View of Polish adaptation of Carol Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales

(1)

52&=1,.,36<&+2/2*,&=1( $11$/62)36<&+2/2*< '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJUSV\FKHQ '20,1,.$.$5$ĝ -$1&,(&,8&+ &DUGLQDO6WHIDQ:\V]\ĔVNL8QLYHUVLW\LQ:DUVDZ3RODQG )DFXOW\RI&KULVWLDQ3KLORVRSK\ ,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRORJ\

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)&$52/5<))¶6

36<&+2/2,&$/:(//%(,16&$/(6

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ĔVNL &]HUZ +HV]HQ

$GGUHVV IRU FRUUHVSRQGHQFH '20,1,.$.$5$ĝ± &DUGLQDO 6WHIDQ :\V]\ĔVNL 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ :DUVDZ3RODQG)DFXOW\RI&KULVWLDQ3KLORVRSK\,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRORJ\XO:y\FLFNLHJR EXG:DUV]DZDHPDLOGRPLQLNDNDUDV#JPDLOFRP

:RUNRQWKLVDUWLFOHZDVILQDQFHGE\+DUPRQLD*UDQW0+6IURPWKH1D WLRQDO6FLHQFH&HQWHU3RODQG

(2)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+

1LHMRGHN .RVVDNRZVND 7U]HELĔVND 9DULRXV WKHRULHV DQG LQVWUXPHQWVDUHGHYHORSHGIRUPHDVXULQJGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIZHOOEHLQJDVFRQ FHSWXDOL]HGE\GLIIHUHQWDXWKRUV

7KHYHU\WHUP³ZHOOEHLQJ´DSSHDUHGQHDUO\\HDUVDJRLQWKHGHILQLWLRQRI KHDOWK IRUPXODWHG E\ WKH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ$FFRUGLQJ WR WKDW GHILQL WLRQKHDOWKLV³DVWDWHRIFRPSOHWHSK\VLFDOPHQWDODQGVRFLDOZHOOEHLQJDQGQRW PHUHO\WKHDEVHQFHRIGLVHDVHRULQILUPLW\´:+2S

&RQWHPSRUDU\ SV\FKRORJLFDO DSSURDFKHV WR ZHOOEHLQJ XVXDOO\ GHULYH IURP WZRSKLORVRSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQVKHGRQLFDQGHXGDLPRQLF7KHIRUPHUGUDZVRQWKH SKLORVRSK\RI$ULVWLSSXVRI&\UHQHDQGGHILQHVZHOOEHLQJDVWKHH[SHULHQFHRI SOHDVXUH5\DQ 'HFLDQGVXEMHFWLYHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH'LHQHU 'LHQHU(PPRQV/DUVHQ *ULIILQ7KHRWKHUWUDGLWLRQGUDZVRQ$ULVWR WHOLDQHXGDLPRQLDDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKZHOOEHLQJLVQRWDVXEMHFWLYHH[SHULHQFH RIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH5\DQ 'HFLEXWPHUHO\DQIHHOLQJWKDWDFFRP SDQLHVWKHIXOILOOPHQWRIDSHUVRQ¶VSRWHQWLDODQGOLIHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKKXPDQQD WXUH5\II:DWHUPDQHWDO

$FFRUGLQJ WR7U]HELĔVND WKH HXGDLPRQLF DSSURDFK LV EHFRPLQJ LQ FUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQWDWSUHVHQWSDUWLFXODUO\LQVRFDOOHGSRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\FI &]DSLĔVNL&]HUZ/RSH] 6Q\GHU7U]HELĔVNDZKRVH ILHOG RI LQWHUHVW LQFOXGHV ZHOOEHLQJ VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK OLIH SOHDVXUH KDSSLQHVV FKDUDFWHUVWUHQJWKVDQGVLPLODUFRQVWUXFWV

2QHRIWKHPRVWSRSXODUFRQFHSWLRQVRIZHOOEHLQJLVWKHRQHE\5\II URWHG LQ WKH HXGDLPRQLF WUDGLWLRQ 5\II SHUIRUPHG DQ H[WHQVLYH DQDO\VLV RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH RQ LVVXHV RI PHQWDO KHDOWK FOLQLFDO SV\FKRORJ\ DQG GHYHORSPHQWDO SV\FKRORJ\ZKRVHDLPZDVWRLGHQWLI\WKRVHDVSHFWVRISRVLWLYHPHQWDOIXQFWLRQ LQJWKDWPD\EHFULWHULDRUDVSHFWVRIZHOOEHLQJ7KHWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVRI 5\II¶VFRQFHSWLRQLQFOXGH5RJHUV¶VFRQFHSWRIWKHIXOO\IXQFWLRQLQJSHUVRQ$OO SRUW¶VWKHRU\RIPDWXULW\1HXJDUWHQ¶VWKHRU\RISHUVRQDOLW\SURFHVVHV%KOHU¶V WKHRU\RIOLIHWHQGHQFLHV(ULNVRQ¶VWKHRU\RISV\FKRVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQW)UDQNO FRQFHSWRIZLOOIRUPHDQLQJ-DKRGD¶VWKHRU\RIPHQWDOKHDOWK-XQJ¶VWKHRU\RI LQGLYLGXDWLRQDQG0DVORZ¶VWKHRU\RIVHOIDFWXDOL]DWLRQ5\II

$V D UHVXOW RI KHU H[WHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH 5\II SURSRVHG VL[ GL PHQVLRQVRIZHOOEHLQJVHOIDFFHSWDQFHSHUVRQDOJURZWKSXUSRVHLQOLIHDXWRQ RP\HQYLURQPHQWDOPDVWHU\DQGSRVLWLYHUHODWLRQVZLWKRWKHUV7KHGHILQLWLRQV RIWKHVHGLPHQVLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

(3)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

7DEOH

Dimensions of Psychological Well-Being (source: authors’ compilation based on Ryff, 1989)

'LPHQVLRQRIZHOOEHLQJ 'HILQLWLRQ

6HOI$FFHSWDQFH $ FHQWUDO IHDWXUH RI PHQWDO KHDOWK DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VHOIDFWXDOL]DWLRQ RSWLPDO IXQFWLRQLQJ DQG PDWXULW\ 3RVLWLYH DQG UHDOLVWLF DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV RQHVHOIDFFHSWDQFHRIRQH¶VRZQYLUWXHVDQGYLFHV

3RVLWLYH5HODWLRQV :LWK2WKHUV

7KH H[SHULHQFH RI ZDUP WUXVWLQJ LQWHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQV WKH DELOLW\ WR H[SHULHQFHDIIHFWLRQDQGHPSDWK\IRURWKHUSHRSOHDQGWRHQWHULQWRUHOD WLRQVKLSVRIGHHSIULHQGVKLSDQGLQWLPDF\

