Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2

S E W A G E W O R K S

J O U R N A L

v o l .

xiii M ARCH,

S p e c i a l F e a t u r e s

Reorganization of Federation

New Constitution and By-Laws

Annual Report of Research Committee

Sludge Deposits—Fair, Moore and Thomas

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE

F E D E R A T I O N O F S E W A G E W O R K S A S S O C I A T I O N S

FEDERATIO N OF SEWAGE WORKS ASSOCIATIONS

OFFICERS

President

Chas. A. Emerson, Consulting Engineer, Havens and Emerson, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Vice-President

A. S. Bedell, Div. of Sanitation, State Dept, of Health, Albany, N. Y.

Treasurer

W. W. DeBerard, City Engineer, Chicago, 111.

Honorary Secretary

H. E. Moses, Chief Engineer, State Dept, of Health, Harrisburg, Pa.

Executive Secretary

W. H. Wisely, Box 18, Urbana, 111.

Editor

F. W. Mohlman, Chief Chemist, The Sanitary District of Chicago, 910 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.

Board of Control

Earnest Boyce, Lawrence, Kansas John W. Cunningham, Portland, Ore.

N. G. Damoose, Battle Creek, Mich.

H. J. Darcey, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Chas. A. Davis, Denver, Colo.

V. M. Ehlers, Austin, Texas

John E. Farmer, The Institute of Sanitary Engineers, Worthing, Sussex, England

G. R. Frith, Atlanta, Ga.

J. H. Garner, The Institute of Sewage Purification, Wakefield, England

F. W. Gilcreas, Albany, N. Y.

Harry R. Hall, Hyattsville, Md.

Charles G. Hyde, Berkeley, Cal.

F. W. Jones, Cleveland, Ohio Max Levine, Ames, la.

Phil. J. Martin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

A. P. Miller, New York, N. Y.

H. E. Moses, Harrisburg, Pa.

N. L. Nussbaumer, Buffalo, N. Y.

Wm. W. Piatt, Durham, N. C.

Willem Rudolfs, New Brunswick, N. J.

George S. Russell, St. Louis, Mo.

George J. Schroepfer, St. Paul, Minn.

W. W. Towne, Pierre, S. D.

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.

A Bimonthly Journal devoted to the advancement of fundamental and practical knowledge concerning the nature, collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes, and the design, construction, operation and manage­

ment of sewage works.

Publication Office: Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancaster, Pa.

Editorial Office: 910 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.

Subscription Price:

Members of Local Sewage Works Associations affiliated with the Federation, $1.50 per year.

Non-members: Total fee $3.00, which includes subscription at $2.00 and service information fee of $1.00;

Canada, $3.50 per year; other countries, $4.00 per year.

Foreign Subscriptions must be accompanied by International Money Order.

Single copies: United States, $1.00 each; Foreign, $1.25 each.

Manuscript may be sent to the Editor, F. W. Mohlman, 910 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111., for acceptance or rejection subject to the provisions of the Federation constitution.

A d v e r t is in g c o p y s h o u ld be s e n t to A r t h u r A . C la y , A d v e r t is in g M a n a g e r , L a n c a s t e r , P a . , o r 654 M a d is o n A v e ., N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

S u b s c r ip t io n s a n d a d d r e s s ch a n g e s s h o u ld b e se n t to W . H . W i s e l y , E x e c u t iv e S e c r e t a r y , L a n ­ c a s te r, P a ., o r B o x 18, U r b a n a , I ll i n o i s .

No claims will be allowed for copies of Journals lost in the mails unless such claims are received within sixty (60) days of the date of issue and no claims will be allowed for issues lost as a result of insufficient notice of change

of address. “ Missing from files ” cannot be accepted as the reason for honoring a claim.

Entered as second-class matter, May 7, 1934, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

• W r i t e f o r d e t a i l s o n t h e D o r r M u l t d i g e s l i o n S y s t e m w h i c h i s n o w s e r v i n g a p o p u l a t i o n o f

s e v e r a l m i l l i o n i n m o r e t h a n 6 0 c o m m u n i t i e s . f T O R R C M a d v a n t a g e s o f

DORR MULTDIGESTION

Mechanical Sludge Mixing in Primary Means

• Maximum gas production 20 to 25 cu. ft. per pound volatile destroyed

—M

• Maximum reductions

—60

to 65 per cent total solids;

80 to 85 per cent volatiles.

Quiescent Sludge Settling in Secondary Means

• A clear, harmless super­

natant hquor for return to process.

• A dense, compact sludge for drying, filtration or incineration.

• A combination cover and gas holder that provides ample gas storage.

COSTLY OR U N SIG H TLY GAS HOLDERS

A typical Dorr Multdigestion System, showing range o f the gas holder on the 60 ft. dia. secondary tank.

T H E D O R R M U L T D I G E S T I O N S Y S T E M

A T t e D o r r M u l t d i g e s t i o n S y s t e m i s u n i q u e i n t h a t n o s e p a - r a t e , u n s i g h t l y g a s h o l d e r i s r e q u i r e d . A d e q u a t e g a s s t o r ­ a g e c a p a c i t y i s p r o v i d e d i n t h e s e c o n d a r y t a n k c o v e r w h i c h r i s e s a n d f a l l s w i t h t h e g a s p r o d u c t i o n .

S e c o n d a r y t a n k g as h o ld e r s r is e fro m 7 t o 19 ft., d e p e n d ­ in g on t h e size o f t h e t a n k , a n d p r o v id e fro m 1500 to 150,000 c u . It . o l g as s to r a g e — e q u iv a le n t t o 6 to 12 h o u r s o f g a s ifi­

c a t io n . T h i s ir o n s o u t v a r i a t i o n s in t h e r a t e o f g as p r o ­ d u c t io n a n d a ssu re s a u n if o r m f lo w o f g as to h e a t e r s a n d en g in e s.

A D o r r M u l t d i g e s t i o n S y s t e m w i t h s e l f c o n t a i n e d g a s s t o r a g e , c o s t s l e s s t h a n e q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t y w i t h s e p a r a t e g a s h o l d e r . T h i s f a c t , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e o t h e r a d v a n t a g e s c i t e d t o t h e l e f t , h a s m a d e t h i s s y s t e m t h e s t a n d a r d o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n .

3 6 , 8 0 0 C U B I C FEET

*

u w

umir

T H E D O R R C O M P A N Y , I N C . • E N G I N E E R S

570 LEXINGTON AVE. • NEW YORK

A T L A N T A . T O R O N T O . C H I C A G O . D E N V E R . L O S A N G E L E S

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L 3

PO LISH IN G B IO FILT R A T IO N E F F L U E N T S

L IB E R T Y D A T A ---

• Activated Sludge Equivalent

Rem ovals—

Suspended Solids 93.8 percent B.O.D. 93.5 percent

• Better Final Effluent

Suspended Solids 10 P.P.M.

