• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Instruments of the Marketing Mix in Non-Governmental Organizations – the Results of Empirical Research

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Instruments of the Marketing Mix in Non-Governmental Organizations – the Results of Empirical Research"

Copied!
15
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

vv

INSTRUMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX

IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

u7+(5(68/762)(03,5,&$/5(6($5&+

1 :LROHWWD.ZDN* Abstract 7KHDLPRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRSUHVHQWWKHLQVWUXPHQWVRIWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[RI 1*2VLQOLJKWRIHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK0DUNHWLQJPL[LVWKHVHWRILQVWUXPHQWV IRUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ7KHSDSHU presents selected results of research on the role of marketing strategies of QRQSURILWRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFUHDWLQJYDOXHIRUVWDNHKROGHUV,QWKHOLWHUDWXUH RQH FDQ ILQG GLIIHUHQW FRQFHSWV RI rPDUNHWLQJ PL[s IRU H[DPSOH r3s r3sr3sr&s7KHVXUYH\UHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWHUPVRIr&s,WLVD FRQFHSWE\5/DXWHUERUQSUHVHQWLQJPDUNHWLQJWRROVIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQqVFOLHQW /DXWHUERUQS  .H\ZRUGVQRQJRYHUQPHWDORUJDQLVDWLRQV1*2VSXEOLFEHQHILWRUJDQL]DWLRQV QRQSURILWRUJDQL]DWLRQVPDUNHWLQJPL[r&sPDUNHWLQJLQVWUXPHQWV 1. Introduction 7KLVVWXG\DLPVWRSUHVHQWLQVWUXPHQWVRIWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[LQWKHDFWLYLWLHV RI1*2V QRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQV LQWKHOLJKWRIHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK 0DUNHWLQJLQVWUXPHQWVKDYHEHHQSUHVHQWHGLQWHUPVRIr&s5/DXWHUERUQ ,Q WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH PDUNHWLQJ PL[ LQFOXGHV FXVWRPHU YDOXH YDOXH IRU WKH FXVWRPHU FRVW FRVWLQFXUUHGE\WKHFXVWRPHU FRQYHQLHQFH FRQYHQLHQFHRI SXUFKDVH DVZHOODVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQW  /DXWHUERUQS  7KHDUWLFOHXVHVWKHUHVXOWVRIGLUHFWUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\WKHDXWKRU21RQ JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVIURPWKUHHYRLYRGVKLSV 0Dä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ĔV]D6]NRäD %L]QHVXu1DWLRQDO/RXLV8QLYHUVLW\XO=LHORQD1RZ\6ñF]HPDLOZNZDN#ZVEQOXHGXSO

(2)

vv

PHWKRGZDVXVHG$WRWDORIHQWLWLHVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVXUYH\2IDOOWKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHVUHFHLYHGPHWWKHIRUPDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGZHUHLQFOXGHGLQ WKHDQDO\VLV

7KHVXEMHFWRIUHVHDUFKLQWKHDUHDRIFRQVXPHUYDOXHZHUHWKHXWLOLWLHV VXSSOLHG WR YDULRXV JURXSV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQVq VWDNHKROGHUV RIIHU VWDELOLW\ IUHTXHQF\ DQG FDXVHV IRU LWV PRGLILFDWLRQ ,Q WHUPV RI FRVWV ERUQH E\ FRQVXPHUVLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHLUW\SHDQGDQDO\VLVRISULFLQJSROLF\IRUQRQ JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVZDVLQYHVWLJDWHG$QRWKHUOHYHOVWXGLHGZDVWKH HDVHRISXUFKDVHWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\RIWKHRIIHU,QWKHSUREOHP DUHD FRQFHUQLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQ DWWHPSW KDV EHHQ PDGH WR LGHQWLI\ WKH WDUJHWJURXSRISURPRWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVDQGZLWKZKLFKJURXSVRIVWDNHNROGHUV DQGLQZKDWZD\RUJDQL]DWLRQVFRPPXQLFDWH

