THE ROLE OF EASTERN IMPULSE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC CULTURES OF UKRAINE

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

Andrzej Rozwadowski

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN

OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9

PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE

ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13

Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT

ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24

Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE

OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34

Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS

INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC

INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44

Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA

OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59

DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC

ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE

INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85

DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION

OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC

ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102

L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE

OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120

Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS

CRIMEA ... 146

Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN

DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160

Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:

DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195

InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON

THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC

POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:

THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226

L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS

(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL

MATERIAL) ... 232

ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL

ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248

This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a

onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inŠód¹,Poland.The onferen e was

organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement

d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby

theUniversityofŠód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),

whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe

UniversityofŠód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.

The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e

foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European

Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,

espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national

identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.

The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'

long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h

inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand

Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern

times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's

Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior

de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of

neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,

peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly

Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the

ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof

om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus

andtheAralo-Caspianregions.

Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture

ana-lyses.

Lu ynaDoma«ska

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from

thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.

Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

PLISSN1231-0344

NadezhdaS.Kotova

THE ROLE OFEASTERN IMPULSE IN DEVELOPMENT

OFTHE NEOLITHIC CULTURES OF UKRAINE

Signi antmaterials abouttheNeolithi of theUkraine andSouthern Russia

are a umulated nowadays.They allow to oerthere onstru tion ofone

histori- al aspe t onne tedwith eastern impulse in developmentof theNeolithi ofthe

Ukraine.

In1960sV.N.Danilenko[1969:176-183℄hasassumed,thatthebeginningofthe

Neolithi in theUkraine was asso iated with the eastern ultural impulse. In his

opinion,theprogressivedryingofa limateinEasternEuropehasresultedin risis

ofthehuntinge onomy,andthean ient populationhaspassed to attlebreeding.

In sear hing for new pastures it has be ome to move west. The resettlement of

population from the eastern areas of Europe to the Ukraine, was onrmed by

V.N. Danilenko onthegroundsonsimilarity of theearliest Neolithi pottery.He

wrote,thatpointedbottompotswith s rat hedand pressedde orationare known

fromtheCaspiansteppesuptothenorth-westBla kSeaarea.V.N.Danilenkodated

thersto urren eofpotteryintheUkrainetotheendofthe7thmillenniumBC

∗

[1969:186℄.

L ongtime therewere nomaterials onrmingthispointofview.All Caspian

Sea andVolga basin ultures were dated notearlier than to the 5th millennium

BC. However,at presentthere appeared dataabouttheearlier Neolithi ultures.

Ar haeologistsfromSamaraandOrenburghavestudiedseriesoftheEarlyNeolithi

sites in the northern Caspian Sea basin (Kugat, Kulagaisi) and in the south of

the forest-steppe Volga basin [Vasilyev, Vybornov 1988:10, 19-26℄. In the Volga

basin the Early Neolithi materials of su h sites as Chekalino 4, L ebyazhinka 4,

Nizhneorlyanskaya 2, Staro-Elshanskoe 2 and others were in orporated into the

Elshanskaya ulture[Mamonov1994:22℄.Itis hara terizedbyprolepointedbase

vesselswiththeorgani in lusionsin lay.Thesevesselsmainlyhavenode oration.

L essoftentheyarede oratedbys rat hed,tapeorpressedornament(Fig.2).Just

su h erami sare losesttothepotteryoftheearlyRakushe hniyYar ulture(Fig.

3:2,5;4)andof theearliest sitesofSurska(Fig. 5:1-4)andBug-Dniester ultures

(Fig.6:3,4, 6,7). Aseriesofradio arbon dates, palynologi alandnatural-s ien e

resear hes are referred of theElshanskaya ulture sites tothe endof theBoreal

Fig.1.MapoftheNeolithi sites:1-L ebyazhinskoe,2-Lugovoe3,3-KrasniyGorodok,4-Chekalino

4,5 -Ivanovka, 6-Staro-Elshanskoe, 7- Maksimovka, 8 -Kulagaisi, 9 -Kugat, 10-Tsimlyanskoe,

11-Samsonovskoe, 12-Razdorskoe 1,Rakushe hniy Yar,13-Bessergenovka, 14-Razdolnoe,15

-Mariupol emetery,16-Semenovka,17-Chapaevka,18-Frontovoe1,19-Dolinskiy emetery,20

-Babino,21-Soba hki,22-Vov hok,23-Vovnigskoeright-banksettlementandVovnigskiy2 emetery,

24-Vovnigskoeleft-banksettlement,25-Vinogradniyisland,26-Nikolskiy emetery,27-Vasilevskiy

5 emetery,28-Koda hokisland,29-Gard,30-Puga h,30-MitkovandBazkovislands,31-Sokoltsy

1,2,6,S hurovtsy,32-Sam hintsy.

and datedthemto these ond half ofthe7th |a boundary of7th-6thmillennia

BC.These ondhalfoftheBorealintheVolgabasinwas hara terizedbymaximal

dryingofa limateandspreadingofthesteppelands apesintheforest-steppeareas

[Mamonov1994:23-24℄.Thus,thestudyofthesenewsites onrmV.N.Danilenko's

assumptionaboutan opportunityo urren e oftherstpottery intheUkraineas

aresultofborrowingitbymoreeastern Neolithi population.