B.O.D. 13 P.P.M.

• Non-Settleables Removed

54 percent of all suspended solids overflowing secondary clarifier re­

moved by filter. -

H « j j H 1

Secondary Clarifier Poi

Influent

m

Pqimary Tank

MAGNETITE FILTER AND at Liberty,Biofiltration

NY

Automatic Magnetite Filter installed around chlorination chamber at Liberty, N. Y.

Contractor: E. W. Martin, Liberty, N. Y.

Consulting Engineer: W. A. Hardeubergli, New York

AT L I B E R T Y

T h e B i o f i l t r a t i o n S y s t e m a t L i b e r t y , N . Y . , p l u s a n A u t o m a t i c M a g n e t i t e F i l t e r i s g i v i n g r e ­ m o v a l s a n d f i n a l e f f l u e n t s c o m p a r i n g f a v o r a b l y w i t h o t h e r m o r e e x p e n s i v e t y p e s o f s e w a g e t r e a t ­ m e n t .

T h e d a t a a t t h e l e f t r e p r e s e n t o n e w e e k ’ s o p e r a t i o n — A u g . 2 8 - S e p t . 5 , 1 9 4 0 — a n d s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s . D e s i g n w a s b a s e d o n a p e a k l o a d o f 1 M . G . D . a n d

2

A u t o m a t i c M a g n e t i t e F i l t e r s , w h e r e v e r i n ­ s t a l l e d , p o l i s h p l a n t e f f l u e n t s t o a u n i f o r m d e g r e e

— r e m o v e t h e f i n e s t s o l i d s a t a l o w e r c o s t p e r t o n t h a n a n y o t h e r d e v i c e o p e r a t i n g o v e r t h e s a m e r a n g e .

W r i t e f o r o u r b u l l e t i n a n d f u l l o p e r a t i n g d a t a o n L i b e r t y a n d o t h e r r e c e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

THE AUTOMATIC MAGNETITE FILTER IS MARKETED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE DORR COMPANY, INC.

F I L T R A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T C O R P .

10 E a s t 4 0 th S t r e e t S a le s O f f ic e N e w Y o rk , N . Y.

COARSE SCREENS • AUTOMATIC MAGNETITE FILTERS • CONKEY V A C U U M FILTERS

A L U M I N U M , D E F E N S E ,

A N D Y O U

Ü

W E INTERRUPT our regular messages to report what’s what with aluminum.

AT THE M O M E N T delivery for civilian use must make way for defense. Everybody knows the reason. Defense requires and is using more aluminum per month than peacetime America ever consumed.

NEVERTHELESS, we intend that no one shall have to forego the things aluminum can do best one minute longer than we can help.

THERE IS N O SHORTAGE of bauxite, nor of anything else, except time. A n d Father Time is being given the race of his life.

WE ARE MOVING, for example, 35,000 yards of earth a day at Alcoa, Tenn., to get 50 acres under a single roof by September. It will require 193 carloads of roofing felt.

Some of the operations in that plant will start even before the walls are up. That’s an annual rolling capacity for 120 million pounds of high strength alloy sheet coming along fast.

LAST M A R C H WE STUCK the first shovel in a cow pasture near Vancouver, Wash. In September a 30 million pound plant was delivering metal. It has been doubled, already.

A third 30 million pound unit starts delivering in April; a fourth in May; a fifth in June. F r o m cow pasture to 150 million pounds annual capacity in 15 months.

A SIDELIGHT: T o make that 150 million pounds of alumi­

num, we first have to build factories to make 120 million pounds of carbon electrodes. W e have to obtain the equip­

ment (transformers, rectifiers, and the like) to feed 162,500 kw. of electricity into the reduction furnaces. This is a generating capacity equal to that of the state of Delaware plus twice that of Mississippi.

W H A T OF TOTAL PRODUCTION? In addition to Van­

couver, further installations are being made at other of our plants, so that in less than a year their total capacity will be more than double that of 1939, when 327 million pounds were produced.

IN THE VERY MIDST of this demand we have lowered the price of aluminum ingot 15%. W e state, without reserva­

tion, our hope that the price can be still further reduced.

DEFENSE APPLICATIONS use aluminum for exactly the same reasons you do. Defense priorities on aluminum simply say that there are some fundamental things that aluminum does supremely well. It will do them still better as im­

portant lessons in production, fabrication, and application are learned from every additional pound being produced and used.

YOU, SIR, have been using aluminum for various structures, in sewage disposal plants and for plant and material- handling equipment and for painting. It is not easy nor convenient to have to substitute other materials tem­

porarily. W e want you to know that we intend to make this hardship as short-lived as possible. Your aluminum is on the way. It is a promise.

A L U M I N U M C O M P A N Y O F A M E R I C A

SEW A G E W O RKS JO U R N A L

A S K E D T H I S

C O N S U L T I N G E N G I N E E R

111,1 \

H O W D O E S A N A E R O - F I L T E R G I V E

M O R E F O R L E S S M O N E Y ?

^ I T

© LOWER INITIAL COST! Yes, the cost is lower with an Aero-Filter because the filter bed volume is only 1/7 to 1/9 that of conventional filters! And no over-size primary tanks are re­

quired! This is made possible by Aero-Filter’s efficient distribution of sewage to the filter bed.

(2) OPERATING COST IS LOWER, TOO, because the need for costly pumping for recircula­

tion is eliminated by Aero-Filter’s distribution.

Thus, maintenance and power costs are propor­

tionately lowered, and of course fixed-charge items are lower because of the low initial plant cost.

(3) ADEQUATE PURIFICATION for any of your requirements is the third reason. By a choice of a single or two-stage design and supplementary units, any degree of effluent quality may be ob­

tained! All this—at minimum cost for plant and operation! Think

that

@ AND A PROVED BACKGROUND is thing you should consider. Aero-Filter is thor­

oughly proved. Its basic design factors have been established and approved by state boards of health.

There are 49 Aero-Filter installations in 13 states

—in both Northern and Southern climates!

Send for Aero-Filter Catalog No. 329 Address 1606 W. Bruce Street, Milwaukee, Wis

REX SANITATION EQ U IPM EN T

C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y O F M I L W A U K E E

1941

C h a p m a n

) n e o f an In s ta lla tio n o f 4 8 " M a n u a lly O p e r a t e d I A P M A N C O N E V A L V E S e ig h in g 3 9 ,0 0 0 lbs. e a c h .