0DUNHWLQJPL[uWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFK

0DUNHWLQJSOD\VDYHU\ODUJHUROHQRWRQO\LQWKHRSHUDWLRQRIFRPPHUFLDO HQWLWLHVEXWDOVR1*2V$FFRUGLQJWRWKH$PHULFDQ0DUNHWLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ $0$  rPDUNHWLQJ LV WKH DFWLYLW\ VHW RI LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG SURFHVVHV IRU FUHDWLQJFRPPXQLFDWLQJGHOLYHULQJDQGH[FKDQJLQJRIIHULQJVWKDWKDYHYDOXH IRUFXVWRPHUVFOLHQWVSDUWQHUVDQGVRFLHW\DWODUJHs $PHULFDQ0DUNHWLQJ $VVRFLDWLRQ 6DUJHDQWZULWHVWKDWrUHDOPDUNHWLQJEHJLQVDQGHQGVRQ DFOHDUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHQHHGVRIFOLHQWVVHUYHGE\WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ7KLV FRQFHSWWKHUHIRUHUHIHUVWRDOOW\SHVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQVUHJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHU WKH\DUHSURILWRULHQWHGRUQRWs 6DUJHDQWS 

9DULRXV IDFWRUV DIIHFWHG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI PDUNHWLQJ LQ QRQ JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQV3URJUHVVLYHFKDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQDIIHFWLQJWKHLUDFWLYLWLHVQHHGWREHPHQWLRQHGKHUH7KHFKDQJHV LQVRFLDOSROLF\FKDQJHVLQVRFLDODZDUHQHVVRUWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\HDVLHUDFFHVV WRPDQDJHPHQWDQGPDUNHWLQJVSHFLDOLVWVHQDEOLQJWKHXVHRIWKHLUVHUYLFHV VKRXOGDOVREHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHDGDSWDWLRQRIPDUNHWLQJ RULHQWDWLRQE\1*2V

0DUNHWLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DUH LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI PDUNHWLQJ LQVWUXPHQWV VRFDOOHGPDUNHWLQJPL[ 6SHFLI\LQJPDUNHWLQJLQVWUXPHQWVLV RQHRIWKHVWDJHVRIIRUPXODWLQJDPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\RIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ

0DUNHWLQJ PL[ LV GHILQHG DV D VHW RI PDUNHWLQJ HOHPHQWV ZLWK ZKLFK PDQDJHUVLPSOHPHQWPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHVRQDVSHFLILFWDUJHWPDUNHWVWULYLQJ WR DFKLHYH LWV REMHFWLYHV 0XOOLQV :DONHU %R\G /DUUHFKH  S   0+XF]HNHPSKDVL]HVLQKLVZRUNWKDWWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[LVrDQLQWHUQDOO\

 7KHVDPSOHLQWKH0DäRSROVNLHDQGćOñVNLHYRLYRGHVKLSVZDVFKRVHQE\GUDZLQJORWV,QWKHSURYLQFHRI3RGNDUSDFNLH DOO3%2VDFWLYHLQWKHILHOGRIVRFLDOVHFXULW\ZHUHDVNHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHVXUYH\7KLVZDVGXHWRDORZHUQXPEHURI UHJLVWHUHGHQWLWLHVLQWKHYRLYRGHVKLS

(3)

vv

LQWHJUDWHGVWUXFWXUHsRIIHULQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRLQIOXHQFHGHYHORSPHQWVRQWKH PDUNHW +XF]HNS 

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r3sZKLFKLQFOXGHVSURGXFWSULFHSODFHSURPRWLRQ0F&DUWK\  LV WKHDXWKRURIWKLVFRQFHSW DVFLWHGLQ*RLS 6RPHDXWKRUVEHJDQWR DGGWRWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[WKHVRFDOOHGDQRWKHUr3s%RRPV%LWQHU   SURSRVHGr3sDGGLQJWRWKHDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJHOHPHQWVSHRSOH SDUWLFLSDQWV  SK\VLFDO HYLGHQFH DQG SURFHVVHV DV FLWHG LQ %UDVVLQJWRQ 3HWWLWW  S *RLS .RWOHU  VXJJHVWHGr3sZLWKSROLWLFDOSRZHUDQG SXEOLFRSLQLRQIRUPDWLRQ DVFLWHGLQ*RLS ,Q-XGGDGGHG WRWKHH[LVWLQJr3sWKHSHRSOH SHRSOHSRZHU FRPSRQHQW -XGGSS  ,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHRQHFDQDOVRPHHWFRQFHSWVRIr3s *ROGVPLWK  DV FLWHG LQ *RL  S   HYHQ r3s %DXPJDUWQHU  DV FLWHGLQ*RLS RU$33($/ +DQQDJDQSDVFLWHGLQ ,ZDQNLHZLF]5DNS r&$36s /DPE&URPSWRQSDV FLWHGLQ,ZDQNLHZLF]5DNS DQGPHQWLRQHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQWKH FRQFHSWRIr&sE\/DXWHUERUQ /DXWHUERUQS  $FODVVLFIRUPXODRIPDUNHWLQJPL[SUHVHQWVPDUNHWLQJLQVWUXPHQWVIURP WKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ7KHFRQFHSWRIr&sE\/DXWHUERUQLV KRZHYHU WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI PDUNHWLQJ WRROV IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI WKH FXVWRPHU $ PDUNHWLQJ PL[ LQ WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH LV IRUPHG E\ /DXWHUERUQ S

