXDOL]P3U]HGZLĊ]LHQLHPMHJREDOLMVF\ SU]\MDFLHOHRUJDQL]RZDOLSU]HGVWDZLHQLDPX]\NLJDPHODQRZHM =D6SLHVHPZVWDZLáDVLĊPLĊG]\LQQ\PL0DUJDUHG0HDGNWyUD SUyERZDáDWáXPDF]\üNXOWXURZ\NRQWHNVWVHNVXDOQRĞFLQD%DOL 5]ąG:VFKRGQLFK,QGLL+ROHQGHUVNLFK]LJQRURZDáMHMVWDUDQLD L6SLHV]RVWDáSU]HZLH]LRQ\GR6XUDEDMLJG]LHSU]HE\ZDáGR ZU]HĞQLD URNX1LHFLHV]\áVLĊMHGQDNGáXJRZROQRĞFLą JG\ĪSRZNURF]HQLXZRMVN+LWOHUDGR+RODQGLLZPDMX URNXZV]\VF\RE\ZDWHOH1LHPLHF]RVWDOLDUHV]WRZDQLLXPLHV]- F]HQLZZLĊ]LHQLXZSyáQRFQHM6XPDWU]HVNąG]RVWDOLZ\GD-OHQL]+ROHQGHUVNLFK,QGLL:VFKRGQLFK6WDWNLHPFKFLDQRLFK SU]HWUDQVSRUWRZDüQD&HMORQ:VW\F]QLX URNXZGURG]H QD&HMORQVWDWHN]RVWDá]ERPEDUGRZDQ\SU]H]-DSRĔF]\NyZ ZLĊNV]RĞüZLĊĨQLyZZW\P:DOWHU6SLHVXWRQĊáR :DOWHURZL6SLHVRZLSU]\SLVXMHVLĊRJURPQ\ZNáDGZSU]H-REUDĪHQLHNXOWXU\EDOLMVNLHMMHGQDNZDĪQHSRGNUHĞOHQLDMHVWWR LĪMXĪNLHG\SU]\E\áQDZ\VSĊMHMNXOWXUDXOHJDáDSURFHVRZL V]HURNR]DNURMRQ\FK]PLDQ-XĪZWHG\%DOLE\áDĪ\Z\PPX- ]HXPJG]LH]QDF]ąFąUROĊSHáQLáDWXU\VW\NDZWHG\MHV]F]HEDU-G]LHMLQG\ZLGXDOQDZVZRLPFKDUDNWHU]H 'XĪ\ZSá\ZQDZ\REUDĪHQLH%DOLQLHW\ONRZSLHUZV]HM SRáRZLH;;ZLHNXDOHLSyĨQLHMPLDáRPDáĪHĔVWZRDQWURSROR- JyZ0DUJDUHW0HDGRUD]*UHJRU\%DWHVRQNWyU]\Z\QLNLVZR- LFKEDGDĔWHUHQRZ\FKQDZ\VSLHSU]HGVWDZLOLZNVLąĪFHBaline- ,ELGHPV± ,ELGHPV
VH&KDUDNWHU $3KRWRJUDSKLF$QDO\VLVZ\GDQHMZ URNX F]WHU\ODWDSRLFKSRE\FLHZÄRVWDWQLPUDMXQD]LHPL´&OLIIRUG *HHUW]]ZUDFDXZDJĊQDWRĪHÄFKRüSV\FKRORJLF]QHRUD]]ZLą-]DQH]NXOWXUąLRVRERZRĞFLąVSHNXODFMH0HDGZ\GDMąVLĊG]LĞ QDOHĪHüMXĪGRSU]HV]áRĞFL Balinese CharacterV¿QDQVRZDQ\ ]RVWDá]JUDQWXQDEDGDQLHdementia praecoxNWyUHMĪ\Z\P SU]\NáDGHPPLHOLE\ü%DOLMF]\F\ WRQLHXPQLHMV]DWRDĪWDN EDUG]RWUDIQRĞFLMHMREVHUZDFMLNWyU\PRGQRĞQLHGRWHJRMDF\ Vą%DOLMF]\F\QLHGRUyZQXMąREVHUZDFMHNRJRNROZLHN]QDV´. 