$XWRQRP\ ,QGHSHQGHQFH DQG VHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH WR H[WHUQDO SUHVVXUH DQGWKH UHJXODWLRQ RI EHKDYLRU IURP ZLWKLQ (YDOXDWLQJ RQHVHOI E\ SHUVRQDO VWDQGDUGVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDVHQVHRIIUHHGRPDQGFRSLQJLQHYHU\GD\OLIH

(QYLURQPHQWDO 0DVWHU\

7KH VHQVH RI DJHQF\ DQG FRPSHWHQFH FUXFLDO LQ KXPDQ GHYHORSPHQW DV ZHOO DV WKH DELOLW\ WR WUDQVIRUP HQYLURQPHQWV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK RQH¶V QHHGV DQG YDOXHV FRSLQJ ZLWK FRPSOH[ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV7DNLQJ DGYDQWDJH RI WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW OLIH EULQJV DQG DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ RQH¶VHQYLURQPHQW

3XUSRVHLQ/LIH

$ EHOLHI LQ RQH¶V OLIH EHLQJ IRFXVHG RQ WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI DQ LPSRUWDQW JRDOWKHDELOLW\WRVHWDQGSHUIRUPOLIHWDVNVKDYLQJYLHZVDQGEHOLHIVWKDW JLYHDVHQVHRIPHDQLQJDQGSXUSRVHLQOLIHDVZHOODVDVHQVHRILQWHQWLRQ DOLW\DQGGLUHFWHGQHVV%HLQJSURGXFWLYHDQGFUHDWLYH

3HUVRQDO*URZWK 7KHDELOLW\WRLPSURYHRQH¶VVNLOOVDQGUHDOL]HRQH¶VSRWHQWLDOVHHNLQJWKHSDWKVRIIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWDVHQVHWKDWWKHFKDOOHQJHVXQGHUWDNHQOHDGWR DJURZWKRIFRPSHWHQFHVHOIUHDOL]DWLRQRSHQQHVVWRH[SHULHQFH

5\IIVWUHVVHGWKDWWKHYDOXHRIKHUWKHRU\FRQVLVWHGLQWKHIDFWWKDWLW GLG QRW IRFXV RQO\ RQ WKH VKRUWWHUP H[SHULHQFH RI SRVLWLYH DIIHFW RU SRVLWLYH HPRWLRQV DV LV WKH FDVH ZLWK WKHRULHV URRWHG LQ WKH KHGRQLF SHUVSHFWLYH EXW WUHDWHG ZHOOEHLQJ PRUH KROLVWLFDOO\ DV DQ LQWULQVLF HOHPHQW RI QRUPDO KXPDQ GHYHORSPHQW

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

(4)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+

UHODWLRQVZLWKDJUHHDEOHQHVVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOPDVWHU\VHQVHRIKDYLQJDSXU SRVHLQOLIHDQGVHOIDFFHSWDQFHZLWKH[WUDYHUVLRQFRQVFLHQWLRXVQHVVDVZHOODV QHJDWLYHO\ ZLWK QHXURWLFLVP 5\II DOVR FLWHV UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV FRQILUPLQJ WKH SRVLWLYH DVVRFLDWLRQV RI D QXPEHU RI RWKHU SHUVRQDOLW\ YDULDEOHV ZLWK ZHOO EHLQJQDPHO\RSWLPLVPVHQVHRIFRQWUROVWDEOHVHOIHVWHHPDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWK DXWRQRP\HQYLURQPHQWDOPDVWHU\DQGSXUSRVHLQOLIHLQWHUQDOHPRWLRQUHJXOD WLRQHPSDWK\DQGHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFH

7KHVL[DVSHFWVRIZHOOEHLQJSDUWLFXODUO\SRVLWLYHUHODWLRQVZLWKRWKHUVDUH DOVRDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVDWLVIDFWRU\IDPLO\DQGPDULWDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDVZHOODVZLWK FRPPLWPHQW WR VRFLDO DQG RFFXSDWLRQDO UROHV 5\II 6WUDXVHU /XVWLJ dÕIWoÕ)LQDOO\SV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJWXUQHGRXWWREHQRWRQO\DQRXW FRPHRIHDUOLHUKHDOWK±PHQWDODVZHOODVELRORJLFDO+HLGULFK 5\II± EXW DOVR WKHLU SUHGLFWRU 5\II WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ZHOOEHLQJ DQG WKHVH YDULDEOHV WXUQHG RXW WR EH ELGLUHFWLRQDO $Q H[WHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI WHQV RI DUWLFOHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHVXOWVRIVHYHUDOGHFDGHVRIUHVHDUFKRQWKHSUHGLFWRUVRI ZHOOEHLQJKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGE\5\IILQRQHRIKHUODWHVWSXEOLFDWLRQV

)RU PHDVXULQJ WKH VL[ GLPHQVLRQV RI ZHOOEHLQJ VKH GLVWLQJXLVKHG 5\II SURSRVHG WKH 3V\FKRORJLFDO :HOO%HLQJ 6FDOHV 7KLV TXHVWLRQQDLUH KDG YHUVLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWOHQJWK5\II7KHILUVWYHUVLRQFRQVLVWHGRILWHPV SHUVFDOH,WZDVWKHQUHGXFHGWRLWHPV6KRUWYHUVLRQVZHUHDOVRGHYHO RSHGFRQVLVWLQJRIRULWHPVDQGHYHQDLWHPYHUVLRQZDVGHVLJQHG7KH PRVWRIWHQXVHGRQHVDUHWKHIXOOLWHPYHUVLRQDQGWKHVKRUWLWHPYHUVLRQ 1HDUO\WKLUW\\HDUVKDYHHODSVHGVLQFHWKHHPHUJHQFHRI5\II¶VWKHRU\7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUPHDVXULQJWKHVL[GLPHQVLRQVSURSRVHGE\5\IIKDVEHHQXVHG LQWHQVRISXEOLFDWLRQVFI5\IIPRVWRIZKLFKFRQILUPHGWKHVL[IDFWRU VWUXFWXUH RI ZHOOEHLQJ FI 5\II 5\II .H\HV 5\II 6LQJHU YDQ 'LHUHQGRQFN WKRXJK WKHUH ZHUH DOVR VWXGLHV FKDOOHQJLQJ LW $EERW 3ORXELGLV +XSSHUW .XK &URXGDFH .DIND .R]PD 6SULQJHU +DXVHU ± ZHDNHU IDFWRULDO UHVXOWV ZHUH XVXDOO\ REWDLQHG IRU ORQJHU YHUVLRQV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQ ZKLFK DQDO\VHV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG DW WKH OHYHO RI LWHPV WKLV LV XQGHUVWDQGDEOH DV PRUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG PRGHOV WHQG WR EH OHVVZHOOILWWHG

