Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4

p.

^{i ' f t}

/<p

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

v o l

.

x i v

J U L Y , 1 9 4 2

n o

. 4

Special Features

S e w a g e T r e a t m e n t a t A r m y C a m p s — K e s s l e r

P o l l u t i o n o f R a r i t a n R i v e r — R u d o l f s

S e w e r C o n s t r u c t i o n — D r u r y

T h e O p e r a t o r s ’ C o r n e r

Third Annual Convention, Cleveland — Oct. 22-24

O F F I C I A L P U B L I C A T I O N O F T H E

F E D E R A T I O N O F S E W A G E W O R K S A S S O C I A T I O N S

"A REMINDER” . . .

T he T hird A nnual C onvention

o f th e F E D E R A T I O N O F S E W A G E W O R K S A S S O C I A T I O N S w ill b e held T H I S Y E A R in C le v e la n d , O h io , on O c t . 2 2 n d , 23rd and 2 4 t h . . .

T o O u r M e m b e rs a n d F rie n d s

Arrange a Fall vacation in Cleveland, Ohio, during the week of October 19th, 1942, and attend the Convention.

Com e on along, com e on along and bring the wife and family . . . . . . and have a grand tim e.

Let’s all plan NOW to m eet at the Convention.

T o th e E x h ib it o r s—

O ld a n d N e w

W e extend a hearty welcom e back to the m any Exhibitors at last year’s Convention; and, an in­

vitation to the m any other pro­

gressive com panies who desire to exhibit this year. Your wishes will be given our prompt atten­

tion.

May we suggest that you m ake your space reservations early.

T o O u r M a n y A d v e r tis e r s

A Special issue of

S e w a g e W o r k s J o u r n a l

will be published in place of the regular Septem ber issue, in com m em oration of the Third Annual Convention.

WILL YOUR COMPANY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL AD­

VERTISING SPACE THERE­

IN? Please advise our advertis­

ing m anager of your wishes.

T o th e N e w A d v e r tis e r s

Plan NOW to advertise in the CONVENTION NUMBER of

S e w a g e W o r k s J o u r n a l ,

an out­

standing issue which will contain, am ong other features, special articles on plant operation; full data on the Convention, its m eet­

ings, exhibits, entertainment, etc.;

Convention editorials; and, data on m any new developm ents in sewage equipm ent.

ADVERTISE IN THE CONVENTION N UM BER O F S E W A G E W O R K S JO U R N A L

EXHIBIT AT THE CONVENTION

F o r a d v e rtisin g rates a n d other re le van t d a ta , w rite to A R T H U R A . C L A Y , A d v e rtis in g M a n a g e r

FEDERATION O F SEW AGE WORKS ASSOCIATIONS

4 0 Wall Street, N ew York, N. Y.

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

1

¿ A m e r i c a n

C O L L E C T O R S

f e a t u r i n g

C A N T E L E V E R I D L E R S

★

Bearing inside hub and rotating around shaft.

Easily installed and align­

ed sprocket assembly.

Elimination of spring and catenary, com m on to old style long cross shafts.

Solid support for idler sprockets.

Increased rigidity over other types.

Elimination of undesirable heavy steel cross shafting.

T O R Q U E T U B E

H E A D S H A F T

# Section modulus increas­

ed over solid steel head shaft with less overall weight.

# W ider tanks can be used.

★

Installation at

Rocky Mount, North Carolina

By J. E. SIRRINE & CO., Engineers

F E D E R A T I O N O F S E W A G E W O R K S A S S O C I A T I O N S

OFFICERS

President

A

rthur

S. B

edell

, Division of Sanitation, State Dept, of Health, Albany, N. Y.

Vice-President

G

eorge

J. S

chroepfer

, Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, St. Paul, Minn.

Treasurer

W. W. D

e

B

erard

, City Engineer, Chicago, 111.

Secretary

W. H. W

isely

, B

ox

18, Urbana, 111.

Editor

F. W. M

ohlman

, Chief Chemist, The Sanitary District of Chicago, 910 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.

Assistant to the Editor

Gladys Swope, North Shore Sanitary District, Dahringer Road, Waukegan, 111.

Arizona:

P. J. Martin (1943)

California:

Wm. A. Allen (1944)

Central States:

G. J. Schroepfer (1942)

Dakota:

W. W. Towne (1943)

Florida:

Joe Williamson, Jr. (1944)

Federal:

J. K. Hoskins (1944)

Georgia:

V. P. Enloe (1944)

Iowa:

A. H. Wieters (1944)

Kansas:

Earnest Boyce (1942)

Mary land-Delaw are:

H. R. Hall (1942)

Michigan:

N. G. Damoose (1943)

Missouri:

G. S. Russell (1942)

New England:

F. W. Gilcreas (1942)

New Jersey:

Willem Rudolfs (1943)

New York:

N. L. Nussbaumer (1942)

North Carolina:

H. G. Baity (1943)

Ohio:

F. W. Jones (1942)

Oklahoma:

H. J. Darcey (1941)*

Pacific Northwest:

J. W. Cunningham (1941)*

* Successor not yet designated.

Directors

Pennsylvania:

H. E. Moses (1943)

Rocky Mountain:

C. A. Davis (1942)

Texas:

V. M. Ehlers (1942)

Argentina:

E. B. Besselievre (1943)

Canada:

A. E. Berry (1943)

Inst. San. Eng. (Eng.):

D. M. Watson (1944)

Inst. Sew. Pur. (Eng.):

W. F. Freeborn (1944)

At Large: A.

H. Niles (1944)

At Large:

A. M. Rawn (1943)

At Large:

L. H. Enslow (1942)

W. and S. Wks. Mfgrs. :

Karl M. Mann (1944)

W. and S. Wks. Mfgrs.:

D. S. McAfee (1943)

W. and S. Wks. Mfgrs.:

L. E. Rein (1942)

Ex-Officio: C.

A. Emerson (1942)

Ex-Officio:

Morris M. Cohn (1942)

Ex-Officio:

G. R. Frith (1942)

Ex-Officio:

F. W. Gilcreas (1942)

Ex-Officio:

Willem Rudolfs (1942)

SEWAGE WORKS JOURNAL

REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.

A Bimonthly Journal devoted to the advancement of fundamental and practical knowledge concerning the nature, collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes, and the design, construction, operation and manage­

ment of sewage works.

Publication Office: Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancaster, Pa.

Subscription Price:

Members of Local Sewage Works Associations affiliated with the Federation, $3.00 per year.

Non-members: U. S. and Canada, $5.00 per year; other countries, $5.50.

Foreign Subscriptions must be accompanied by International Money Order.

Single copies: United States, $1.00 each; Foreign, $1.25 each.