v FXVWRPHUYDOXH rFRQVXPHUZDQWVDQGQHHGVs  v FRVWFRVWERUQHE\WKHFXVWRPHU

v FRQYHQLHQFH  WKH FRQYHQLHQFH RI SXUFKDVH WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\RIWKHRIIHUDQG

v FRPPXQLFDWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQW SURPRWLRQ  6XFKSHUVSHFWLYHVHHPVWREHSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWLQWKHFDVHRI1*2V ZKLFKRSHUDWHLQWKHQDPHRILPSRUWDQWVRFLDOPLVVLRQV7KDWDSSURDFKKDV EHHQFKRVHQVSHFLILFDOO\WRSUHVHQWWKHUHVXOWVRIHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK

(4)

vv

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v 3URYLGHFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHUYLFHVWRDVPDOOQXPEHURISHRSOHRUOLWWOH VXSSRUWWRPXOWLSOHUHFLSLHQWV" v 8VHQDUURZVSHFLDOL]DWLRQRUGLYHUVLI\VHUYLFHV" v &RQFHQWUDWHWKHLUHIIRUWVRQSURYLGLQJVHUYLFHVRUODXQFKFDPSDLJQV IRUFKDQJH"

v )LJKW WKH FDXVHV RI SUREOHPV RU UDWKHU IRFXV RQ PLWLJDWLQJ WKHLU HIIHFWV"

7KH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ WKH FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[7KHEDVLFGHFLVLRQVWKDWPXVWEHWDNHQE\ RUJDQL]DWLRQVFRQFHUQ 1LHVWUÑMS  v 7KHIXQFWLRQDQGEUDQGRIWKHSURGXFWSURGXFWUDQJHSURJUDPPH v )RUPVDQGILQDQFLDOWHUPVRIRIIHUDYDLODELOLW\WRFXVWRPHUV v &KDQQHOVRIGLVWULEXWLRQSODFHVWRVXSSO\VHUYLFHV v 7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRISURPRWLRQ SURPRWLRQPL[ YDOXH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHP 1*2VZKLOHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[VKRXOG FRQVWDQWO\EHDULQPLQGWKHLQWHUHVWVRILWVVWDNHKROGHUVWKHXWLOLW\RIWKHRIIHU WKH\GHVLUHDQGDGGLWLRQDOYDOXHVWKH\PD\H[SHFW,WVKRXOGEHVWUHVVHGWKDW WKHPDUNHWLQJPL[LQVWUXPHQWVWREHHIIHFWLYHVKRXOGEHFRRUGLQDWHGZLWKRQH DQRWKHUWRIRUPDFRKHUHQWZKROH

(5)

vv

,PSOHPHQWDWLRQLQVWUXPHQWVRIPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHVLQWKHOLJKWRIWKH direct research

,QWKHDGRSWHGFRQFHSWRIWKHPDUNHWLQJPL[ur&sWKHYDOXHIRUWKHFOLHQW RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DGGUHVVHH VWDNHKROGHU  LV WKH IXQGDPHQWDO HOHPHQW 7KH RIIHU RI QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV VKRXOG LQFOXGH WKH YDOXHV WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQFDQRIIHUWRLWVUHFLSLHQWV7KHUHFLSLHQWVDVUHFRJQL]HGLQWKLV VWXG\PHDQLQJYDULRXVJURXSVRIVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ WKHVHUYLFH UHFLSLHQWV GRQRUV VWDII YROXQWHHUV ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV RU VRFLHW\ u DV D ZKROH 7KHRUJDQL]DWLRQVVXUYH\HGLQWKLVVWXG\RIIHUHGGLIIHUHQWLDWHGYDOXHV WRLWVVWDNHKROGHUV QRWMXVWVHUYLFHUHFLSLHQWV 7KLVVWUXFWXUHLVYDULHG