7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHKDVEHHQDGDSWHGLQWRPRUHWKDQODQJXDJHVDVUHSRUWHG LQ 5\II LQFOXGLQJ &KLQHVH &KHQJ &KDQJ )LQQLVK /LHENLQG -DVLQVNDMD/DKWL )UHQFK 6DODPD<RXQHV ,VPDwO 0RQWD]HUL 5RQ FLQ*UHHN9OHLRUDV %RVPD6SDQLVK'LD]HWDO-DSD QHVH.LWDPXUDHWDO.RUHDQ.LP.LP&KD /LP,WDOLDQ6L ULJDWWL HW DO 3RUWXJXHVH )HUQDQGHV 9DVFRQFHORV5DSRVR 7HL[HLUD

(5)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6 5RPDQLDQ.iOOD\ 5XV6HUELDQ1LãHYLü &LJLü6ORYH QLDQâDURWDU7UHYHQ ýDQþ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

7KH ILUVW VWHS ZDV WR DQDO\]H WKH LQWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\ RI HDFK VFDOH RI WKH 3ROLVK DGDSWDWLRQ RI WKH 3V\FKRORJLFDO :HOO%HLQJ 6FDOHV :H XVHG WKH &URQ EDFK¶VĮFRHIILFLHQWIRUWKLVSXUSRVH1H[WZHWHVWHGWKHQRUPDOLW\RIGLVWULEX WLRQIRUZHOOEHLQJDVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\5\IIDQGIRUHDFKRILWVVL[GLPHQVLRQV

,QWKHQH[WVWHSZHWHVWHGWKHIDFWRULDOYDOLGLW\RIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQRIWKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH EDVHG RQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH IDFWRU VWUXFWXUH RI ZHOOEHLQJ ZH FRPSDUHGWKHRQHIDFWRUDQGVL[IDFWRUPRGHOVXVLQJFRQILUPDWRU\IDFWRUDQDO\ VLV&)$±SHUIRUPHGRQSDUFHOVIRUWKHIXOOYHUVLRQRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGRQ LWHPVLQWKHFDVHRIWKHVKRUWYHUVLRQ 7KHILQDOVWHSZDVWKHDQDO\VLVRIFULWHULRQYDOLGLW\RIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQRI WKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH±IRUWKLVSXUSRVHZHDQDO\]HGWKHFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ3:%6 VFRUHVDQGWKHVFRUHVRQRWKHULQVWUXPHQWVPHDVXULQJFRQVWUXFWVWKDWVKRXOGE\ QDWXUH FRUUHODWH SRVLWLYHO\ ZLWK HXGDLPRQLF ZHOOEHLQJ WKH 5RVHQEHUJ 6HOI (VWHHP6FDOHWKH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOHE\'LHQHUHWDO WKH 6RFLDO :HOO%HLQJ 6FDOH GHYHORSHG E\ .H\HV IRU PHDVXULQJ VRFLDO ZHOOEHLQJDQG$QWRQRYVN\¶V/LIH2ULHQWDWLRQ4XHVWLRQQDLUHIRUPHDVXU LQJVHQVHRIFRKHUHQFH$GGLWLRQDOYDOLGDWLRQLQVWUXPHQWVZHUHWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3HUVRQDOLW\,WHP3RROE\*ROGEHUJHWDOIRUPHDVXULQJWKH%LJ)LYHSHU VRQDOLW\ WUDLWV ZKLFK LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK 5\IIV DVVXPSWLRQV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDOVHFWLRQFRUUHODWHZLWKWKHVL[GLPHQVLRQVRIZHOOEHLQJDQGWKH6R FLDO$SSURYDO6FDOHE\6W|EHU

(6)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+ 0(7+2' 3DUWLFLSDQWVDQG3URFHGXUH :HFRQGXFWHGIRXUVWXGLHVWZRVDPSOHVFRPSOHWHGWKHVKRUWLWHPYHU VLRQ RI 3:%6 DQG WZR RWKHU VDPSOHV FRPSOHWHG WKH ORQJHU LWHP YHUVLRQ 'HVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVDQG GHPRJUDSKLFGDWDIRUWKH WHVWHG JURXSVDUHSUHVHQWHG 7DEOH7KHWRWDOQXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHIRXUVWXGLHVZDV

7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHVWXGHQWVRIYDULRXVPDMRUVVFLHQFHKXPDQLWLHVVRFLDO VFLHQFHVIURPVHYHUDOKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQVORFDWHGLQ:DUVDZDVZHOODV QRQVWXGHQWV 7KH\ FRPSOHWHG WKH SDSHUDQGSHQFLO YHUVLRQV RI WKH TXHVWLRQ QDLUHV3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVWXGLHVZDVYROXQWDU\DQGDQRQ\PRXVDQGWKHSDUWLF LSDQWVGLGQRWUHFHLYHDQ\UHPXQHUDWLRQ

7DEOH

Sample Sizes and Descriptive Statistics

N MDJH SDDJH RIZ RPHQ LWHPYHUVLRQ 6WXG\ 6WXG\ LWHPYHUVLRQ 6WXG\ 6WXG\

Note. N – QXPEHURIVXEMHFWVMDJH±PHDQDJHSDDJH±VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

0HDVXUHV

3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ 6FDOHV3:%6 5\II 7KH 3ROLVK YHUVLRQ RIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVSUHSDUHGZLWKWKHDSSURYDORIWKHDXWKRURIWKHRULJLQDO YHUVLRQ 7KH LWHPV ZHUH WUDQVODWHG LQWR 3ROLVK DQG WKHQ WUDQVODWHG EDFN LQWR (QJOLVKE\DSHUVRQSURILFLHQWLQERWKODQJXDJHV7KHILQDOYHUVLRQZDVDSSURYHG E\WKHDXWKRURIWKHRULJLQDOTXHVWLRQQDLUH

7KH IXOO YHUVLRQ FRQVLVWV RI LWHPV DERXW KDOI RI WKHP DUH UHYHUVH FRGHGLWHPVDQGWKHRWKHUVDUHSRVLWLYHO\NH\HG7KHVKRUWYHUVLRQRIWKHTXHV WLRQQDLUHFRQVLVWVRIVHOHFWHGLWHPVIURPWKHIXOOYHUVLRQSRVLWLYHO\NH\HGDQG UHYHUVHFRGHGLWHPV%RWKWKHIXOOYHUVLRQDQGWKHVKRUWYHUVLRQDUHVHOIUHSRUW

