A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S ___ _ __ F O L I A L I T T E R A R I A 29, J . 9 9 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E w a F o r i a n - S z a b o D A V I D R U O K l N : S T R A T E G I E S OF E N S L A V E M E N T A N D L I B E R A T I O N T h i s is m y b o d y w h i c h is r e s u r r e c t e d N o w g e n t l y d e l i v e r it f r o m the b u r n i n g g r a v e R . M. R i l k e , Th e S i x t h P h a l l i c P o e m I " T h e S o n s of L i g h t " , p r o d u c e d in 1 9 7 b b y T y n e s i d e T h e a t r e C o m p a n y , r e v i s e d for the R S C in 1 97 6 , is R u d k i n ’s t h i r d f u l l -l e n g t h p -l a y . It Is s e t in a m y t h i c a l i s l a n d a n d in my v i e w it u n f o l d s u k i n d of m u d e r n v e r s i o n of a g n o s t i c m y t h 1 . It s h o w s a m a r k e d p r o g r e s s of t h e d r a m a t i s t f r o m t he r i t u a l v i o l e n c e of " A f o r e N i g h t C o m e " ( 1 9 6 2 ) a n d " A s h e s “ ( 1 9 7 4 ) , w i t h it s m i x t u r e o f n a t u r a l i s m a n d v i s i o n a r y m e t a p h o r , i n t o q u i t e a n e w a n d s t a r t l l n g l y o r i g i n a l d r a m a t i c d i m e n s i o n . I w o u l d d e f i n e it as a b l e n d of g n o s t i c m y t h w i t h a t a l e of F r e u d i a n a n t i - u t o p i a , 2 w h i c h g r a d u a l l y e v o l v e s i n t o an a n t i - F r e u d i a n u t o p i a , s us tai n-e d b y thn-e i d n-e a s of *. R e i c h a n d R...D. L a i n g . T h e r e is a r i c h ; I a m d e a l i n g w i t h c e r t a i n a s p e c t s of g n o s t i c m y t h o l o g y in t h e c o u r s e of m y a r t i c l e o n p a g e s 11 a n d 12, c h i e f l y o n the O a s -is of H. J о n a s, G n o s t i c R e l i g i o n . B o s t o n 1 96 6 . O t h e r s o u r c e s ar e : J. L a c a r r i e r e , The G n o s t i c s , L o n d p n 1 9 7 7 a n d S. S w i e Z a w s k i , D z i e j e f i l o z o f i i e u r o p e j s k i e j XV w i e k u , t. 6, W a r s z a w a 1903. o A n a n t i u t o p i a is a v i s i o n of t h e w o r l d , s o c i e t y , a n d roan w h i c h Is d i s t o r t e d - a t r a v e s t y of an i d e a l s t a t e or s o c i a l se t up. it is a n e g a t i v e u t o p i a w h i c h " s h o w s th e w o r l d a p p a r e n t l y p e r f e c t e d , w h e r e t he n e w e s t a c h i e v e m e n t s of s c i e n c e a n d t e c h
-varifJty of a s s o c i a t i o n a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l r e v e r b e r a t i o n , w h i c h s h o w s th e a u t h o r ’s f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e w o r k s of m a j o r c r i t i c s of m o d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n a n d p r o p o n e n t s of c o u n t e r - c u l t u r e , s u c h as A. A r t a u d , R. 0. L a i n g , W. R e i c h , T h o m a s S z a s z a n d o t h e r s . Th i s , h o w e v e r , n e v e r t u r n s i n t o a d r y a r g u m e n t a t i v e n e s s b u t b u i l d s u p i n t o a c o m p l e x a n d f o r c e f u l d r a m a t i c v i s i o n . T he a c t i o n of the p a y m o v e s o n two l e v e l s . O n on e , R u d k i n s h o w s the l i f e of t h e v i l l a g e r s of the i s l a n d , in w h i c h P a s t o r B e n g r y w i t h hi s t h r e e s o n s a r r i v e , a f t e r the p r e v i o u s p a s t o r ' s d i s a p p e a r a n c e ; o n t he s e c o n d l e v e l t h e r e is th e u n d e r w o r l d " s c i e n t i f i c " c o m p l e x ru n by O o c t o r N e b e w o h l in th e s u b t e r r a n e a n c a v e r n s o f the r o c k i s l a n d . Al l t hi s is p r e s i d e d over a n d s a n c -t i o n e d by an u n s e e n l a n d o w n e r , S i r W e n d e l l B a i n . The v i l l a g e r s l i v e in s p i r i t u a l d a r k n e s s a n d m e n t a l s l u g g i s h n e s s , r e a c h i n g p r e m a t u r e s e n i l i t y a n d p h y s i c a l c r i p p l e h o o d . T h e y a r e e n w r a p -p e d by t h e a l l - p e r v a d i n g fog. A " F o g K i n g " , w h o s e d a r k s h a d o w is o m i n o u s l y l o o m i n g o v e r t h e i r a b o d e s , s c a r e s t h e i r c h i l d r e n o u t of t h e i r w i t s . The m e a n i n g o f h i s h a u n t i n g p r e s e n c e Is h i d d e n f r o m b o t h t h e c h i l d r e n a n d the a d u l t s . As R u d k i n a dmi ts in A u t h o r ’s N o t e to th e p l a y , t h e I s l a n d e r s ’ b i z a r r e s p e e c h w i t h i t s a r c h a i s m s is a m e t a p h o r of t h e i r r e g r e s s i o n , which s o m e of t h e m w i l l e v e n t u a l l y t r a n s c e n d . The i s l a n d w h e r e the p r o c e e d i n g s o c c u r Is s a i d to b e a “ v o l c a n i c i s l a n d far ou t in th e A t l a n t i c f r o m n o r t h - w e s t c o a s t of E u r o p e " . It is f u r t h e r s u g g e s t e d t h a t it m i g h t b e a " r e m o t e n o l o g y h a v e b e e n p u t t° w o r k , bu t - in th e f r a m e w o r k o f t o t a -l i t a r i a n r e g i m e s - w h e r e a n y i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s of i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d r e b e l l i o n , as w e l l as a n y h i g h e r a m b i t i o n s , impulses, d r e a m s h a v e b e e n r e p r e s s e d " (A. K o w a l s k a , O d utopii, d o a n t y - u t o p i i , W a r s z a w a 1У 87 , p. 6). It is a F r e u d i a n a n t i u t o p i a in The S o n s of the L i g h t b e c a u s e in t h e p l o y " F r e u d i a n t e c h n o l o g y ” Is e m p l o y e d by N e b e w o h l ( T h e S o n s of L i g h t , L o n d o n lvfil; pp. 36, 37, 38) in o r d e r to c a p t i v a t e th e s o l d i e r s in t h e r o c k ; it is a l s o th at t h e F r e u d i a n “p a t r i a r c h a l11 m e c h a n i s m s g o v e r n th e life a n d m i n o s of th e v i l l a g e r s o f th e i s l a n d. T he e n d e a v o u r of the f o r c e s of “ l i g h t " to c h a n g e a n d l i b e -r a t e the p e o p l e in b o t h s t r a t a is c u l m i n a t e d by a k i n d of " u t o -p i a n " e r u -p t i o n a n d a w a k e n i n g ( " u t o p i a n " , b e c a u s e it is i d ea l, it is " n o w h e r e " , it is n o t th e p o r t r a i t of t h e re al w o r l d or t he r e a l p o l i t i c a l or s o c i a l o r d e r . (К o w з I s к з, op. cit., P. 5); Th is r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t F r e u d i a n p a t r i a r c h y is s t i m u l a t -e d by t h -e j d -e a s o f W. R e i c h , R. 0. L a i n g , a n d o t h e r s , as I am t r y i n g to a r g u e in t he t ex t oi t h e a r t i c l e .