Unfortunately,nowadaysintheUkrainetherearenotenoughmaterials ofthe

Early Neolithi epo h. It ispossible only to as ertain, thatin the Early Neolithi

in theforest-steppeSouthern Bugarea theBug-Dniester ulturewas formed. R

simultaneouspotteryborrowingofsigni antnumberoftheformsandsortsof

de- orationbythepopulationoftheCris ulture,dweltintheDniesterbasin(Fig.6:1,

2,5). Theearliest amongtheinvestigatedsitesoftheBug-Dniester ultureonthe

SouthernBug (lower layersofthe settlementsontheBazkovandMitkov islands,

lower layers ofSokoltsov1,2, 6) onthebase of potterywith pin hedde oration,

glossybowlsand upsaresyn hronizedwith theCris ultureandpreviouslydated

totheendofthe6th|rsthalfof5thmillenniaBC.InV.N.Danilenko'sopinion,

thebasi role in e onomy of theBug-Dniester population wasplayed by hunting

andshing, however,the earlyagri ulture was also known[1969:162,165℄. Inthe

L owerDnieperregionsteppeandthewesternAzovSearegionin theEarly

Neoli-thi theSurska ulture wasformed(Fig. 5).Itsearliestsites atpresentare poorly

investigated.

Inthesame timeontheL owerDonthesitesoftheRakushe hniyYar ulture

were lo ated (Fig. 3; 4). The population of this ulture was engaged in hunting,

shing,foodgathering,animalhusbandryand,probably,earlyagri ulture.Inlayers

oftheRakushe hniy Yar ultureattheRakushe hniyYarsettlement thebones of

attleandsmall attle,aswell aspigsanddogswerefound.Probably,todomesti

spe iesareshownbythebonesof atandhorse[Belanovskaya1983;1995:150-151℄.

Atpresentwehave onsiderablymoredataaboutthe ulturesoftheadvan ed

Neolithi in theNorthernBla kSea area.Bythemiddleof 5thmillennium BCin

theNorthernAzovSearegiona newpopulationwhi hhas leftsitesof theL ower

Don Neolithi ulture appeared [Kotova 1994:10-18℄.To these sites are reered:

the se ond and third layersof theRazdorskoe settlement 1 [Kiyashko 1987℄,the

fth|se ondlayersoftheRakushe hniyYarsettlement[Belanovskaya1995℄,the

Samsonovskoe[Gey1983:8-13℄andtheTsimlyanskoesettlements,anumberofsites

inspe tedbyG.I.GoretskiyinareaoftheTsimlyanskoereservoirontheL owerDon

[Goretskiy1955:58-78℄,and also lowerlayer of theRazdolnoesettlement [Kotova

1994:16-17℄andtheMariupol emetery ontheKalmiusRiver [Makarenko1933℄.

SitesoftheL ower Don ulturearedatedtothemiddleofthe5th|beginning of

the4thmillennia BC[Kotova1994:53-54℄.

OnthebasisofstratigraphyoftheRazdorskoe1settlement[Kiyashko1987:79℄,

andoftheMariupol emetery[Kotova1990℄,theauthordistinguishedtwoperiodsin

developmentoftheL owerDon ulture[Kotova1994:10-18℄.Moststrikingmaterials

oftherstperiodwerepresentedinthese ondlayeroftheRazdorskoesettlement

and materials of the se ond period | in the third layer of thesame settlement.

The publi ation of materials from the Rakushe hniy Yar settlement has allowed

tointrodu ea numberof orre tions.The studyofpottery fromlayers5-2 ofthis

site has shown, that it ombines the features of pottery of the se ond and third

layersofRazdorskoe1settlement.Itdemonstratesthetransitionfrom erami s of

early shapeto theolder one. The given ir umstan e hasallowed to assume,that

indevelopmentofsettlementsitesandpotterytraditionsoftheL owerDon ulture

threeperiodsexisted.

Fig.3.MaterialsoftheRakushe hniyYar ulture:1,4,7-14-fromT.D.Belanovskaya'sex avation

Bela-Fig.5.MaterialsoftheSurska ulturesettlements(rstperiod):1-Koda hokisland;2,3,6-

Vino-gradniyisland;4-Vasilyevka,5-Surskoyisland,7-Budilovskiyrapid.1-4- erami s,5-7-stone.[3,4

-afterDanilenko1969℄.

Theinternalsurfa eofvessels issmooth.Thepotteryhad atbase(Fig.7:13)and

roundedbody.Ithadthemaximal diameterontheonethirdofbodyorrim.Rims

Fig.6.Cerami of theBug-Dniester ulturesettlements(rstperiod):1,4,6,7-Sokoltsi2,lower

lines, dominated, sometimes were ombined with verti al ones (Fig. 7:1, 4, 6, 7).

L ess often there are s rat hed lines, formingthe angular ompositions, \r" and

zigzags (Fig. 7:4,7).Ornament wasrendered onthebody,bottom(Fig.7:13) and

utofrim(Fig. 7:1,4, 7).

L ayers5-2of theRakushe hniy Yarsettlement on ernthese ond periodof

developmentoftheL owerDon ulture.Aswellastheearlier,thepotterywas

manu-fa turedwithanadmixtureof rushedshells.Atthistimethepotterywith ollarrims

appeared(Fig.8:6,8).Initsde orationthehorizontaltape ompositions,inwhi h

rowsof ombprintswere borderedbythes rat hed lineswere used(Fig.8:4,10).