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uDVDZKROH

7KH VWXG\ VKRZV WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQV DERYH DOO RIIHU WKHLU YROXQWHHUV D VHQVH RI GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ JRRG IRU WKH VRFLHW\ DQG VDWLVIDFWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKWKHDFWLYLW\ZRUNH[SHULHQFHYDOXDEOHFRQWDFWVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRVKRZ RWKHUVWKHLULQYROYHPHQWLQVRFLDODFWLYLWLHV

)RU WKH VWDII RUJDQL]DWLRQV DOVR FUHDWH RWKHU DGYDQWDJHV H[FHSW IRU WKH UHPXQHUDWLRQ LI DSSOLFDEOH 7KH SRVVLELOLW\ WR DFW LQ DLG RI LPSRUWDQW

(6)

vv

VRFLDO PLVVLRQV LV WKH PDLQ YDOXH $Q LPSRUWDQW DGYDQWDJH LV DOVR WKH IDFW WKDWHPSOR\HHVZRUNLQJLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQHVWDEOLVKYDOXDEOHFRQWDFWV7KH RWKHUVWDWHGYDOXHVZHUHDPRQJRWKHUVKLJKHUVHOIDSSUDLVDOFRQILGHQFHLQ REWDLQLQJKHOSLQGLIILFXOWVLWXDWLRQVJDLQLQJUHFRJQLWLRQDPRQJIULHQGV 7KHPDMRULW\  RIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVVHHWKHDGYDQWDJHRIVHUYLFH UHFLSLHQWVqIDPLO\FORVHUHODWLYHVEHQHILWLQJIURPWKHRIIHU$PRQJWKHVHWKH\ OLVWHGOHVVHQLQJUHODWLYHVqEXUGHQ SK\VLFDODQGPHQWDO VWUHQJWKHQLQJIDPLO\ WLHVHPRWLRQDOVXSSRUWWDQJLEOHDQGVXEVWDQWLYHVXSSRUWLQNLQGDVVLVWDQFH H[SHUW DGYLFH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI WKHLU RZQ GHYHORSPHQW JDLQ H[SHULHQFH HVWDEOLVK YDOXDEOH FRQWDFWV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ IUHH WUDLQLQJ FRXUVHV WULSV DVVLVWDQFHLQGHDOLQJZLWKYDULRXVLVVXHVLQFUHDVHDZDUHQHVVRQFHUWDLQLVVXHV

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uDVDZKROH7KHSXEOLF FDQJDLQDPRQJRWKHUVE\UHGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURIVRFLDOSDWKRORJLHVUDLVH SXEOLFDZDUHQHVVRQVRFLDOLVVXHVSXEOLFHGXFDWLRQEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKHSUREOHPVDQGQHHGVRIWKHVLFNGLVDEOHGPDUJLQDOL]HGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ UHGXFWLRQRIVRFLDOGLYHUVLILFDWLRQHWF'XHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI1*2VLQWKH VRFLHW\SHRSOHZKRILQGWKHPVHOYHVLQGLIILFXOWVLWXDWLRQVFDQUHFHLYHKHOS 7KHVWDWHLVVRPHKRZUHOLHYHGRILWVREOLJDWLRQVDQGWKHVHUYLFHVDUHEHWWHU PRUH SHUVRQDO EDVHG RQ VLQFHUH FRPPLWPHQW RI WKH PHPEHUV VWDII DQG YROXQWHHUV 

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

(7)

vv GLIIHUHQFHVDUHQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW5 +RZHYHULWKDVEHHQREVHUYHG WKDWWKHUHLVDGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHIUHTXHQF\RIRIIHUPRGLILFDWLRQZLWKUHJDUGV WRWKHVL]HRIORFDOLW\ZKHUHWKHKHDGTXDUWHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDUHORFDWHG6 2UJDQL]DWLRQVORFDWHGLQWRZQVXSWRWKRXVDQGUHVLGHQWVZHUHWKHOHDVWOLNHO\ WRKDYHPRGLILHGWKHLURIIHUV 7DEOH  Table 1.)UHTXHQF\RIRIIHUPRGLILFDWLRQGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVL]HRIORFDOLW\ ZLWKRUJDQL]DWLRQKHDGTXDUWHUV 1 RILQGLFDWLRQV