(7)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

TXHVWLRQQDLUHV ZLWK D SRLQW /LNHUW VFDOH IURP strongly disagree WR  strongly agree ,Q 6WXG\ KRZHYHU ZH H[FHSWLRQDOO\ XVHG D SRLQW UH VSRQVH IRUPDW GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKLV VWXG\ ZDV SDUW RI D ODUJHU LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURMHFWDQGWKDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUUHVSRQVHVFDOHZDVXVHGLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVWDNLQJ SDUWLQWKHSURMHFW

7KHVFRUHIRUHDFKVFDOHLVFRPSXWHGDVWKHPHDQVFRUHIRUWKHLWHPVPDNLQJ XSDJLYHQVFDOH,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRFRPSXWHWKHRYHUDOOVFRUH,QWHUQDOFRQVLV WHQF\FRHIILFLHQWV&URQEDFK¶VĮDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

7KH 5RVHQEHUJ 6HOI(VWHHP 6FDOH 6(6 5RVHQEHUJ DGDSWHG LQWR 3ROLVKE\àDJXQD/DFKRZLF]7DEDF]HN ']ZRQNRZVND6(6LVD LWHPVHOIUHSRUWTXHVWLRQQDLUHPHDVXULQJJHQHUDOVHOIHVWHHPXQGHUVWRRGDVSRVL WLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHVHOI$OOLWHPVDUHUDWHGRQDSRLQW/LNHUW VFDOHIURPstrongly agreeWRstrongly disagree:HXVHGWKLVTXHVWLRQQDLUH LQ6WXG\,QWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\PHDVXUHGDV&URQEDFK¶VĮFRHIILFLHQWZDV

6RFLDO'HVLUDELOLW\6FDOH±6'66W|EHUDGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVKE\ )URQF]\N6NU]\ĔVNLDQG&LHFLXFK$VFDOHPHDVXULQJWKHQHHGIRUVRFLDO DSSURYDO ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI VHOIUHSRUW LWHPV UDWHG RQ D QRPLQDO WZRSRLQW VFDOH true/false :H XVHG WKLV TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQ 6WXG\ ,QWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\ PHDVXUHGDV&URQEDFK¶VĮFRHIILFLHQWZDV

6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH6:/6'LHQHU(PPRQV/DUVHQ *ULIILQ DGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVK E\-XF]\ĔVNL ,WLV DVHOIUHSRUWTXHVWLRQQDLUH PHDVXULQJJHQHUDOVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZKLFKLVDFRJQLWLYHDVSHFWRIKHGRQLF ZHOOEHLQJ 7KLV LQVWUXPHQW FRQVLVWV RI ILYH LWHPV ZLWK D UHVSRQVH VFDOH IURP strongly disagreeWRstrongly agree:HXVHGLWLQ6WXG\DQGLWVLQWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\PHDVXUHGDV&URQEDFK¶VĮZDV

6RFLDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOH6:%.H\HVDGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVKE\.DUDĞ 1DMGHUVND &LHFLXFK ,W LV D VHOIUHSRUW TXHVWLRQQDLUH IRU PHDVXULQJ VRFLDOZHOOEHLQJDVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\.H\HVZKLFK±OLNHWKHZHOOEHLQJ FRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\5\II±KDVDHXGDLPRQLFFKDUDFWHU7KHVFDOHFRQVLVWV RILWHPVPHDVXULQJILYHGLPHQVLRQVRIVRFLDOZHOOEHLQJUDWHGRQDVFDOHIURP strongly disagreeWRstrongly agree:HXVHGWKLVLQVWUXPHQWLQ6WXG\ &URQEDFK¶VĮLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\ZDVIRU6RFLDO,QWHJUDWLRQIRU6RFLDO $FFHSWDQFH IRU 6RFLDO &RQWULEXWLRQ IRU 6RFLDO $FWXDOL]DWLRQ IRU 6RFLDO&RKHUHQFHDQGIRUWKHRYHUDOOVFRUH

/LIH2ULHQWDWLRQ4XHVWLRQQDLUH62&$QWRQRYVN\DGDSWHGLQWR 3ROLVKE\.RQLDUHN'XGHN 0DNRZVND7KLVVHOIUHSRUWTXHVWLRQQDLUH PHDVXULQJVHQVHRIFRKHUHQFHXQGHUVWRRGDVFRPSUHKHQVLELOLW\PDQDJHDELOLW\ DQG PHDQLQJIXOQHVV FRQVLVWV RI SRVLWLYHO\ NH\HG DQG UHYHUVHFRGHG LWHPV

(8)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+ UDWHGRQDVFDOHIURPWRZLWKGLIIHUHQWUHVSRQVHIRUPDWVPDNLQJXSWKUHH VFDOHV:HXVHGWKLVTXHVWLRQQDLUHLQ6WXG\LWVLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\PHDVXUHG DV&URQEDFK¶VĮZDVIRUWKH&RPSUHKHQVLELOLW\VFDOHIRUWKH0DQDJHDELO LW\VFDOHIRUWKH0HDQLQJIXOQHVVVFDOHDQGIRUWKHRYHUDOOVFRUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3HUVRQDOLW\,WHP3RRO±%LJ)LYH0DUNHUV±,3,3%)0 *ROGEHUJ HW DO DGDSWHG LQWR 3ROLVK E\ 6WUXV &LHFLXFK 5RZLĔVNL 7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHPHDVXUHVWKHSHUVRQDOLW\WUDLWVLQFOXGHGLQWKH%LJ)LYH PRGHO,WFRQVLVWVRIVHOIUHSRUWLWHPVUDWHGRQDVFDOHIURPvery

inaccu-rateWRvery accurate:HXVHGWKLVTXHVWLRQQDLUHLQ6WXG\,QWHUQDOFRQVL

VWHQF\ PHDVXUHG DV &URQEDFK¶V Į FRHIILFLHQW ZDV IRU ([WUDYHUVLRQ IRU $JUHHDEOHQHVV IRU &RQVFLHQWLRXVQHVV IRU (PRWLRQDO 6WDELOLW\ DQG IRU,QWHOOHFW 5(68/76 &ULWHULRQYDOLGLW\RIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQ RIWKH3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHVDQGGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFV 7RDVVHVVWKHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RISDUWLFXODUVFDOHVDQGWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQ RIWKH3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHVDVDZKROHZHXVHG&URQEDFK¶VĮFRHIIL FLHQW7KH UHVXOWV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ7DEOH 'HVFULSWLYH VWDWLVWLFV PHDQ VFRUHV VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQVVNHZQHVVDQGNXUWRVLVIRUHDFKWHVWHGJURXSDUHSUHVHQWHG LQ7DEOH %DVHGRQWKH YDOXHV RIVNHZQHVV DQG NXUWRVLVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI ZHOOEHLQJ LV FORVH WR QRUPDO IRU HDFK RI WKH WHVWHG JURXSVIRUHDFKVFDOHLQERWKYHUVLRQVRIWKH3:%6WKHVHYDOXHVUDQJHEHWZHHQ DQG