T h e C h a p m a n V a l v e IM M A M r i D r u i i t

D .

A u t o m a t ic

C o n e V a d v e s

overshadow a ll o th ers in h a n d lin g to u g h control problem s in s e w a g e d isp o sa l w o rk

W h a t s p e c ia l q u a l it i e s w o u l d y o u l i s t a s e s s e n t ia l i n t h e i d e a l v a l v e f o r s u c h u s e s a s n o te d in b o x b e l o w ? W o u l d n o t y o u r l i s t i n c l u d e a c le a r - p ip e w a t e r w a y ? S e l f - c le a n i n g i a c tio n ? P o s i t i v e , e a s y o p e r a t io n , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r l o n g p e r i o d s i n o n e p o s i t i o n ? C o m p l e t e I p ro te c tio n o f s e a ts w h e n o p e n o r c lo s e d ? Q u i c k c l o s i n g w i t h o u t s u r g e ? S u p e r i o r a d a p t a ­

b ility b o th to t h r o t t l i n g a n d f r e e d i s c h a r g e ? A l l t h e s e a n d m o r e a r e c o m b in e d i n o n l y o n e v a lv e w e k n o w o f — t h e C h a p m a n A u t o m a t i c C o n e . W e c a n n o t o v e r s t r e s s it s p r o v e d e fficie n cy a n d d e p e n d a b i l i t y i n s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t s e r v ic e .

!

C h a p m a n A u t o m a t i c C o n e V a l v e s a r e p lu g - ty p e w i t h m o s t i n g e n i o u s o p e r a t i n g m e c h a n is m s . T h e y a r e m a d e i n s iz e s f r o m 6" to 4 8 " , a n d e q u i p p e d w i t h m a n u a l , h y d r a u lic , e le c t r ic o r a u t o m a t i c o p e r a t o r s . T h e b est e v id e n c e o f o u t s t a n d i n g m e r i t is th e ir w id e s p r e a d u s e in s u c h p l a n t s a s :

Tallman's Island Sewage Treatment Works, New York;

Bondi's Island Sewage Disposal Plant, Springfield, Mass.

a n d m a n y o t h e r m o d e r n s e w a g e p la n t s ,

T Y P I C A L U S E S C H A P M A N C O N E V A L V E S

IN

S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T P L A N T S

1. S e w a g e P u m p D is c h a r g e C h e c k s . 2 . C o n t r o l o f S lu d g e C h a m b e r L e v e ls . 3. Q u ic k O p e r a t in g V a lv e s f o r G r i t

C h a m b e r s .

4 . A i r B lo w e r C h e c k s on A c t iv a t e d S lu d g e .

« M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o .

a r * /» A

L i P r i s . ^

FOR POSITIVE RESULTS - LOW COST OPERATION

S t r a i g h t l i n e C O L L E C T O R S Link-Belt StraightlineSludge Collectors

for the removal of sludge from rectangular settling tanks consist of two strands of especially processed malleable chain from which are suspended, at uniform intervals, scraper flights usually made from red wood.

Features are peak-cap bearings, swiveling flights, cross collectors for larger tanks, and positive sludge removal at a slow, uniform

speed. Automatic or semi-automatic skim­

ming equipment is furnished when required.

Years of uninterrupted service in a great many plants throughout the country have proved the high efficiency, durability and low-cost maintenance features of these units.

M a n y features of the Link-Belt StraightlineCollector are patented.

Send for Book No. SWJ-1742.

C i r c u l i n e C O L L E C T O R S Link-Belt CIRCULINE Collectors for the re­

moval of sludge from round tanks, consist of a flight conveyor suspended from a bridge, one end of which is pivoted at the center and the other travels around the circum­

ference of the tank. Features are positive,

slow, uniform speed, positive sludge re­

moval and excellent distribution of floi throughout the tank. Automatic s k im m ir:

is furnished when desired.

Send for Book No. SWJ-1642.

B I O - F I L T R A T I O N S y s t e m f o r T r e a t i n g S e w a g e rate of B.O.D. loading and the ability of such a plant to handle strong domestic and industrial sewage in single-stage or two- stage treatment, as required. M a n y installa­

tions of this type are now in operation and under construction.

Send for Folder No. SWJ-1881.

Bio-Filtration Sewage Treatment System with Link-Belt STRAIGHTLINE a n d Circuline Collectors brings n e w advan­

tages. The system consists of high rate shallow filter beds and recirculation of the effiuent from the filter beds to the primary tanks. Features are great flexibility, high

BlO-FllTRATION

:.v s«mr 5WA5».t« rmt*

IW K -B eir

' STRA,îiilHÎÎ5 Cimmm

S t r a i g h t l i n e B a r S c r e e n s Link-Belt STRAIGHTLINE Mechanically- Cleaned Bar Screens have spaced parallel bars on which the larger floating solids in incoming sewage collect, and a mechanically operated rake for removal of the accumulat­

ing solids, thus assuring an even flow of sewage through the channel. The machine m a y be set vertically or inclined, and used in small or large plants.

Send for Folder No. SWJ-1587.

T R I T O R S c r e e n s The Link-Belt Tritor Screen is a combina tion of screen and grit chamber. It is espt cially designed for medium and small sis plants. Its main elements are a hopper, a screen, and a bucket elevator for removii grit from hopper, the buckets being perforate for drainage. O n return run, rake teeth«

buckets clean the screen. A n adjustable wei regulates velocity of flow through hoppei

Send for Folder No. SWJ-1587.

I N D U S T R I A L W A S T E S C R E E N S

The Link-Belt Industrial Waste Screen is an efficient and economical unit for the removal of objectionable suspended solids from industrial waste before the water is discharged into sewers or streams. The screenings come off the machine with a

minimum of moisture. Units are available in several sizes and with coarse or fine screen medium. Wastes from canneries, textile mills, steel mills, etc., are handled successfully by these screens.

Send for Folder No. SWJ-1877.

S t r a i g h t l i n e G r i t C o l l e c t o r s a n d W a s h e r s The Link-Belt StraightlineGrit Collector

and Washer effectively collects, washes and removes settled grit and separates it from putrescible organic matter. This unit con­

sists of a scraper type collector with pitched flights which turns the material over and

over and discharges it into a washing an dewatering screw at the influent end of tt tank, from which it is carried up an inclin to a point of discharge.

Send for Folder No. SWJ-1942.