0HDGL%DWHVRQZVZRMHMSUDF\SUyERZDOLXVWDQRZLüDQ-WURSRORJLĊG\VF\SOLQąSUDZG]LZLHQDXNRZą'RGRNXPHQWDFML Z\NRU]\VW\ZDOLIRWRJUD¿ĊL¿OP ,FKZVSyOQDNVLąĪNDGRW\- F]ąFD%DOLPLDáDVWDQRZLüZ]yU]]DNUHVXDQWURSRORJLLZL]X-DOQHMRF]\PZVSRPQLDáZVZRLPUR]G]LDOH%DWHVRQRSLVXMąF IRWRJUD¿F]QąPHWRGĊVWRVRZDQąSU]H]QLHJRZF]DVLHEDGDĔ 3RSU]\MHĨG]LHDQWURSRORJyZQD%DOLDPHU\NDĔVNDDQWURSR-ORĪND-DQH%HORSU]HGVWDZLáDLFK:DOWHURZL6SLHVRZLNWyU\ ZW\PF]DVLHSUDFRZDáZUD]]%HU\OGH=RHWHQDGLFKZVSyOQą NVLąĪNąGRW\F]ąFąWDĔFDEDOLMVNLHJR']LĊNLSR]QDQ\PRVRERP 0HDGL%DWHVRQSUDZLHFRG]LHQQLHPRJOLRJOąGDüFHUHPRQLH LSU]HGVWDZLHQLDRGE\ZDMąFHVLĊZRNROLFDFK8EXGJG]LH PLHV]NDOLSU]H]GZDPLHVLąFH7RVZRLVWHZSURZDG]HQLHGR ZLHG]\RNXOWXU]HEDOLMVNLHMVSRZRGRZDáRLĪLFKZ\REUDĪHQLH RZ\VSLHRVF\ORZDáRPLĊG]\WDNLPL]DJDGQLHQLDPLMDNKDUPR-QLDERJDFWZRDUW\VW\F]QHQLHXVWDQQHVSRWNDQLD]WDĔF]ąF\PL G]LHZF]ĊWDPLLF]DURZQLFDPL%DWHVRQZVZRLFKSyĨQLHMV]\FK DUW\NXáDFKRNUHĞODáKDUPRQLĊMDNRHVHQFMĊEDOLMVNLHJRÄHWR-VX´'RGDWNRZRWZLHUG]LáLĪRZDKDUPRQLDRSLHUDVLĊSU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPQDXQLNDQLXSU]H]%DOLMF]\NyZNRQÀLNWyZ7RSRG- *%DWHVRQ00HDG%DOLQHVH&KDUDFWHU$3KRWRJUDSKLF$QDO\VLV 1HZ<RUN 'UXJLHZ\GDQLHNVLąĪNLXND]DáRVLĊZ URNX &*HHUW]']LHáRLĪ\FLH$QWURSRORJMDNRDXWRU:DUV]DZDV 3DWU] ,-DFNLQV0DUJDUHW0HDGDQG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQLQ%DOL 7KHLU 8VHRI3KRWRJUDSK\DQG)LOP„&XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\´ YROV± ±
VWDZRZH]DáRĪHQLHPLDáRE\WáXPDF]\üZ]JOĊGQLHGREUHNRQ-WDNW\Z\VSLDU]\]+ROHQGUDPL%DWHVRQZVZRLFKSXEOLNDFMDFK GRW\F]ąF\FK%DOLSUyERZDáRGSRZLHG]LHüVRELHQDS\WDQLHMDN GDQDVSRáHF]QRĞüPRĪHE\üVWDW\F]QDLMHGQRF]HĞQLHG\QDPLF]-QDMDNPRĪHVLĊ]PLHQLDüLVLĊQLH]PLHQLDüZW\PVDP\P F]DVLH . %DOLZODWDFKGZXG]LHVW\FKLWU]\G]LHVW\FK;;ZLHNX]GD-ZDáDVLĊE\üLGHDOQ\PPLHMVFHPGREDGDĔQDGNXOWXURZ\PL DVSHNWDPLVFKL]RIUHQLLNWyUHZWDPW\PF]DVLHQXUWRZDáRZLHOX QDXNRZFyZ$PHU\NDE\áSRFKáRQLĊWDSRGREQ\PLEDGDQLDPL VWąGSU]\SXV]F]DVLĊLĪ0HDGSU]HGVZRLPZ\MD]GHPXNLH-UXQNRZDáDVLĊZVWURQĊEDGDĔSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHM:DOWHU 6SLHVSRSU]\MHĨG]LHQD%DOL0HDGL%DWHVRQD]DSURSRQRZDá DE\SU]HVWXGLRZDOLSURFHV\QLH]PLHQLDOQRĞFLWUDG\F\MQHJRĪ\-FLD%DOLMF]\NyZRUD]EDOLMVNąV]WXNĊVWDQRZLąFąPDQLIHVWDFMĊ FLHPQHMVWURQ\SV\FKHZ\VSLDU]\. 1DVZyMVSRVyE]DIDVF\QRZDQLE\OLSRGREQLHMDN-DQH %HORG]LNRĞFLąNXOWXU\EDOLMVNLHMRUD]SRZV]HFKQLHZ\VWĊSX-MąF\PZREU]ĊGDFKWUDQVHPRUD]ZLHGĨPDPL,FKSRVWU]HJDQLH 5DQJG\ZNDWHJRULDFKPDWNLSU]HWUZDáRGRG]LVLDM,FKZL]MD SRZLHODQDMHVWQLHW\ONRSU]H]EDGDF]\]DFKRGQLFKDOHLSU]H] VDP\FK%DOLMF]\NyZ)DVF\QDFMHWUDQVHPPáRG\PLG]LHZF]Ċ-WDPLSU]HLVWDF]DMąF\PLVLĊZZLHGĨP\RUD]SRZLHODQLHW\FK WHPDWyZZOLF]Q\FKDUW\NXáDFKVSRZRGRZDáRLĪWHQPDá\ Z\FLQHNNXOWXU\EDOLMVNLHMVWDáVLĊ]QDNLHPUR]SR]QDZDOQ\P Z\VS\'RGDWNRZRDQDOL]XMąFPLĊG]\LQQ\PLGUDPDWWDQHF]Q\ FDORQDUDQJGRV]OLGRZQLRVNXLĪWDQLHF5DQJG\]%DURQJLHP ]DNRĔF]RQ\WDĔFHPWDQFHU]\NULVVWDQRZLZ\EXFKRVRERZRĞFL EDOLMVNLFK0HDGSU]\SUDF\QDGVZRMąNROHMQąSXEOLNDFMąQD-SLVDQąUD]HP])UDQFHV&RRNH0DFJUHJRURW\WXOH*URZWKDQG &XOWXUH $3KRWRJUDSKLF6WXG\RI%DOLQHVH&KLOGKRRGZ\NRU]\-VWDáDPHWRGĊVWRVRZDQąZF]HĞQLHMZUD]]%DWHVRQHPZWUDNFLH $9LFNHUV%DOL$3DUDGLVH&UHDWHG9LFWRULD V ,ELGHPV
]ELHUDQLDPDWHULDáyZGRNVLąĪNLBalinese Character 3XEOLND-FMHZ\PLHQLRQ\FKDXWRUyZZSyĨQLHMV]\PF]DVLHZLHORNURWQLH NU\W\NRZDQHQLHZąWSOLZLHXNV]WDáWRZDá\Z\REUDĪHQLHR%DOL :L]MDEDOLMVNLHJRFKDUDNWHUXE\áDSRZLHODQDSU]H]ODWD 0DUJDUHW0HDGRNUHĞODáD%DOLMDNRÄDQWURSRORJLF]Q\UDM´ :SLHUZV]\FKOLVWDFKNLHURZDQ\FK]%DOLGRVZRMHMURG]LQ\ SLVDáDREDOLMVNLHMNXOWXU]HMDNRWHMNWyUDQLH]PLHQLáDVLĊRG VHWHNODWLQLHFKFHVLĊ]PLHQLDü 'RSLHURSRSU]HSURZDG]-FHZJyU]\VW\UHMRQ.LQWDPDQLJG]LHZ\VWĊSRZDá\ZVLH%DOL $JD]PLHQLDQLHFR]GDQLH3RáXGQLHZ\VS\]GDZDáRVLĊE\ü UDMHPJG]LHQLHEUDNRZDáRQLF]HJRJG]LHFRG]LHQQLHPRĪQD E\áRXF]HVWQLF]\üZEDUZQ\FKSU]HGVWDZLHQLDFKJG]LHZV]Ċ- G]LHUR]SRĞFLHUDáVLĊ]DSDFKNZLDWyZLNDG]LGHá0HDGL%DWH- VRQPLHV]NDOLZZ\QDMĊW\FKGRPDFKLQWHJUXMąFVLĊ]HÄĞZLD-WHPELDá\FK´QD%DOL:JyUDFKRND]DáRVLĊĪHF]ĊVWREUDNXMH ELHĪąFHMZRG\ĪHQRFDPLE\ZD]LPQRĪHFHUHPRQLHVąPQLHM NRORURZHDOXG]LHEDUG]LHMSRZĞFLąJOLZLZZ\UDĪDQLXVZRLFK XF]Xü-HGQDN%DWHVRQL0HDGQLHSRGGDZDOLVLĊL]ELHUDOLPD- WHULDáGRVZRMHMNVLąĪNL,FKWáXPDF]HPLWRZDU]\V]HPZED-GDQLDFKE\á,.HWXW.DOHUNWyUHJRXF]\OL]DVDGDQWURSRORJLL :SyĨQLHMV]\FKZ\ZLDGDFKPyZLáRW\PĪHRVRE\]NWyU\PL ZVSyáSUDFRZDáURELOLZLHOHEáĊGyZLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FKGRW\F]ą- F\FKNXOWXU\%DOL2QMHGQDN]JRGQLH]NXOWXUąEDOLMVNąLSU]\-MĊW\PLRE\F]DMDPLQLHPyJáLP]ZUyFLüXZDJL&RMHGQDNQLH R]QDF]DĪHLFKQLHOXELáF]\QLHV]DQRZDá 6\WXDFMDWDZSá\-QĊáDQDWRLĪSU]H]ZLHOHODWRGRSXEOLNRZDQ\FKSU]H]0HDG L%DWHVRQDNVLąĪHNLDUW\NXáyZSRZLHODQRLFKZL]MĊ%DOLQLH ]DVWDQDZLDMąFVLĊF]\LFKLQWHUSUHWDFMHVąVáXV]QHF]\QLH )&0DFJUHJRU00HDG*URZWKDQG&XOWXUH $3KRWRJUDSKLF Study of Balinese Childhood1HZ<RUN $XWRUHPIRWRJUD¿LE\á*UHJRU\
%DWHVRQ
73ROOPDQQ0DUJDUHW0HDG¶V%DOLQHVH 7KH)LWWLQJ6\PEROVRI$PHU-LFDQ'UHDPÄ,QGRQHVLD´ QU V
0HDGLQWHUHVRZDáMĊ]\NLSRVWDZ\FLDáD%DWHVRQSR]D URELHQLHPIRWRJUD¿L]DMPRZDáVLĊUyZQLHĪ¿OPRZDQLHPĪ\FLD FRG]LHQQHJRLFHUHPRQLDOQHJR%DOLMF]\NyZ0HWRGDVWRVRZD-QDZF]HĞQLHMSU]H]%HU\OGH=RHWHSROHJDáDQDW\PDE\SU]\ URELHQLX]GMĊüMHGQRF]HĞQLHSURZDG]LüQRWDWNLGRW\F]ąFHGD- QHMV\WXDFML3RSUDZLHWU]HFKODWDFKEDGDĔVNDWDORJRZDOLRNR-áRW\VLĊF\]GMĊü-HGQDNSRVXURZHMVHOHNFMLLFKRVWDWHF]QD NROHNFMD]DZLHUDáDRNRáRW\VLąFHIRWRJUD¿L3U]\SRPRF\ &ODLU\+ROWZ\EUDOL LOXVWUDFMLLWH]RVWDá\RSXEOLNRZDQH ZNVLąĪFH. 