ȼɁȽɅəȾ ɂɁȼɇȿ: ɊɍɋɋɄȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ȼ ɌȼɈɊɑȿɋɌȼȿ ɍɄɊȺɂɇɋɄɈȽɈ ɄɊɂɌɂɄȺ ɆɕɄɈɅɕ ȿȼɒȺɇȺ
A VIEW FROM OUTSIDE: RUSSIAN LITERATURE IN THE WORKS OF THE UKRAINIAN CRITIC MYKOLA YEVSHAN
ȽȺɅɂɇȺ ɄɈɊȻɂɑ
ABSTRACT. In the works of Mykola Yevshan (1890–1919), the leading critic of early Ukrainian modernism, the issue of Russian literature is of particular significance. An analysis of Yevshan’s papers shows that he referred both to the literature and philosophical thought of Western Europe as well as to Russian literary tradition. He particularly esteemed the achievements of Russian realism, considering them as having universal and ageless values. He hoped to find the answers to questions of an existential and social nature which troubled modernists in the works of the greatest Russian writers, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy.
Halina Korbicz, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ɇɵɤɨɥɚ ȿɜɲɚɧ (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ Ɏɟɞɸɲɤɚ) – ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɨ-ɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɨɜ ɏIX, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ XIX ɢ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ (Ɇɵɯɚɣɥɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚ-ɧɨɜɚ, ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ, Ʌɟɫɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ), ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ (ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɤɨɣ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɤɨɣ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ), Ɇɵɤɨɥɚ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɹ-ɬɢɥ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɣ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ, ɫɜɨɸ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ (1890– 1919). ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ, ɨɛɡɨɪɚɯ, ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɹɯ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ – ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɜɪɨ-ɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɇɨ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɢ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɸ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɢ ɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɟɣɬɦɨɬɢ-ɜɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, „ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ” ɜ ɟɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ – ɫɩɨɪɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɨɮɢɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɢ-ɬɟɪɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɡɦɚ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ȿɜɲɚɧ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞ-ɥɢɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ „ɧɢɰɲɟɚɧɟɰ” ɢ „ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɤ”, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ „ɟɜɪɨɩɟɟɰ” ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ (ɨɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɜ ȼɟɧɟ), „ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɨ-ɛɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ. ȿɝɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢ-ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɸ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ”1. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɬɨ ȿɜɲɚɧ, ɠɢɜɹ ɜɨ Ʌɶɜɨɜɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ-ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɭɯɭ, ɬɨɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ȼɠɨ-ɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ – ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ Ɇɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ (Legenda Młodej Polski). ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɹɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɨ, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɹɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵ: ɭɝɥɭɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ, ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ-ɧɨ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɩɨɯ (Ɏɨɥɶɤɟɥɶɬɚ, Ɋɟɫɤɢ-ɧɚ, Ɋɭɫɫɨ, Ƚɟɬɟ, ɒɨɩɟɧɝɚɭɷɪɚ, ɇɢɰɲɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ), ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦ. ȿɦɭ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɢɦ-ɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɢɡɦ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥ ɤɪɭɠɨɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɛɨɝɨɢɫɤɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɟ ɭɜɢ-ɞɟɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɵ. ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɡɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-ɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɦɚɯ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɬɚ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɜɟɪɚ ɜ „ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɢɪɚ”, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɫɧɨɬ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɪɟ-ɱɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɤɭɸ „ɧɚ-ɤɥɚɞɤɭ” ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ: ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢ-ɪɨɬɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ2. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚ-ɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ: ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢ-ɥɵ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦɢ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɮɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ________________ 1 ɋ. ɉ ɚ ɜ ɥ ɢ ɱ ɤ ɨ, Ⱦɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɦɭ ɜ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ, Ʉɢʀɜ 1999, ɫ. 158. 2 ɋɦ.: Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ: ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɪɟɞɤɨɥ. Ɇ.ɉ. Ɇɱɟɞɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001, ɫ. 191–193.