ThematerialsoftheRakushe hniyYarsettlementallowto hara terizeindetail

toolsofthese ondperiodoftheL owerDon ulture.Thebladeswereobtainedfrom

at oni al or pyramidal ores (Fig. 9:2, 3). Pen il-shaped and prismati nu leus

were lessfrequent. Pra ti ally all ores hada slantingstriking platform(Fig.9:3).

Spheri al anddisk nu leius were usedfor akesobtaining.In pro essof hipping

the oreswerexed byan edgeorbythepointedend.

Amongthebladesthespe imensof lengthlessthan5 mprevail.Onlyabout

20-30%ofallretou hedpie eshadlengthmorethan5 m.Amongthesafedpie es

and their fragmentsthe spe imens of width from 1,2 up to 2,4 m predominate.

Thenumberofmi robladesofwidthlessthan1,2 misgraduallyredu ed.

T.D.Belanovskaya amongtheblades witha retou hhas distinguishedknives,

bywhi hhas beenattributedthebladeswith retou halong oneortwosides (Fig.

9:7).All su hartefa tswere foundonlyin layersoftheL owerDon ulture(layers

5-2). And only 1 spe imen was found in layer 8. The large part of knives had

length of 5-7 m, the separate spe imens rea hed 9-10 m. Their width in most

ases was from 1,5 up to 2 m, sometimes a hieving 2,5-3 m. The knives hada

retou h mainly along twosides andpointed end. Only in layers3and 2thetools

withs raper-formedendwerefound(Fig.9:11).

Among instruments the drills and borers are numerous. They are made on

blades (Fig. 9:4-6). Their length in most ases was from 2upto 4 m, andwidth

from0,5upto2,5 m.

InlayersoftheL owerDon ulturegeometri almi rolithsarefound.Theyhave

formoftrapezes,parallelogramsandre tangulars.Thetrapezesaremostnumerous.

Amongassemblages publishedbyT.D.Belanovskaya,theymakefrom2%upto4%

in dierent layers. The trapezes hadthevarious forms(Fig. 9:13, 14,16-18).The

low andhigh trapezesprevail. They hada retou h ontheside of ba k, lessoften

ontheside ofventral surfa e. Thelatter is hara teristi forndsinlayers4-2.A

greater partoftrapezeshada planedventralsurfa e(Fig.9:13, 16-18).

Amongthetools published by T.D. Belanovskaya these ond pla e after the

retou hedbladesandtheirfragmentsiso upiedbythes rapers,whi hmakefrom

23%ofassemblages inalayer5upto44%ofassemblages inalayer2. T.D.

Bela-novskayahasdistinguished9typesofs rapers:ends rapers onblades,fan-shaped,

ir ularandsub ir ular,subquadrangular,thumbnail,ogival,not hedandend

Fig.9.MaterialsoftheL owerDon ulturefromthetheRakushe hniyYarsettlement(se ondperiod)

ber of s rapers) were fan-shapedones (Fig. 9:12). Sub ir ular end s rapers were

verynumerous(24%).Frequentlytherewerealsoends raperson akes(18%;Fig.

9:19). Otherforms ofs rapers were rare. Itis possible to tra ethe tenden iesin

hange of stru tureof s rapers in layers. Among theend s rapers onblades the

numberofartefa ts onshortblades is redu ed,andtheamountof s rapers made

onlong blades, and also fan-shapeds rapers in reased. In thefth layer 38% of

s rapers were made on short plates, 12% of s rapers were fan-shaped and only

2%ofs raperswere madeonlongblades.Inthese ondlayerfan-shapeds rapers

representedalready 24%ofs rapers,14%s rapersweremade onlongbladesand

only 8% of s rapers are made on the short blades. In omparison with the fth

layer,inthehigherlayersthenumberofsub ir ular s rapersisredu ed from36%

to12%,andalso thediameter of ir ular s rapers in reased.Number ofs rapers,

whi hweremadeon akesin reasesrapidlyinthethirdandse ondlayers:thefth

layer| 2%,thefourthlayer| 16%,thethird layer|35%,these ond layer|

31%.

The hanges in use of the ertain semi-nished produ ts are observed. The

widthofimplementsvariesnot onsiderably.Theirlengthdidnotremain onstant.

The tenden yofredu tionofs rapers numberisxed. Theirlengthwas lessthan

3 m.Anumberofarti les withalengthofmore than5 min reased.

In thisperiod thebifa ial workedtools represented byknives (Fig. 9:24, 26)

andpoints(Fig.9:21-23,25)areknown.

Judging bythematerials of the Rakushe hniy Yar settlement thepopulation

of the L ower Don ulture built the dwellings of subre tangular form with pole

onstru tionsandwith useof lay daub[Belanovskaya1995:16-18℄.

The nal, third period is represented by materials of the third layer of the

Razdorskoe1settlement[Kiyashko1987:75℄,apartofmaterialsfromthefthlayer

of the Samsonovskoe settlement [Gey 1983 :Fig. 11:6, 12, 13℄, the materials of

theBessergenovskoeandTsimlyanskoe settlements,KhutorVedernikova sitesand

thosenear thestanitsaRomanovskaya[Goretskiy1955:58-78℄,alower layerofthe

Razdolnoesettlementandothers.