7DEOH

Cronbach’s Į Internal Consistency Coefficients for PWBS Scales

LWHPYHUVLRQ LWHPYHUVLRQ 6WXG\ 6WXG\ 6WXG\ 6WXG\ 6HOI$FFHSWDQFH 3RVLWLYH5HODWLRQV:LWK2WKHUV $XWRQRP\ (QYLURQPHQWDO0DVWHU\ 3XUSRVHLQ/LIH 3HUVRQDO*URZWK 2YHUDOOVFRUH

(9)

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

7DEOH

Descriptive Statistics for Individual Scales and Overall PWBS Score in Studies 1/2/3/4

M SD S K 6HOI$FFHSWDQFH 3RVLWLYH5HODWLRQV :LWK2WKHUV $XWRQRP\ (QYLURQPHQWDO 0DVWHU\ 3XUSRVHLQ/LIH 3HUVRQDO*URZWK 2YHUDOOVFRUH Note.,Q6WXG\ZHXVHGDSRLQWUHVSRQVHIRUPDWDQGLQWKHUHPDLQLQJVWXGLHVZHXVHGDSRLQW IRUPDW 7KHIDFWRUVWUXFWXUHRIZHOOEHLQJ 7RWHVWWKHVWUXFWXUHRIZHOOEHLQJDVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\5\IIDQGPHDVXUHG Z LWK WKH 3:%6 Z H SHUIRUPHG D FRQILUPDWRU\ IDFWRU DQDO\VLV RQ LWHPV LQ WKH FDVHRIWKHVKRUWYHUVLRQRI3:%6DQGXVLQJWKHSDUFHOLQJPHWKRGLQWKHFDVH RIWKHLWHPYHUVLRQUDQGRPO\GLYLGLQJWKHLWHPVRIHDFKVFDOHLQWRFOXVWHUV FRPSXWLQJ PHDQ VFRUHV IRU WKHVH FOXVWHUV DQG LQWURGXFLQJ WKHP DV REVHUYDEOH

(10)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+

YDULDEOHVLQWRIDFWRUDQDO\VLV7KHXVHRISDUFHOLQJDOVRNQRZQDVLWHPFOXVWHU LQJSURFHGXUHFI&LHFLXFKGHFUHDVHVWKHULVNRIPDNLQJQRQV\VWHPDWLF PHDVXUHPHQW HUURUV DQG WKH FOXVWHULQJ RI LWHPV LQ D UDQGRP PDQQHU LQ WKH SUHVHQWVWXG\HQVXUHVKLJKHUUHOLDELOLW\WKDQWKHXVHRILQGLYLGXDOLWHPVDVZHOO DVEULQJVWKHLUGLVWULEXWLRQFORVHWRQRUPDO%DQGDORV )LQQH\

:HFRPSDUHGWKHILWRIWZRPRGHOV0RGHOFRPSULVHGRQHJHQHUDOIDFWRU RIZHOOEHLQJORDGHGE\DOOLWHPV0RGHOFRPSULVHGVL[ODWHQWIDFWRUVWKHGL PHQVLRQVSURSRVHGE\5\IIVHOIDFFHSWDQFHSRVLWLYHUHODWLRQVZLWKRWKHUVDX WRQRP\ HQYLURQPHQWDO PDVWHU\ SXUSRVH LQ OLIH DQG SHUVRQDO JURZWK:H SHU IRUPHGWKHDERYHDQDO\VHVVHSDUDWHO\IRUHDFKVWXG\

7DEOH

Fit Indices of the Tested Models

0RGHO 0RGHO LWHPYHUVLRQ 6WXG\ Ȥ df &), 506($>&,@ >@ >@ 6505 6WXG\ Ȥ df &), 506($>&,@ >@ >@ 6505 LWHPYHUVLRQ 6WXG\ Ȥ df &), 506($>&,@ >@ >@ 6505 6WXG\ Ȥ df &), 506($>&,@ >@ >@ 6505

(11)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

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

0RUHRYHU 7DEOH SUHVHQWV FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH VFDOHV RI WKH 3:%6 TXHVWLRQQDLUH6RPHRIWKHVFDOHVDUHKLJKO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKHDFKRWKHUEXWWKH IXOO YHUVLRQ RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKHP LQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWPRGHOZLWKSDUFHOLQJ

7DEOH

Correlations Between the Scales of the PWBS Questionnaire (Study 1 / Study 2 / Study 3 / Study 4)*

6HOI $FFHSWDQFH 3RVLWLYH 5HODWLRQV :LWK2WKHUV $XWRQRP\ (QYLURQ PHQWDO 0DVWHU\ 3XUSRVH

LQ/LIH 3HUVRQDO*URZWK 6HOI $FFHSWDQFH ± 3RVLWLYH 5HODWLRQV :LWK 2WKHUV ± $XWRQRP\ ± (QYLURQ PHQWDO 0DVWHU\ ± 3XUSRVH LQ/LIH ± 3HUVRQDO *URZWK ±

Note. $ERYH WKH GLDJRQDO VFRUHV FRPSXWHG EDVHG RQ WKH NH\ EHORZ WKH GLDJRQDO FRUUHODWLRQV RI ODWHQW

(12)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+ &ULWHULRQYDOLGLW\RIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQ RIWKH3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHV 7RDQDO\]HWKHFULWHULRQYDOLGLW\RIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQRIWKH3:%6ZHSHU IRUPHGDQDQDO\VLVRIFRUUHODWLRQVIRUEHWZHHQ3:%6VFRUHVDQGWKHVFRUHVRQ YDOLGDWLRQLQVWUXPHQWV7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH

Correlations of PWBS Scale Scores and Overall Score with Validation Instrument Scores

6:/6 _6:% ₆₍₆ 62& &RPSUHKHQ VLELOLW\ 62& 0DQDJHDELOLW\ 62& 0HDQLQJIXOQHVV 6HOI$FFHSWDQFH 3RVLWLYH5HOD WLRQV:LWK 2WKHUV $XWRQRP\ (QYLURQPHQWDO 0DVWHU\ 3XUSRVHLQ/LIH 3HUVRQDO*URZWK :HOO%HLQJ± RYHUDOOVFRUH ,3,3 ([WUDY ,3,3 $JUHHDE ,3,3 &RQVF ,3,3 6WDELO ,3,3 ,QWHOOHFW 6'6 6HOI$FFHSWDQFH 3RVLWLYH5HOD WLRQV:LWK 2WKHUV $XWRQRP\ (QYLURQPHQWDO 0DVWHU\ 3XUSRVHLQ/LIH 3HUVRQDO*URZWK :HOO%HLQJ± RYHUDOOVFRUH Note.6WXG\6WXG\6WXG\6WXG\ FRUUHODWLRQVLJQLILFDQWDWWZRWDLOHG FRUUHODWLRQVLJQLIL FDQWDWWZRWDLOHG $VH[SHFWHG3:%6VFRUHVZHUHVLJQLILFDQWO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKWKHYDOLGDWLRQ PHDVXUHVDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHVHFRUUHODWLRQVZDVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKSUHGLFWLRQV 3DUWLFXODUO\ZRUWKQRWLQJDUHWKHKLJKFRUUHODWLRQVRIZHOOEHLQJGLPHQVLRQVHV SHFLDOO\VHOIDFFHSWDQFHZLWKVHOIHVWHHPZKLFKLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKH[SHFWDWLRQV