Manuscript may be sent to the Editor, F. W. Mohlman, 910 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111., for acceptance or rejection subject to the provisions of the Federation Constitution.

Advertising copy should be sent to Arthur A. Clay, Advertising Manager, Lancaster, Pa., or 40 Wall St., New York, N. Y.

Subscriptions and address changes should be sent to W. H. Wisely, Executive Secretary, Lan­

caster, Pa., or Box 18, Urbana, Illinois.

No claims will be allowed for copies of Journals lost in the mails unless such claims are received within sixty (60) days of the date of issue and no claims will be allowed for issues lost as a result of insufficient notice of change of address. “ Missing from files ” cannot be accepted as the reason for honoring a claim.

Entered as second-class matter, May 7, 1934, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L 3

Announcing

T H E D O R R M U L T D I G E S T O R

IWO ALTERNATIVE TYPES

MULTIPLE-STAGE DIGESTION IN A SINGLE TANK

★ The

D orr M ulldigestor

does in a single tank every­

thing that is done in a two-tank

D orr M ultdigeslion System ,

except that it does not store gas. The advantages of these two methods of digesting sewage sludge are identi­

cal and are enumerated at the right.

The Dorr Multdigestor consists of a covered concrete tank divided into two compartments by a concrete tray.

In the upper primary compartment— a homogeneous, me­

chanically-stirred sludge, heated to the optimum temper­

ature. In the lower secondary compartment— quiescent settling and thickening to maximum discharge density.

Steel plate, vitally needed for the War Effort, has been “ designed out” and replaced with concrete. The Multdigestor is supplied complete, except, of course, for the tank. All the mechanical features, heating coils, intercon­

necting pipe lines and other appurtenances shown in this drawing are furnished by us.

Single-tank construction, as provided in the Dorr Multdigestor, is simpler mechanically, less expensive, and occupies less ground area than the two-tank design. Diam­

eters range up to 65 feet, depths to 35 feet, and design populations 35,000.

DOME TOP FLAT TOP

DORR MULTDIGESTOR ADVANTAGES*

★ Maximum Ga* Production—20 to 25 cubic feet per pound of volatile matter destroyed^ which is one third or more greater than in plain non­

stirred and non-heated digesters.

★ Maximum Solids Reduction —60 to 65 per cent of the total solids and 80 to 85 per &nt of the volatile matter.

★ High Solids Loadings —up to 50 per cent more pounds of solids per month per cubic foot of tankage.

* Short, Easy, Start-ups —stable bal­

anced operation within 3 to 4 weeks, with the unit producing a combustible gas and a fully digested, granular sludge.

* No Foaming—because of the me­

chanical destruction of foom and scum and the ropid, homogeneous mixing and heating.

* Heavy Final Sludge — because of the undisturbed thickening in the secondary compartment which yields a dense product ideally adapted to drying, filtration or incineration.

Yours for the asking— facts and figures on Dorr Mult­

digestor design and per­

formance.

T H E D O R R C O M P A N Y , I N C . • E N G I N E E R S

5 7 0 L E X I N G T O N A V E . • N E W Y O R K

ATLANTA • TORONTO • CHICAGO • DENVER • LOS A N G ELES

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

R . D . W o o d C o . o f f e r s

I M P R O V E D P R O D U C T S F O R S E W A G E P L A N T S

PIPING: Every form of cast iron pipe—plain end, raised end, bell and spigot end, flanged, or m echanical joint. It can be provided with cem ent or tar lining, or the highly and permanently impervious Hi-Co Lining. R. D. W ood pipe is centrifugally cast in sand-lined m olds for lightness, strength, flexibility, and uniformity.

FITTINGS: Every sized pipe, from 3" to 30" can be accom panied by its own com plete line of fittings, products of one of America's oldest and best equipped foundries. Special fittings m ake possi­

ble com plicated piping arrangem ents in a m inim um of space.

VALVES: R. D. W ood gate valves are unique in the simplicity of their construction and the dependability of their operation. They use only three m oving parts. W e provide them in all sizes for m anual or power operation, as well as check valves, foot valves, etc.

FLOOR STANDS and ACCESSORIES: Accessories neces­

sary to the piping and control of sewage, water, or gas. Our Engineering Departm ent will gladly give information, advice, suggestions, prices, and other assistance.

R . D . W O O D C O M P A N Y

400 CHESTNUT STREET, P H IL A D E L P H IA , PA . • EST A B LISH E D 1803

S E W A G E W O B K S J O U B N A L

5

B U Y More and More and More W A R B O N D S a n d S T A M P S

T 7 IC T O R Y w ill be ours o n ly a s w e the peo p le b a c k u p our

* G o ve rn m e n t a n d our ligh tin g forces throughout the w orld.

W e — in d iv id u a lly — c a n do our p art b y m a k in g further sa c ri­

fices— a n d one w a y that is most effective is to b u y U n ite d States w a r bo nds a n d stamps.

B U Y M O R E A N D M O R E A N D M O R E

L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y

Chicago

Engineers and Manufacturers of Materials Handling and Mechanical Power Transmission Machinery Since 1875

Indianapolis Philadelphia Dallas Atlanta San Francisco Cedar Rapids Toronto

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

CONSULTING ENGINEER THE REX

MAN

A E R O - F IL T E R C U T S F I L T E R B E D V O L U M E A S M U C H A S 8 5 % !

AND THAT’S NOT A LL AERO-FILTER W I L L DO!

© AERO-FILTER IS SMALLER! Filter bed volume is 1/7 to 1/9 the size of conven­

tional filters. This is made possible be­

cause of Aero-Filter’s efficient distribution of sewage to the filter bed. It also has other low -cost a d va n ta g e s!...

© NO COSTLY PUMPING for recircula­

tion, nor oversize primary settling tanks are required with A ero-Filter’s rain-like distribution. Maintenance and power costs are lowered. Lower initial plant cost also reduces fixed charges. . . .

( D REX SANITATION EQUIPMENT also in­

cludes other vital equipment fo r the Aero-Filter p la n t. . . bar screens, tritura- tors, grit collectors and washers, con­

veyors, T o w -B ro sludge collectors, rapid and Slo-Mixers, etc. Get copies of cata­

log on those items you find interesting.

(4 ) AND AERO-FILTER SLUDGE can be con­

centrated in the primary tank, combin­

ing it with the primary sludge before pumping to the digesters. T h is reduces to a minimum the heat loss and the supernatant so lid s discharge due to sludge pumping.

Send for Aero-Filter Catalog No. 329 Address 1606 IT. Bruce Street, Milwaukee, li /s'.