As well asearlier, whenpotterywas manufa turedwith the rushed shell

ad-mixture, however, the internal surfa e of vessels was smoothed by omb stamps

inhorizontaldire tion.The diusionin ludedthevesselswith atbase andround

body,whi hmaximaldiameter oin idewithmiddleofthebody(Fig.11:1,6).There

arenotnumerousnon-proledorpoorlyproledvesselswiththi kenedorslantwise

inside utorim.The proledpotswith ollar-shapedrim are predominant(Fig.

11:1, 6; 12:1, 4). Their wide at ollar rim is made on rounded or onvex edge.

In de orationthe printsof omb stamps prevail, among whi h \a walking omb"

o ures (Fig.11:1, 6;12:1,4). As rat hed de orationiskept,too. The horizontal

ompositions are repla ed by omplex ones, in whi h tapes form the meanders,

zigzags,\ oating" gures(Fig.12).

Judging by thematerials from the third layer of the Razdorskoe settlement,

strumentsinformofends rapersgained a eptan e. Thebifa ialends raperson

bladeare knownaswell. Inthethirdlayerof theRazdorskoesettlementthe

geo-metri almi rolithsareabsentandthebifa ialworkedpointsareknown(Fig.11:2,

4,5,8).Theyhavethe atorguredbase.

Finds of the hornmatto ks and querns at the Rakushe hniy Yar settlement

[Belanovskaya 1995:89-90℄,and also the matto k-formedtools at the Razdorskoe

settlement[Kiyashko1987:75℄testifya probableexisten eofagri ulturewithinthe

L ower Don ulturepopulation. They also bredthehorned attle,sheep, pigs and

kept dogs [Belanovskaya 1995:151℄.Bones of horse were found, too. They were

denedby E.V. Garutt,whohas left openeda question oftheir belonging to the

wildordomesti formofa horse.

Funerary ustomsof theL ower Don ulture are re e tedin materials ofthe

Mariupol emeteryandtwo burials(5 and6) at theRakushe hniy Yar settlement

[Belanovskaya1995:158-160℄.Thelatter were extendedandlaid ontheba k, with

headtothewest.Theo hre olouringwasabsent.Burial5wasa ompaniedbybone

point.Burial 6 orrelateswithlayersoftheL owerDon ultureofthissettlement.

ThefuneraryritesoftheMariupol emeteryhavebeenre onstru ted

repeate-dly,in ludingV.N.Danilenko[1955a℄andA.D.Stolyar[1955℄works.Theseauthors

assumedthatthe emeteryitselfrepresentedadugtren h,probably,havingwooden

overlappingandbeingusedduringthelongtime.However, thesimilar

re onstru -tionis ontradi tedbyN.E.Makarenko'sdata[1933℄,who arefullyinvestigatedthe

emeteryandxed hisobservaton.Thestudyofthe emeteryonhismaterialshas

shown,thattheburial-pla e onsistedof theburials inindividual pits,disposedas

arow[Makarenko1933:11℄.Thisrowextendedfromnorthtosouth.Thebasi part

ofthe emetery in ludedabout130inhumationsand1 remation.The analysis of

thesequen eofburiala omplishmentallowedtodistinguishsomestages in

fun -tioningofthe emetery[Kotova1990;1994:12-14℄.Ourstudyhasallowed tomark

outtwoperiodsindevelopmentoffuneralritesoftheL owerDon ulture.

For therstperiodtheextended,not olouredskeletons laidontheba kare

hara teristi . In the majority of them the arpals of slightly bent hands laid on

thepelvis.Thedeadwereorientedbyheadsinwesternandeastern dire tionswith

seasonal variations.The a ount ofthese variations has shown,thatthe de eased

hadbeen buried in a warm season. Itis possibleto assume thata part of burials

withboneslaidoutofanatomi alorder,belongedtothepeoplewhodiedinwinter,

butwere buriedonlyinspring,whenthegroundthawed.

Theearliestburialsoftherstperiodwereonthedepthof90-70 mfromthe

surfa e (stage 1 of emetery fun tioning). The subsequent burials (stage 2) were

buried higher, onthedepth of40-60 m. Only 50%of funerals oftherstperiod

werea ompaniedbygravegoods.Theyin ludedtheUnioshells,large,mediumand

mi rolithi blades(Fig.14:1), akes,s rapers(Fig.14:3,4),angleburins(Fig.14:2).

Thefuneral lotheswerede oratedbyteethofdeer (Fig.15:29),seashellswithan

aperture(Fig.15:25),na reousbeadsoftheroundform(Fig.15:26),rhombi (Fig.

Fig.10.MaterialsoftheL owerDon ulturefromtheRakushe hniyYarsettlement(se ondperiod)

Fig.12.Materials ofsettlementsof theL owerDon ulture:1,3-Se ond RomanovPerekat [after

Vasilyev1981℄;2-Tsimlyanskoe;4-Razdorskoe1;5-Rakushe hniyYar,2layer[afterBelanovskaya

1995℄.

boar's fangs with apertures (Fig. 15:12), adornments from boar's fangs, in luding

not ornamented plates of types A (Fig. 15:11), A-B (Fig. 15:10), B (Fig. 15:6),

a ordingtoA.D.Stolyar'stypology[1955:20℄.Atthebeginning oftherstperiod

su hadornments andgrave goodsas Unioshells andteethof deer, intheend |

lothesde oratedmainlywithna reousandbonebeads,andalsoplaquesfromthe

boar'sfangspredominated.