(13)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

DQGZLWKWKHUHVXOWVRISUHYLRXVVWXGLHVFI5\II&RUUHODWLRQVZLWK6:/6 VFRUHVDUHVLJQLILFDQWEXWORZHUZKLFKFRQILUPVRQWKHRQHKDQGWKDWWKH3:%6 PHDVXUHV ZHOOEHLQJDQG RQWKHRWKHU±WKDWHXGDLPRQLFZHOOEHLQJLV GLVWLQFW IURPKHGRQLFZHOOEHLQJWKHODWWHUEHLQJPHDVXUHGE\6:/6+LJKHUFRUUHOD WLRQV ZHUH IRXQG IRU D GLIIHUHQW LQVWUXPHQW PHDVXULQJ ZHOOEHLQJ ± WKH 6:% TXHVWLRQQDLUH 6RFLDO ZHOOEHLQJ DV FRQFHSWXDOL]HG E\ .H\HV PHDVXUHG E\ WKLV TXHVWLRQQDLUH LV DOVR HXGDLPRQLF LQ QDWXUH ZKLFK PHDQV WKLV UHVXOW LV FRQVLVWHQWZLWKH[SHFWDWLRQVDQGFRQILUPVWKHFULWHULRQYDOLGLW\RIWKH3:%6

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

)LQDOO\ WKH UHODWLYHO\ ORZ FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ 3:%6 VFDOHV DQG RYHUDOO 3:%6 VKRZ WKDW WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH LV RQO\ VOLJKWO\ EXUGHQHG ZLWK HUURU VWHP PLQJIURPWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶KLJKQHHGIRUVRFLDODSSURYDO

',6&866,21

7KHPDLQDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWHGUHVHDUFKZDVWRWHVWWKHSV\FKRPHWULFSURSHU WLHVRIWKH3ROLVKYHUVLRQRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUPHDVXULQJSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOO EHLQJDVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGLQWKHHXGDLPRQLFSHUVSHFWLYH±WKH3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO %HLQJ 6FDOHV 5\II PHDVXULQJ VL[ GLPHQVLRQV RI WKLV ZHOOEHLQJ VHOI DFFHSWDQFH SRVLWLYH UHODWLRQV ZLWK RWKHUV DXWRQRP\ HQYLURQPHQWDO PDVWHU\ SXUSRVHLQOLIHDQGSHUVRQDOJURZWK 5HOLDELOLW\DQDO\VLVRIWKHWZRYHUVLRQVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHUHYHDOHGWKDWLQ RUGHUWRLQWHUSUHWWKHVFRUHVRQHDFKZHOOEHLQJVFDOHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRXVHWKH IXOOYHUVLRQRIWKH3:%6±UHOLDELOLW\FRHIILFLHQWVIRUWKHVKRUWYHUVLRQWXUQHGRXW WREHXQVDWLVIDFWRU\ZKLOHWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHLWHPYHUVLRQZDVDFFHSWDEOH DOOFRHIILFLHQWVDERYH $QRWKHUDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWHGUHVHDUFKZDVWRWHVWWKHVWUXFWXUHRIZHOOEHLQJ VLQFH WKH SUHYLRXVO\ REWDLQHG UHVXOWV ZHUH QRW XQDPELJXRXV FI$EERW HW DO 5\II,QWKHVWXGLHVLQZKLFKZHDNHUIDFWRULDOUHVXOWVKDGSUHYLRXVO\ EHHQ REWDLQHG UHVHDUFKHUV SHUIRUPHG LWHPOHYHO DQDO\VLV $EERW HW DO

(14)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+

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

7KH 3ROLVK YHUVLRQ RI WKH 3:%6 KDG DFFHSWDEOH FULWHULRQ YDOLGLW\ WRR LWV VFRUHV FRUUHODWHG VWURQJO\ ZLWK VHOIHVWHHP VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK OLIH LQ WKLV FDVH FRUUHODWLRQVZHUHORZHUZKLFKKLJKOLJKWVWKHHXGDLPRQLFQDWXUHRIZHOOEHLQJDV FRQFHSWXDOL]HG E\ 5\IIDV ZHOODV ZLWKVRFLDOZHOOEHLQJDQGVHQVH RI FRKHU HQFH 0RUHRYHU WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH SUHVHQWHG UHVHDUFK VKRZ WKDW WKH H[DPLQHG TXHVWLRQQDLUHLV QRWEXUGHQHGE\VHQVLWLYLW\WRWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶QHHGIRUVRFLDO DSSURYDO

,QVXPLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKH3ROLVKLWHPYHUVLRQRIWKH3:%6LVDYDOLG DQGUHOLDEOHPHDVXUHWKDWFDQVXFFHVVIXOO\EHXVHGLQUHVHDUFK7KHUHVXOWVVXS SOHPHQW WKH H[LVWLQJ VWXGLHV RQ WKH WKHRU\ RI ZHOOEHLQJ FRQGXFWHG E\ 5\II

5()(5(1&(6

$EERWW53ORXELGLV*+XSSHUW).XK'&URXGDFH7$QHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSUHFLVLRQ RIPHDVXUHPHQWRI5\II¶V3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHVLQDSRSXODWLRQVDPSOHSocial

In-dicators Research, 97

$QWRQRYVN\ $ 7KH VWUXFWXUH DQG SURSHUWLHV RI WKH 6HQVH RI &RKHUHQFH 6FDOH 6RFLDO

Science & Medicine, 36

%DQGDORV'/ )LQQH\6-,WHPSDUFHOLQJLVVXHVLQVWUXFWXUDOHTXDWLRQPRGHOLQJ,Q *$0DUFRXOLGHV 5(6FKXPDFNHU(GVNew developments and techniques in

structur-al equation modeling SS0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH(UEODXP$VVRFLDWHV,QF

%HU]RQVN\0' &LHFLXFK-0HGLDWLRQDOUROHRILGHQWLW\FRPPLWPHQWLQUHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ LGHQWLW\ SURFHVVLQJ VW\OH DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ Journal of Happiness