R E X S A N I T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T ( R £ X )

C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y O F M I L W A U K E E

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

7

T H R E E O F F E R S AND A P R O P O S A L

IMAGINEERING

SO MUCH SO SOOH

FIRST OFFER: I f you operate any kind of equipment made of aluminum and you are baffled in any way in maintaining it in top condition—give us the facts, and we will rush you our recommendations.

W e are busy making more millions of pounds a month than we made in a whole year, not so long ago—but not too busy to make sure that no single pound of aluminum at work anywhere on war effort shall fail to do its share of making whatever it takes to win.

SECOND OFFER: I f you are making anything whatsoever out of aluminum, and are stumped in any way in setting up the best methods of fabricating it—give us the facts, and we will see that you get all the know-how in our power.

THIRD OFFER: I f you have joined the host of those who believe that industry must even now be planning the new products that will make jobs when this thing is finally over; if you are letting your imagination soar: W on’t you ask us to help you engineer it down to earth with all the up-to-date facts about Alcoa Aluminum, plus some of the very practical dreams we have been dreaming?

AND THE PROPOSAL: Do some personal Imagineering, right now, for the sake of your own personal tomorrow.

We have been talking Imagineering for some months largely in terms of the future. And in terms of industry.

Bu t here is the personal slant:

Thirty billion dollars is loose in the country. It is the gap between what is available for spending and what is available for personal pur­

chases. Each of us has a sliver of that chunk of excess purchasing power.

If we put it into W ar Bonds, we are told that it will both finance the war, and avoid inflation. We sometimes forget that it will also finance ourselves, as users of goods, to buy the new products we are all readying, as makers of goods. Buying tomorrow, today, is patriotism and sense—business sense.

Aluminum Company of America, 2111 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

ALCOA m ^ALUMINUM

8 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

T H E I D E A L S T O P V A L V E

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

9

F O R E M E R G E N C Y C O N T R O L

M A N U A L S T O P C O N E V A L V E S

For stop-valve use where unobstructed, full-pipe flow is the normal require­

ment with positive, quick closing when called upon, the Chapman Cone Valve has exceptional qualifications.

One— It is a plug type valve with a continuous pipe-line waterway.

Tw o— The plug is fully seated in open or closed position, with all seats fully protected from the flow.

Three— Th e self-cleaning action when operating tends to eliminate all possibility of fouling.

Four— The unique operating mech­

anism automatically unwedges, ro­

tates and rewedges the plug, and as­

sures easy action, quick closing with­

out surge and freedom from exces­

sive wear on seats.

Five— Equally dependable for fre­

quent operation or infrequent emer­

gency use. 48" Manually Operated

Chapman Cone Valve

We know of no other valve so well adapted for sewage applications. The wide use and fine performance of Chapman Cone Valves in the sewage and waterworks fields arc good evidence of their reliability and efficiency.

M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o

M A S S A C H U S E T T S

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R X A L

A M ESSAG E 10 ALL G EN ER AL CHEM ICAL

A ^luminum S ^ulfats U ^sers

2 Half-filled Cars = 1 Full Car + 1 EMPTY CAR t

F O R W A R S H I P M E N T S

ORDER "MAXIMUM" CARS!

Everyone knows the railroads are operating under abnormally heavy war-time traffic demands . . . and everyone wants our war materials to have not only "right of way!’ but all possible trans­

portation facilities instantly available!

You can help in this situation by ordering your future require­

ments in "maximum” car lots. This w ill immediately conserve transportation space and reduce the haulage necessary to serve your needs!

Another patriotic step that users of General Chemical "A lu m ” can take is to order their requirements in paper bags instead of in burlap, thus conserving dwindling supplies of essential jute!

L E T ' S A L L H E L P I N E V E R Y P O S S I B L E W A Y I

• • •

^•

GE NE RAL CHE MI CAL COMPANY

40 RECTOR STREET. NEW YORK, N. Y.

Offices:

Atlanta • Baltimore • Boston • Bridgeport (Conn.) • Buffalo Charlotte (N. C.) • Chicago • Cleveland • Denver • Detroic • Houston Kansas City • Milwaukee • Minneapolis • New \brk • Philadelphia

Pittsburgh • Providence (R. I.) • St. Louis • Utica (N. Y.)

Pacific Coast Offices :

San Francisco • Los Angeles

Pacific Northwest Offices:

Wenatchee (Wash.) • Yakima (Wash.)

In Canada :

The Nichols Chemical Co., Ltd. • Montreal • Toronto • Vancouver

H o w h e l p s t h e w a r e f f o r t . . .

AT THE F R O N T — Because of its exceptiona ability to resist vibration, annealed EverduC 1010 Tubing is being used in fast flying Navy planes for vital fuel lines and high-pressure hydraulic systems.

»Registered in U.S. Patent Office

IN INDUSTRY— In this cast Everdurdrum,dilute sulphuric acid from a pickling bath is rinsec from brass components for cartridges . . Everdur is ideally suited to this corrosive work

E

V E R D U R

gets the call for these and endurance limit, fights fatigue ... it is read- other tough war tasks for the sam e ily welded and ideally suited to engineer- basic reasons that m ade this copper-silicon ing construction involving both wrought alloy so useful in sewage treatm ent plants. and cast parts. These are som e of the It is strong, rustproof and highly ^ ^ ^ reasons why Everdur Metal is in such resistant to corrosion ... it has a high great dem and today. 4210 s

T H E A M E R I C A N B R A S S C O M P A N Y • General Offices: W aterbury, C o n n e c tic u t^ ^

¡tbs

j - — . — ...

n ada:

anaconda American brass ltd .,

New Toronto, Ontario

E B lohns-M anville

T R A N S I T E

Q U IC K FACTS O N T R A N S IT E S E W E R P IP E F a s t i n s t a l l a t i o n . . .

The long lengths of Transite Pipe reduce the number of joints needed in the line . . . its light weight permits easier, faster, more economical handling.

L e s s i n f i l t r a t i o n . .

. Fewer, tighter joints are re­

quired . . . minimizing leakage, cutting down on the load at the disposal plant.

H ig h d e l i v e r y c a p a c i t y . . .

This advantage of Transite Pipe frequently permits smaller pipe or flatter grades, resulting in shallower trenches.

A v a i l a b l e b o t h f o r f o r c e m a i n s a n d g r a v i t y li n e s .