L I N K - B E L T W A T E R and S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T P L A N T E Q U I P M E N T I N C L U D E S : S T R A IG H T L IN E Mixers for Flocculation Tanks; S T R A IG H T L IN E Scum Breakers for Digestion Tanks;

Elevated Diffusers; Traveling Water-Intake Screens; Roto-Louvre Dryers for sludge and other wet materials;

P .I V. Gear Variable Speed Drive for Pumps; Coal and Ashes Handling Machinery; Car Spotters and Haulage Systems; Shovels-Cranes-Draglines—Crawler, Tractor and Truck Mounted; and a complete line of elevating, conveying and power transmitting equipment. Catalogs sent on request.

L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y

Specialists in the Manufacture o f Equipment for Water and Sewage Treatment Plants

P H IL A D E L P H IA C H IC A G O LO S A N G E L E S C L E V E L A N D

2045 W . Hunting Park Ave. 300 W . Pershing Road 361 S. Anderson St. 548 Rockefeller Bldg.

Atlanta. .Baltimore. .Boston. .Buffalo. .Dallas. .Denver. .Detroit. .Grand Rapids. .Houston. .Huntington, W . Va.. Indianapol Kansas City, Mo.. .Louisville. .New Orleans. .New York. .Oakland, Calif.. .Pittsburgh. .Portland, Ore.. .Salt Lake Citv Seatt

St. Louis.. St. P a u l.. Wilkes-Barre

In Canada—Link-Belt Limited—Toronto Plant; Montreal; Vancouver; Swastika Shovel-Dragline-Crane Division—I ~ ... “ -- - ~

SEW A G E W O RKS JO U R N A L 9

T w o simple methods of applying Aluminum Sulfate Sol ution to sludge as it flows onto the sand beds:

A portable hand pump.

A discarded drum fitted with a w'ooden spigot.

G E N E R A L C H E M I C A L A L I I M I K U M S I L F A I E

\\0 .

General Chemical Alumi­

num Sulfate, dry fed or solution fed, reduces the sludge drying time from 30 days or more to an average of 10 days. Alum coagulates the sludge sol­

ids and thereby separates them from the liquid, which rapidly drains away. Carbon dioxide re­

leased in the reaction ren­

ders the sludge porous, thus permitting faster evaporation.

R E L I E V E Y O U R O V E R ­ C R O W D E D D X G EST O R S.

K EE P Y O U R SA N D BED S CLEAN A N D O PEN .

General Chemical C o m ­ pany will be pleased to cooperate with cities and towns desirous of expe­

diting the drying of sludge on sand beds. Write to

U N T R E A T E D

n : ; :'i±

■ : «

. . f JÉ

, ¡¿-mm

T R E A T E D ^

G E N E R A L C H E M I C A L C O M P A N Y

4 0 RECTOR STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Sales Offices:

St. Louis • Utica (N. Y.)

Pacific Coast Sales Offices:

Pacific Northwest Sales Offices:

In Canada:

< w

M E x r s m E t

THESE FIVI

.

F E W E R J O I N T S

L E S S I N F I L T R A T I O N

L O W E R M A I N T E N A N C E C O S T S

Jonns-Manville

TRANSITE

I

PIPE

s y s t e m s , J - M T r a n s i t e S e w e r P i p e p r o v id e s i m p o r t a n t s a v in g s o n t h e a b o v e f iv e p o in t s . A s b e s t o s - c e m e n t in c o m p o s i­

t io n , t h i s d u r a b l e p ip e c o m e s in lo n g , e a s i l y i n s t a l le d le n g t h s t h a t r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r o f j o i n t s in t h e lin e . I t s u n u s u a l c o r r o s io n - r e s is t a n c e k e e p s m a i n t e n a n c e lo w . J o i n t s s t a y t ig h t . A n d in m a n y c a s e s, b e c a u s e o f T r a n s i t e ’s h ig h c a r r y i n g c a ­ p a c i t y , g r a d e s c a n b e f la t t e r , t r e n c h e s s h a ll o w e r o r s m a l l e r p ip e u s e d .

F o r d e t a ils , s e n d f o r T r a n s i t e S e w e r P i p e b r o c h u r e T R - 2 1 A . A n d , i f y o u a re in t e r e s t e d in lo w - c o s t w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a ­ t io n , g e t t h e T r a n s i t e W a t e r P i p e b r o ­ c h u r e I R - 1 1 A . J o h n s - M a n v i l l e , 22 E a s t 4 0 t h S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

T h e M O D E R N M a t e r i a l f o r

S e w e r a n d W a t e r L i n e s

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g ives convincing

f a c t s . . . W r i t e

f o r y o u r c o p y

SEW A G E W O RKS JO U R N A L 11

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

P r o t e c t i n g a i r p o r t a n d a i r s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l w i t h a d e q u a t e s a n i t a ­ t i o n f a c i l i t i e s h a s p r u d e n t l y b e e n a r r a n g e d f o r u n d e r t h e c u r r e n t N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e P r o g r a m .

W e l l d e s i g n e d , p r o p e r l y e q u i p p e d s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s a r e b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d a t m a n y p o i n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e n a t i o n , m a k i n g b r o a d u s e o f p r o v e n , t i m e - t e s t e d P . F . T . E q u i p m e n t s .

T e n a i r p o r t s , a i r s c h o o l s a n d a i r b a s e s a r e n o w u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n u s i n g 12 P . F . T . F l o a t i n g C o v e r D i ­ g e s t e r s , a n u m b e r o f R o t a r y D i s ­ t r i b u t o r s , f o u r t e e n S i p h o n s a n d m a n y P u m p s a n d b o i l e r r o o m u n i t s .

P . F . T . h a s l e d t h e w a y i n s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t e q u i p m e n t t h e o r y a n d d e s i g n d o w n t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s f r o m 1 8 9 3 — a l m o s t h a l f a c e n t u r y o f d o i n g o n e t h i n g w e l l — i n t h e

s a m e m a n n e r h a v e w e b e e n l e a d e r s i n e v i d e n c i n g o u r i n t e r e s t i n s e r v ­ i n g t h e n a t i o n d u r i n g t h e n a t i o n a l e m e r g e n c y .

“ I t c a n b e d o n e ” i s o u r w a t c h w o r d o n N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e c o m m i s s i o n s

— o v e r f o r t y o f w h i c h a r e c o m p l e t e d o r n e a r i n g p r o d u c t i o n c o m p l e t i o n t o d a y .

M o r e t h a n F o r t y N a t i o n a l D e ­

f e n s e P r o j e c t s N o w U n d e r C o n s t r u c t i o n E m p l o y t h e

F o l l o w i n g P . F . T . S a n i t a t i o n

E q u i p m e n t s :

★ 38 F lo a t i n g C o v er D ig e s te r s

★ 11 R o ta r y D i s t r i b u t o r s

★ 32 S i p h o n I n s t a l l a t i o n s

★ 12 S e w a g e S lu d g e P u m p s

★ 23 B o ile r R o o m I n s t a l l a t i o n s u s i n g : F la m e T r a p s , P r e s s u r e R e l i e f F la m e T r a p s , W a s te G a s B u r n e r s , G a u g e s , D r ip T r a p s , e tc .