3RSXODUQRĞüSUDFDQWURSRORJLF]Q\FK0DUJDUHW0HDGL*UH- JRUHJR%DWHVRQDQDWHPDW%DOLVSRZRGRZDáDLĪZ\VSLDU]HZSL- VDOLZ\EUDQHZLRVNLZNWyU\FKSU]HE\ZDOLLMDNLHEDGDOLFLDQ-WURSRORJRZLHQDPDSĊWXU\VW\F]QąZ\VS\'RG]LVLDMPLĊG]\ LQQ\PLZLRVND3HQJOLSXUDQ]QDMGXMąFDVLĊZJyU]\VW\PG\V-WU\NFLH%DQJOLVWDQRZLV]WDQGDURZ\SXQNWSRGUyĪ\ZLĊNV]RĞFL WXU\VWyZ:áDG]HWHJRGRĞüXERJLHJRUHJLRQXZ\NRU]\VWDá\ IDNWSU]HE\ZDQLDWDP0HDGL%DWHVRQDGRNUHDFMLDWUDNFMLWX- U\VW\F]QHMZ\VWĊSXMąFHMSRGQD]ZąÄWUDG\F\MQDZLRVNDWXU\-VW\F]QD´ 'HVD:LVDWD7UDGLVLRQDO :WHMFKZLOL3HQJOLSXUDQ VWDQRZLFRĞZURG]DMXĪ\ZHJRVNDQVHQX*UXS\WXU\VWyZSU]HG ZHMĞFLHPQDMHMWHUHQPXV]ąNXSLüELOHW\DQDVWĊSQLHZ\OR-VRZDüQXPHU]DJURG\MDNąEĊGąPRJOLRGZLHG]Lü/RVRZDQLH PD]D]DGDQLH]DSHZQLHQLHUyZQ\FKV]DQV]DURENXZV]\VWNLP ZLHĞQLDNRPNWyU]\SU]\VZRLFKGRPDFKVSU]HGDMąGUREQHXSR-PLQNLLSDPLąWNLWXU\VW\F]QHQLHVWHW\QLF]\PQLHUyĪQLąFHVLĊ RGW\FKGRVWĊSQ\FKZLORĞFLDFKPDVRZ\FKZNDĪG\P]DNąWNX Z\VS\ .ROHNFMDMHM]GMĊü]RVWDáDZ\NRQDQDGOD0X]HXP+LVWRULL1DWXUDOQHM Z1RZ\P-RUNX 0+LWFKFRFN/1RUULVBali.RSFLWV ,-DFNLQV0DUJDUHW0HDGDQG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQLQ%DOLRSFLWV 3DWU] 0+LWFKFRFN0DUJDUHW0HDGDQG7RXULVP$QWKURSRORJLFDO +HULWDJHLQWKH$IWHUPDWKRIWKH%DOL%RPELQJV „$QWKURSRORJ\7RGD\´ YROV ±
:F]DVLHPLĊG]\ZRMHQQ\PSR]DSUDFDPLDQWURSRORJLF]Q\- PLRUD]UHODFMDPL]SRGUyĪ\SRZVWDáRZLHOHSXEOLNDFMLPX]\- NRORJLF]Q\FKWHMHGQDN]HZ]JOĊGXQD]DZĊĪRQ\]DNUHVSRGHM-PRZDQ\FKWHPDWyZQLHGRFLHUDá\GRPDVRZHJRRGELRUF\LW\P VDP\PQLHZSá\ZDá\QDZ\REUDĪHQLHR%DOL.VLąĪNLPX]\NR-ORJyZ&ROLQD0F3KHHF]\-DDSD.XQVWDVWDQRZLąQDWRPLDVW