Size of the locality

)UHTXHQF\RIRIIHUPRGLILFDWLRQ Very

often Often

6RPH

WLPHV Very VHOGRP 1HYHU 8SWRWKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1       WKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1       WKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1       WKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1       WKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1       RYHUWKRXVDQGLQKDELWDQWV 1      

7KH PRVW FRPPRQ FDXVHV IRU RIIHU PRGLILFDWLRQ RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZHUHWKHVHUYLFHUHFHSLHQWV FXVWRPHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQV QHHGVILQDQFLDO FDSDFLW\DVZHOODVH[SDQGLQJWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDFWLYLWLHV

7KHVHFRQGLQVWUXPHQWIRULPSOHPHQWLQJWKHPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHVRIQRQ JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVLVWKHSULFHDQGPRUHEURDGO\uWKHFRVWIRUWKH FXVWRPHU 5HVHDUFK LQ WKLV DVSHFW DLPHG WR LGHQWLI\ KRZ SULFHV RI VHUYLFHV DUHVKDSHGLQ1*2VDQGWRLGHQWLI\WKHW\SHRIFRVWV WDQJLEOHLQWDQJLEOH  LQFXUUHGE\WKHYDULRXVJURXSVRIVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ0RVWRIWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQVGRQRWFKDUJHIRUWKHVHUYLFHV )LJXUH 

5 Kruskal-Wallis test: grouping variable ”geographical area of operation” (Chi-square = 2,783, df=3, Asymptotic VLJQL¿FDQFH    JURXSLQJ YDULDEOH ´YRLYRGHVKLS´ &KLVTXDUH   GI $V\PSWRWLF VLJQL¿FDQFH    JURXSLQJYDULDEOH´HYDOXDWLRQRI¿QDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ´ &KLVTXDUH GI $V\PSWRWLFVLJQL¿FDQFH   6 &KLVTXDUH GI $V\PSWRWLFVLJQL¿FDQFH 

(8)

vv

    

other organization sets different prices for different recipient groups (they are however predefined for HDFKJURXSLQDGYDQFH price is determined taking into account margin for organization prices are individually negotiated service recipients give voluntary donations for the use of offer price is equal to the costs of services organization requests symbolic contribution, predefined fees for the use of services price covers only part of the costs related to providing services organization does not charge fees for services

Formulas for price formation:

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

DUHPRVWRIWHQRIIHUHGE\RUJDQL]DWLRQVRSHUDWLQJLQWKH6LOHVLDQ9RLYRGVKLS

(9)

vv

DQGOHDVWOLNHO\WRRIIHUIUHHVHUYLFHVDUHWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKH3RGNDUSDFNLH 9LRYRGVKLS 7DEOH 

Table 2. )RUPXODV IRU SULFH IRUPDWLRQ LQ QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHSHQGLQJRQWKHYRLYRGVKLSRIRUJDQL]DWLRQKHDGRIILFH 1  )RUPXODVIRUSULFHIRUPDWLRQ 9RLYRGVKLS 0DäRSROVNLH 1  3RGNDUSDFNLH 1  ćOñ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

  .UXVNDO:DOOLV WHVW JURXSLQJ YDULDEOH sJHRJUDSKLFDO VFRSH RI DFWLYLWLHVs &KLVTXDUH   GI  $V\PSWRWLF VLJQLILFDQFH    JURXSLQJ YDULDEOH sYRLYRGVKLSs &KLVTXDUH   GI  $V\PSWRWLF VLJQLILFDQFH    JURXSLQJ YDULDEOH sVL]H RI WKH FLW\s &KLVTXDUH   GI  $V\PSWRWLF VLJQLILFDQFH    JURXSLQJ YDULDEOH sHYDOXDWLRQRIILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQs &KLVTXDUH GI $V\PSWRWLFVLJQLILFDQFH  