Complete information is given in brochure TR -2 1 A. And for details on lower-cost water trans­

portation, send for brochure TR -1 1 A. Johns-Man- ville, 22 East 40th Street, New York, N . Y .

f-—

4

'/

lo 36/,

As^ . f z hings^

_{®e boarl,}

,T,oss 3 _.n„

C/qsi '» 36"

en9Mis; lo

3

6 a orini

C,°“ I c.Pe*/,**-1Ooi, , '"*ar I, 'ne"’°d

'«s

3 C/o„2""'ork

ClC

3690

3«i0

4930 3»20 SiOO ---

<0i0 s<So -- 4 1

40 J380 ---

43&0 s3&q . . . >

4SSq sBSo &34o 3000 70S0 ? 100

Co»«-.

S4° °

®'®0 , 8«00

‘oioni (K 9?00 'O

450

typc

o=s Q. '2300

_ 3 »9 36" 0,0

su,9c/os,es;c'« s J0

Coeffi,'loniCl - '30^,'°° ">s. /6s. S9- In '200 ^1. *«•

S E W A G E W O K K S J O U R N A L

13

LOW CONSTRUCTION COST

W i t h

“ CHICAGO’’ -EQUIPPED ACTIVATED SLUDGE

PLANTS

“ Chicago ” - Equipped Acti­

vated Sludge Sewage Treat­

ment Plant at one of the largest airplane factories in the country. Note the simple box-shaped structures and common-wall construction.

The tanks nested in the left foreground are for pre-aera­

tion, primary settling, aera­

tion and final settling. The digestion tank is at the right, and the sludge beds are in the background. This is a 0.5 M.G.D. plant. Albert Kahn, Architect; Russell &

Axon, Engineers.

STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES . .

1. Characteristic low head-loss through Activated Sludge Plants sim plifies construction.

2. Lift station construction eliminated at m any Activated Sludge Plants because of low head-loss required.

3. Best footing conditions at any site can be taken advantage of, because all structures of Acti­

vated Sludge Plants are at ap­

proximately the sam e elevation.

4. Occupy smaller space than other types of plants for com plete treatm ent.

5. Simple box-shaped structures can be nested to take advantage of com m on-wall construction.

6. Construction of aeration tanks simpler than secondary structures of other processes for com plete treatm ent.

7. Aeration equipment is simple and easily installed.

S E N D F O R O U R L I T E R A T U R E O N T H E A C T IV A T E D S L U D G E P R O C E S S

C H I C A G O P U M P C O . SEWAGE EQ UIP M EN T D IV IS IO N

2336 Wolfram Slrect, C H I C A G O , I L L . Phon« BRUnswiclc 4110

VACUUM—CONDENSATION —CIRCULATING — BILGE FIRE - HOUSE - SEWAGE - SCRU-PELLER PUMPS AERATORS - COMMINUTORS - SAMPLERS REPRESENTATIVES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

14 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

T W O M A N U A L S F O R O P E R A T O R S

p u b lis h e d b y

T h e A m e r i c a n W a t e r W o r k s A s s o c i a t i o n

T H E M A N U A L O F W A T E R W O R K S A C C O U N T I N G

Th e M a n u a l of Water Works A cc o u n tin g was prepared jointly by the American Water Works Association and the Municipal Finance Officers Association. It covers such problems as credit and plant equities, customer billing, depreciation, materials and supplies accounts, payroll ac­

counting, plant accounting, purchases, and taxes. It constitutes a guide to business and finance for everyone controlling or operating the plant. 500 pages, S4.00.

T H E M A N U A L O F W A T E R Q U A L I T Y A N D T R E A T M E N T

Th e M a n u a l of Water Q u a lity and Tre a tm e n t has been developed from the co-operative efforts of a committee of 4 9 leading water works men who began the work in 1930 under the leadership of Paul Hansen. In 1936, Lewis V.

Carpenter was appointed 4 ice-Chairman of the Com­

mittee and assisted in editing the M a n u a l. The book covers: characteristics of sources, organisms in water, standards of quality, partial and complete treatments of all kinds, and treatment plant control. 294 pages_

complete with illustrations, tables, bibliography and index. S3.00.

T H E A M E R IC A N W A T E R W O R K S A S S O C IA T IO N

2 1 E a s t

tioth

S t r e e t N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

1. P e r m a n e n t T ig h t n e s s 4 . Q u ic k I n s t a lla t i o n 2 . F l e x i b i l i t y 5 . S t r e n g t h

3 . S i m p l i c i t y 6 . T r u e E c o n o m y

These are some of the important advantages of Dresser Couplings — the reasons why you find Dressers used throughout the country for all types of sewer-lines and sewage-plant piping. For joining steel, cast-iron, or concrete pipe— for both new sewage construction and for replacement and repair work, specify Dressers and save time, trouble, and expense. W rite f o r Catalog 402B.

D R E S S E R M A N U F A C T U R IN G C O M P A N Y • B R A D F O R D , P A .

16 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L

Loading salvaged 48-inch cast iron pipe onto trucks at Columbus, Ohio. After 37 years’ service without any mainte*

nance cost, this pipe was taken up and sold by the city for a substantial price per ton, over and above all removal expense.

SALVAGED. . . for an extra dividend

• T h irty-s e v e n years ago the c ity officials of Colum hus, O h io, authorized the co n ­ stru ction of a cast iron sewer force main more than a m ile long and 4 feet in d iam ­ eter. Since th a t tim e, 160 b illio n gal­

lons had been pumped th ro u gh this cast iron line w ith o u t one cent o f m ainte­

nance cost on the pipe.

it was cast iron pipe, it was possible to salvage 1150 tons of m aterial for either re-use or re-sale. T h e pipe was sold at a substantial price per ton, representing

a n e x t r a - d i v i d e n d t o t h e t a x p a y e r s

of C olum bus.

I t is im possible to foretell fu tu re re - q u ire m e n tso rp o p u latio n shifts in m etro ­ p olitan cities b u t any p u b lic official can be sure th a t, when water or sewer m ains m ust he abandoned or rerouted, the pipe can be salvaged or re-used,

i f i t i s c a s t i r o n p i p e .

Available in diameters from 1

%

to 84 inches.

Recently the c ity com pleted a new sewage treatm ent p lant and large in te r­

cepting sewer, m aking the old main unnecessary for fu rth e r d u ty . Since

Pipe bearing this mark is cast iron pipe.

TRADE MAKi\ R

c

G.

CAST IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION. THOMAS F. WOLFE. RESEARCH ENGINEER.

1015 PEOPLES GAS BUILDING. CHICAGO. ILLINOIS

C A S T I R O N P I P E

T H E M O D E R N M A T E R I A L F O R S E W E R A G E S Y S T E M S

S e w a g e W o r k s J o u r n a l

Published by

Federation of Sewage Works Associations

Lancaster, Pa.