- * J a n & C o .

4241 RAVENSWOOD AVENUE, CHICAGO

NEW YORK CHARLOTTE,N.C._____________________________

S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T EQUIPMENT EXCLUSIVELY SINCE 1893

N o r t o n P o r o u s M e d i u m s

\ E R A T I O N i s t h e h e a r t o f a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e s e w a g e p l a n t s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d — a n d m o r e N o r t o n P o r o u s M e ­ d i u m s a r e u s e d i n t h i s o p e r a t i o n t h a n a n y o t h e r m a k e .

O v e r f i f t y y e a r s ’ e x p e r i e n c e i n c e r a m i c p r o d u c t m a n u f a c t u r e a n d m a n y y e a r s ’ e x p e r i e n c e i n p o r o u s m e d i u m p r o d u c ­ t i o n a r e b e h i n d N o r t o n P l a t e s a n d T u b e s — a s s u r i n g u n i f o r m a i r d i s t r i b u ­ t i o n , g r e a t s t r e n g t h a n d l o w w e t p r e s ­ s u r e l o s s .

N O R T O N C O M P A N Y

W o r c e s t e r , M a s s .

Norton Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd., Welwyn, England Norton Company of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

í8™WJI

SEW A G E W ORKS JO U R N A L

" • » « too p l M M f n I a n a so i] ” d 0 t h w “ " » « ¡ M W h e re f . o d stn irs

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i t i s a v a l u a b l e p r o d u c t ,

- f a ll a c y e , w a s tin g a re a w a h e n in g

‘ » d a l o r d u m p in g a n d in c u r r in g a n " r

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y s n ° w use one o f th * * ,

D is in te g r a to r s , 0 „ „ ¡ c t I j r c o n y e r t s ' n l T T S e W a e e S ,u tl<"

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T h e R o y e r also t h o rm „r M

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others. A p o r t f o l i o o f a u t h e n f ■ e n 6 S ’ ^ C° UrS6S a D d I ~ jC C t i s y ° n r s f o r t h e a s k i n g . ^ l n f ° m a t i o n o n t h e s u b -

R O Y E R F O U N D R Y & M A C H I N E C O .

1 7 6 P R I N G L E S T . , K I N G S T O N , P A .

i n m o d e r n s e w a g e d i s p o s a l p l a n t s

[ M C O S E W A G E G A S M E T E R S P IT T S B U R G H W A T E R M E T E R S N O R D S T R O M L U B R IC A T E D P L U G V A L V E S

EMCO SEWAGE GAS METERS FOR ACCURATE GAS MEASUREMENT

Accurate measurement of gas generated during sludge digestion and used as a source of heat and power, is essential in the operation of sewage disposal plants.

The destructive effect w hich sewage tank

— gas has on c o n v e n tio n a l gas m eters

necessitates the use of meters especially constructed for this service. E M C O Meters for Sewage Gas are con­

structed from materials which laboratory tests and actual service have proven resistant to the action of this gas. A full line of sizes is ava il­

able for various volume requirements.

PITTSBURGH WATER METERS MEASURE HOT AND COLD WATER

In order to definitely determine operat­

ing costs in sewage disposal plants, it is imperative to measure all water consum­

ed. S in ce both hot and cold water are used in the disposal processess, it is of vital importance to install the proper meter for each service. Hundreds of thou­

sands of Pittsburgh W ater Meters have been purchased by large and small municipalities alike throughout the country. Th eir excellent con­

struction, maintained accuracy and long life are time proven. Hot W ater Meters are of special construction to operate under high temperatures.

NORDSTROM LUBRICATED PLUG VALVE GIVES POSITIVE

CONTROL ON ALL UNES

The heterogeneous nature of the fluids in sewage disposal plants indicates the desirability of the pressure lubricated Nordstrom Plu g V a lve for all va lve ser­

vices therein. Basicly, the superiority of N ordstrom V a lv e s o ve r c o n v e n tio n a l types lies in their resistance to leakage and the fact that they always open or close easily. In addition, the Nordstrom V alve design is such that the presence of abrasive grit and other solid matter is of no consequence, and corrosion and erosion, common to most sewage plant valve services, are greatly nullified with the result that Nordstrom’s w ill outlive the average valve several times over.

There is a Nordstrom Valve, ranging in size from V4 inch to 30 inch, available for every major service. In addition to standard metals, Nordstrom’s are made in a variety of special alloys and in designs for unusual requirements.

Special bulletins describing and illustrating the applir cation of EMCO Gas Meters, Pittsburgh W ater Meters and Nordstrom Valves in the sewage disposal field have been prepared. W rite, asking for Bulletins 1031 and 1042.

EMCO SEW A G E G A S METERS

PITTSBURGH HOT-COLD WATER METERS

NORDSTROM LUBRICATED PLUG V A L V E S

P IT T S B U R G H E Q U IT A B L E M E T E R C O M P A N Y M ER C O N O RD STRO M VALVE CO.

NEWYORK BUFFALO PHILADELPHIA • f l f / ' ~ - DES MOINES - CHICAGO - COLUMBIA

KANSAS CITY-TULSA LOS ANGELES i n C U S l C /fjfpJC Z A - - PITTSBURGH. P A MEMPHIS OAKLAND HOUSTON

SE W A G E W ORKS JO U R N A L 15

/ B e f o r e y o u b u i l d t h a t

N E X T S E W A G E P L A N T

T D o t h i s

t k t i u f

I n v e s t i g a t e D r e s s e r P i p e C o u p l i n g s a n d

t h e i r a d v a n t a g e s f o r s t e e l , c a s t - i r o n , a n d

c o n c r e t e s e w a g e l i n e s .

U s e d f o r 5 0 y e a r s o n t h e w o r l d ' s l o n g ­

e s t a n d l a r g e s t p i p e l i n e s . P e r m a n e n t l y

t i g h t , f l e x i b l e , e a s y a n d s i m p l e t o i n ­

s t a l l , s t r o n g a n d e c o n o m i c a l .

GbvL...

W hether you are immediately in ­ terested or not, write for our 172- page General Catalog No. 36—fu ll of specifications, field pictures, hlue prints, etc. M any people use this as a pipe-joint hand-book.

D R E S 5 E R C O U P L I N G S

D R E S S E R M A N U F A C T U R I N G C O . , B R A D F O R D , P A . In Canada: Dresser Manufacturing Co.. Limited, 60 Front St., W., Toronto, Ont.