ɋ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɦ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɟɦ Ʌɭɧɚɱɚɪɫɤɢɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɧɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ȿɜɲɚɧ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɢ-ɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɨɛɳɢ-ɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹɨɛɳɢ-ɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ „ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ”, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ – ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɚ-ɥɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɧɢɰɲɟɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɪɞɨɣ, ɨɞɢɧɨɤɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɪɨɠɞɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɚɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ-ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ (ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɢɡɦ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɥ-ɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɦ)3. ȿɜɲɚɧ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ. „ɋɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ” eɜɲɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ „ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɱ-ɧɨɫɬɶ”. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɤɜɢɧɬɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɥɢɱ-ɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ. ɇɢɰɲɟɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚ-ɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɧ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɤ Ɇɚɤɫɭ ɒɬɢɪɧɟɪɭ – ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ: ɛɨɪɶɛɨɸ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ. ɇɨ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɟ ɜɨɥɧɭɟɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ɉɧ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ (Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ Ɋɨɡɚɧɨɜɚ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɚ), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤ ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɱɭɜ-ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ „ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢ”. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟ-ɠɢɬ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ȿɜɲɚɧ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɰɟ-ɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɭ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚ-________________ 3 Ɇ. ȯ ɜ ɲ ɚ ɧ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɫɬɢ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ. Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɨ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ, Ʉɢʀɜ 1998, ɫ. 13–14.
ɱɚɥɨ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɢɪɨ-ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɯ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ „existens”, ɫɬɪɟɦɹ-ɳɚɹɫɹ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɛɵɬɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɡɧɶ (on he zoon), ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜɲɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ cogito – ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɟɣ4. Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɫɢ-ɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɚ ɜɧɭɬ-ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɚ-ɧɢɹɯ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɏIɏ ɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɧɚ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɬɟɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ. ɂɛɨ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚ-ɦɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɢɠɞɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ „ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚ-ɸɬ ɧɚɝɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ”. ɇɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬ-ɪɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɡɦɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ „ɚɪɬɢɫɬɢɡɦ” (ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɫɚɦ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ „ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ”, ɤɨɝɞɚ „ɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ”5. ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨ-ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ: ɨɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɭ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɭ (ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ „ɍɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɚ ɯɚɬɚ” Ɇɢɤɢɬɵ ɋɪɢɛɥɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɢɹ Ɍɨɜɤɚɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ) ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ-ɧɢɟ ɢ „ɠɢɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ”, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ „ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ” ɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ-ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɨɛ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɂ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢ „ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɡɦ” ɜɫɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɭɝɧɟ-ɬɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɢɟ, ɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɥɸɛɹɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɍɛɢɜɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɭɲɢ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɞɭɲɭ, ɤɚɤ ________________ 4
ɋɦ.: W. B i e ł o u so w a, Związki niekonwencjonalne literatury i filozofii (Mikołaj Gogol, Wasilij Rozanow) – ɇɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ (ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, ȼɚ-ɫɢɥɢɣ Ɋɨɡɚɧɨɜ), Olsztyn 1999, c. 133.
5
Ɇ. ȯ ɜ ɲ ɚ ɧ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ Ȼɚɧʉ, ɚɪɬɢɫɬ ɿ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤ: ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɿɹ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ʉɪɢ-ɬɢɤɚ. Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɨ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 415.
ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɝɪɨɡɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ə ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɬɭɬ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ. ɉɭɫɤɚɣ, ɱɬɨ ɬɭɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɛɟɡɵɫɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɚɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞ-ɰɚ ɢ ɞɭɲɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɡɚɦɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɢɱɟɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɜɫɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɞɪɭɠɛɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟ-ɛɢɦɵɦɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵɜɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɝɚɫɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ. ȿɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɪɟɱɶɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ6. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ, ɜɤɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɵ: ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɟɳɟ ɜ 1898 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɛ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɂɜɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚ-ɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɦ, ɚ ɗɦɢɥɸ Ɂɨɥɹ – ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ-ɥɸ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɭ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, – ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦɭ. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɧɢ-ɷɫɤɢɡɟ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɢɫɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɢ: „Ʌɸɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɟɜ-ɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɛɚ ɫɥɟɞɹɬ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɩɨɞ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɨɣ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ”. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɚ ɱɟ-ɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɚɥɟɟɬ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ („ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɭɦɚɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɲɚ”), ɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ-ɡɢɰɢɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɭ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨ, ɜɡɚɦɟɧ ɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ. „Ʌɸɞɢ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, – ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ, – ɚ ɢɯ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ, ɦɭɱɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ”7. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ „ɞɭɲɚ” ɧɚɞɟ-ɥɟɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ: ɭ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɚ ɨɧɚ „ɡɚ-ɭɪɹɞɧɚɹ, ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɚɹ, ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ, ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ”, ɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ. Ⱥ ɭ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ „ɢɞɢɨɬɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɨɧɤɨ, ɫɭɞɹɬ ɛɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɜɢɞɹɬ ɹɫɧɨ”8. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜ-ɫɤɢɦ ɹɪɱɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ Ɂɨɥɹ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨ-________________ 6Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 415–416. 7ȱ. Ɏ ɪ ɚ ɧ ɤ ɨ, ȿɦɿɥɶ Ɂɨɥɹ, ɣɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ɂɿɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɨɪɿɜ ɭ 50 ɬɨ-ɦɚɯ, ɬ. 31, Ʉɢʀɜ 1981, ɫ. 305. 8 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.
ɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. ɇɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡ-ɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɛɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɭɞɚ-ɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ ɡɚ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ, – „ɹɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɰ ɞɭɯɚ”, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – „ɹɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɰ ɩɥɨɬɢ”. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɚ ɢɯ ɪɨɦɚɧɵ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢ-ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɬɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ9. ɂɫɬɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ-ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɪɢ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɧɨ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ „ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ”, „ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟ-ɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢ-ɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɜɨɪ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ „ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ” ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-ɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ (ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ), ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ȿɜɲɚɧɨɦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚ-ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɹɜɧɨɟ, ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɡɚɬɚɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɛɢɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɢ „ɜɵɧɨɫ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɢ” ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ – ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ „ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɣ”, ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɢɧɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɭ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ – ɞɨɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ________________ 9 ɋɦ.: ȼ.ə. Ʌ ɢ ɧ ɤ ɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɢɞɟɹɯ, Ɇɨɫɤɜa 2002, ɫ. 133.
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɧɟ-ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɜɹ-ɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ (Ʌɟɫɟ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɤɟ, Ɉɥɶɝɟ Ʉɨɛɵɥɹɧ-ɫɤɨɣ, Ɍɚɪɚɫɭ ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ, ɂɜɚɧɭ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ, Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɭ Ʉɨɰɸɛɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ, Ⱥɝɚɬɚɧɝɟɥɭ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɦɭ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɭ ȼɢɧɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ, Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɭ əɰɤɢɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ), ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠ-ɧɵɯ (ɀɚɧ-ɀɚɤɭ Ɋɭɫɫɨ, Ƚɟɧɪɢɯɭ ɮɨɧ Ʉɥɹɣɫɬɭ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɭ Ȼɚɧɝɭ, Ɋɟɞɶɹɪɞɭ Ʉɢɩ-ɥɢɧɝɭ, Ɇɚɪɢɢ Ʉɨɧɨɩɧɢɰɤɨɣ, Ɂɢɝɦɭɧɬɭ Ʉɪɚɫɢɰɤɨɦɭ, əɪɨɫɥɚɜɭ ȼɪɯɥɢɰɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ). ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɠɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ – Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɵɦ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ. ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚ ɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ȿɜɲɚɧ ɩɪɨɠɢɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ȿɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. ȿɜɲɚɧ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɧɭɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ Ʌɟɜ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ (1828–1910). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɱɢɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɸɛɢɥɟɣ ɜ 1908 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɤɨɥɵɯɧɭɥɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɥɢɱ-ɧɨɫɬɶ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ „ɪɚɡɜɹ-ɡɚɬɶ” ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – ɷɫɬɟɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ (ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ɋɨɡɚɧɨɜ), ɬɨ ɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ-ɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɝɚɞɤɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ȼɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɦɢɪɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɟɝɨ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɟɣ – ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ-ɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɢɫɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ – ɧɚ ɩɟɪ-ɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɶ. Ɂɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɢɳɚɥɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɦɭ-ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɭ10. ɍɤɪɚɢɧ-ɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɲɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɩɭɛ-ɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɘɛɢɥɟɣ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɦɟɪɬɶ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɚ Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɜ „ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ” ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ „ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚ” ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ-ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɣ-ɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ. Ɉɧ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚɯ: „ɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ” ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɧɟ Ʉɚɪɟɧɢɧɨɣ (ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɨ-ɦɚɧ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ), ɨɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ (Ɍɨɥ-________________ 10 ɋɦ.: ə. Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɧ, Ʌɟɜ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɩɟɪ. ɫ ɧɟɦɟɰ. Ɉ. Ɇɢɱɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ 1999, c. 160.