Copyright, 1942, by Federation of Sewage Works Associations

Vol. XIV July, 19 4 2 No. 4

Plant Operation:

Sewage Treatment at Army Camps. B

y

L

ew is

H . K

essler and

J

ohn

T . N

orgaard

757 Varied Problems in Design and Construction of Sewers at Lockport, N. Y . B

y

W

alter

R. D

rury

... 784

Sewage Research: Grease in Sewage, Sludge and Scum. The Separation of Grease From Sewage by Mechanical and Chemical Methods. B

y

H

arry

W. G

eh m

... ... 799

Riboflavin in Sewage Sludge. B

y

L . S. K

raus

... 811

Studies on the Treatment of Sewage and Textile Wastes by Recirculating Filtration. I I . Domestic Sewage on a Continuous Basis. B

y

R

obert

K . H

orton

, R

alph

PORGES AND HERMAN G. BAITY ... 818

Stream Pollution: Accelerated Reaeration. B

y

R

ichard

G. T

yler

... 834

Raritan River Pollution Studies. Comparison of Results Obtained in 1927-28, 1937- 38, 1940-41. B

y

W

illem

R

udolfsand

H . H

e u k e l e k ia n

... 839

The Operator’s Corner: Priorities ... 866

House Laterals and Connections. B

y

H

arold

J. H

uber

... 867

Bark from the Daily Log ... 872

Disposal of Liquid Sludge at Kankakee, Illinois. B

y

P

h il l ip

J . S

c h r in e r

... 876

Western New York Operators Meet ... 878

Gadget Department: Basket Screen Hoist. B

y

H

arvey

Q

uam

... 881

Conveyor Tail Pulley Cleaner. B

y

C

lyhje

L. P

alm er

... 883

California Operators’ Symposium ... 883

Interesting Extracts from Operation Reports ... 892

Tips and Quips ... 901

Editorial: W.P.B.-Water Priorities Board? ... 904

906 907 910 Proceedings of Local Associations:

Michigan Sewage Works Association ...

New York State Sewage Works Association . . . Central States Sewage Works Association ...

¡ P O L I T E CH NI K I

Federation Affairs ... 91 Reviews and Abstracts:

The Treatment and Disposal of Waste Waters from Dairies and Milk Products Fac- tories ...

Q17

Coleshill Works Enlargement ... 9,1-4 High Rate Dosing of Gravel Percolating Beds ... Q94 Industrial Stream Pollution Problems and Their Solution. B

y

R

ichard

D. H

oak

. . . 9-5 Treating Corn Cannery Waste. B

y

H

ays e

H . B

lac k

... 92®

The Porteous Process ... 9"^9

7 5 6 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L J ulX> 1942

Local Association Meetings in 1942 . . Federation of Sewage W orks Associations References to Sewage Literature ...

930

930

931

P l a n t O p e r a t io n

B

y

L

e w i s

H . K

e s s l e r a n d

J

o h n

T . N

o r g a a r d

Chief and Associate Chief, Respectively, for the Sanitary Engineering, Water, Sewer and Services Unit, Repairs and Utilities Branch, Construction Division,

Office Chief of Engineers.

I n O c t o b e r , 1940, th e W a r D e p a r t m e n t u n d e r t o o k w h a t is b e lie v e d to be th e g r e a t e s t c o n s t r u c t io n p r o g r a m e v e r a t te m p t e d i n so s h o r t a tim e . T h i s t a s k w a s b r o u g h t a b o u t b y th e p a s s a g e o f th e S e le c t iv e S e r v ic e A c t o f 1940 w i t h th e a c c o m p a n y in g n e e d f o r im m e d ia te c o n ­ s t r u c t i o n o f C a n t o n m e n t s , P o s t s f o r A r m o r e d D i v i s i o n s , G e n e r a l H o s ­ p it a ls , A i r F i e l d s a n d M u n it i o n s D e p o t s . A r c h i t e c t - E n g i n e e r s in p r i v a t e p r a c t ic e w e r e r e t a in e d b y th e C o n s t r u c t i o n D i v i s i o n , t h e n u n d e r th e Q u a r t e r m a s t e r G e n e r a l, n o t o n l y to d e s ig n b u t to s u p e r v is e th e b u i ld i n g o f th e s e m i l i t a r y e s t a b lis h m e n ts .

O b v i o u s l y , th e u t i l i t i e s , w a t e r , s e w e ra g e , g a r b a g e r e m o v a l a n d i n ­ c in e r a t io n , p r e s e n t e d d e s ig n a n d o p e r a t io n p r o b le m s . R e l a t iv e to s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t , th e s u b je c t o f t h is p a p e r , th e e n g in e e r in g f ir m s o f M e t c a lf a n d E d d y , B o s t o n , a n d G r e e le y a n d H a n s e n , C h ic a g o , w e r e s e le c te d to m a k e a s t u d y o f a b o u t 50 d e fe n s e p r o je c t s , to a d v is e w i t h re s p e c t to s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t . D a t a f o r b a s e s o f d e s ig n w e r e m e a g e r a n d in som e ca se s c o n s t r u c t io n h a d a lr e a d y s t a r t e d b e f o r e th e fir m s c o u ld v i s i t s ite s . N e v e r t h e le s s , th e d e c is io n to a p p o in t s u c h a b o a r d o f e n g in e e r s a n d th o s e c h o s e n w a s a h a p p y o n e . T h e g e n e r a l d e s ig n p o lic ie s a d o p t e d b y th e e n g in e e r s r e s u lt e d n o t o n l y in m o d e r n s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t f o r o u r A r m y b u t a ls o i n th e s a v in g o f l a r g e s u m s o f m o n e y .

T h e i n s t r u c t io n s g i v e n to th e r e p o r t i n g f ir m s w e h a v e c h o s e n to c a ll th e “ E n g i n e e r i n g B o a r d ” w e r e t o :

( a )

A d v i s e a n d r e p o r t as to th e s im p le s t s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p la n t a t e a ch p r o je c t s u ita b le a n d a d e q u a te to m e e t th e m in im u m r e q u i r e ­ m e n ts u n d e r lo c a l c o n d it io n s , a n d

( b )

S e c u r e m o d if ic a t io n o f p la n s a lr e a d y p r e p a r e d w h e r e , i n th e i n t e r e s t o f e c o n o m y , s u c h m o d if ic a t io n w a s n e c e s s a r y in t h e i r ju d g m e n t , t a k in g in t o a c c o u n t, h o w e v e r , th e e x ig e n c ie s o f th e s it u a t io n . A b o o k le t p r i o r to th e a p p o in t m e n t o f th e E n g i n e e r i n g B o a r d , e n ­ t it l e d “ I n s t r u c t i o n s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r A r c h i t e c t - E n g i n e e r s , ” d a te d O c t o b e r , 1940, b y th e E n g i n e e r i n g B r a n c h , C o n s t r u c t i o n D i v i s i o n , 0 . Q . M . G ., in c lu d e d t h i s s t a t e m e n t :

* Presented by Mr. Kessler at the Fourteenth Annual Spring Conference of the California Sewage Works Association, Bakersfield, California, April 27, 1942. Released by courtesy of the War Department.