The se ond period of the emetery fun tioning is onne ted with spreading

1933:11℄. Apositon of dead's handsbe omes more various. The separate burials

layontheside (No13 andNo 74),butsitting (No55)andin exed position(No

53) are known, too. Judging from thestratigraphy the remation at thegrave 50

on ernsthisperiod.Inburial122thereissome oalofanoak.In omparisonwith

the rst period the amount of grave goods (79%) onsiderably in reases. Grave

materialandornamentoffuneral lothesbe omemorevaried.Amongadornments

thereareteethofsh,na reousbeads with utsegments(Fig.15:27,28),bone

pe-arl-shaped(Fig.15:35)andgagate ylindri albeads(Fig.15:20),pendantsmadeof

na re,marble,porphyry(Fig.15:22,23),notornamentedplatesfromboar'sfangsof

thetypesA-G(Fig.15:16)andG(Fig.15:17),ornamentedplatesfromboar'sfangs

ofthetypesA(Fig.15:15,19)andB(Fig.15:9),boneplaques(Fig.15:18),gures

(Fig.15:1,2),pipes(Fig.15:5).Gravegoodsofthese ondperiodalsoin ludesstone

axes(Fig.14:21),large,middleandmi rolithblades(Fig.14:5-9,11), akes,s rapers

(Fig.14:15-17,19,20),borer(Fig.15:10)and rossma es.Simultaneously,anumber

ofburials a ompaniedbytheUnioshellsandtheadornmentsfrom teethofdeer

isredu ed.Atanalstageofthe emeteryexisten ethesearttefa tsdonotappear

anymore.Thegreatestvarietyofindividualsetsofgravegoodsandadornmentsof

lothesis hara teristi forthebeginning of these ondperiod. By theendofthe

emeteryexisten etheamountofburialsinventorygrowsupto84%,butthe

num-berofitemsandadornmentsinea hseparatelytakenburialisredu edandtheirset

be omesmoremonotonous.ThebelongingoftheMariupol emeterytotheL ower

Don ultureisdeterminedbyanumberofattributes.CemeteryinRostov,re ently

investigated,situatedintheterritoryo upiedbysitesoftheL owerDon ultureis

identi al as theMariupol emetery. Besides, a ordingto V.N. Danilenko's

infor-mation[1974:74℄,onlyexpressivepotteryfragment(thefragmentofavesselbottom

with ombornament)fromtheMariupol emeteryhasanin lusionof rushedshell

in lay. It diers from the greater part of pottery of the Azov-Dnieper ulture

havinganadmixtureofsand.FromtheRakushe hniyYarandRazdorskoe1

settle-mentstheparallels forplaquesfrom theboar'sfangs, forplates fromna re,stone

pendants,guresofbulls(Fig.7:3,5,10)andbonebeadsarealsoknown(Fig.11:7).

The Mariupol emetery in respe t of the funeral rites is most similar to the

Vasilyevskiy 5, Vovnigskiy 2 ones [Telegin, Potehina 1987℄ and early part of the

Nikolskiy emetery [Bodyanskiy1959℄.Theyresemble ea h otherbytheburialsin

individual grave pitslo ated as a row,thelatitudinal dire tionof dead,the

repla- ementofburialsnotpaintedwithano hrebythepaintedones,thegeneralgrave

goodsandadornmentsoffuneral lothes(theteethofdeerandsh,thebeadsfrom

bone, stone and na re, large and medium intplates, the akes andinstruments

fromthem).However,attheMariupol emeterythevariousadornmentsfrombone

andfangs ofboars,thestoneandna reouspendants,thena reousbeads withthe

utsegment,theseashellswith apertures,the intaxesare found.All thesegrave

goods are not known at su h emeteries as the Vasilyevskiy 5, Vovnigskiy 2 and

earlypartoftheNikolskiyburial-pla e.

tothese ondperiodoftheAzov-Dnieper ulture.Theretheburialswerelo atedin

thelargepits,whi hwereusedforsubburials.Thegravegoods,similaratrstsight,

alsodier.Theyin ludetheseashells,theplaquesfromthefangsofboars,thebeads

madeofboneandgagate,thebonependantsandstoneaxes.However,intheL ower

Dnieper region notall types of plates are represented. The plates of type Aand

unde oratedplaquesoftypeB,thatis,theearliestformsofsimilaradornments

a - ordingtoastratigraphyoftheMariupol emeteryareabsent.Atthe emeteriesof

L owerDnieperregiontherearealsoplatesintheformofbutter y,whi hareabsent

attheMariupol emetery.Itisne essary tonote,that,in ontrasttotheMariupol

emetery,in all emeteries oftheL owerDnieperregionsingle all kindsof

adorn-ments,ex eptthependantsmadeofteethdeerandshappear.Itmustbe

emphasi-zedthatthegravegoodsoftheMariupol emeteryasawholebe auseofthevariety

andlarge numberhavenoanalogiesat emeteries oftheL owerDnieperregion.