C a s t i r o n h e a d e r c o n d u c t i n g a i r t o a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e t a n k s a t t r e a t m e n t p l a n t i n S p r i n g f i e l d , I I I .

rrilG H T joints, structural strength and long life make cast iron pipe the ideal mate­

rial for sewage works construction, either mains or treatment plants — and by long odds, the most economical in the end.

Look for the “ Q-Check” registered trade mark.

Cast Iron pipe Is made In diameters from ^{I X} to 84 inches.

THE CAST IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION. THOMAS F. WOLFE. RESEARCH ENGINEER.

1015 PEOPLES GAS BUILDING. CHICAGO. ILLINOIS

C A S T I R O N P I P E

T H E M O D E R N M A T E R I A L F O R S E W E R A G E S Y S T E M S

S e w a g e W o r k s J o u r n a l

Published by

Federation of Sewage Works Associations

La n ca ste r, P a.

C o p yrig h t, 1941, b y Fe d e ra tio n of Sew age W o r k s Associations

Vol. X III March, 1941 No. 2

Sewage Research:

A Critical Review of the Literature of 1940 on Sewage and Waste Treatment and Stream Pollution. B y W. R u d o lf s ,

Chairman,

E d w a r d s , H. A. F a b e r , A. J . F is c h e r , H. W. G ehm , A. E. G r i f f i n , H. H eu ke- le k ia n , R. W . K e h r , E. M. M o o re, L. R. S e t t e r , W. E. S t a n l e y , L. W. V a n K l e e c k and S. I. Z a c k ... 187 Chemical Coagulation of Sewage. XII. Iron Salts and Lime. B y H a r r y W. G ehm 239 Plant Operation:

Variations in the Chlorine Demand of Buffalo Sewage. B y G. E. Sy m o n s, R. W.

S im pson a n d S. R. K i n ... 249 Public Health Aspects o f Sewage Treatment in Detroit. B y W . M . W a l l a c e a n d

A r t h u r B. M o r r i l l ... 265

Stream Pollution:

The Natural Purification of River Muds and Pollutional Sediments. B y G o rd o n M.

F a i r , E d w a r d W. M o o re an d H a r o l d A. T h o m a s, J r... 270

Industrial Wastes:

Chemical Precipitation of Sulfur Dye Wastes on a Pilot Plant Scale. B y R a l p h P o rg e s , R o b e r t K. H o r t o n a n d H a r o l d B. G o t a a s... 308 Operators’ Reports and Suggestions:

Sewage Pumping Installations and Maintenance. B y N e w e l l L. N u s s b a u m e r 318 Springfield Sanitary District’s Annual Report for 1939. By C. C. L a r s o n... 324

Editorial:

A More Useful Federation... 328 Proceedings of Local Associations:

Iowa Sewage Treatment Conference and Iowa Wastes Disposal Association... 330 N e w York State Sewage Works Association ... 332 Federation of Sewage W o r k s Associations ... 335 Federation Affairs:

Federation of Sewage Works Associations... 342 Report of Secretary-Treasurer Federation of Sewage Works Associations for the Year

Ending December 31, 1940 ... 342 Federation of Sewage Works Associations— Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the

Board of Control ... 345 185

Minutes of a Meeting of the Directors of Member Associations of the F e d e ra tio n of Sewage Works Associations as an Election Committee...

Minutes of a Meeting of the Reorganized Board of Control (With Newly Elected Offi cers) of the Federation of Sewage Works Associations...

Reviews and Abstracts:

Experiences in Operating a Chemical-Mechanical Sewage Treatment Plant. B y G e o rg e J . SCHROEPFER ...

World’s Largest Sewage Disposal Plant Will be Doubled in Size...

Heat Treatment as an Aid to Sludge Dewatering. B y C. L c m b ...

City of Worcester, Massachusetts, Department of Public Works, Bureau of Sewers ...

Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Maryland-Delaware Water and Sewerage Association... ,...

Flash Drying of Sludge...

References to Sewage Literature ...

Federation of Sewage W o r k s Associations ...

Members of Federation and Subscribers to the Journal...

Non-Association Subscribers to Sewage W o r k s Journal in the United States as of December 31, 1940 ...

J o in Y o u r S t a t e o r L o c a l

S ^{e w a g e} W ^{o r k s} A s s o c ia t io n

A F F I L I A T E W I T H T H E N A T I O N A L F E D E R A T I O N

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A R T H U R A . C L A Y , B u s i n e s s M a n a g e r 6 5 4 M a d i s o n A v e .

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349

350

357 359 359 362

367 369 370 372 377

431

S e w a g e R e s e a r c h

A C R IT IC A L R E V IE W OF T H E L IT E R A T U R E OF 1940 ON S E W A G E AND W A S T E T R E A T M E N T

AND ST R EA M P O L L U T IO N

B y W . R u d o l f s , C h a i r m a n , T . R . C a m p , E . J . C l e a r y , G . P . E d w a r d s , H . A . F a b e r , A . J . F i s c h e r , H . W . G e h m , A . E . G r i f f i n , H .

H e u k e l e k i a n, R . W . K e h r, E . M . M o o r e, L . R . Se t t e r, W . E . St a n l e y, L . W . V a n K l e e c k a n d S . I . Za c k