FHQQHĨUyGáREDGDZF]H=DZLHUDMąZLHOHLQIRUPDFMLQDWHPDW WDĔFDNWyU\QDMF]ĊĞFLHMSU]HGVWDZLDQ\MHVWZNRQWHNĞFLHPX]\- NL:\ĪHMZ\PLHQLHQLQDXNRZF\]HEUDOLEDUG]RGXĪRPDWHULD-áyZZW\PIRQRJUD¿F]Q\FKQDED]LHNWyU\FKUHNRQVWUXRZDQH VąVWDUHQLHFR]DSRPQLDQHPX]\F]QHNRPSR]\FMHU\WXDOQH 3U]HE\ZDMąF\QD%DOLZODWDFKGZXG]LHVW\FKLWU]\G]LH-VW\FK;;ZLHNXDUW\ĞFLLQDXNRZF\QDVZyMVSRVyEX]XSHáQLDOL VLĊQDZ]DMHP,FKEDGDQLDWZRU]\á\QLH]DPLHU]RQąFDáRĞü7R VDPRPRĪQDSRZLHG]LHüRPDWHULDáDFKLNROHNFMDFKMDNLH]H-EUDOLZF]DVLHVZRLFKSRE\WyZQD%DOL:DOWHU6SLHV-DQH%HOR &ROLQ0F3KHH0DUJDUHW0HDG*HRUJH%DWHVRQ%HU\OGH=R- HWH5RHORI*RULV.DWKDULQH0HUVKRQVSRW\NDOLVLĊF]ĊVWRZ\-PLHQLDOLGRĞZLDGF]HQLDPL6WDQRZLOLEDUG]RVSHF\¿F]QąJUXSĊ OXG]L=DFKRGXSU]HE\ZDMąF\FKZW\PVDP\PF]DVLHQD%DOL =Z\ĪHMZ\PLHQLRQ\FKRVyEW\ONR*RULVQDSUDZGĊSU]\MDĨQLá VLĊ]%DOLMF]\NDPLE\á]QLPLEDUG]REOLVNRFR]UHV]WąE\áR PX]DU]XFDQH3R]RVWDOL]DĞVWDQRZLOL]DPNQLĊWąJUXSĊOXG]L NWyU]\SU]\E\OLQDZ\VSĊDE\UHDOL]RZDüVZRMHSODQ\ :DĪQHSRGNUHĞOHQLDMHVWWRLĪSLV]ąF\ZWDPW\PF]DVLHQD-XNRZF\LDUW\ĞFL]GHF\GRZDQLHSRPLMDOLZVZRLFKSXEOLNDFMDFK WHPDW\]ZLą]DQH]KLVWRULąHNRQRPLąDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSR-OLW\NąFRWHĪPLDáRZSá\ZQDZ\REUDĪHQLHZ\VS\Z(XURSLH L6WDQDFK=MHGQRF]RQ\FK$PHU\NL0HDGL%DWHVRQSRZLHODOL KROHQGHUVNLVORJDQÄVSRNyMLáDG´ rust en order RNUHĞODMąF\ NRORQLDOL]P3RZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKGRĞZLDGF]HQLDFKEDGDZF]\FK Z1RZHM*ZLQHLJG]LHPXVLHOLQRVLüSU]\VRELHEURĔV\WXDFMD NUHRZDQDSU]H]+ROHQGUyZEDUG]RLPRGSRZLDGDáD0HDG 73ROOPDQQ0DUJDUHW0HDG¶V%DOLQHVHRSFLWV