Ex epttheMariupol emetery,intheKalmiusbasinalsonotnumerous

mate-rialsofthelowerlayeroftheRazdolnoesettlementrefertotheL owerDon ulture

(Fig.13).It ontainsthesyn reti materials ombiningtraditionsoftheL owerDon

andtheSurska ultures[Kotova1994:16-17℄.Itispossibletoassume,thatthe

om-munity onsistingoftherepresentatives of su h ulturesastheSurskaand L ower

Don, lived at theend of the 5th | beginning of the 4th millennium BC at the

Razdolnoe settlement.They bredthehorned attle,sheepandpigs.

Ar heozoolo-gistE.A.Sekerskayae denedthehorsebonesasbelonging toEquus allus, butin

onne tionwithdatingthelayertotheNeolithi epo h,sheattributedthemtothe

wildspe ies(Table1).















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T a b l e 1

Atpresentit is diÆ ulttodetermine a basisof formationof theL ower Don

ulture.V.N.Danilenko[1974:39℄andT.D.Belanovskaya[1995:190℄marked

investigated. Cerami s similar to the pottery of the L ower Don ulture is found

(Fig.16).InsuÆ ientstudyoftheNeolithi ofsteppe ountrybetweentheDonand

Volgadoesnotallow tospeak with onden e aboutmigration ofthepopulation

from the Ural Region to the L ower Don. However, taking into a ount, thatall

Neolithi ulturesof theAzov,L ower Dnieperand Don steppe regionhadother

formsofvesselsandotherde orationthantheL owerDon ulture,su han

assump-tionhastherightto exist. Probably, a groupoftheNeolithi populationfromthe

forest-steppe Volga basin or Ural Region migrated, through the Volga valley, to

thesouth-westup to thenorthernAzov Sea basin. Here thenew omers partially

havebeenfor edout,partiallyassimilatedtothelo alNeolithi populationofthe

Rakushe hniyYar ulture.

Thebifa ialtoolseviden edthe onne tionsoforiginoftheL owerDon ulture

withtheVolga-Ural region.Thispopulationwastherstamong theinhabitantsof

southoftheEastEurope,whousedthebifa ialpoints.However,thesimilarpoints

are knownintheVolga-UralregionfromtheEarly Neolithi (Fig. 2:14).

Thearrivalofnewpopulationisxed onthesharp hangeof ulture,whi his

tra edattheRazdorskoesettlement1,wherethelayeroftheRakushe hniyYar

ul-tureisre overedbystratumwith ompletelydistin tivematerialsoftheL owerDon

ulture[Kiyashko1987:73℄.The materials oftheRakushe hniyYar settlement,on

the ontrary,demonstratethegradualassimilationoflo alpopulationofthe

Raku-she hniyYar ulturebynew omers.Atrst,inthelowerlayersoftheRakushe hniy

Yarsettlement,among thepotteryoftheRakushe hniy Yar ulture,single vessels

with an in lusion of shell and omb de oration appeared, whi h then dominated

in fth-se ondlayers, on erning to the L ower Don ulture. There are syn reti

groupsofpotteryaswell.So,inthelayer4,avesselwithstrokedornament,typi al

fortheRakushe hniyYar ulture,butwith ollar-shapedrim,typi alfortheL ower

Don erami s was found [Belanovskaya 1995:114, Fig. XXIII, 2℄. The ontinuity

is tra ed also in the adornments and stonetools found at theRakushe hniy Yar

settlement(Fig.3;4;9;10).

ThepopulationoftheL ower Don ulturewidelysettledin thenorthernAzov

sea area. In its movement to the west, some groups of people have rea hed the

Dnieper. Inthethirdquarterof the5thmillennium BC, a partoftheL owerDon

ulturepopulationsettledintheMolo hnayaRiverbasinandintheL owerDnieper

steppe. Its life in the surrounding of the indigenous populationbelonging to the

Surska ulturehas resultedinmodi ation oftraditionsand reationofthe

Azov--Dnieper ultureontheL ower Donbasin[Kotova1994:56-57℄.

SomegroupsoftheL owerDon ulturepopulationpenetratedintotheSouth

Bugbasin,too.In uen eoftheL owerDonpopulationanditsprobablepenetration

intotheBug-Dniestrmilieuhaveresultedinsigni ant hangesoftheBug-Dniester

traditionsandinformationofa omplexoftheSam hintsyperiod.Mostfullythese

materials are presented at the Sam hintsy settlement and in the se ond layer of

the settlement on the Bazkov island. Under the L ower Don in uen e the

Separate potswith rimslantwise utinsideoaregaining a eptan easwell (Fig.

17:3,5).

Probably,resultsofin uen eoftheL owerDonpopulationwerealsosome

bu-ildingsofsubre tangleformswhi hhaveappearedintheSam hintsytime,alongside

thestru turesofsuboval formtypi alfortheBug-Dniesterpopulation.