C o m m ittee on Research, F ed era tio n o f Sew age WorTcs A sso cia tio n s

T h e l i t e r a t u r e p u b l i s h e d d u r i n g 1 9 4 0 p e r t a i n i n g t o s e w a g e a n d w a s t e t r e a t m e n t h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e i n t h i s c o u n t r y . F o r e i g n c o n t r i ­ b u t i o n s w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y c u r t a i l e d o n a c c o u n t o f t h e w a r . A g a i n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s w e r e m a d e i n t h e f i e l d s o f r e s e a r c h , o p e r a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e t r e a t ­ m e n t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e r e v i e w . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h i s b r a n c h o f t h e w o r k , w h i c h p e r t a i n s m o r e t o c l e a n e r s t r e a m s a n d b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i ­ t i o n s t h a n t o h e a l t h h a z a r d s , i n d i c a t e s m o r e c l e a r l y t h e g e n e r a l t e n ­ d e n c i e s a n d f u t u r e t r e n d o f t h o u g h t o f t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m . H o w e v e r , t h e h e a l t h a s p e c t o f s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t h a s b e e n e m p h a s i z e d b y t h e p o s ­ s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e d r e a d e d i n f a n t i l e p a r a l y s i s v i r u s r e m a i n s v i a b l e i n , a n d i s c a r r i e d , b y s e w a g e . S t r e a m s u r v e y s a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o f u n d a ­ m e n t a l r e s e a r c h i n s t r e a m p o l l u t i o n h a v e b e e n l e s s t h a n i n p r e v i o u s y e a r s , w h i c h m a y b e a c o i n c i d e n c e w i t h t h e t e m p o r a r y s h e l v i n g o f n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t i o n f o r s t r e a m p o l l u t i o n a b a t e m e n t . S t u d i e s o n f u n d a ­ m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s o f s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e p r o c e s s , h a v e b e e n c o n t i n u e d . T h e p r o b l e m i s g r a d u a l l y c l e a r i n g u p , b u t i s n o t s o l v e d . T h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a t h o r o u g h e x p o s i t i o n o f t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e o f t h e a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e p r o c e s s i s a p p a r e n t t o s h o w w h e r e w e s t a n d i n p r a c t i c e a n d r e s e a r c h . B y - p r o d u c t r e c o v e r y f r o m s e w a g e a n d w a s t e i s b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e o f g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t . P r o p e r , a c c u r a t e , s i m p l e a n d e x p e d i e n t a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s a r e s t i l l d e m a n d e d . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v i d e n t i n m e t h o d s f o r g r e a s e a n d o i l d e t e r m i n a ­ t i o n s , c h e m i c a l d e m a n d s o f s e w a g e , a n d s l u d g e a n a l y s e s . S l u d g e t r e a t ­ m e n t a n d d i s p o s a l i s s t i l l t h e h e a r t o f t h e p r o b l e m a t m a n y p l a n t s . O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h e i n c r e a s e i n q u a n t i t i e s o f s o l i d s c a u s e d b y s o - c a l l e d d u a l t r e a t m e n t o f s e w a g e a n d g a r b a g e .

T h i s a n n u a l r e v i e w i s a g a i n p r e s e n t e d a s e v i d e n c e o f p r o g r e s s . T h e r e v i e w h a s b e e n e x t e n d e d s o m e w h a t a n d t h i s y e a r a b r i e f s e c t i o n 0 11

n e w a i d s t o p r a c t i c e h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d . T h e e n t i r e r e v i e w i s n o t c o m ­ p l e t e i n t h e s e n s e t h a t a l l p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e y e a r w e r e c o n ­ s i d e r e d , b u t w e b e l i e v e t h a t a l l i m p o r t a n t p a p e r s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o

187

i n d i c a t e t h e w o r k a c c o m p l i s h e d , a n d t h e t r e n d s i n s e w a g e a n d w a s t e t r e a t m e n t a n d s t r e a m p o l l u t i o n a r e s h o w n .

Ch e m i s t r y a n d B i o l o g y

S e w a g e a n d D i s e a s e . T h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t s e w a g e m i g h t b e a v e h i c l e f o r t h e s p r e a d o f p o l i o m y e l i t i s h a s b e e n i n c r e a s i n g . S u c c e s s f u l i s o a - t i o n o f t h e p o l i o m y e l i t i s v i r u s f r o m s e w a g e o f c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h p o 1 0- m y e l i t i s e p i d e m i c s w a s r e p o r t e d b y P a u l , T r a s k a n d C u l l o t t a . 1i a ,^ ’ V i g n e c a n d P a u l 221 a n d K r a m e r , G i l l i a m a n d M i l n e r 131 i s o l a t e d t h e v i r u s f r o m h u m a n s t o o l s . I n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e f r o m s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t s i z e d c o m m u n i t i e s i n L o u i s i a n a w i t h a n d w i t h ­ o u t w a t e r s u p p l y a n d s e w a g e d i s p o s a l s y s t e m s , l e d C a s e y a n d A y m o n d t o c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e d i l u t i o n o f t h e s e w a g e m i g h t p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o l i o m y e l i t i s . I n .a g e n e r a l r e v i e w o f t h e s u b ­ j e c t E l l s w o r t h 61 a d v a n c e d e v i d e n c e a n d a r g u m e n t s i n f a v o r o f t h e w a t e r t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s d i s e a s e . I t w a s s t a t e d t h a t t h e v i r u s i n t h e s t o o l s r e m a i n e d v i a b l e f o r a t l e a s t 1 0 w e e k s i n t h e r e f r i g e r a t o r . F o r a s l o n g a s 2 5 d a y s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f t h e d i s e a s e t h e s t o o l s c o u l d b e i n f e c t i v e t o m o n k e y s . V i r u s f r o m a c t i v e c a s e s o r f r o m c a r r i e r s c o u l d b e p r e s e n t i n s e w a g e n o t o n l y d u r i n g e p i d e m i c s b u t a t o t h e r t i m e s a s w e l l . K e m p a n d S o u l e 124 r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e v i r u s o f p o l i o m y e l i t i s w a s i n a c t i v a t e d b y f o u r h o u r s ’ c o n t a c t w i t h 0 .5 p . p . m . o f c h l o r i n e i n t h e f o r m o f c h l o r a m i n ę b u t w a s n o t i n a c t i v a t e d b y 1 .5 h o u r s ’ c o n t a c t .

T o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t y p h o i d b a c t e r i a i n s e w a g e a n d s l u d g e a n d t h e e f f e c t o f n a t u r a l a n d a r t i f i c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e i r s u r v i v a l M o m a n d S h a e f f e r 156 h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e N e t h ­ e r l a n d s E a s t I n d i e s . T y p h o i d b a c t e r i a w e r e f o u n d r e g u l a r l y i n m u n i c i ­ p a l s e w a g e i n n u m b e r s h i g h e r t h a n i n E u r o p e a n s e w a g e . A b o u t 8 0 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n o f t y p h o i d b a c t e r i a w a s o b t a i n e d b y t h e p a s s a g e o f s e w a g e t h r o u g h I m h o f f t a n k s . T h e o r g a n i s m s w e r e f o u n d i n t h e s l u d g e o b t a i n e d b u t t h e r e c o v e r y w a s l o w e r t h a n t h e r e m o v a l s w o u l d i n d i c a t e . D i g e s t i o n r e d u c e d t h e i r n u m b e r s r a p i d l y , h u t d i d n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e m c o m p l e t e l y . A f t e r d r y i n g t h e s l u d g e , n o f u r t h e r t y p h o i d b a c t e r i a c o u l d b e f o u n d .

B e a r d 20 s t u d i e d t h e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e l o n g e v i t y o f t y p h o i d b a c t e r i a i n s o i l s . H e f o u n d m o i s t u r e t o b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r . F i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e t y p h o i d b a c t e r i a d i e d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 4 8 h o u r s . T h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e r e m a i n d e r e x t e n d e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f m o n t h s . I n s e w a g e - p o l l u t e d s o i l t h e s u r v i v a l w a s s h o r t e r t h a n i n n o n - p o l l u t e d s o i l .