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S c o t t i s h i s l a n d " , the r e m o t e n e s s b e i n g m o r e of a m y t h i c a l f a -b l e l i k e q u a l i t y t h a n r e v e a l i n g an y r e a l l y d i s t i n c t l o c a l c h a -r a c t e -r . Th e i s l a n d s e e m s to be n u r s i n g s o m e c h i l l i n g s e c r e t in its h e a r t of s t o n e , th e s e c r e t b e i n g s o m e h o w c o n n e c t e d w i t h " t h e d e e p " , w h i c h fo r e v e r s u r r o u n d s , i n v a d e s an d c o u r t s it. " T h e d e e p " is of c o u r s e th e o c e a n a n d it f i l l s the i s l a n d e r s w i t h p r i m o r d i a l fe ar . P a s t o r B e n g r y a n d h i s t h r e e s o n s w i t h b i b l i c a l na m es, Jo hn , S a m u e l an d M i c h a e l , i n t r o d u c e c h a n g e s i n t o t h e i s l a n d e r s ’ c o m -m u n i t y by t h e i r v e r y f r e e a n d f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . In the e y e s o f the v i l l a g e r s the t h r e e s o n s s h o u l d be s e n t to t he lo ca l s c h o o l a n d s u b j e c t e d to the s t r i c t d i -s c i p l i n e " o b -s e r v e d by al l t h e r e s t " , i n s t e a d of " r o a m i n g l i k e s a v a g e b e a s t s , w i l d - r e a r e d , w i l d - d r e s s e d s e w i n g wi ldness in o u r • c h i l d r e n ’s h e a d s " . It s e e m s t h a t for B e n g r y ’s s o n s t h e i s l a n d i t s e l f is the s c h o o l a n d e a c h of t h e m r e a d s h i s b o o k in it: M i c h a e l the f l o w e r s , S a m u e l th e s h o r e w i t h it s v a r i e t y o f shells, J o h n the ro ck . P a s t o r B e n g r y s a y s a b o u t th em : O u r s o n s a r e n e v e r a l t o g e t h e r o u r s . A n g e l s o n l y , l o a n e d us a l i t t l e w h i l e : for o u r m e a n f a t h e r i n g . S t r a n g e r s : f r o m s o m e f u r t h e r s h o r e L. . . P T h i s s o u n d s v e r y s i m i l a r to t h e p o e m by K a h l i l G i b r a n , q u o t e d in a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i c t e x t s 4 : } 0. R u d к i n, Th e S o n s of L i g h t , E y r e M e t h u e n , L o n d o n 1981, p. 17. All r e f e r e n c e s in the t e x t w i l l b e to t h i s ed i tio n.4 To the g r o u p of " a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i c " t h i n k e r s o n e m a y i n -c l u d e , a m o n g o t h e r s , s u c h t h i n k e r s as R. D. L a i n g , 0. C o o p e r , A. E s t e r s o n , w h o a r e r e g a r d e d as th e c o n t i n u a t o r s of e x i s t e n -t i a l i s m in -th e f i e l d of p s y c h i a t r y , th ey d e f i n e t h e m s e l v e s as a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i s t s . It is a l s o t he m a j o r f i g u r e of th e s o c i o -l o g i s t , T. S z a s z , w h o m a y be i n c l u d e d h e r e , W i t h th e g r o u p also s u c h t h i n k e r s as E. M o r i n , Ê. F r o m m , A. M a s l o w a r e a s s o c i a t e d , the F r e n c h c o m m e n t a t o r s of th e a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i c m o v e m e n t a r e Ch. O e l a c a m p a g n e , R. J a c c a r d a nd R. B a s t i d e , a m o n g o t h e r s , M. F o u -c a u l t m i g h t b e l o o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h i s w a y of t h i n k i n g . T he P o l i s h t h i n k e r s , A. K ę p i ń s k i , К. D ą b r o w s k i m a y b e s a i d to h a v e g i v e n an o r i g i n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e i r o w n to the a n t i - - p s y c h i a t r y as a m o d e r n a p p r o a c h to ma n. S p e a k i n g v e r y g e n e -r a l l y , it is a wa y of t h i n k i n g w h i c h o p p o s e s th e t r a d i t i o n a l p s y c h i a t r y as a h i d d e n f o r m of r e p r e s s i o n a n d v i o l e n c e . It ' h e n c e f o r t h c o n s t i t u t e s a c r i t i q u e of Fr e u d i a ni s in a n d th e " p a -t r i a r c h a l " n a -t u r e of m o d e r n s o c i e t y .
Y o u r c h i l d r e n a r e n o t y o u r c h i l d r e n . T h e y a r e s o n s a nd d a u g h t e r s of d e s i r e of L i f e for i t s o w n sa ke . I h e n go t h r o u g h yo u, bu t do n o t c o m e f r o m you, A n d t h o u g h t h e y a r e w i t h yo u, t h e y d o n ’t b e l o n g to you. Y o u c a n g i v e t h e m y o u r lo v e, b u t n o t y o u r t h o u g h t s . B e c a u s e t he y h a v e t h e i r o w n t h o u g h t s . Y o u c a n t r e a t t h e i r b o d i e s b u t n o t t h e i r s o u l s , B e c a u s e t h e i r s o u l s l i v e in the h o u s e o f t h e f u t u r e w h i c h yo u c a n n o t vi s i t , e v e n in y o u r d r e a m s ‘J. In R u d k i n ’s p l a y " A s h e s " , C o l i n Harcling, i n t e r v i e w e d b y S o -c i a l S e r v i -c e s O f f i -c e r a b o u t a d o p t i n g a -c h i l d , a n s w e r s t h e o f f i -c e r ’s q u e s t i o n a b o u t h i s m o t i v a t i o n for p a r e n t h o o d , in a w a y w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s to w h a t P a s t o r Q e n g r y t h i n k s a b o u t p a r e n t h o o d as w e l l as to th e a n t i - a u t h o r i t a r i a n , a n t i - p a t r i a r c h a l a t t i -t u de s of W i l h e l m R e i c h a n d the a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i s t s : C o l i n : A c h i l d to c o m e to us, a b s o l u t e in h i s o w n r i g h t , h i s o w n i n h e r i t a n c e , f r e e of o u r s ... R e a l c h i l d , a d a u g h t e r , a so n , r e a l ... R e a l f l e s h , r e a l s e lf , r e a l p e r s o n , r e a l ... to c o m e to us, s i d e l o n g ... N o t d o w n f r o m us, b u t o u t , a c r o s s the w o r l d , to u s . . . 6 C o l i n p r o n o u n c e s w h a t B e n g r y in " T h e S o n s of L i g h t " n o t o n l y v e r b a l i z e s b u t a l s o e m b o d i e s a n d p u t s i n t o a c t i o n - b e c a u s e h e r e t h e s e id e as a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a n d a c t e d o u t t h r o u g h th e p l a y ’s a c t i o n a n d i m a g e r y . Ih e y c o n c e r n the a n t i p s y c h i a -t r i c s e n s i b i l i -t y a b o u -t e d u c a t i o n , w h i c h g o e s b a c k to J. J. R o u s s e a u 7 . T h is a t t i t u d e b a l a n c e s a n d l i m i t s t h e r o l e of th e f a t h e r , r e n d e r i n g h i s a u t h o r i t y n o n - r e p r e s s i v e , as o p p o s e d to t h e r e p r e s s i v e a u t h o r i t a r i a n p a t r i a r c h a l c h a r a c t e r of m o d e r n s o c i e t y , th e s o c i e t y s e e n t h r o u g h the e y e s of a l a i n g i a n a n t i - - p s y c h i a t r i c t h i n k e r . A c c o r d i n g to t h i s vi e w , t h e f a m i l y c a n b e p r e s e r v e d , p r o v i d e d th e " O e d i p a l " f i x a t i o n s a r e d i s e n c h a n t e d a n d e x o r c i z e d , a n d e d u c a t i o n is n o t u n d e r s t o o d as a n e x c l u s i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h th e f a t h e r - t h e b e a r e r of L a c a n ’s " s y m b o l i c J K. G i b r a n, L e P r o p h e t e , P a r i s 1956 , Hin:] G a l e r n i c y w r a ż l i w o ś c i , op. c i t . , p. 313. 6 ü. R u d к i n, A s h e s , S a m u e l F r e n c h , L o n d o n 19 74 , p. 43. 7 G a l e r n i c y w r a ż l i w o ś c i , a p r a c . i red. H. J a n i o n , S. R o s i e k , G d a ń s k 1 9 81 , p. 313.
o r d e r " , w h o “ f o r b i d s i n c e s t , t h r e a t e n s c a s t r a t i o n [...], i n a u -В g u r a t i n g a g e n t of L a w " . B e n g r y ’s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h h i s s o n s is b a s e d o n a u t h o r i t y a n d d i s c i p l i n e b u t of th e k i n d w h i c h e l i m i n a t e s c o e r c i o n a n d p r e s s u r e in f a v o u r of f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e a n d m u t u a l t r u s t . T h is k i n d of r e l a t i o n s h i p is o p p o s e d to f a l s e p r a c t i c e s o f d i s c i p l i n e o n the is l a n d , b a s e d o n fe ar . T h ey c r u s h e d th e s o u l of C h i l d M a n a t o n d i n to a s e r i e s of d i s c o n t i n u o u s f r a g m e n t s of th e u n -c o n s -c i o u s , a n d t he y d o m i n a t e the l i v e s o f t h e i s l a n d e r s w i t h t h e i r g r im , f o s s i l i z e d r e l i g i o u s r i t u a l s . The f o l l o w i n g s u m m o n s coroes r i g h t a f t e r f o r e g o i n g B e n g r y ’s s p e e c h a b o u t th e s o n s w h o a r e " n e v e r a l t o g e t h e r o u r s " : F o g : t h r o u g h it, c h a p e l b e l l h e r e , s c h o o l b e l l t h e r e , w a r n i n g : t h e i r r h y t h m s , p i t c h a n o m a l o u s . ♦“ S i s t e r Cr oy : Un a! - O a v e y l In, c h i l d , u i r t h e F o g k i n g ' l l g e t ye! - Un a! / A n g s t - r i d d e n , h a u n t e d . / U n a ! In! Th e F o g K i n g ’ll g e t y e ! / F o g h o r n m u t e d a f a r . / Una! (P. I, I, p. 17) The F o g K i n g , a g h o s t - l i k e f a t h e r f i g u r e , l y i n g in w a i t in the fog, m a y s t a n d f o r th e r e p r e s s i v e p a t r i a r c h a l l a w s p e a k i n g t h r o u g h th e i s l a n d e r s u n c o n s c i o u s . The w a y R u d k i n c o n c e i v e s of t h i s u n c o n s c i o u s c o r r e s p o n d s in m y v i e w to th e p o s t - F r e u d i a n a n d f e m i n i s t r e a d i n g o f it: t h e F r e u d i a n u n c o n s c i o u s s e e n as a " t h e d o m a i n of r e p r o d u c t i o n of c u l t u r e or i d e o l o g y " . T he p a -t r i a r c h a l l aw is p r e s s e d a n d e m b e d d e d i n t o e a c h c h i l d ’s u n -c o n s -c i o u s , t o t u r n t h e c h i l d i n t o an a u t o m a t o n , a R e i c h i a n " c h a r a c t e r a r m o u r ” , i.e., e i t h e r an a u t h o r i t a r i a n or a s u b m i s -s i v e p e r -s o n a l i t y 1 0 . T h e e -s c a p e f r o m t h at p s y c h i c e n c a p s u l a t i o n is e f f e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e s o - c a l l e d " s c h i z o p h r e n i a ” of c h i l d M a n a t o n d , the d a u g h t e r of o n e o f t he v i l l a g e e l d e r s . H e r f a t h -e r is a c r i p p l e d m a n in a w h e e l c h a i r , f o g - b o u n d a n d h a u n t e d l i k e t h e o t h e r s by a " F o g - K i n g " w i t h i n . О S t r u c t u r a l i s m a n d S i n c e . F r o m L e v i S t r a u s s to D e r r i d a , ed. 0. S t u r r o c k , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , O x f o r d , N e w Y o r k 19 84 , p. 134. 9 J. H i t с h e 1 1 , P s y c h o a n a l y s i s a n d F e m i n i s m , P e n g u i n B o o k s 19B2 , p. 413. 10 I b i d e m , p. 20 5.