ZF]DVLHVZRMHMSUDF\HWQRORJLF]QHMQLHVWDZLDáDVLĊZG\VNXU-VLHSROLW\F]Q\P1LHNWyU]\EDGDF]HWZLHUG]ąLĪQDVZyMVSRVyE ZUD]]%DWHVRQHPE\OL]DIDVF\QRZDQLV\WXDFMąSROLW\F]QąQD %DOL3UDZGRSRGREQLH]DXURF]HQLEDUZQRĞFLąNXOWXU\Z\VS\ QLH]DXZDĪDOLĪDGQ\FKQHJDW\ZyZ'RGDWNRZRSRGREQLHMDN LQQLEDGDF]HSU]HE\ZDMąF\ZWDPW\PF]DVLHQD%DOLZVZRLFK SXEOLNDFMDFKVNXSLDOLVLĊQDZ\EUDQ\FK]DJDGQLHQLDFKGRW\-F]ąF\FKNXOWXU\&KFLHOLZLHU]\üĪHVąZUDMXJG]LH%DURQJ QLHXVWDQQLHXQLHPRĪOLZLD]Z\FLĊVWZR5DQJG]LHJG]LHWDQFHUNL OHJRQJ]DFKZ\FDMąVZRLPSLĊNQHPLSRZDEQRĞFLąDWDQFHU]H EDULVVWRMąQDVWUDĪ\FRG]LHQQRĞFL:VZRLFKUHODFMDFKLSXEOL-NDFMDFKVWZRU]\OLUDMVNLHPLHMVFHMDNLHFKFLHOLRGZLHG]DüLQQL (XURSHMF]\F\L$PHU\NDQLH,FKZL]MDSRNXWXMHSRG]LĞG]LHĔ $UW\ĞFLLQDXNRZF\SU]HE\ZDMąF\QD%DOLZODWDFKGZXG]LH-VW\FKLWU]\G]LHVW\FK;;ZLHNXZ\NUHRZDOLZ\VSĊQDPLHMVFH Z\VWĊSRZDQLDSU]HFLZVWDZQ\FKVRELHVLáERJyZLGHPRQyZ 3UH]HQWXMąFSR]D,QGRQH]MąNXOWXUĊÄRVWDWQLHJRUDMXQD]LHPL´ QDVZyMVSRVyEZ\SURPRZDOLWDNLHWDĔFHMDNOHJRQJLEDULV XZLHF]QLDMąFMHQDIRWRJUDILDFKF]\REUD]DFKRUD]RSLVXMąF MHZVZRLFKNVLąĪNDFKDUW\NXáDFKZVSRPQLHQLDFK7DĔFHWH E\á\EDUG]RHJ]RW\F]QHDOHLSLĊNQHMHGQRF]HĞQLHRUD]VSyMQH ]JXVWDPL(XURSHMF]\NyZL$PHU\NDQyZ-RKQ&RVWZVZRLFK NVLąĪNDFKXPLHV]F]Dá]GMĊFLDPáRG\FKWDQFHUHNOHJRQJ6DP WHĪF]ĊVWRVLĊ]QLPLIRWRJUDIRZDá0DODU]$GULHQ/H0D\HU ]ZLHONąSDVMąPDORZDáWDQFHUNLDMHGQą]QLFK]QDF]QLHRG VLHELHPáRGV]ą1L3RORNSRĞOXELá3R]DZ\PLHQLRQ\PLWDĔ-FDPLVSRUąSRSXODUQRĞFLąFLHV]\á\VLĊkecakLWDQLHF%DURQJD NWyUHE\á\RSLV\ZDQHUyZQLHĪSU]H]PDOH]\MVNLFKLFKLĔVNLFK SRGUyĪQLNyZDUW\VWyZLEL]QHVPHQyZSU]HE\ZDMąF\FKQD%DOL ZODWDFKWU]\G]LHVW\FK;;ZLHNX :\REUDĪHQLHRZ\VSLHVWZRU]RQHZSLHUZV]HMSRáRZLH;; ZLHNXIXQNFMRQXMHGRG]LVLDM:LHOHHOHPHQWyZZ\NUHRZDQ\FK ZWDPW\FKF]DVLH]RVWDáRGRVWRVRZDQ\FKGRNXOWXU\EDOLMVNLHM LREHFQLHZ\VWĊSXMąMDNREDOLMVNLH:VSyáF]HĞQLHU]HV]HWXU\-VWyZSU]\E\ZDQD%DOLDE\QLHW\ONRRGSRF]ąüQDOLF]Q\FK