Stu-dies, 17

%RUQVWHLQ 0 + 'DYLGVRQ / .H\HV & / 0 0RRUH .$ Well-being. Positive

development across the life course. /RQGRQ/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV

&KHQJ67 &KDQJ$&0HDVXULQJSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJLQWKH&KLQHVHPerson-ality and Individual Differences, 38

&LHFLXFK-3LĊFLRF]\QQLNRZDVWXNWXUDRVRERZRĞFLZHZF]HVQHMDGROHVFHQFML>7KHILYH IDFWRUVWUXFWXUHRISHUVRQDOLW\LQHDUO\DGROHVFHQFH@Studia Psychologica, 10

(15)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

&]DSLĔVNL-Psychologia pozytywna. Nauka o szczĊĞciu, zdrowiu, sile i cnotach czowieka

[Positive psychology: A science of human happiness, health, strength, and values]. :DUVDZ

3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1

&]HUZ$3V\FKRORJLDSR]\W\ZQDLMHMUR]ZyMZ3ROVFH>3RVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\DQGLWVGH YHORSPHQWLQ3RODQG@. Psychologia JakoĞci ĩycia, 10

'LD]'5RGULJXH]&DUYDMDO5%ODQFR$0RUHQR-LPHQH]%*DOODUGR,9DOOH& YDQ 'LHUHQGRQFN'Spanish adaptation of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS)

Psicothema, 18

'LHQHU(6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJPsychological Bulletin, 95

'LHQHU ( 6XEMHFWLYH ZHOOEHLQJ 7KH VFLHQFH RI KDSSLQHVV DQG D SURSRVDO IRU D QDWLRQDO LQGH[American Psychologist, 55

'LHQHU((PPRQV5$/DUVHQ5- *ULIILQ67KH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH

Journal of Personality Assessment, 49

)HUQDQGHV+09DVFRQFHORV5DSRVR- 7HL[HLUD&03UHOLPLQDU\DQDO\VLVRIWKH SV\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRI5\II¶V6FDOHVRI3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJLQ3RUWXJXHVHDGROHV FHQWVThe Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13

)RUJHDUG0-&-D\DZLFNUHPH(.HUQ0 6HOLJPDQ0(3'RLQJWKHULJKWWKLQJ 0HDVXULQJZHOOEHLQJIRUSXEOLFSROLF\International Journal of Wellbeing, 1 )URQF]\N . 6NU]\ĔVNL : &LHFLXFK - Polska adaptacja The Social Desirability

Scale-17 (SDS-17) [A Polish adaptation of the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17)].8Q

SXEOLVKHGPDWHULDOV

*ROGEHUJ / 5 -RKQVRQ - $ (EHU + : +RJDQ 5 $VKWRQ 0 & &ORQLQJHU & 5 *RXJK+*7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3HUVRQDOLW\,WHP3RRODQGWKHIXWXUHRISXEOLFGRPDLQ SHUVRQDOLW\PHDVXUHVJournal of Research in Personality, 40

+HLGULFK60 5\II&'3K\VLFDODQGPHQWDOKHDOWKLQODWHUOLIH7KHVHOIV\VWHPDV PHGLDWRU. Psychology and Aging, 8

+HV]HQ1LHMRGHN,-DNRĞü Ī\FLDZEDGDQLDFKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK>4XDOLW\RIOLIHLQSV\ FKRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK@ĝląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne, 29

+X / %HQWOHU 3 0 &XWRII FULWHULD IRU ILW LQGH[HV LQ FRYDULDQFH VWUXFWXUH DQDO\VLV &RQYHQWLRQDOFULWHULDYHUVXVQHZDOWHUQDWLYHVStructural Equation Modeling, 6 -DPHV-% =DUUHWW1(JRLQWHJULW\LQWKHOLYHVRIROGHUZRPHQ$IROORZXSRIPRWK

HUVIURPWKH6HDUV0DFFRE\DQG/HYLQ3DWWHUQVRI&KLOG5HDULQJ6WXG\Journal of

Adult Development, 12

-XF]\ĔVNL=NarzĊdzia pomiaru w promocji zdrowia [Measurement instruments in health

promotion].:DUVDZ3RODQG3V\FKRORJLFDO7HVW/DERUDWRU\RIWKH3ROLVK3V\FKRORJLFDO$V

VRFLDWLRQ

.DIND*- .R]PD$7KHFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\RI5\II¶V6FDOHVRI3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO %HLQJ63:%DQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRPHDVXUHVRIVXEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ. Social Indicators

Research, 57

.iOOD\e 5XV&3V\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHLWHPYHUVLRQRI5\II¶V3V\FKRORJL FDO :HOO%HLQJ 6FDOH European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30  KWWSG[GRLRUJD

.DUDĞ'1DMGHUVND0 &LHFLXFK-0D\Polish adaptation of Keyes’s Social Well-

-Being Scale3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVVRQ3RVLWLYH3V\FKRORJ\LQ6R

SRW3RODQG

(16)

'20,1,.$.$5$ĝ-$1&,(&,8&+

.LP06.LP+:&KD.+ /LP-:KDWPDNHV.RUHDQV+DSS\"([SORUDWLRQ RQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIKDSS\OLIHDPRQJ.RUHDQDGXOWVSocial Indicators Research, 82 .LWDPXUD7<DVXNR . *DWD\DPD 5 0DWVXRND7 0LXUD 6 <DPDED . 5\II¶V

3V\FKRORJLFDO :HOO%HLQJ ,QYHQWRU\ )DFWRULDO VWUXFWXUH DQG OLIH KLVWRU\ FRUUHODWHV DPRQJ -DSDQHVH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV Psychological Reports, 94 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSG[GRLRUJSU

.RQLDUHN-'XGHN% 0DNRZVND=.ZHVWLRQDULXV]2ULHQWDFMLĩ\FLRZHM$GDSWDFMD 7KH 6HQVH RI &RKHUHQFH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH 62& $ $QWRQRYVN\¶HJR >7KH /LIH 2ULHQWDWLRQ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH $GDSWDWLRQ RI $ $QWRQRYVN\¶V 6HQVH RI &RKHUHQFH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH 62&@

Przegląd Psychologiczny, 36

.RVVDNRZVND 0 3RVLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ LQ 3RODQG ± ,QWURGXFWLRQ Polish Psychological

Bulletin, 45

.URN'ReligijnoĞü a jakoĞü Īycia w perspektywie mediatorów psychospoecznych

[Reli-giosity and quality of life in the perspective of psychosocial mediators]2SROH3RODQG)DFXO

W\RI7KHRORJ\3UHVV8QLYHUVLW\RI2SROH

/LHENLQG . -DVLQVNDMD/DKWL , $FFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ DPRQJ LPPLJUDQWDGROHVFHQWVLQ)LQODQGJournal of Adolescent Research, 15