B e n g r y a n d h i s s o n s try to b r e a k t h r o u g h the " t u g " that e n -g u l f s the is l a n d e r s . B e n g r y t u c n a th eir r e l i g i o u s c e r e m o n y u p -s i d e do wn , I n t r o d u c i n g on e C h a l i c e in w h i c h t he " B l o o d of L i f e " is g a t h e r e d a n d s e l e c t s on e s t e w a r d " to s t a n d at th e T a b l e of the Lo r d " . It is S t e p h e n V e s c a n a b , a lad w h o 13 "f u r - e v e r s t r a y i n ’ in s o m e f u r n a c e in the h e a d " , w h o m B e n g r y c h o p s e s fo r h i s s t e w a r d . Vet V e s c a n a b r e n o u n c e s the s e r v i c e a n d s e t s o f f for a n e w w o r l d . O n h i s wa y he s t u m b l e s u p o n th e unde rwo rld / o n e d e e p o o w n in the b o w e l s of the i s l a n d , a n d c o n f r o n t s Go * we r, a d e p e r s o n a l i z e d , r e i f i e d a u t o m a t o n - l i k e r e m n a n t of a h u -m a n b e in g . The p l a c e t u r n s o u t to b e a k i n d of a n i g h t m a r i s h , s c i e n c e - f i c t i o n - 1 i k e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a m p or a t o t a l i t a r i a n st a t e .
Îh e t e c h n o l o g y t e s t e d a n d a p p l i e d h e r e in the n a m e of s c i e n c e Is the p r o d u c t i o n - on the b a s i s of a t r a v e s t y of the f r e u -d i a n f o r m u l a of t he s u b l i m a t i o n of i m p u l s e - o f s u c h d e h u m a -n i z e d -n u m b e d b e i -n g s in s e r i a l n u m b e r s a n d r ari ks-l abe ls, su c h as "Gold" a n d " I r o n " * * . T h e s e b e i n g s s p e n d th ei r t im e in e n d -l es s to i-l , in o r d e r to r e a c h the k i n g d o m of a " K i n g of L o v e " a n a be “ t u r n e d i n t o li g h t " . V e s c a n a b n e a r l y m a n a g e s to b r i n g G o w e r up into th e w o r l d a n d l i b e r a t e hi m , b u t m i s s e s h i m by a n i n c h on a c c o u n t of the s u m m o n s of a f o g - h o r n , G o w e r is in t u r n s u b j e c t e d by t he " K i n g of L o v e " a n d h i s f a i t h f u l c o m p a n i o n , H o l s t ) to S o m e c r u e l a n d o b s c e n e c e r e m o n y of t o r t u r e , a i m e d at f i n d i n g a n d e r a d i c a t i n g a n i n h e r e n t " b l e m i s h " in turn. Ö e n g r y ’s s o n s e x p l o r e the i s l a n d a n d a r e e x p o s e d to s t r a n g e m e e t i n g s , to w h i c h th e tw in s, M i c h a e l a n d S a m u e l , fa ll v i c t i m , M i c h a e l d i s c o v e r s a w a l l d i v i d i n g the i s l a n d , w i t h a f o r t r e s s r o o f a n d b l a c k s o l d i e r s on it. L a t e r he m e a t s a g i a n t f i g u r e in t he fog, m a s k e d , w e a r i n g a r o b e a n d a c r o w n of a kin g, 51 The R e i c h i a n c o n c e p t of " c h a r a c t e r a r m o u r " w h i c h 1 a p -p l i e s in r e l a t i o n to t h e v i l l a g e r s of the i s l a n d , m a y b e s a i d to be a p p l i c a b l e to R u d k i n ’s u n d e r g r o u n d z o n e as w e l l , a n d t he " m e t a l " n a m e s - l a b e l s , s u c h as G o l d a n d I ron , s e e m to h a v e b e e n c h o s e n by R u d k i n w i t h d e l i b e r a t e r e f e r e n c e to w. R e i c h ’ s v i s i o n of s o c i e t y , as h e p r e s e n t s it, fo r e x a m p l e , in "The M a s s P s y c h o l o g y of f a s c i s m " , P e n g u i n B o o k s i‘>B3. I a m d e a l i n g w i t h s o m e a s p e c t s of it in t he c o u r s e of t he a r t i c l e . M i t- c h e 1 1* s c r i t i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n of tf. R e i c h ' s i d e a s in h e r " P s y c h o a n a l y s i s a n d F e m i n i s m " (p . l37-?23), m a y b e a l s o g u i d -in g -in u n d e r s t a n d i n g R u d k i n ’s a n t i u t o p i a n wo r l d .
a c c o m p a n i e d by H o l s t , a " p o r n o g r a p h i c b l a c k a n g e l " . Ihia m e e t i n g b r i n g s a b o u t M i c h a e l ’s b l i n d n e s s , w h i c h N e b e w o h l , t he d a r k m e n a c i n g d o c t o r , s u p p o s e d l y " c u r e s " , b u t in f a c t th e o i n t m e n t for t h e e y e s b r i n g s M i c h a e l h i s d e a t h . Hi s t w i n br ot h er , Samuel, a l s o b e c o m e s a n i n c o n v e n i e n t w i t n e s s : he l e a r n s t h a t t h e p r e -v i o u s P a s t o r , S c a r w e t h , a n d th e n i n e t e e n c h i l d r e n u n d e r h i s g u i d a n c e « e r e no t, in f a c t , d r o w n e d , as t h e v i l l a g e s t o r y h o l d 3 , b u t a r e a l i v e ; the P a s t o r w i t h h i s t o n g u e c u t o u t , lest h e s h o u l d b e t r a y th e d a r k s e c r e t , a n d t h e c h i l d r e n , d e m e n t e d a n d d e f o r m e d in t he n a m e of s c i e n c e , r o a m i n g S i r W e n d e l l ‘з s h o r e . W i t h th is k n o w l e d g e S a m u e l c a n n o t be a l l o w e d t o live a n d s o o n N e b e w o h l , a c c o m p a n i e d by s o m e of t he d e m e n t e d a n d d e f o r m e d c h i l d r e n , a b o y - w o m a n a n d a g i r l - m a n , d r o w n s S a m u e l in the " d e e p " .