(10)

vv      4,1% 8,7% 14,3% 24,0% 49% DEVROXWHO\DJUHH DJUHH QHLWKHUDJUHHQRU GLVDJUHH GLVDJUHH DEVROXWHO\GLVDJUHH 6HUYLFHSULFHVDUHDEDUULHUSUHYHQWLQJDFFHVVE\VRPHHQWLWLHVWREHQHILW IURPRXURIIHU NRU]\VWDQLH]RIHUW\QDV]HM2UJDQL]DFML )LJXUH3ULFHDVEDUULHUWKDWSUHYHQWVEHQHILWLQJIURPWKHRIIHURIWKHRUJD QL]DWLRQ 1 RILQGLFDWLRQV

7KH VXUYH\HG RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZHUH DVNHG ZKLFK LQ WKHLU RSLQLRQ VWDNHKROGHUJURXSVPXVWEHDUWDQJLEOHRULQWDQJLEOHFRVWVLQRUGHUWREHQHILW IURP WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KH UHVSRQVHV UHFHLYHG KDYH EHHQ FROOHFWLYHO\SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

Table 3.&RVWVLQFXUUHGE\VWDNHKROGHUVRIQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQV DFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUW\SH 1 RILQGLFDWLRQV

Stakeholders 7DQJLEOHFRVWV ,QWDQJLEOHFRVWV

6HUYLFHUHFLSLHQWV   )DPLO\IULHQGVRIVHUYLFHUHFLSLHQWV   ,QGLYLGXDOGRQRUV   ,QVWLWXWLRQDOGRQRUV   /RFDOFRPPXQLWLHV   6RFLHW\LQJHQHUDO DVDZKROH   3XEOLFLQVWLWXWLRQV   0HGLD   6WDIIZLWKFRQWUDFWVRIHPSOR\PHQW   9ROXQWHHUV   2UJDQL]DWLRQPHPEHUV  

(11)

vv

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

(12)

vv

6RPH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI WDNLQJ SDUWLFXODU GLVWULEXWLRQ DFWLYLWLHVE\RUJDQL]DWLRQVORFDWHGLQGLIIHUHQWYRLYRGVKLSVKDYHEHHQREVHUYHG 7DEOH   )RU H[DPSOH RUJDQL]DWLRQV ORFDWHG LQ 6LOHVLD PRVW IUHTXHQWO\ PDLQWDLQWKHLURZQZHEVLWHV

7KH IRXUWK HOHPHQW RI WKH PDUNHWLQJ PL[ FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ WKH r&s DSSURDFK LV WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH HQYLURQPHQW9 1RQJRYHUQPHQWDO

RUJDQL]DWLRQV FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKHLU VWDNHKROGHUV XVLQJ IRU WKLV SXUSRVH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHOHSKRQH FRQYHUVDWLRQV pIDFHWR IDFHq FRQYHUVDWLRQV JURXS PHHWLQJV VHPLQDUV OHFWXUHV FRQIHUHQFHV PDVV PHGLDWKH,QWHUQHWHPDLO7KHPRVWSRSXODUIRUPVZHUHWKHpIDFHWRIDFHq DQG SKRQH FRQYHUVDWLRQV 7KHVH IRUPV ZHUH XVHG WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK DOO JURXSV Table 4.'LVWULEXWLRQDFWLYLWLHVRIQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVLQYRLYRG VKLSVXQGHUVWXG\ Activities 3HUFHQWDJHRIRUJDQL]DWLRQVXQGHUWDNLQJ activities listed

0DäRSROVNLH 3RGNDUSDFNLH ćOñ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

(13)

vv

XVHG WKH PHGLD DYDLODEOH 1DWXUDOO\ WKH pIDFHWRIDFHq FRQYHUVDWLRQ IRUP GRPLQDWHGLQFRQWDFWVZLWKHPSOR\HHV (QWLWLHVVXEMHFWWRWKHVWXG\ DOPRVW IHOWWKDWQRQSURILWRUJDQL]DWLRQV VKRXOGHQJDJHLQLQWHQVLYHSURPRWLRQDODFWLYLWLHV 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWJURXSVRIUHFLSLHQWVRISURPRWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVRIQRQ JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFOXGHGSRWHQWLDOGRQRUVDQGORFDOFRPPXQLWLHV IROORZHGE\VHUYLFHUHFLSLHQWVH[LVWLQJGRQRUVYROXQWHHUVDQGRWKHUV 7DEOH  Table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