Itis ne essary to note, thatalso the Bug-Dniester in uen e ontraditions of

theL ower Don ulture is onrmed. Itwas displayed in borrowingstret hed and

tape de oration. The idea of tape ornamental ompositions was remade by the

L ower Don population in the traditional for this ulture exe ution. In ontrast

to the Bug-Dniester pottery, where thetapes were lled with the s rat hed lines

or strokes, on the L ower Don erami s they were lled with omb prints. It is

ne essary to spe ify, thatthetape de oration was usedalso by populationof the

Surska ulture.However, fortheseornamental ompositionsare hara teristi the

anglegures (Fig.5:1)dierentfromthesmooth,round ompositionsofthe

Bug--Dniester pottery(Fig. 6:1, 2). Just spreading of the subroundtape patternsand

their use by the L ower Don population (Fig. 12), parallel with angle ones (Fig.

11:6),makepossibletospeakaboutthedire tin uen eoftheBug-Dniester ulture.

The in uen eofthepopulationoftheSurska ulture,settledin thewesternAzov

Sea area, simultaneously with the representatives of theL ower Don ulture, was

re e tedino urren eofstrokedde orationandingoeringofrimsofsomeL ower

Donvessels [Kiyashko1987:Fig.1:21).

In the fourthquarter of the5th millennium BC thein uen e of population

oftheL ower Don ultureontheNeolithi inhabitantsoftheSouthernBug basin

de reased. The onta tswith theL ower Don population, probably, havebeen

in-terruptedas the result ofgradually worsening of inhabitation onditionsin south

ofasteppezone,thatwas onne tedwiththedryingofthe limate,whi hrea hed

its peakat theendof the5th |beginning of the4thmillennia BC [Spiridonova

1991:198,Fig.37℄.Over oming ofin uen esoftheL owerDon ultureandrevival

ofthePre-Sam hintsy traditionsin thepottery-makinghave aused theformation

of sitesin theSavran periodof theBug-Dniestr ulture.Itis dated tothe fourth

quarterofthe5th|beginning ofthe4thmillenniumBC.

However,just atthistime lose onta tsofthepopulationof the

Azov-Dnie-per ulturewith themost southerngroupsoftheBug-Dniester population, whi h

inhabitednorthofa steppezoneare tra ed.

Inmid-1950stheAzov-Dnieper ulturewas distinguishedbyV.N. Danilenko,

whointhelatestworkhasgivenonlyitsbrief hara teristi [1974:36-40℄.Thesitesof

theAzov-Dnieper ultureareknowninthewesternAzovSeaarea,L owerDnieper

stepperegion andthesteppeareas ofCrimea. Indevelopment ofthe ulture two

periods are distinguished [Danilenko 1974:38; Kotova1994:43-44℄. The rst (the

Neolithi ) period is dated to the se ond half of the 5th | beginning of the 4th

millennia BC. It is hara terized by the erami s with omb de oration and the

ground emeteries,whi h onsistedofindividualgravepits.These ond,Eneolithi ,

periodoftheAzov-Dnieper ulture(Nikolskiy,Lysogorskiy,apartofYasinovatskiy

burial-pla e) onsisted of large grave pits, whi h were used during long time for

subburials.

Therstperiodispresentedin theMolo hnayaRiverbasin bynotnumerous

materialsfromthelowerlayeroftheSemenovkasettlementand,probably,materials

oftheChapaevkasite.IntheL owerDnieperregionthelowerlayersoftheSoba hki,

Vov hokangVovnigisettlementsarerelatedtotherstperiod.InthesteppeCrimea

the materials of this period were found in the upper layer of the Frontovoe 1

settlement[Matskevoy1977:79-81℄.

The funeral rites of therstperiod of this ulture are presented in su h

e-meteries as Vovnigskiy2, Vasilyevskiy 5,Dolinskiy andearly part oftheNikolskiy

burial-pla e[Bodyanskiy1959℄.Thepopulationburiedthedeadinindividualgrave

pitsontheterritoryoflarge earth emeteries.Ontheterritoryofthe emeterythe

pitsformed therows. The skeletons are extendedon theba kwith heads toeast

orwest.Onthesurfa eof emeteriesthesingle bonresandpilesofstones,whi h

were prototypesof sa ri ial platforms were found.They were distributed in the

se ond period of this ulture development. The set of burial goods in luded the

Unioshells,theteethof deer andsh,thebeads fromstone, boneandna re,the

int implements. Two stages in development of funeralrites are distinguished on

the base of materials of thespe ied emeteries. At therst stage of theearlier

periodthedeadwerenotpaintedwith ano hre,atthese ondstage ofthisperiod

theuseofo hre inthefuneral eremonybegan[Kotova1994:43-44℄.

Twostagesare tra edwithinmaterials ofsettlements,too.

The rst stage of theAzov-Dnieper ulture and oexisten e with the Surska

ultureare xed in lower layerof theSemenovka settlementnear Melitopol (Fig.

18:2-5). This layer presumably dates to the third quarter of the 5th millennium

BC[Kotova,Tuboltsev1996℄.TheAzov-Dnieperpotteryfromthislayerismadeof

lay with in lusions of rushed shell. Itis ornamented by prints of omb stamps,

in ludingthe\walking omb"(Fig.18:3,5).Thevesselshaveno ollarsontherims.

Combinedtheornamentfromovalstrokes,typi alfortheSurska ulture,withthe

printsof\walking omb"o ursan onevessel(Fig.18:5).