it is l e f t for the e l d e s t son, Jo hn , t o l i b e r a t e b o t h s t r a -ta. H e d o e s it in a g r a n d s t y l e of b i b l i c a l p r o p h e t s ; h e is l e d by Y e s c a n a b to the " u n d e r w o r l d " of the v o l c a n o a n d sets the e n s l a v e d s o l d i e r - w o r k e r s f r ee , f o r c i n g N e b e w o h l a n d h i s a s -s i -s t a n t , M i -s -s W e m w o o d , to s e e k a h a s t y e v a c u a t i o n by p l a n e . In th e v i l l a y e , c h i l d M a n a t o n d , a s t o u n d e d a n d s h o c k e d , l a c e s h « r c r i p p l e d f a t h e r ' s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n in to the a u t o m a t o n - l i k e F o g K i n g , s u m m o n e d by the f o g - h o r n to h i s b e a s t l i k e d u t i e s . T h u s th e “K i n g of L o v e " , fo r w h o m " G o l d " a n d " I r o n " s o l d i e r s m e l t e d in hfcstasy in th e n e t h e r w o r l d of U o c t o r N e b e w o h l , t u r n s o u t to b e o l d M a n a t o n d in h i s p o s t - ü e d i p a l , f o g - b o u n d n o c t u r n a l a- v a t a r . B u t t h e r e is n o k i n g d o m a n y m o r e for h i m : th e m i l l -s t o n e -s of the n e t h e r w o r l d a r e t o r n a s u n d e r a n d J o h n ’s v o i c e of a b i b l i c a l p r o p h e t b r i n g s a b o u t th e v i o l e n t e r u p t i o n of t h e d e a d v o l c a n o . B e i n g s , r a v e n i n g f or f r e e d o m a n d life, a r e s t r i v -in g u p w a r d s , l e a v i n g t h e P i t b e h i n d . Ihe e r u p t i o n of t h e f o r -c e s of l i fe f r o » u n d e r n e a t h the c o c k c o m e s t o g e t h e r w i t h c h i l d M a n a t o n d ’s " w a k e n i n g “ or s p i r i t u a l r e b i r t h s 11 Th e i s l a n d to w h i c h ö e n g r y a n d h i s th r ee , s o n s c o m e is s u r -r o u n d e d by the " d e e p " a c r o s s w h i c h t h e r e a r e n o s h i p s . Th e f a t h e r a n d th e s o n s a r e d i s c o v e r e d at th e e m p t y s e a s h o r e which
is a p i e c e ot d e s o l a t i o n w h e r e th e r o c k m e e t s the o c e a n ; th e y ar e “p o or , b u r d e n e d w i t h s c r a p s of l u g g a g e " , t h e p l a c e is b l e a k an d u n i n v i t i n g . O n e m i g h t a s s o c i a t e it w i t h a B e c k e t t i a n s c e n e a n d th e l i m b o w h ic h , as h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t by c r i t i c s , is o f t e n s y m b o l i z e d in B e c k e t t by th e p l a i n , a w a s t e l a n d or an 12 e m p t y s e a s h o r e Th e s e t t i n g in th at p a r t i c u l a r l a n d s c a p e a n d it s c h a r a c -t e r i s -t i c s ar e v e ry i m p o r t a n t in " T he Sorts of L i g h t " , b e c a u s e in t hi s p l a y R u d k i n for th e f i r s t t im e m a y b e s a i d to h a v e u s e d the s t a g e as an A r t a u d i a n " a l c h e m i c a l r e t o r t " * * , i.B., a v e h i c l e fo r e f f e c t i n g c h a n g e s in o u r w a y of c o m p r e h e n d i n g a n d e x p e r -i e n c -i n g l-ife , in o u r v e r y m o d e of b e i n g . T he t e rm " a l c h e m i c a l t h e a t r e " w a s u s e d by A. A r t a u d , w i t h a h i g h d e g r e e of e m o t i o -na l c h a r g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h is t h i n k e r a n d t h e a t r i c a l ar-14 ti st , in h i s е з э а у " A l c h e m i c a l T h e a t r e " . A r t a u d w r i t e s he r e : L i k e a l c h e m y w h i c h , t h a n k s to its s y m b o l s , is as if a s p i -r i t u a l O o u b l e of a c t i v i t y , w h i c h b e c o m e s e f f e c t i v e o n th e p l a n e of a c t u a l m a t t e r o n ly , s o th e t h e a t r e s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d as a O o u b l e , bu t n o t of t h i s e v e r y d a y an d d i r e c t r e a l i t y C . . J ; r a t h e r a D o u b l e of a n o t h e r r e a l i t y , t y p i c a l if d a n g e r o u s , w h e r e g r e a t P r i n c i p l e s in th e l i k e n e s s of d o l p h i n s , h a v i n g s h o w n t h e i r h e a d s for a w h i l e , h u r r y b a c k to th e d a r k d e p t h s of w a -t e r s 1s. H e a l s o c o m p a r e s h i s " a l c h e m i c a l t h e a t r e " to th e o r p h i e m y s t e r i e s a n d s a y s t ha t w h i l e a l c h e m y g i v e s s p i r i t u a l m e a n s of c l e a n s i n g an d t r a n s f o r m i n g m a t t e r , the m y s t e r i e s m u s t h a v e r e -p r e s e n t e d th e p e n e t r a t i o n a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of m a t t e r by s p i -r i t 1 6 . In th e c o n c l u d i n g s e n t e n c e of t h e e s s a y A r t a u d w r i t e s t h at th e m y s t e r i e s 12 G. C. B a r n a r d , S a m u e l B e c k e t t , A N e w A p p r o a c h , L o n d o n 1970, p. 48. 13 A. A r t a u d, T e a t r i j e g o s o b o w t ó r , W a r s z a w a 19 66 , p. 69 -7 3. 14 I b i d e m , p. 6 9 -7 3. 15 I b i d e m , p. 69. 16 I b i d e m, p. 72.
[...] m u s t h a v e s o l v e d o r e v e n a n n i h i l a t e d al l c o n f l i c t s c a u s e d b y the a p p o s i t i o n of s p i r i t a n d m a t t e r , i d e a a n d for m , a b s t r a c t i o n a n d t h e c o n c r e t e a n d f u s e d al l a p p e a r a n c e s t o g e t h -er i n t o o n o e x p r e s s i o n , in the l i k e n e s s of s p i r i t u a l g o l d " ? The t e r m s " a l c h e m y " a n d " a l c h e m i c a l " w e r e u s e d by A. A r -t a ud in h i s w r i -t i n g s on t h e a t r e a n d i t s " c a t h a r t i c " - to us e t he c l a s s i c t e r m - e f f e c t , a n d by C. G. J u n g in h i s p s y c h o -a n -a l y t i c s t u d i e s o f m y t h , r e l i g i o n a n d u n i v e r s a l a r c h e t y p e s . T h e y h a v e b e e n t a k e n o v e r b y th e f o l l o w e r s a n d i n t e r p r e t o r s of t h e s e t wo t h i n k e r s , a n d h a v e e n t e r e d t he f i e l d of l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m via t h e d e p t h p s y c h o l o g y of F r e u d a n d Ju ng . On th e o t h e r h a n d , " a l c h e m y " , t r e a t e d a s o n e of t h e f o r m s of a n c i e n t a n d m e d i e v a l g n o s i s , th e l a t t e r u n d e r s t o o d as " t h e e x p l o r a -18 t i o n of t h e s p i r i t u a l a s p e c t of m a t t e r " , h a s c o n s t i t u t e d a n e c e s s a r y l i nk b e t w e e n the o l d " g n o s t i c " e s c h a t o l o g i c a l w a y of a p p r o a c h i n g m a n ' s d e s t i n y a n d the f i n d i n g s of p s y c h o a n a l y s i s . It h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t by th e p s y c h o a n a l y t i c l i t e r a r y c r i t i c s of J u n g i a n o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t F r e u d ’s n o t i o n of th e s u b l i m a t i o n of i m p u l s e m a y b e d i r e c t l y r e f e r r e d to a l c h e m i c a l " s u b l i m a -19 ti on " . T he p o i n t t h a t the d e p t h p s y c h o l o g y , a lchemy a n d g n o s -is in g e n e r a l a r e a k i n a n d t h a t in fa c t it is g n o s i s a n d a l -c h e m y in p a r t i -c u l a r th a t o p e n s t he d o o r to t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e u n c o n s c i o u s h a d b e e n r a i s e d by C. G. J u n g a n d t h e f o l -l o w e r s of J u n g s u c h as A n i e l a J a f f é , J o l a n d e J a c o b i , J o s e p h L. H e n d e r s o n , M . -L . v o n F r a n z , J. E. C i r l o t , a m o n g o t h e r s . The t h o u g h t of C. G. J u n g m a y be a n d h a s i n d e e d b e e n called a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e a n c i e n t g n o s t i c t h o u g h t , w h i c h was, a c -c o r d i n g to J e r z y P r o k o p i u k , b a s e d o n " i n n e r e x p e r i e n c e " a n d 1 ^ I b i d e m , p. 73. IB J. P r o k o p i u k , P a r a d y g m a t w y o b r a ź n i , " L i t e r a t u r a na ś w i e c i e " 1982 , nr 3-4, p. 6. Ch. N i с h o i 1 in ’’Th e C h e -m i c a l T h e a t r e " , R o u t l e d g e a n d K e g a n P a u l , L o n d o n 1 9 8 0, a l s o s e e s a l c h e m y a n d its e x o t i c s y m b o l i c as a k i n to C h r i s t i a n g n o -s t i c i -s m (p. 49 , 64) . 19 T. I y s k, K o n c e p c j a r o z w o j u c z ł o w i e k a w p r a c a c h a l -c h e m i k ó w , " P i s m o 1 i t u r a c k o - a r t y s t y c z n e " 19 85 , N o 9, p. 46. Th e a n a l o g i e s be tw ee n, a l c h e m i c a l a n d p s y c h i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , and a l -c h e m y , o p e r a t i v e in the " p a r t i c i p a t i o n m y s t i q u e " , s e e n a s i