$VRWKHUZD\VRISURPRWLRQWKHVXUYH\HGRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQGLFDWHGDPRQJ RWKHUV HYHQWV VSHFLDO HYHQWV H[KLELWLRQV SUHVHQWDWLRQV SHUIRUPDQFHV SRVWHUV OHDIOHWV UDGLR79 SURJUDPPHV LQWHUYLHZV RQ WKH UDGLR DQG LQ

(14)

vv

QHZVSDSHUVLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHPHGLDDERXWRQJRLQJDFWLYLWLHVGLVFXVVLRQV SDULVKDQQRXQFHPHQWVLQWHUQDOPDUNHWLQJ

4. Conclusion

7KH VWXG\ RQ WKH PDUNHWLQJ RI QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV DOORZHG DPRQJRWKHUVIRUGLDJQRVLVDQGDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHPDUNHWLQJLQVWUXPHQWVLQ WKHIRUPXODr&sZKLFKFRQVLVWVRIFXVWRPHUYDOXHFRVWWRWKHFXVWRPHU FRQYHQLHQFH HDVHRIDFTXLVLWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ /DXWHUERUQS  7KHVHHOHPHQWVXQGHUOLHDQ\PDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHV

7KH RIIHU RI D QRQSURILW RUJDQL]DWLRQ PXVW EH XQGHUVWRRG LQ WHUPV RI WKH YDOXHV LW FDQ RIIHU FXVWRPHUV 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQV VXUYH\HG RIIHUHG QXPHURXVEHQHILWVWRWKHLUVWDNHKROGHUVuQRWRQO\WKHVHUYLFHUHFLSLHQWVEXW DOVRRWKHUJURXSV GRQRUVVWDIIYROXQWHHUVORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVVRFLHW\uDVD ZKROH 5HFLSLHQWVDVEHQHILFLDULHVRIWKHRIIHUEHDUYDULRXVFRVWV0RVWRI WKHVXUYH\HGRUJDQL]DWLRQVGRQRWFKDUJHDIHHIRUWKHXVHRIWKHLUVHUYLFHV +RZHYHU DWWHQWLRQ VKRXOG EH SDLG WR WKH QRQSULFH FRVWV HJ WKH SHUVRQDO WLPH DQG HIIRUW FRQWULEXWLRQ ,Q WKH DUHD RI RIIHU DYDLODELOLW\ DQG DFFHVV LW LVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRIDFLOLWDWHDFFHVVWRWKHRIIHUE\WKHQHHG\DQGHDVHDQG VLPSOLI\WKHWDVNRIWKHGRQRUVRIDLGLQJWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ7KHILQDOHOHPHQW RI WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH PDUNHWLQJ PL[ LV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ )RU 1*2V LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK GLIIHUHQW UHFLSLHQW JURXSV 7KH VXUYH\HG HQWLWLHV KDYH XVHG IRU WKLV SXUSRVH LQ YDU\LQJ VFRSH QXPHURXV DYDLODEOH IRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

References

$PHULFDQ 0DUNHWLQJ $VVRFLDWLRQ   7KH $PHULFDQ 0DUNHWLQJ Association Releases New Definition for Marketing 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVDUFKLYHDPDRUJDUFKLYH$ERXW$0$'RFXPHQWV$PHULFDQ 0DUNHWLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ5HOHDVHV1HZ'HILQLWLRQ IRU0DUNHWLQJSGI

%RUGHQ 1 + 7KH &RQFHSW RI WKH 0DUNHWLQ 0L[ Journal of Advertising Research5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZJXLOODXPHQLFDLVHFRPZSFRQWHQW XSORDGV%RUGHQB7KHFRQFHSWRIPDUNHWLQJPL[SGI %UDVVLQJWRQ) 3HWWLWW6  Principles of marketing QGHG +DUORZ

(QJODQG3HDUVRQ(GXFDWLRQ/LPLWHG)LQDQFLDO7LPHV3UHQWLFH+DOO *RL&/  $5HYLHZRI0DUNHWLQJ0L[3VRU0RUH"International

Journal of Marketing Studies1  5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZFFVHQHW RUJMRXUQDOLQGH[SKSLMPVDUWLFOHYLHZ)LOH)RULJLQ'SXEO LFDWLRQBGHWDLO

(15)

vv

+XF]HN 0   Marketing organizacji non profit 6RVQRZLHF :\GDZQLFWZR:\ĔV]HM6]NRä\=DU]ñG]DQLDL0DUNHWLQJXZ6RVQRZFX ,ZDQNLHZLF]5DN %   Marketing organizacji niedochodowych.