ɫɬɨɣ „ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ”) ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɨɟɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ11. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ Ɍɨɥ-ɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɢɫɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ, ɢɞɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ, ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, Ɍɨɥɫɬɵɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ (ɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɵ ɰɟɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ): ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɢɞɟɹɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ – „ɪɚɛ ɨɩɢɧɢɢ”, ɢɛɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɧ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ-ɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɡɚɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ. ɂɛɨ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ – ɝɚɪ-ɦɨɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥ („ɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɥɨɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɞɭ-ɯɭ, ɢ ɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɩɥɨɬɢ, – ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɜɟɪɟɦ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ”)12. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ-ɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɨɥ-ɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɜɟɧɱɚ-ɥɢɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ȿɜɲɚɧ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɨ-ɛɨɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɱɭɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɰɚ, – ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɛɵ „ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɛɟɡ ɭɫɢ-ɥɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ”, – ɬɨ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ-ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɥ ɬɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬɪɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɲɢ-ɥɨɫɶ „ɫɚɦɨɭɦɟɪɳɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨ” ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɢɹ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȿɜɲɚɧɭ, ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɜɚ-ɧɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɰɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧ, ɜ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ, ɜ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɹɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɦ („ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɬɢɯɢɸ, ɩɨɬɨɤ ɛɭɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ-ɦɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ”)13. ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɫɟɛɹ, Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ-ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ-ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, – ɷɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ. ȿɜɲɚɧ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ________________ 11Ɇ. Ƚ ɪ ɭ ɲ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɶ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɘɛɢɥɟɣ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, „Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɬɧɢɤ”, Ʉɢʀɜ 1908, ɬ. 43, ɤɧ. 9, ɫ. 535. 12 Ɇ. ȯ ɜ ɲ ɚ ɧ, Ʌɟɜ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ (1828–1910), [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ. Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɨ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 296. 13 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.
ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɬɶ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɚ ɜɟɪɧɟɟ – ɧɟ ɜɨɫ-ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɸ. ȼ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬ, ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɜɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣ-ɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜɫɟ ɮɨɪ-ɦɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ. ȿɜɲɚɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ: Ɍɚɤ ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧ ɡɚɛɵɥ, – ɫ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ, – ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚ-ɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ-ɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɢɧɨɟ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɧ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɥ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɨɧ ɡɚɛɵɥ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟ-ɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɸɞɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ – ɟɫɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɸ14. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ „ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ”. Ɉɧɢ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-ɪɢɡɭɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɜɨɞɹ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢɸ, ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ/ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɹ/ɦɵ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɛɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ Ɇɟɪɥɨ-ɉɨɧɬɢ, ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɡɦ Ɋɢɤɟɪɚ ɢ Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ, ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ Ȼɟɪɞɹɟɜɚ, ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɚ, əɫɩɟɪɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɷɫɤɢɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɏɏ ɫɬ.). Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ȼɨɫɤɪɟɫɟ-ɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪ-ɧɵɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ?, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɛɵ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ „ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ” ɢ ɭɫɢ-ɥɢɥ ɛɵ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɭ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢɫɭɳɟɟ ȿɜɲɚɧɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɵɦ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢ-________________ 14 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 297.
ɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɯ. ȼɟɞɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɬɪɚɝɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ „ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ” (ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɢɱɧɨ ɧɢɤɨ-ɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɦ) ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ, ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɚɛɫɭɪɞɨɦ ɭɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɞɟ-ɪɨɜ, ɩɚɮɨɫ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭ-ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ – ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ „ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɬɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ” ɢɞɟɣ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɝɚɧɞɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟɨɮɪɟɣɞɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ15. ɇɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ȿɜɲɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ: ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɨ-ɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ „ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ” ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜɨɥɧɭɸɳɢɯ 20-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ (ȿɜɲɚ-ɧɚ, Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ „ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ” ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɠɶɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɨɝɦ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟ-ɧɢɣ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɹɫɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɧɟɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ „ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɭɲɢ”, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟ-ɧɢɹ ɥɢɱ-ɧɨɫɬɶ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɦ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ „ɧɚ-ɲɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɵ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɏIɏ – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɢɯ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨ-ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɦ. „ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ” ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬ-ɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɤɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɚɞɟɩɬɚɦɢ „ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ”, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɦ Ɇɵɤɨɥɨɸ ȿɜɲɚɧɨɦ. ________________ 15ɋɦ.: ɇɨɜɟɣɲɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɫɨɫɬ. ɢ ɝɥ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɨɜ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ 2003, ɫ. 1043–1044.