V Q f o u n d e x p r e s s i o n in s y m b o l i c r i t u a l s . T h e t h o u g h t by A. A r -ta ud, as an a t t e m p t to b r e a k t h r o u g h th e m a t t e r - s p i r i t , b o d y - -niind o p p o s i t i o n s , i n v o k i n g a l c h e m y , e s o t e r i c r i t u a l s of i n i -t i a -t i o n , a n d a l s o s t r e s s i n g the w e i g h t of d i r e c t i n n e r e x p e -r i e n c e of b o t h t he a c t o -r a n d t he a u d i e n c e - m i g h t a l s o be a s -s o c i a t e d w i t h a m o d e r n v e r s i o n of g n o s i s , a n d i n d e e d S. S o n t a g r e f e r s to A r t a u d ’s " g n o s t i c c o n c e p t of the b o d y as m i n d t u r n-21 e d i n t o m a t t e r a n d t h e p h y s i c a l t h o u g h t s of t he b o d y " R u d k i n ’s p l a y m a y be, in m y vi ew , t r e a t e d as an Artaudiari " a l c h e m i c a l r e t o r t " w h i c h d r a m a t i z e s t h e m e t a m o r p h o s e s of " b o -d y " a n -d " s o u l " , " m a t t e r " an -d " s p i r i t " . As in an a l c h e m i c a l m e -t a m o r p h o s i s , t h e s e o p p o s i t e c a t e g o r i e s b e c o m e " d e s t i l l e d " , " t r a n s m u t e d " a n d m a d e to b u r s t ou t in a w a y t h a t b r i n g s i n t o b e i n g - or e l s e b r i n g s b a c k - t h e i r e s e e n t i a l u n i t y . T h i s is e f f e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of v i s u a l , v e r b a l a n d s c e n i c i m a g e s , i m a g e s w h i c h a re o f t e n a i m e d at t h e e f f e c t of p r o d u c -in g a s t r o n g p h y s i c a l r e s p o n s e or a " t o t a l r e s p o n s e " - th e g o al 22 w h i c h A r t a u d w a n t e d to a c h i e v e . In " T h e S o n s of L i g h t " a n d " T h e T r i u m p h of D e a t h " ( 1 9 8 1 ) , R u d k i n s e e m s to be r e s p o n d i n g to th e w a v e of c r i t i c i s m p r o v o k e d by " A f o r e N i g h t C o m e " , w h e r e b y h e w a s s o r t e d o u t as a " r e g i o n a l m e m b e r of th e T h e a t r e of 23 24 C r u e l t y " . C r i t i c s s u c h as K a t h a r i n e 3. W o r t h a n d C h r i s t o p h e r " f e r t i l e a r ea for th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d r e l i g i o u s i n t e r p r e t a -t i o n s of J u n g " , a re a l s o d i s c u s s e d by N i с o 1 1 in Fhe C h e m i c a l T h e a t r e , p. 5, 53; in f a c t th e w h o l e b o o k is d e v o t e d to t he e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e s e a n a l o g i e s a n d to t he a n a l y s i s of S h a k e s p e a r e ’s w o r l d as i n f l u e n c e d a n d o v e r s h a d o w e d by a l c h e m i -c a l s y m b o l i s m . 20 J. P г о к о p i u к, C G. Ju n g, c z y l i g n o z a XX w i e k u , [in:] C. G. J u n g, A r c h e t y p y i s y m b o l e . P i s m a w y b r a n e , W a r -s z a w a 19 81 , p. 34. 21 A n I n t e r v i e w w i t h S u s a n S o n t a g , in " D i a l o g u e " 19 86 , N o 1, p. 28. 22 A. A r t a u d, Th e T h e a t r e a n d Its D o u b l e , J o h n C a l - d e r, L o n d o n 1981 , p. 35. 23 F. L u m 1 e y, N e w T r e n d s i n 2 0 t h C e n t u r y D r a m a , .Lon-do n 19 72 , p. 319. 24 K. J. W о r t h, R e v o l u t i o n s in M o d e r n B r i t i s h D r a m a , L o n d o n 1 9 7 2 , . p. 145. W o r t h l i n k s R u d k i n ’s " A f o r e N i g h t C o m e " w i t h a " c r o p of ’c r u e l ’ p l a y s [.. . ] in t h e A r t a u d c o n c e p t " , an d a l t h o u g h s h e a c k n o w l e d g e s th at it s o u n d s a " d e e p e r n o t e " , s h e
25 I n n a s a l s o a s s o c i a t e d " A f o r n Nlgftt C o m e " w i t h A r t a u d , bu t d i d n o t s e e m s u r e as to w h a t to m a k e of It. J o h n R u s s e l T a y -lor a p p e a r s to be t h e o n e w h o g a v e t h e p l a y the f a i r e s t d e g r e e of c r i t i c a l a t t e n t i o n w h e n h e w r o t e th a t " l i k e th e F r e n c h t h e -o r i s t , Rudklri э е е з d r a m a t i c p e r f -o r m a n c e p r i m a r i l y as s o m e t h i n g w h i c h a c t s s u b l i m i n a l 1 у , r e l e a s i n g f r o m the s u b c o n s c i o u s m i n d f o r c e s o f w h i c h th e c o n s c i o u s , c i v i l i z e d m i n d is v i r t u a l l y u n -a w -ar e " ^ * ’. In t h e s e c o n d L e i t e r o n C r u e l t y A r t a u d w r i t e s : I u s e t h e w o r d " c r u e l t y " in t he s e n s e of h u n g e r i n g a f t e r li f e , c o s m i c s t r i c t n e s s , r e l e n t l e s s n e c e s s i t y , in t h e G n o s t i c s e n s e o f a l i v i n g v o r t e x e n g u I l i n g d a r k n e s s , tThe l i n e h a s b e e n u n d e r l i n e d by t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r ”], iii the s e n s e o f the i n -e s c a p a b l y n -e c -e s s a r y p a i n w i t h o u t w h i c h l if e c o u l d n o t co n t in u e. G o o d h a s to be d e s i r e d , it Is th e r e s u l t of a n a c t of w i l l -p o w e r , w h i l e e v i l is c o n t i n u o u s . W h e n th e h i d d e n g o d c r e a t e s , h e o b e y s a c r u e l n e e d f o r c r e a t i o n i m p o s e d o n h i m , y e t he c a n -n o t a v o i d c r e a t i -n g , t h u s p e r m i t t i n g an e v e r m o r e __ c o n d e n s e d . ever, m o r e c o n s u m e d n u c l e u s of e v i l to e n t e r t h e e y e__ of th e ÿ T l l e d v o r te x ô T ' g ô ü d r T h e a t r e in th e s e n s e o f c o n s t a n t c r e a -tio n, a w h o l l y m a g i c a ct , o b e y s t h i s n e c e s s i t y 27. T h is te xt , h o w e v e r r e c o n d i t e a n d h e a v i l y c h a r g e d e m o t i o n a l -ly, m a y t h r o w s o m e l i g h t on R u d k i n as the " r e g i o n a l m e m b e r of t h e T h e a t r e o f C r u e l t y " . In my vi ew , R u d k i n u s e s s o m e f r e e l y 2 Й c n o s e n e l e m e n t s of g n o s t i c , e s p e c i a l l y M a n l c h a e a n , m y t h s , o o e s o n to s a y th a t " m o s t l y th e p l a y s in thi's v e i n h a v e b e e n £ . . . ] , m o r e l i k e l y to d e p r e s s a n d c o n f i n e t h e m i n d t h a n s e n d it s p i n n i n g in a n o t h e r d i m e n s i o n - th e g o a l A r t a u d a i m e d at ". 2 5 Ch. I n n e s, H o l y T h ea t re . R i t u a l a n d th e A v a n t G a r d e C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e 1981, p. 231. I n n e s s t r e s s -e s a n " u n i n t -e n t i o n a l -e f f -e c t of p a r o d y " e v o k e d b y t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e o r i d i n a r i n e s s of t he c h a r a c t e r s arid t h e i r " i n c o -h e r e n t -h i n t s " a b o u t " t h e B l o o d " a n d " t h e L a m b " * a n d t h e w h o l e r i t u a l s a c r i f i c e in A f o r e N i g h t C o m e . T h i s o p i n i o n s e e m s to me q u i t e w r o n g ; y e t it is p o s s i b l e t h at R u d k i n ’s l a t e r characters m a y b e r e g a r d e d as m o r e " e x t r a o r d i n a r y " , f or e x a m p l e C h i l d M a - n a t o n d , N e b e w o h l o p H o l s t in T h e S o n s of L i g h t o r a c h a i n of " e v o l v i n g " c h a r a c t e r s In 0, R u d к 1 n ’ s T h e T r i u m p h of D e a t h , L o n d o n 1981. J, R. T a y I о r, A n g e r a n d A f t e r , M e t h u e n , L o n d o n 196^ p. 308. i ? A. A r t a u d , T he T h e a t r e a n d . . . , p. 80. 28 The i m p a c t of g n o s t i c , e s p e c i a l l y M a n i c h a e a n m y t h o l o g y is a l s o p r e s e n t in R u d k i n ’s t e l e v i s i o n p l a y R e n d a ’s F e n £1974}.