S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T A T A R M Y P O S T S *

757

7 5 8 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L July, 1942

In the design of sewage treatment works, sim plicity and economy are essential. On y the minimum requirements of the State Board of Health should be met, as the plants are in general expected to be in use fo r only a limited period. Prim ary treatment wi chlorination w ill in many cases be adequate. Complicated, unproved or patented p ioe- esses should be avoided.

T h e E n g i n e e r i n g B o a r d s ta te s i t w a s g u id e d b y th e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l f a c t o r s :

“ a .

T h e c h a r a c t e r a n d u s e o f th e r e c e iv i n g w a t e r c o u rs e .

b .

T h e e n v ir o n m e n t o f b o t h t r e a t m e n t p la n t a n d c a m p .

c .

T h e d e g re e o f p e rm a n e n c e r e q u ir e d .

d .

T h e n e e d f o r u t m o s t s p e e d in d e s ig n a n d c o n s t r u c t io n .

e .

T h e n e e d f o r s a f e g u a r d in g th e h e a lt h o f b o t h t r o o p s a n d n e i g h b o r ­ i n g c i v i li a n s .

/. T h e n e e d f o r r e a s o n a b le e c o n o m y o f c o n s t r u c t io n a l l o w i n g f o r th e f a c t t h a t o p e r a t in g c o s ts w o u ld n o t be as i m p o r t a n t a f a c t o r a s i n m o re p e r m a n e n t p la n t s f o r m u n ic ip a l s e r v ic e .

g .

T h e r e la t io n o f a ll p r o je c t s to th e N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e P r o g r a m m a k ­ i n g th e m o f e q u a l i n t e r e s t to a ll c it iz e n s . ’ ’

T h e b o a r d t r a n s m it t e d i t s r e p o r t i n D e c e m b e r , 1940. T h e r e c o m m e n d a ­ t io n s a p p e a r e d as a p a r t o f T e c h n ic a l B u l l e t i n , ‘ ‘ S e w e r a g e a n d I n c i n e r a ­ t i o n , ” E n g i n e e r i n g B r a n c h , C o n s t r u c t i o n D i v i s i o n , 0 . Q . M . G ., W a r D e p a r t m e n t , d a t e d A p r i l 23, 1941, p r i m a r i l y a r r a n g e d as a g u id e o n l y to A r c h i t e c t - E n g i n e e r s e n g a g e d u n d e r C o s t - P l u s - A - F i x e d - F e e c o n t r a c t .

R e c o m m e n d a t io n s e m b o d y in g im p r o v e m e n t s d u e t o in c r e a s e i n c a ­ p a c i t y a t p e r m a n e n t p o s ts d id n o t p r o v e to b e t r o u b le s o m e . M o s t o f th e p o s ts w e r e n e w a n d c la s s e d a s t e m p o r a r y , p r e s u m a b l y to b e u s e d f o r th e d u r a t i o n o n ly . N o o p e r a t in g e x p e r ie n c e f o r g u id a n c e w a s a v a ila b le a n d d e s ig n b a s e s h a d to be d e v e lo p e d r a p i d l y , h e n c e i t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t i n th e l i g h t o f e x p e r ie n c e , th e W a r D e p a r t m e n t h a s r e c o m m e n d e d r e c e n t ly so m e m o d if ic a t io n s i n d e s ig n u n it s .

T o p r o v i d e f o r th e m a in t e n a n c e , r e p a i r a n d o p e r a t io n s o f u t i l i t i e s , in M a r c h , 1941, a n e w s e c tio n w a s o r g a n i z e d i n th e C o n s t r u c t i o n D i v i ­ s io n , 0 . Q . M . G ., k n o w n a s th e R e p a i r s a n d U t i l i t i e s S e c t io n . T h i s h a s s in c e b e e n e x p a n d e d i n t o a B r a n c h c o n s i s t in g o f s i x s e c tio n s , n a m e l y ;

1. C o n t r o l a n d R e c o r d s . 2. D e f e n s e H o u s in g . 3. F i r e P r e v e n t io n . 4. F u e l a n d S e r v i c e . 5. E q u i p m e n t .

6. M a in t e n a n c e a n d R e p a i r s

T h e S e c t io n s a r e h e a d e d b y a r m y o ffic e rs o r c i v i l i a n s w h o s e c i v i l

e x p e r ie n c e p a r t i c u l a r l y q u a lif ie s th e m f o r th e s e r e s p o n s ib le p o s t s .

T h e B r a n c h , k n o w n a s R . a n d U . , b e g a n to f u n c t i o n e f f e c t iv e l y i n J u l y ,

1941, i n th e N i n e Z o n e s . T h e s e Z o n e s c o r r e s p o n d e d i n n u m b e r a n d

g e o g r a p h ic a l b o u n d a r ie s to th e C o r p s A r e a s . T h e Z o n e C . Q . M . r e ­

p o r t e d d i r e c t l y to th e C o r p s A r e a C o m m a n d e r a n d a s s is t a n t s w e r e a p ­

Vol. 14, No. 4 S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T A T A R M Y P O S T S 7 5 9

p o in t e d to h a n d le r e p a i r s a n d u t i l i t i e s w o r k t h r o u g h th e P o s t U t i l i t i e s O f fic e r a t a ll p o s t s . T h e P o s t U t i l i t i e s O f f ic e r is o n th e s t a f f o f e a ch P o s t C o m m a n d e r a n d r e p o r t s d i r e c t l y to h im .

O n D e c e m b e r 16, 1941, b y a n A c t o f C o n g r e s s , th e office o f th e C h ie f o f E n g i n e e r s to o k o v e r th e c o n s t r u c t io n d i v i s i o n o f th e office o f th e Q u a r t e r m a s t e r G e n e r a l. T h e r e h a s b e e n n o g r e a t c h a n g e i n m e th o d o r c h a n n e l o f o p e r a t io n . T h e Z o n e s w e r e a b o lis h e d a n d i n t h e i r s te a d th e D i v i s i o n a n d D i s t r i c t O ffic e s o f th e U . S . E n g i n e e r s t o o k o v e r th e t a s k s .