SODĪDFKDOHLGRĞZLDGF]\üQLH]Z\NáRĞFLNXOWXURZHMZMHGQHM ]ZLHOXWXU\VW\F]Q\FKZLRVHNWUDG\F\MQ\FKVSRWNDü%DURQJD ]REDF]\üWDQFHUNLOHJRQJF]\RGZLHG]LüPLHMVFDSUH]HQWRZDQH QDIRWRJUD¿DFK*UHJRUHJR.UDXVH0DUJDUHG0HDGL*UHJRUHJR %DWHVRQDOXEREUD]DFK-RKDQD5XGROID%RQQHWD$GULHQ-HDQ /H0D\HXUGH0HUSUHVDF]\:DOWHUD6SLHVD Bibliografia %DQGHP,0(WQRORJL7DUL%DOL'HQSDVDU %DWHVRQ*0HDG0%DOLQHVH&KDUDFWHU$3KRWRJUDSKLF $QDO\VLV1HZ<RUN &RDVW-'DQFLQJ2XWRI%DOL6LQJDSRUH *RULV56SLHV:2YHU]LFKWYDQ'DQVDQ7RRQHHO,Q%DOL Ä'MDZD´ YRO;9,, +LWFKFRFN00DUJDUHW0HDGDQG7RXULVP$QWKURSRORJLFDO +HULWDJHLQWKH$IWHUPDWKRIWKH%DOL%RPELQJVÄ$QWKURSR-ORJ\7RGD\´YRO +LWFKFRFN01RUULV/%DOL WKH,PDJLQDU\0XVHXP7KH 3KRWRJUDSKVRI:DOWHU6SLHVDQG%HU\OGH=RHWH.XDOD /XPSXU±2[IRUG±6LQJDSRUH±1HZ<RUN +ROW&$UWLQ,QGRQHVLD &RQWLQXLWLHVDQG&KDQJH/RQGRQ +RZH/7KH&KDQJLQJ:RUOGRI%DOL5HOLJLRQ6RFLHW\DQG 7RXULVP/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN -DFNLQV,0DUJDUHW0HDGDQG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQLQ%DOL 7KH-LU8VHRI3KRWRJUDSK\DQG)LOPÄ&XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\´ YRO .RODQNLHZLF]/ĝZLĊW\$UWDXG:DUV]DZD .UDXVH*%DOL±9RON/DQG7lQ]H)HVWH7HPSHO)RONZDQJ-9HUODJ+DJHQ .XUQLDQLQJVLK$6LPXODFUD%DOL$PELJXLWDV7UDGLVLRQDOLVDVL 2UDQJ%DOL<RJ\DNDUWD
.XVXPD$ULQL$/HJRQJ3HOLDWDQ3LRQLU3URPRVL.HVHQLDQ %DOL<DQJ7HWDS(NVLV'HQSDVDU 0DFJUHJRU)&0HDG0*URZWKDQG&XOWXUH $3KRWR-JUDSKLF6WXG\RI%DOLQHVH&KLOGKRRG1HZ<RUN 3ROOPDQQ70DUJDUHW0HDG¶V%DOLQHVH 7KH)LWWLQJ6\PEROV RI$PHULFDQ'UHDPÄ,QGRQHVLD´ QU 6DYDUHVH1 $QWRQLQ$UWDXG6HHV%DOLQHVH7KHDWUHDW
the Paris Colonial ExpositionÄ7KH'UDPD5HYLHZ´
YRO
6WHSSXWDW.7KH*HQHVLVRI'DQFH*HQUH :DOWHU6SLHVDQG
the KecakKWWS HWKQRPXVLNRORJLHNXJDFDWILOHDGPLQ
PHGLDLQVWLWXW'RNXPHQWH'RZQORDGV6WHSSXWDWB:DO-WHUB6SLHVBDQGBWKHB.HFDNSGI>GRVWĊS @