Wybrane problemy adaptacji w warunkach polskich :URFäDZ :\GDZQLFWZR $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM LP 2VNDUD /DQJHJR ZH :URFäDZLX

-XGG9&  'LIIHUHQWLDWH:LWKWKHWK33HRSOHIndustrial Marketing Management16  

.DIHO 7   6WUDWHJLH RUJDQL]DFML SR]DU]ñGRZ\FK =DU\V SUREOHPX ,Q $ 1DOHSND (G  Organizacje komercyjne i niekomercyjne wobec Z]PRĔRQHM NRQNXUHQFML RUD] Z]UDVWDMñF\FK Z\PDJDþ NRQVXPHQWÑZ 1RZ\ 6ñF] :\ĔV]D 6]NRäD %L]QHVX u 1DWLRQDO/RXLV 8QLYHUVLW\ Z 1RZ\P6ñF]X

.ZDN :   7KH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ RI 1RQ3URILW 2UJDQL]DWLRQV ZLWK 7KHLU 6WDNHKROGHUV LQ WKH /LJKW RI WKH 'LUHFW 5HVHDUFK ,Q $ 1DOHSND  $ 8MZDU\*LO (GV  %XVLQHVV DQG QRQSURILW RUJDQL]DWLRQV IDFLQJ LQFUHDVHG FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG JURZLQJ FXVWRPHUVq GHPDQGV 1RZ\ 6ñF] :\ĔV]D6]NRäD%L]QHVXu1DWLRQDO/RXLV8QLYHUVLW\LQ1RZ\6ñF] /DXWHUERUQ5  1HZPDUNHWLQJOLWDQ\)RXU3qVSDVVH&ZRUGVWDNH RYHUAdvertising Age2FWREHU 0XOOLQV-::DONHU-U2&%R\G-U+: /DUUHFKH-&   0DUNHWLQJ0DQDJHPHQW$6WUDWHJLF'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ$SSURDFK1HZ <RUN0F*UDZ+LOO 1LHVWUÑM5  =DU]ñG]DQLHPDUNHWLQJLHP,Q-$OWNRUQ (G  Podstawy marketingu WKHG .UDNÑZ,QVW\WXW0DUNHWLQJX

6DUJHDQW$  Marketing w organizacjach non profit.UDNÑZ2ILF\QD (NRQRPLF]QD

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Inną z cnót mistrza jest jego postawa odpowiedzialności (Olbrycht 2007, s. Chodzi tutaj głównie o  psychopedagogiczną oraz moralną odpo- wiedzialność tworzenia więzi z 

Kłócą się z  doktrynami neoliberalnego ładu politycznego, z  grupami intere- sów zbiorowego egoizmu, z  dysfunkcjonalnymi instytucjami i  organami pań- stwa, wreszcie z 

Po pierwsze, podkreśla się, iż rzeczywista i pełna realizacja prawa do uczestnictwa społecznego dzieci opiera się na wprowadzeniu całej gamy warunków legislacyjnych, politycznych

Należeli do niego kupcy (zarówno bogaci, prowadzący interesy na skalę dorównującą działaniom pa ­ trycjatu, jak i średni oraz drobni), ponadto kramarze, przekupnie i

Pom- patyczne centrowanie świata na człowieczym i człowieku jako jedynym zdolnym do racjonalnego myślenia podmiocie stworzenia – oznacza wyrugowanie, pozby- cie się

Niech nie alienują tych dóbr i niech nie oddają w dzierżawę heretykom pod karą ekskomuniki, jak i niech nie oddają w dzierżawę innym świec- kim bez słusznej przyczyny, którą

IRUPLW\ RI GLVWULEXWLRQ RI HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ILHOG SRZHU DFURVV WKH ZLGWK RI WKH KDUGIDFLQJ ]RQH LV DFKLHYHG LQ WKH LGHDO FDVH DW FRPSOHWH VFUHHQLQJ RI WKH GLVF IDFH 'HYLDWLRQ IURP

Ważnym celem strategicznym jest pełne wykorzystanie potencjału infrastruktury Akademii do celów dydaktycznych, artystycznych, naukowych, a także współpracy ze