I n m o s t ca se s o n l y a f e w c h a n g e s i n p e r s o n n e l o c c u r r e d . T h e M a i n ­ te n a n c e D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r , a n a s s is t a n t to th e D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r , h a s c h a r g e o f R . a n d U . w o r k t h r o u g h o u t th e C o r p s A r e a . T h e o r i g i n a l 59 D i s t r i c t O ffic e s a r e n o t d is t u r b e d a n d t h e y c o n t in u e to f u n c t i o n a s o f ­ fic e s f o r n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a r m y p o s ts a n d a t e x i s t i n g p o s ts w i t h i n t h e i r a re a s . T h e f o r m e r p o s t C . Q . M . is n o w a n A r e a E n g i n e e r . N e w c o n s t r u c t io n is c la s s ifie d i n g e n e r a l as a n y p r o je c t m a t e r i a ll y a l t e r in g th e p o s t a n d u t i l i t i e s o r th e p u r p o s e f o r w h ic h c o n s t r u c t io n w a s in te n d e d . S u c h p r o je c t s u s u a ll y s t a r t a t $50,000. M a in t e n a n c e a n d R e p a ir s p r o je c t s $5,000 o r le s s a r e a p p r o v e d a t th e M a in t e n a n c e D i s t r i c t E n g i ­ n e e r O ffic e . T h i s office m a k e s r e c o m m e n d a t io n s o n p r o je c t s g r e a t e r t h a n t h is a m o u n t b u t th e s e m u s t co m e to th e O ffic e o f th e C h i e f o f E n g i n e e r s f o r f in a l a p p r o v a l a n d r e c o m m e n d a t io n s as to a llo t m e n t o f f u n d s .

O n e o f th e f i r s t a c ts o f R . a n d U . w a s to u r g e r e c o n s id e r a t io n o f so m e o f th e d e s ig n u n it s to a v o id c o n t in u a n c e o f e r r o r s a n d to re q u e s t m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p la n t e q u ip m e n t to c r i t i c i z e th e S e w e r a g e a n d I n c in e r a t i o n T e c h n ic a l B u l l e t i n . T h e r e s p o n s e is a t h ic k d o c u m e n t t h a t r e p r e s e n t s as o f J a n u a r y , 1942, th e c u lm in a t io n o f w h a t is k n o w n a n d re c o m m e n d e d b y m a n u f a c t u r e r s to d a te o n siew age t r e a t m e n t so f a r as d e s ig n u n it s a re c o n c e r n e d . T h e r e p o r t s w e r e c a r e ­ f u l l y a n d f a i t h f u l l y p r e p a r e d a f t e r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f m a n u f a c t u r e s h a d v is i t e d m a n y o f th e s e w a g e p la n t s .

I n A u g u s t , 1941, th e W a t e r , S e w e r a n d S e r v ic e s U n i t p r e p a r e d m o n t h ly o p e r a t in g r e p o r t f o r m s , t h a t w e r e s e n t to a ll p o s t s h a v in g t r e a t m e n t p la n t s .

T h e b e s t i n f o r m a t i o n th e office c o u ld g e t f r o m s ta te s a n i t a r y e n g i­

n e e r s a n d m u n ic ip a lit ie s w a s u s e d i n c o m p ilin g th e r e p o r t f o r m s . T h e c o m p le t e d r e p o r t s , w h ic h in c lu d e d a i l y te s t r e s u lt s , a r e s t u d ie d i n th e d i s t r i c t O ffic e a n d i n W a s h i n g t o n . A s th e d i s t r i c t s t a f fs b e co m e c o m ­ p le te , o n l y q u a r t e r l y r e p o r t s w i l l co m e to W a s h i n g t o n . T h e r e p o r t s a n d p la n t v i s i t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n u s e d a s a b a s is f o r th e o p e r a t in g d a ta s h o w n i n t h is p a p e r , a n d a ls o as a g u id e f o r r e v i s io n o f d e s ig n u n it s d e ­ s c r ib e d i n t h is p a p e r a n d i n d e t a il i n C h a p t e r V I I , E n g i n e e r i n g M a n u a l, M a r c h , 1942, O ffic e o f C h i e f o f E n g i n e e r s , “ D e s ig n o f S a n i t a r y S e w e r s , S e w a g e P u m p i n g S t a t io n s a n d S e w a g e T r e a t m e n t P l a n t s . ”

S in c e J u n e , 1941, p u b lic a t io n in lo o s e le a f f o r m o f th e R e p a ir s a n d

U t i l i t i e s M a n u a l h a s b e e n i n p r o g r e s s . T h e s m a ll p a p e r s t h e r e in d e a l

w i t h u t i l i t y p la n t o p e r a t io n f r o m th e o p e r a t o r ’s s t a n d p o in t . F u n d s a re

b e in g p r o v i d e d to s t a r t p la n t l i b r a r i e s a n d i n th e m a n u a l, re fe r e n c e s a re

7 6 0 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L July, 1942

m a d e to th e s e b o o k s . T h e m a n u a l is t a k in g h o ld b e c a u s e a s s o o n a s a n o p e r a t o r f a i l s to r e c e iv e a n e w c h a p t e r , th e W a s h i n g t o n o r D i s t r i c t O ffic e s o o n h e a r s a b o u t i t . I f th e m a n u a l w e r e w r i t t e n u n d e r t h e n a m e o f a n y m a n , i t w o u l d b e c a lle d , i n s p o t s , p l a i n p la g i a r i s m . T h e p la n h a s b e e n to o f f e r to th e o p e r a t o r s u s e f u l a n d p r o v e n i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m th e m o s t r e lia b le s o u rc e s a n d a d e b t is o w in g to th e s a n i t a r y e n g in e e r s , t h e f a i t h f u l p la n t o p e r a t o r s , th e t e c h n ic a l p r e s s a n d o t h e r s f o r th e h e lp t h e y h a v e b e e n p r o v i d i n g , p e r h a p s u n k n o w in g l y , b y d is c lo s i n g o p e r a t i n g a n d m a in te n a n c e h e lp s t h a t h a v e co m e a b o u t th e h a r d w a y . T h e r e is o n e t h i n g c e r t a in , t h a t i n th e ca se o f f u t u r e n a t io n a l e m e r g e n c ie s , a ll t h a t h a s b e e n le a r n e d in s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t a t a r m y p o s t s i n t h i s w a r w i l l n o t b e lo s t.