a nd c o m b i n e s t h em w i t h an a w a r e n e s s of A r t a u d ’s t e a c h i n g s • T h o s e two s o u r c e s of i n s p i r a t i o n зге a c t u a l l y q u i t e c l o s e to e a c h o t h e r , w h e n we b e a r In m i n d t h a t A. A r t a u d , t o g e t h e r w i t h C. G. J u ng , may be r e g a r d e d as t h i n k e r s g e n e r a t i n g a m o d e r n v a r i e t y of g n o s t i c m y t h s . Th us in " T h e S o n s of L i g h t " we d i s c o v e r the f a t h e r , i.e. P a s t o r B e n g r y , a n d h i s t h r e e s o n s at t h e e m p t y s e a s h o r e . Th ey h a v e c o m e by a l i t t l e p l a n e w h i c h f l i e s a c r o s s the " d e e p " j u s t o n e e v e n i n g of th e we e k , they h a v e c o m e f r o m a b o v e , f r o m e l s e w h e r e ; th e y ar e s t r a n g e r s to the i s l a n d a n d its i n h a b i t a n t s . " T h e a l i e n is t h a t w h i c h s t e m s f r o m e l s e w h e r e and d o e s n o t b e l o n g h e r e " - w r i t e s Haris J o n a s in " T h e G n o s t i c R e l i -g i o n " . It is t h e " g r e a t f i r s t a l i e n L i f e f r o m th e w o r l d 3 of 29 l i gh t s u b l i m e that s t a n d s a b o v e all w o r k s " . B a n g r y a n d h i a s o n s m a y be r e g a r d e d as th e a g e n t s of t he a l i e n li fe , l i f e w h o l l y a l i e n to th e i n h a b i t a n t s of the is l a n d , a n d R ud k in s ee m s to be p r o j e c t i n g a k i n d of m y t h i c a l s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t he s o n s of l i g h t a n d the s o n s o f d a r k n e s s . The s t r u g g l e is o n e of the c h i e f m o t i f s in the g n o s t i c m y t h o l o g y , as p r e s e n t e d a n d i n t e r -p r e t e d by H a n s J o n a s in " T he G n o s t i c R e l i g i o n " * 0 . The v e r y title of th e p l a y c a l l s fo r a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h g n o s t i c m y t h i c a l f i -g u r e s , th e " s o n s of l i -g h t " b e i n -g in the f o r e g r o u n d of t h e s e ea - c h a t o l o g i c a l c o m b a t s 3 1 . W i t h r e g a r d to A r t a u d ’s id e a of th e " l i v i n g v o r t e x e n g u l f i n g d a r k n e s s " , the i s l a n d it s el f w i t h its t wo p l a n e s , the s u r f a c e p l a n e a n d th e h i d d e n on e, m a y b e t r e a t -e d a s t h-e r -e g i o n of m y t h i c a l " d a r k n e s s " , ari " e v e r m o r e c o n d e n s -ed, e v e r m o r e c o n s u m e d n u c l e u s of e v i l " . It is " e n g u l f e d " by t he " d e e p " , w h i c h , as w e d i s c o v e r , is v e r y i m p o r t a n t in th is m y t h i c a l l a n d s c a p e an d m a y i n d e e d be n a m e d a " l i v i n g v o r t e x " , in th e g n o s t i c s e n s e as m e a n t b y A r t a u d , as we l l as In a p s y -c h o a n a l y t i -c s e n s e of t h e l i v i n g p o t e n t i a l of t o t a l c o n s c i o u s -n e s s , d r e a d e d a -n d r e p e l l i -n g w h e -n a l i e -n a n d u n e x p l o r e d , b u t liffc-g iv ing w h e n o n e c o m e s to k n o w it.
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H. J o n a s , Th e G n o s t i c R e l i g i o n , B e a c o n P r e s s , B o -s t o n 19 66 , p. 49.
30 I b i d e m , p. 2 1 8 - 2 1 9 .
32 P a s t o r B e u g r y c o m e s f r o m t he " b e y o n d " , g i r d e d w i t h h i s 33 s o n s - th e s o n s of l i g h t - as an a r m o r for b a t t l e A c c o r d i n g to H a n s J o n a s , th e g n o s t i c t e r m s " l i g h t " a n d " d a r k n e s s " c o r -r e s p o n d to the t e -r m s " l i f e " a n d " d e a t h " in t h e a n t i t h e t i c a l s y m b o l i s m of g n o s t i c t e x t s 5 4 . Гh e g n o s t i c m y t h s t e ll of " t h e l i g h t e x i l e d f r o m l i g h t , of the l i f e e x i l e d f r o m l i f e and i n -v o l -v e d in t he w o r l d " a n d of " t h e h i s t o r y of it s a l i e n a t i o n a n d r e c o v e r y , it s ‘w a y ’ d o w n a n d t h r o u g h the n e t h e r w o r l d a n d up U a g a i n " . It is m y c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h i s g n o s t i c p a r a d i g m m a k e s u p a f r a m e w o r k u p o n w h i c h R u d k i n c o n s t r u c t s h i s p l a y , f i t t i n g in p o s t - arid p r e - Ü e d i p a l s c e n a r i o s of s u b l i m a t i o n - r e p r e s s i o n v e r s u s d e s u b i i m a t i o n - l i b e r a t i o n , i n t o the g n o s t i c , A r t a u d i a n a n d J u n g i a n m a t r i x , a n d t h a t h e n c e f o r t h t he w h o l e d r a m a t i c s p a -c e a n d the f i g u r e s m o v i n g or i m m o b i l i z e d in i t a r e p a r t of an o r g a n i c w h o l e , g o v e r n e d by a s e t of s y m b o l i c a r c a n a . R u d k i n ’s u s e o f g n o s t i c or an y o t h e r m o t i f s or e l e m e n t s is f r e e a n d s y n c r e t i c ; the p l a y ’s s y m b o l i s m is f i r s t o f all of h i s o w n m a k i n g , a n d w e a i e m a d e to s e a r c h for v a r i o u s p l a n e s of r e -f e r e n c e by a n o p i n i o n a t e d , i n d e p e n d e n t , c o n s c i o u s a r t i s t . I b i d e m , p. 50. 33 I b i d em , p. 217. ^ I b i d e m , p. 57 - 5 8 . 35 I b i d e m , p. 50. T h e t e r m s ' p r e - O o d i p a l ’ a n d ’p o s t - O e d i p a l ’ a r e u s e d by t he c r i t i c s i n s p i r e d by J a c q u e s L a c a n ’s r e a d i n g o f F r e u d , s u c h as L e o B e r s a n i or J u l i a K r i s t e v a , a n d by the c r i t i c s of the f e -m i n i s t o r i e n t a t i o n , s u c h a s e. g. J u l i e t M i t c h e l l . T. E a g 1 e- t o n , " L i t e r a r y T h e o r y " , O x f o r d 1 9 8 3 u s e s t h e s e t e r m s in h i s e x p l i c a t i o n of L a c a n ’s a n d K r i s t e v a ’s v i e w s . T h e y a r e a l s o e m -p l o y e d by the a n t i - p s y c h i a t r i s t s , e. g. by R. 0. L a i n g , a n d by s u c h a n t i - F r e u d i a n t h i n k e r s as W i l h e l m R e i c h . As fa r as I u n -d e r s t a n -d t h e s e te r m s , in t h e l i g h t of t h o s e c r i t i c s ’ a n d t h i n k -e r s ’ i n t -e r p r -e t a t i o n , t h e t e r m ’p r e - D e d i p a l ’ r e l a t e s to the p h a s e p r e c e d i n g t he c r u c i a l ’O e d i p a l m o m e n t ’ , i.e. t h e m o m e n t w h e n th e c h i l d e n t e r s L a c a n ' s ’s y m b o l i c o r d e r ’ of c u l t u r e a n d l a n g u a g e . T h i s o r d e r is a l s o i d e n t i f i e d w i t h the ’p a t r i a r c h a l ’ o r d e r of m o d e r n s o c i e t y ( i b i d e m , p. 187 ) . T h e c h i l d e n t e r s this o d e r in t he m o m e n t of h i s p a s s a g e t h r o u g h the ’O e d i p u s c o m p l e x ’, w h i c h , as I i n t e r p r e t t h e F r e u d i a n - w o r n o u t - c o n c e p t , s h o u l d b e v i e w e d as l a r g e l y m e t a p h o r i c a l of t he p o i n t of t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i n f a n t i l e s t a t e o f h e t e r o g e n e i t y of d e s i r e a n d its . e x p r e s s i o n ( t h e s t a t e to w h i c h th e ’b o d y ’ a n d th e ’u n c o n