T h e r e h a v e b e e n a n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d a s t o t h e e f f e c t o n c a t t l e a n d f a r m a n i m a l s o f s e w a g e c o n t a m i n a t e d w a t e r . F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , h o w e v e r , t h e q u e s t i o n h a s b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n b y C r a w f o r d a n d F r a n k . 48 T h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x ­ p e r i m e n t w e r e m o r e s t r i n g e n t t h a n o r d i n a r i l y w o u l d b e t h e c a s e , s i n c e t h e s e w a g e d e a l t w i t h c o n t a i n e d n o t o n l y t h e u s u a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n f r o m h u m a n s o u r c e s b u t a l s o f r o m a n i m a l s u s e d i n t h e U . S . A n i m a l D i s e a s e

Vol. 13, No. 2 C B IT IC A L B E V IE W OE L IT E B A T U B E OF 1940 189

S t a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g a n i m a l s i n f e c t e d w i t h t u b e r c u l o s i s , b r u c e l l o s i s , m a s ­ t i t i s , h o g c h o l e r a a n d o t h e r b a c t e r i a l a n d v i r u s d i s e a s e s . I t i s s t a t e d t h a t a l t h o u g h m a n y o f t h e s t a b l e s a n d b a r n s w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h s e p t i c t a n k s i n w h i c h t h e s e w a g e w a s d i s i n f e c t e d , t h e c a u s a t i v e a g e n t s o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s i n v i r u l e n t f o r m m i g h t p a s s i n t o t h e s e w a g e e n t e r i n g t h e t r e a t ­ m e n t p l a n t . T h e s e w a g e w a s t r e a t e d i n a t r i c k l i n g f i l t e r - s e p a r a t e s l u d g e d i g e s t i o n t y p e o f a p l a n t . T h e r a w s e w a g e , e f f l u e n t f r o m t h e p l a n t a n d t h e s l u d g e w h e n f e d t o s w i n e s h o w e d n o h a r m f u l e f f e c t o n t h e a n i m a l s . L i k e w i s e t h e e f f l u e n t c o n s u m e d b y c a t t l e h a d n o e f f e c t . N o n e o f t h e a n i m a l s i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t m a n i f e s t e d a n u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o c o n s u m e t h e v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s . T u b e r c u l i n t e s t s w e r e m a d e o n a l l a n i m a l s b o t h d u r i n g a n d a f t e r t h e t e s t p e r i o d ( 6 m o n t h s ) a n d s h o w e d n o p o s i t i v e r e a c t i o n . P o s t m o r t e m s s h o w e d n o e v i d e n c e o f d i s e a s e .

B i o c h e m i c a l O x i d a t i o n . A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e e f ­ f e c t o f o x y g e n t e n s i o n o n t h e r a t e o f b a c t e r i a l o x i d a t i o n c o m i n g f r o m t w o d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s p o i n t t o d i f f e r e n t c o n c l u s i o n s . Z o b e l l 249 r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n w a s i n d e p e n d e n t o f o x y g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 0 . 3 - 2 6 . 5 p . p . m . D . O . Z o b e l l a n d S t a d l e r 250 i n a s t u d y c o v e r i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r i c s a t u r a t i o n r a n g e c o n c l u d e d t h a t o x y g e n w a s c o n s u m e d a t v i r t u a l l y t h e s a m e r a t e a t a l l o x y g e n t e n s i o n s d u r i n g 4 o r 5 d a y s u n l e s s n e a r l y a l l t h e o x y g e n w a s d e p l e t e d e a r l i e r . T h e r a t e o f o x y g e n u p t a k e p e r c e l l w a s h i g h e s t d u r i n g t h e f i r s t d a y i r ­ r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e i n i t i a l d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n a n d d e c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y u p t o t h e f o u r t h d a y .

T h e s e c o n d c o n t r i b u t i o n o n t h i s p r o b l e m i s f r o m V i e h l . 229 A v e r a g e r e s u l t s o f s e v e r a l s e r i e s o f t e s t s s h o w e d t h a t B . O . D . v a l u e s i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g D . O . v a l u e s f r o m 2 t o 1 2 . 9 p . p . m . I n c r e a s i n g t h e D . O . t e n s i o n f r o m 1 2 . 9 t o 4 0 p . p . m . h a d t h e e f f e c t o f d e c r e a s i n g B . O . D . v a l ­ u e s . B . O . D . a t 2 p . p . m . D . O . w a s 8 2 p e r c e n t o f t h a t o b t a i n e d a t i t s h i g h e s t v a l u e a t 1 2 .9 p . p . m . D . O . A t 4 0 p . p . m . , B . O . D . w a s 7 3 p e r c e n t o f t h a t a t 1 2 .9 p . p . m . D . O .

S t u d i e s w e r e a l s o c o n d u c t e d b y V i e h l 229 o n t h e e f f e c t o f t h e r a t e o f a e r a t i o n , o n t h e a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e p r o c e s s u n d e r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s . D . O . c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m 0 .8 p . p . m . t o 5 .4 p . p . m . w e r e o b t a i n e d b y r e g u l a t i n g t h e r a t e o f a e r a t i o n . F r o m t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d t h e a u t h o r c o n c l u d e d t h a t 1 .5 p . p . m . D . O . w a s s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e p r o c e s s .

I n a n a t t e m p t t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e r a p i d s e l f - p u r i f i c a t i o n i n s t r e a m s r e c e i v i n g l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f a c i d m i n e d r a i n a g e , R u c h h o f t , E t t i n g e r a n d W a l k e r 185 r e p o r t e d t h a t b i o c h e m i c a l o x i d a t i o n w a s p o s s i b l e i n s u b ­ s t r a t e s c o n t a i n i n g 1 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0 p . p . m . f r e e s n l f u r i c a c i d w i t h a p H o f 1 .9 t o 3 .0 . T h e p r e s e n c e o f l a r g e n u m b e r s o f s p e c i a l i z e d o r g a n i s m s v i a b l e i n s u c h a c i d s u b s t r a t e s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d . T h e p u r i f i c a t i o n w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a l a g p h a s e w h i c h c o u l d b e s h o r t e n e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f s o m e o l d a c i d s e w a g e .

A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f t h e b u f f e r v a l u e o f s e w a g e a n d t h e c h a n g e s o f t h e b u f f e r v a l u e d u r i n g a e r a t i o n w i t h o r w i t h o u t a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e w e r e r e p o r t e d b y I n g o l s a n d H e u k e l e k i a n . 105 I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e