/LQ && 9DOLGDWLRQ RI WKH 3V\FKRORJLFDO :HOO%HLQJ 6FDOH IRU XVH LQ 7DLZDQ. Social

Behavior and Personality, 43

/LQGIRUV3%HUQWVVRQ/ /XQGEHUJ8)DFWRUVWUXFWXUHRI5\II¶V3V\FKRORJLFDOZHOO EHLQJ VFDOHV LQ6ZHGLVK IHPDOHDQG PDOH ZKLWHFROODU ZRUNHUV. Personality and Individual

Differences, 40

/RSH]6- 6Q\GHU&5The Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Second edition 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

àDJXQD0/DFKRZLF]7DEDF]HN. ']ZRQNRZVND,6NDODVDPRRFHQ\6(60RUULVD 5RVHQEHUJD ± SROVND DGDSWDFMD PHWRG\ >0RUULV 5RVHQEHUJ¶V 6HOI(VWHHP 6FDOH ± $ 3ROLVK DGDSWDWLRQ@Psychologia Spoeczna, 2

0DUVK+:+DX.7 :HQ=,QVHDUFKRIJROGHQUXOHV&RPPHQWRQK\SRWKHVLV WHVWLQJDSSURDFKHVWRVHWWLQJFXWRIIYDOXHVIRUILWLQGH[HVDQGGDQJHUVLQRYHUJHQHUDOL]LQJ+X DQG%HQWOHU¶VILQGLQJVStructural Equation Modeling, 11

1LãHYLü6 &LJLü'5\IIV3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHV)DFWRUVWUXFWXUHRI6HU ELDQYHUVLRQCurrent Topics in Neurology, Psychiatry & Borderline Disciplines, 21

5RVHQEHUJ0 Society and the adolescent self-image. 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

5\DQ50 'HFL(/2QKDSSLQHVVDQGKXPDQSRWHQWLDOV$UHYLHZRIUHVHDUFKRQ KHGRQLFDQGHXGDLPRQLFZHOOEHLQJ. Annual Review of Psychology, 52

5\II&'+DSSLQHVVLVHYHU\WKLQJRULVLW"([SORUDWLRQVRQWKHPHDQLQJRISV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 

5\II&'&KDOOHQJHVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVDWWKHLQWHUIDFHRIDJLQJSHUVRQDOLW\DQGZHOO EHLQJ,Q23-RKQ5:5RELQV /$3HUYLQ(GV Handbook of personality: Theory

and research. 1HZ<RUN*XLOIRUG3UHVV

5\II & ' 3V\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ UHYLVLWHG$GYDQFHV LQ WKH VFLHQFH DQG SUDFWLFH RI HXGDLPRQLDPsychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83

(17)

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

6DODPD<RXQHV0,VPDwO$0RQWD]HUL$ 5RQFLQ&)DFWRUVWUXFWXUHRIWKH)UHQFK 5\IIV3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHVIRUDFWLYHROGHUDGXOWV,Q,%UGDU(GVThe human

pursuit of well-being: A cultural approach SS 1HZ <RUN 6SULQJHU 6FLHQFH

%XVLQHVV0HGLD

âDURWDUä7UHYHQ6 ýDQþHU9(PSOR\HHVLQ6ORYHQLDDQGWKHLUSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOO EHLQJEDVHGRQ5\IIVPRGHORISV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJSocial Indicators Research, 121

6HOLJPDQ0(3Authentic happiness1HZ<RUN)UHH3UHVV

6HOLJPDQ0(3Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. 1HZ<RUN)UHH3UHVV

6LULJDWWL66WHIDQLOH&*LDQQHWWL(,DQL/3HQ]R, 0D]]HVFKL$$VVHVVPHQWRI IDFWRUVWUXFWXUHRI5\II¶V3V\FKRORJLFDO:HOO%HLQJ6FDOHVLQ,WDOLDQDGROHVFHQWVBollettino di

Psicologia Applicata, 259

6SULQJHU.: +DXVHU50$QDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\RI5\II¶V6FDOHV RI 3V\FKRORJLFDO :HOO%HLQJ 0HWKRG PRGH DQG PHDVXUHPHQW HIIHFWV Social Science

Re-search, 35

6W|EHU-7KH6RFLDO'HVLUDELOLW\6FDOH&RQYHUJHQWYDOLGLW\GLVFULPLQDQWYDOLGLW\DQG UHODWLRQVKLSZLWKDJHEuropean Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17 6WUDXVHU'5/XVWLJ'& dÕIWoÕ$3V\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ,WVUHODWLRQWRZRUN

SHUVRQDOLW\YRFDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\DQGFDUHHUWKRXJKWVThe Journal of Psychology, 142  6WUXV:&LHFLXFK- 5RZLĔVNL73ROVNDDGDSWDFMDNZHVWLRQDULXV]D,3,3%)0GR

SRPLDUXSLĊFLX FHFKRVRERZRĞFL ZXMĊFLX OHNV\NDOQ\P>7KH3ROLVK DGDSWDWLRQRIWKH ,3,3 %)0TXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUPHDVXULQJILYHSHUVRQDOLW\WUDLWVLQWKHOH[LFDODSSURDFK@Roczniki

Psychologiczne, 17

7U]HELĔVND ( Psychologia pozytywna [Positive psychology]. :DUVDZ 3RODQG :\GDZ QLFWZD$NDGHPLFNLHL3URIHVMRQDOQH

9DQ'LHUHQGRQFN'7KHFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\RI5\II¶VVFDOHVRISV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ DQG LWV H[WHQVLRQ ZLWK VSLULWXDO ZHOOEHLQJ Personality and Individual Differences, 36

9OHLRUDV* %RVPD+$$UHLGHQWLW\VW\OHVLPSRUWDQWIRUSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ"

Journal of Adolescence, 28

:DWHUPDQ$66FKZDUW]6-=DPERDQJD%/5DYHUW5':LOOLDPV0.$JRFKD9% .LP6< 'RQQHOODQ0%7KH4XHVWLRQQDLUHIRU(XGDLPRQLF:HOO%HLQJ3V\ FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVGHPRJUDSKLFFRPSDULVRQVDQGHYLGHQFHRIYDOLGLW\The Journal of

Pos-itive Psychology, 5

:+2 :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ Constitution of the World Health Organization 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZZKRLQWJRYHUQDQFHHEZKRBFRQVWLWXWLRQBHQSGI

View of Polish adaptation of Carol Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales

32/,6+$'$37$7,212)&$52/5<))¶6

36<&+2/2*,&$/:(//%(,1*6&$/(6

36<&+2/2,&$/:(//%(,16&$/(6