-Th e i s l a n d aa th e d o u b l a - l a y e r e d a b o d e of d a r k n e s s , s u r -r o u n d e d by th e l i v i n g - v o -r te x of the " d e e p " , is th e " n u c l e u s of e v i l " , c o n t a i n i n g w i t h i n i t s e l f s t i l l a n o t h e r a n d e v e n m o r e " c o n d e n s e d " " n u c l e u s " of d e f o r m i t y , t h a t is t h e n e t h e r w o r l d of the " s c i e n t i f i c " c o m p l e x of D o c t o r N e b e w o h l . I s o l a t i o n , s o l i -t u d e a n d d e a -t h , w h i c h a r e p a r t of the c o m p l e x i s l a n d s y m b o l - 37 i s m a r e the c o n d i t i o n of b o t h s t r a t a . B e n g r y ’s s o n s e x p l o r e i ts v a r i o u s a s p e c t s : th u r o ck , t he s h e l l s , the f l o w e r s , and e a c h of t h e i r f i n d i n g s u n c o v e r s the m y s t e r i o u s o r g a n i s m - b e a r i n g l i f e a n d d e a t h w i t h i n i t s e l f , b r e a t h i n g , s e n t i e n t , a l i e n to i t -se l f , ye t c h a n g i n g a n d b e c o m i n g t h r o u g h i n v e r s i o n s a n d m e t a m o r -p h o s e s - w h i c h is the i s l a n d , w h i c h .is t h e B od y . The v e r y m i n e r a l s t r u c t u r e of th e i s l a n d r e v e a l e d b y J o h n - an " a b o m i n a t i o n of d e f o r m i t y " (P I, II, p. 27 ) - b e c o m e s p a r t of a l i v i n g u n i v e r s e w h i c h t h e p l a y ’s i m a g e r y p r o j e c t s . Acco rd-ing to W. S z u m o w s k i , t h e o l d a l c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a " t h e On e , th e Al l " c o n v e y s t h e p r i m o r d i a l c o n c e p t i o n t h a t t h e m a c r o c o s m a n d 5 fl m i c r o c o s m ar e r e p e a t e d in e a c h o t h e r . It m a y be s a i d to be at w o r k in th e p l a y ’s t e x t u r e . The f o r m u l a a l s o m e a n s t h a t the w h o l e u n i v e r s e is аз m u c h a l i v e as h u m a n b e i n g s , a n i m a l s , p l a n t s a n d m i n e r a l s . Th e l a t t e r , a c c o r d i n g to the a l c h e m i s t s , w e r e v e r y m u c h a l i v e arid p a r t a k i n g in th e s u f f e r i n g s a n d j o y s of m a t t e r in it s " c o m p l e x a n d d r a m a t i c life", the l i f e of m a t t -s c i o u -s ’ m a y b e r e g a r d e d as t h e k e y t e r m s ) a n d the c o n s c i o u s r e a l i z a t i o n of w h a t h u m a n h e r i t a g e m e a n s a n d h o w it d e t e r m i n e s h u m a n i d e n t i t y . F r o m n o w on, t h e s u b j e c t w i ll b e o v e r s h a d o w e d by the f a t h e r - f i g u r e , as F r e u d , w h o s e e m e d to h a v e d i s l i k e d f a t h e r s , t h o u g h t . ‘P o s t - O e d i p a l ’ r e f e r s to t h e p h a s e a f t e r the U e d i p a l p u i n t of t r a n s i t i o n a n d c o n c e r n s t h e c h i l d a n d the p e r -s o n a l r e a d y i n v o l v e d in th e ’s y m b o l i c o r d e r * ( g o v e r n e d b y t h e la w of tne f a t h e r ) or in t h e ’p a t r i a r c h a l ’ s o c i a l o r d e r , a n d t h e r e f o r e e q u i p p e d w i t h a f i x e d i d e n t i t y or a f i r m l y ’c o n -s t r u c t e d ’ ’-s e l f ’ . (Cf. a l s o n o t e 40, 43, 50, 63, 79). ï7 J. E . i: i r 1 о t , A D i c t i o n a r y of S y m b o l s , R o ut le age a n d K e g a n P a u l , L o n d o n 198 3 , p. 160. W. S z u m o w s k i , H i s t o r i a M e d y c y n y f i l o z o f i c z n i e u j ę t a , ęz. 11, M e d y c y n a ś r e d n i o w i e c z n a , G e b e t h n e r i W o l f f , K r a -k ó w 1 9 32 , p. 354. T h i s c o n c e p t i o n ( " t h e On e, the A l l " ) is a l s o d i s c u s s e d in N i G h о 1 1. T h e C h e m i c a l T h e a t r e , p. 164, in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h th e D r a g o n , " o r i g i n a l l y a G n o s t i c s ymb ol" , w h o s e f i g u r e is f o u n d in e a r l y a i c h e m i c u l m a n u s c r i p t s ; t h i s e m b l e m e s c a l l e d by J u n g " t h e basic m a n d a l a of alchemy", ( i b i d e m , p. 1641
ur is s o d e s c r i b e d b y M i r c e a E l i a d e in h i a e s s a y " A l c h e m y a n d T u I n i t i a t i o n “ . in my v i e w , th e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e i s -l a n d a n d the i s -l a n d ’s v e r y c o n d i t i o n , t h a t is, i t s b e i n g of a v o l c a n i c n a t u r e a n d s u r r o u n d e d by th e " d e e p " , c o r r e s p o n d s , in the a l c h e m i c a l s e n s e , to the B o d y a n d it s c o m p l e x , m y s t e r i o u s li fe . J u s t b e f o r e r e n o u n c i n g h i s s e r v i c e at t he t a b l e of th e L o r d , to w h i c h he w a s n o m i n a t e d b y B e n g r y , S t e p h e n V e s c a n a b e x -p e r i e n c e s s o m e o t h e r n e s s , a l i e n n e s s of h i s b o d y ; it is, l i ke t h e i s l a n d , a l i e n a t e d f r o m i t s e l f in its p e t r i f i e d , s t o n e - l i k e c o n d i t i o n : " M i n e b o d y is m i n e g r a v e . T h i s i s l a n d (P. I, I, P- 15). A s i m i l a r e x p e r i e n c e of th e a l i e n a t i o n of t h e b o d y b e l o n g s to S h e i l a M a n a t o n d , th e p l a y ’s m a i n " s u b v e r s i v e " c h a r a c t e r , k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t t he p l a y as C h i l d M a n a t o n d . T h i s e x p e r i e n c e is c o n v e y e d t h r o u g h the i m a g e of p e t r i f a c t i o n , a f a i r y - t a l e l i k e t u r n i n g i n t o s t o n e : C h i l d M a n t o n d . S t o n e b r e i s t . S t o n e t h ig h . S t o n e h e a d , s t o n e h e a r t . S t o n e e ye . Ha ha ha, a n m o r t a l j i g s a w ! ( T r i e s c l u m s i l y a s s e m b l i n g s t o n e s . ) O h ... w h e i r ’s f i n g e r s о ’m e n, s h a l l p i e c e t h e s e o u t , to m e k an p i c t u r e of m i n e - s e l f . . . ? (P. I, II, p. 29) The i s l a n d w i t h its s t o n y s t r u c t u r e m a y b e s a i d to r e p r e s -e n t th -e e n s l a v e m e n t of th e B o d y , t he s u p p r e s s i o n of th e b o d i l y e x p e r i e n c e . It m a y be u n d e r s t o o d as th e s u p p r e s s i o n of w h a t N o r m a n 0. B r o w n c a l l s “ D i o n y s i a n (or b o d y ) c o n s c i o u s n e s s " 4 0 . 19 М. E 1 i a d e, A l c h e m i a i i n i c j a c j a , Ci ns J M a s k i , w y -b ó r , o p r a c o w a n i e i r e d a k c j a M. J a n i o n i S. R o s i e k , t o m I, G d a ń s k 1 9 86 , p . 186. 40 S. S o n t a g, A g a i n s t I n t e r p r e t a t i o n , L a u r e l E d i t i o n , H e w Vo r k 196 9, p. 26 2. 0. B r o w n as d i s c u s s e d by S o n t a g , c o n -t r a s -t s “D i o n y s i a n ( o r b o d y ' c o n s c i o u s n e s s " w i t h " A p o l l o n i a n ( or s u b l i m a t i o n ) c o n s c i o u s n e s s - , t h e l a t t e r m a y be s a i d to be t h e e f f e c t of th e F r e u d i a n f o r m u l a of s u b l i m a t i o n o f i m p u l s e (or d e s i r e ) , th e f o r m e r , t h e e f f e c t of it s r e v e r s a l .
fhe e x p e r i e n c e of p e r c e i v i n g o n e ’s b o d y as a l i e n i n i t i a t e s us i n t o the p h e n o m e n o n of t he m e t a m o r p h o s i s of the s e i f as p a r t of w h a t h a s b e c o m e k n o w n as th e " p a t r i a r c h a l 1' " a u t h o r i t a r i a n " c u l t u r e a n d m o d e of b e i n g . J u l i e t M i t c h e l l , a p r o m i n e n t f e m i -n i s t c r i t i c , s a y s th a t w i t h i n tha t p a t r i a r c h a l c u l t u r e " f e m i -4 1 m n i t y is a r e p r e s s e d c o n d i t i o n " . " F e m i n i n i t y " is a c o n c e p t f u n d a m e n t a l to f e m i n i s t a n d n e o - p s y c h o a n a l y t i c c r i t i c i s m , yet e x t r e m e l y e l u s i v e a n d m y s t e r i o u s . It s i g n i f i e s w h a t b e c o m e s s u p p r e s s e d in the Q e d i p a l m o m e n t of e n t e r i n g i n t o t he s p h e r e of c u l t u r e a n d l a n g u a g e , t ha t is, e n t e r i n g L a c a n ’s " s y m b o l i c o r -d e r " , w h i c h is u n d e r t he r u l e of th e " l a w of the f a t h e r " 4 7 . T e r r y E a g l e t o n d e f i n e s L a c a n ’s s y m b o l i c o r d e r as " t h e p r e g i v -e n s t r u c t u r e of s o c i a l arid s e x u a l r o l e s a n d r e l a t i o n s w h i c h m a k e up the f a m i l y a n d s o c i e t y " . " It ia th e p r i m a r y r e p r e s -s i o n of d e -s i r e w h i c h m a k e -s u -s w h a t we a r e"44 - c o n t i n u e s E a g -le t o n . T h u s " f e m i n i n i t y " b e l o n g s in t h i s c o n t e x t to the p r e - - O e d i p a l p h a s e of the i n f a n t ’s d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d a f t e r t he c r u -c i a l m o m e n t of th e O e d i p u s c o m p l e x w i t h w h i c h th e c h i l d e n t e i s the s y m b o l i c o r d e r of c u l t u r e , " f e m i n i n i t y " b e c o m e s r e p r e s s e d and, as J u l i e t M i t c h e l l p u t s it, it " c an o n l y b e s e c o n d a r i l y A 5 a c q u i r e d in a d i s t o r t e d fo rm " . "I t r e t u r n s in s y m p t o m s , s u c h as h y s t e r i a . In the b o d y of the h y s t e r i c , m a l e a n d fe ma le, li e s the f e m i n i n e p r o t e s t a g a i n s t the l a w of the f a t h e r " 4 ^.