Thepopulationlived inthissettlement,bred neatandsmall attle,horsesand

pigs.Theanimalhusbandryprovidedabout50%ofmeatfood.Themainobje tof

huntingwas probably Europeandonkey,but boar,red deer, saiga andhares were

alsohunted.InthisfavorableperiodwithsuÆ ienthumidifyingofthe limate,apart

fromtheEuropeandonkeyandsaiga | typi alo upantsofthesteppe| inthe

ood-landsboarsandreddeerwere found.Probably, invalleysoftheriversatthis

timeof ood-landwoodsgrew,inwhi h typi alanimalsofforest-steppeandforest

zoneslived(Table2).

Ex epttheSemenovka,the erami softherststage arefoundattheBabino

settlement in the L ower Dnieper steppe region (Fig. 18:1). As a whole the rst

stageoftherstperiodpreviouslyisdatedtothese ondhalfofthe5thmillennium





















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Tothese ondstageoftherstperiod(theendofthe5th|beginingofthe4th

millenia BC) on ernssu hsettlementsasChapaevka(Fig.19)in theMolo hnaya

Riverbasin;Soba hki,Vov hokandothersitesoftheL owerDnieperstepperegion

(Fig. 20;21). During these ond stage erami s was manufa turedfrom lay with

the in lusions of sandand vegetation. It had the at base. The pottery in luded

pots(Fig. 20:1, 8;21:11) andround| sided bowls(Fig. 20:2, 3, 5).Part ofthem

havetherimswith ollar(Fig.20:1, 5, 8)ortherimsslantwise utinside o(Fig.

20:2, 10). The pottery was ornamentedby prints of long and short omb stamps.

Fordivision of ornamental zones the omb zigzagfrequently was used(Fig.20:2,

5). The de oration was rendered on the whole surfa e of a vessel, in luding the

internal utofrimandbase.

FortheAzov-Dnieper ulturein the endof 5th| beginning of the4th

mil-lennia BCbifa ialworkedpointsof spear-headandarrow-head,thetrapezes with

thinnedba k,grinded hisels andadzes(Fig.20;21)are hara teristi .The

impor-tantroleine onomyoftheAzov-Dnieper ulturewasplayedbythe attlebreeding.

Itprovidedabout70%of meatfood.The Azov-Dnieperpopulationbredtheneat

andsmall attle,horsesandpigs (Table 3).

Materials of su h late Bug-Dniester settlements as Puga h 1 and 2, Gard 3,

whi h have been studied by N. Tovkailo [1990℄ in the Nikolaev Region, onrm

thesigni ant in uen e of theAzov-Dnieper traditionsonthe erami s

manufa -tureandimplementsontheBug-Dniesterpopulation.Thisistruein regard tothe

spreading ofvessels with the ollar rim(Fig. 22:1, 2), the omb zigzagin

de ora-tionof erami , thegrindedstoneaxes,thetrapezeswiththinnedba k,thebifa ial

retou hedpoints(Fig.22:20,15,24).

In ontrast to the earlier time, at the end of the 5th | beginning of the

4thmillenniumBC, theBug-Dniestr populationbred horses,neatandsmall attle

[Zhuravlev, Kotova 1996:12℄. The horned small attle and horse, probably, had

Fig.21.Materialsofthese ondstageoftheAzov-Dnieper ulture(therstperiod):1,11-Soba hki

settlement,2,5,6,8,13,15-17,20-Vovnigskiy2 emetery;3,4-Nikolskiy emetery(fromtheex avation



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herdoftheAzov-Dnieperpopulation.Itisne essarytoemphasize,thatsmall attle

and horse o ur just in the steppe Bug-Dniester sites andjust in an arid period

(Table 4).



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T a b l e 4

Thus,thestudyoftheNeolithi sitesofthemiddleofthe5th|beginning of

the4thmillenniumBChasshownthattheeast ulturalimpulseplayedanimportant

roleinthepro esofdevelopmentofNeolithi ulturesoftheUkraine.Asaresult

ofmigrationof thepopulationoftheL ower Don ulturein thewestern AzovSea

basinandtheL owerDnieperstepperegionwasformedtheAzov-Dnieper ulture|

oneofthebrightestNeolithi ulturesoftheUkraine. TheL owerDonpopulation

Ukraineborrowedtheuse of ombstampsfor erami de orationandthebifa ial

workedspear-headsandarrow-heads.

Somewhatlater,aboutthefourthquarterofthe5thmillenniumBC,the

Azov--Dnieper ulturebe ametoplayanimportantroleindevelopmentoftheNeolithi

ultures in theUkraine. Due to this ulturein uen e, in theBug-Dniester

popu-lation, in thenalphase ofitsdevelopment, theadvan edanimal husbandrywith

horned small attle, horses and pigs breeding, thevessels with ollar-shaped rim,

thegrindedtoolsfromstoneandthebifa ial workedspear-headshavespread.

In on lusion,wewillnotethatthegiven workis onsideredtobeataninitial

stageofadiÆ ultandimportanttheme.Itspurposeshouldbe onsideredtobean

attemptto fo usresear hers' attentiontoexisting problem oftheeastern impulse

intheNeolithi oftheUkraine.

AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.

AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.

CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.

KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Moskva.

KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Kiev.

KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego

Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,

Kiev.

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.

SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.

SE { SovetskayaEtnograya, Moskva.

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