I n t e g r a t i n g the c o m p l e x a n d b a f f l i n g m o t i f of w h a t m a y be v i e w e d as a s u p p r e s s e d p r e - ü e d i p a l " b o d i l y " e x p e r i e n c e i n to h i s p l a y ’s i m a g e ry , R u d k i n m a y b e s a i d to h a v e j o i n e d t h e t r a d i -t i o n of -the c r i -t i q u e of W e s t e r n p a t r i a r c h y . He i n v o k e s W i l h e l m R e i c h in the d e d i c a t i o n to " T h e S o n s of L i g h t " a n d c a l l s h i m -41 J, M i t с h e 1 I, P s y c h o a n a l y s i s a n d f e m i n i s m , op. c i t . , p. 4 Ü 4 . 42 J. L a с a n, F e m i n i n e S e x u a l i t y , ed. J. M i t c h e l l , J. R o s e , L o n d o n 1982, p. 38. 43 Г. E a g l e t o n , L i t e r a r y T h e o r y , B a s i l B l a c k w e l l , O x f o r d 19 83 , p. 167. T he p r e s e n c e of the f a t h e r is s y m b o l i z e d by t he p h a l l u s , the " t r a n s c e n d e n t a l s i g n i f i e r " s a y s E a g l e t o n , (ibidem* p. 167, 168) 44 Ibidem, p. 167. 45 M i t c h e l l , P s y c h o a n a l y s i s an d F e m i n i s m , p. 404. 46 I b i d em , p. 4114.
s e l f a p a t i e n t a n d d i s c i p l e of a R e l c h i a n t h e r a p i s t , w h o m he c a l l s "a r e s u r r e c t i o n e r " . T h i s a l o n e p l a c e s th e p l a y o n th e sicie of W, R e i c h ’s a n t i - a u t h o r i t a r i a n s t r u g g l e which p i n s d o w n the s u p p r e s s i o n of the b u d y as th e " p r i m a r y o p p r e s s i v e s o c i a l f o r c e " 4 7 . F o r R e i c h , " s e x u a l i t y is t he a n s w e r a n d s o c i e t y is the m i s t a k e " , аз J u l i e t M i t c h e l l suras up , c r i t i c a l l y a c k n o w l e d g -in g t h e s i m p l i s t i c a n d o n e - s i d e d a s p e c t of R e i c h ’s t r a i n of A О t h o u g h t . R e i c h ' s d i s c o v e r i e s a n d a s s u m p t i o n s f o r m u l a t e a m o r a l c r i t i q u e of p a t r i a r c h a l s o c i e t y a n d it is u n d e r t.his b a n n e r t h a t R u d k i n ’s p l a y s m a y b e p l a c e d - R u d k i n c o n s t r u c t s or b e t t e r to sa y, " d e c o n s t r u c t s " - c h a r a c t e r s w h o m a y b e s a i d to q u e s t i o n the v e r y " a n d r o c e n t r i c " ( i . e . , m a n - c e n t r e d ) nature of L a c a n ’s " s y m b o l i c o r d e r " , t h a t is, th e p a t r i a r c h a l , O e d i p a l o r d e r - or, to q u o t e E a g l e t o n ’s q u a s l s a t i r i c t e r m t h e " c o c k -s u r e"'^1 o r d e r of a u t h o r i t a r i a n r e p r e s s i o n , th e r e i g n of F r e u d i a n r e a l i t y p r i n c i p l e . A m o n g the c h a r a c t e r s w h o q u e s t i o n a n d c h a l l e n g e t h a t o r d e r it is, in my v i ew , the f i g u r e of C h i l d M a n a t o n d w h o Is r e a l l y s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n c e i v e d in t e r m s uf p o e t i c d r a m a a n d w h o c a r -r i e s the fu ll i m p a c t o f R u d k i n ’s q u e s t i o n i n g . S h e i n i t i a l l y s h e d s a n y " p e r s o n a " 5 1 , a n y f i x e d c h a r a c t e r s t r u c t u r e , a n d is a b a n d o n e d to w h a t R. 0. L a i n g w o u l d c a l l " o n t o l o g i c a l " fluidit y, 47 I b i d e m , p. i 77. 4ß i b i d e m . л 9 L a c a n , op. c i t . , p. 38. t a g 1 e t о n , op. c i t . , p. I ß 7 - J ß 9 . T h i s t e r m is L ^ g l e t o n ’s q u ^ 2ical r e f o r m u l a t i o n of D e r r i d a ’s tern, " p h a l l o -g o c e n t r i c " . 51 U s i n a t h e t e r m “p e r s o n a " , R u d k i n r e v e a l s the i n f l u e n c e of C, G. J u n g u p o n h i m s e l f . Аз A n i e l a J a f f ć e x p Ц in s, p e r s o n a w a s " o r i g i n a l l y , t he m a s k w o r n b y an a c t o r " . A c c o r d i n g to Jung, it is "t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’s s y s t e m of a d a p t a t i o n to, or th e m a n n e r h e a s s u m e d in d e a l i n g w i t h , t he w o r l d , E v e r y c a l l i n g of p r o -f e s s i o n , -f o r e x a m p l e , h a s it s o w n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p e r s o n a ... O n l y the d a n g e r is t h a t ( p e o p l e ) b e c o m e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e i r р е г з о п а з - the p r o f e s s o r w i t h h i s t e x t b o o k , t h e t e n o r w i t h h i s v o i c e ... O n e c o u l d s a y, w i t h a l i t t l e e x a g g e r a t i o n , that the p e r s o n a is th at w h i c h in r e a l i t y o n e is n o t , b u t w h i c h o n e -s e l f a-s w e l l as o t h e r s t h i n k o n e is". (C. G. J u n g , M e m o -r i e s , O-rea-ras, R e f l e c t i o n s , r e c o r d e d a n d e d i t e d by A n i e l a J a f - ■ t é , C o l l i n s . G l a s g o w 19 79 , p. 4 1 5 - 4 1 6 ) .
t h a t is, u n c e r t a i n t y as to w h a t o n e a c t u a l l y is, " o n t o l o g i c a l 52 i n s e c u r i t y " . S h e is l i k e t h e s c a t t e r e d s t o n e s w h i c h s h e t r i e s to p u t t o g e t h e r , a s c a t t e r e d s e l f at the b o r d e r l i n e of s e l f a n d n o n - s e l f . O n e m i g h t s a y t h a t s h e is s u b j e c t to a d e c o n -s t r u c t i n g m e t a m o r p h o -s i -s of t h e -s e l f. T h i s p r o c e s s s e s m s to i n -v o l -v e t h e r e j e c t i o n of l o g i c a n d r e a s o n w h i c h for A r t a u d w e r e " t h e c h a i n s th a t b i n d u s in a p e t r i f y i n g i m b e c i l i t y of th e m i n d " . T h e p r o c e s s , h o w e v e r , m a y be s e e n as o n l y a n e c e s s -a ry s t -a g e , w h i c h in i t s e l f is r a t h e r w h a t J. Q e r r l d a w o u l d call “deffionif a n d m e t a p h y s i c a l " a n d n o t " h u m a n , in the s e n s e of a n-54 t h r o p o l u y i c a l { a c t u a l i t y " . T h i s p e r h a p s i m p l i e s t h a t s u c h a r e t r e a t f r o m l o g i c a n d r e a s o n m i g h t o n th e l e v e l o f n u m a n - a n - t h r o p o l o g i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l - a c t u a l i t y c o s t o n e o n e ’s w h o l e s a n i t y or l i f e or b o t h , a n d n o t b e a b r e a k t h r o u g h , a w ay t o w a r d s a n e w " s e l f " . (he s u b j e c t w h o j u s t b e g a n to b e " d e c o n s t r u c t e d " , f i r s t " a w a k e n s to i t s e l f in it s w a r w i t h t h e d e m o n , th e e v i l g e n i u s of n o n - m e a n i n g " ^ . T h i s is j u s t th e i n i t i a l s t a g e of the d e c o n -s t r u c t i o n of the o l d " s e l f " (or " e g o " ) . The l a t t e r h a s b e e n l i k e a m a n y - l a y e r e d c a k e o r l i k e an o n i o n a n d h a s to be p e e l e d o ff in o r d e r to r e v e a l th e r e p r e s s e d l a y e r s th e " i n t e r n e d , h u -m i l i a t e d , f e t t e r e d a n d m o c k e d m a d m a n w i t h i n u s ” , as D e r r i d a c a l l s " i t " - o r " h i m " <• ? Or e l s e it w o u l d b e a p p r o p r i a t e to s a y " h er " r a t h e r , to c o n v e y the f u l l m e a n i n g of the f e t t e r e d e n t i t y . C o n f r o n t i n g f a c e to f a c e the i n t e r n e d " m a d m a n " within, d i s -c o v e r i n g th e r e p r e s s e d f e m i n i n i t y - w h i c h b o t h c o - h a b i t in the p r e - Q e d i p a l , p r e - p a t r i a r c h a l s t r a t u m of t h e s u b m e r g e d m u l t i -52 R 0. L a i n 9, Th e D i v i d e d S e l f . An E x i s t e n t i a l S t u d y in S a n i t y a n d M a d n e s s . P e n q u i n B o o k s 19 78 , p. 3 6 - 61 . T o s i m p -l i f y m a t t e r s , a p e r s o n w h o l i v e s in a s t a t e of o n t o l o g i c a l i n s e c u r i t y " is a p e r s o n w h o h a s a s e n s e of h i s p r e s e n c e in the w o r l d a s u n r e a l , d e a d , f r a g m e n t e d , a n d, in a t e m p o r a l s e n s e , p e r c e i v e s h i m s e l f as d i s c o n t i n u o u s ( i b i d e m , p. 39). 53