D

e s i g n

F

a c t o r s a n d

U

n i t s

T a b le I s h o w s m o s t o f th e f lo w f a c t o r s a n d d e s ig n u n i t s n o w u s e d as a g u id e to A r c h i t e c t - E n g i n e e r s a n d th e D i s t r i c t O ffic e s . O n e o f t h e d e ­ p a r t u r e s f r o m th e f i r s t b a s ic u n it s is th e c a p a c it y f a c t o r . T h i s h a s b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t d u e to s t u d y o f a ll d a t a t h a t R . a n d U . c o u ld c o lle c t f r o m th e f ie ld p r i o r to M a r c h , 1 9 4 2 ; th e t r e n d to e n la r g e p o s t s b e y o n d th e o r i g i n a l s p e c ifie d p o p u l a t i o n ; th e u n c e r t a i n t y a s t o c i v i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n ; th e f lo w d u e to p o s t la u n d r i e s t h a t n e v e r a p p e a r e d i n 1918 d a t a ; a n d m o re th a n u s u a l i n f i l t r a t i o n d u e to h u r r i e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s e w e r s .

B y th e w a t e r w a s te s u r v e y n o w u n d e r w a y u s i n g t e c h n i c a l ly t r a i n e d m e n , th e i n s t a ll a t i o n o f u r i n a l flu s h v a l v e s , a n d t h e r e d u c t io n i n u s e o f w a t e r i n th e k it c h e n s , th e m o s t r e c e n t d a t a i n d ic a t e t h e u n it s s h o w n s h o u ld be re a s o n a b le . B a s e d o n m o r e r e c e n t r e s u l t s , th e B . O . D . r e m o v a l e x p e c t e d m a y be a l i t t l e l o w i n th e ca se o f s i n g le -s t a g e h i g h c a p a c it y f il t e r s a n d a l i t t l e h i g h i n c o n t a c t a e r a t io n . F o r t y p e r c e n t r e m o v a l in p r i m a r y s e d im e n t a t io n d o e s n o t ta k e i n t o a c c o u n t th e r e t u r n o f s t r o n g s u p e r n a t a n t l i q u o r f r o m th e d ig e s t e r a n d w e b e lie v e a v a l u e b e tw e e n 30 a n d 35 p e r c e n t w i l l m o r e l i k e l y be o b t a in e d . A n a r g u m e n t is a d v a n c e d t h a t w i t h th e l o a d i n g o f B . O . D . as s h o w n f o r t h e h i g h - c a p a c i t y f il t e r s ( i n c l u d i n g th e c a p a c it y ( f lo w ) f a c t o r ) , t h e f i l t e r s b e c o m e to o l a r g e o r a r e o v e r d e s ig n e d . T h i s a p p e a r s c o r r e c t o n th e b a s is o f o n e s in g le -s t a g e f i l t e r p la n t t h a t is o p e r a t in g v e r y w e ll.

O n th e o t h e r h a n d , i t s f lo w d ia g r a m w i t h d u a l r e c i r c u l a t i o n is a lm o s t i d e n t ic a l w i t h a t w o -s t a g e p la n t , e x c e p t t h a t th e s e t t l i n g t a n k s a re s m a lle r . F u r t h e r s t u d y m i g h t v e r y w e ll b e g i v e n th e s in g le -s t a g e f il t e r , d u r i n g i t s o r i g i n a l d e s ig n , to a c c o m p lis h d u a l r e c i r c u l a t i o n b y d is c h a r g e o f f i l t e r e fflu e n t t o th e p r i m a r y c l a r i f i e r i n f lu e n t a n d f r o m f in a l c l a r i f i e r e fflu e n t to f i l t e r in f lu e n t . I n e ff e c t , th e s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r i n t h e f i l t e r e fflu e n t t h e n r e c e iv e s o n l y o n e p e r i o d o f s e d im e n t a t io n . I n d i c a t i o n s a re t h a t c l a r i f i e r c a p a c it y m a y b e c u t a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t. (S e e P l a n t X I Y T a b le V . )

T h e in c r e a s e i n p e r c a p it a B . O . D . o f 0.03 p o u n d is w a r r a n t e d o v e r

th e n o r m a l 0.17 d u e to th e f a c t t h a t a r m y s e w a g e a p p r o a c h e s i n s t i t u ­

t io n a l s e w a g e w h e r e a d u lt p o p u la t i o n s o n l y a r e e n c o u n t e r e d . F a t s a n d

g re a s e s a r e p r e d o m in a n t i n a r m y m e n u s . E a c h k it c h e n h a s a f a t f r i e r

Vol. 14, No. 4 S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T A T A R M Y P O S T S 7 6 1

T a b le I

.— Sew age Treatm ent D esign Factors a s Revised M arch 20, 1942

Flow Factors— Gallons per Capita per Day

Designed Post Population... 10,000

2.00 20,000

1.50 30,000

1.25 40,000

1.10 50,000

1.00

Capacity Factor Basic

Flow

24 hr. Average Rate of Flow 70 140 105 87.5 77 70

Camps 16 hr. Average Rate of Flow 87.5 175 131 109 96.5 87.5

and 4 hr. Maximum Rate of Flow 122.5 245 183 153 135 122.5

Cantonments Extreme Peak Flow 210 420 315 262 231 210

4 hr. Minimum Rate of Flow 28 56 42 35 31 28

24 hr. Average Rate of Flow 100 200 150 125 110 100

Airfields, 16 hr. Average Rate of Flow 125 250 212.5 156 137.5 125

Permanent Posts 4 hr. Maximum Rate of Flow 175 350 262 219 193 175

and Hospitals Extreme Peak Flow 300 600 450 375 330 300

4 hr. Minimum Rate of Flow 40 80 60 50 44 40

Design Units

B.O.D.

Detention Period, Hrs.

Type of Plant Re­

moval,

Per 16 Hr. Average Flow Cent

Primary Secondary Standard Trickling Filters... 85-95 2.0 2.0 High Capacity Filters

Single Stage... 60-80 2.0 2.0 Two Stage... 85-95 2.0 2.0 Activated Sludge

Compressed A ir ... 85-95 1.2 2.0

Mechanical Aeration... 85-95 1.2 2.0

Contact Aeration... 85-95 2.0 2.0 Plain Sedimentation... 40 2.0 —

Imhoff Tank O n ly ... 40 2.0 _

Maximum Overflow Rate

fGals./sq. ft./day)... 800

Applied JB.O.D.

Loading per Day

Sludge Digestion Capacity*

Cu. Ft./Capita

Heated Un­

heated 600 lb./acre ft.

3000 lb./acre ft.

3000 lb./acre ft.

8 hr. aeration 12 hr. aeration Jl5 6 sq. ft./lb. \

B.O.D., 11"

plate spacing 1.5 cu. ft. air

3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0

2.0

4.5 4.5 4.5

6.0 6.0

4.5 3.0 4.5

* Multiply by capacity factor shown above.

Sewage Characteristics— Pounds per Capita per Day B .O .D .— 5 -D a y... 0.20 Suspended Solids... 0.27 Other Soluble... > . . . ... 0.29

T h e h ig h g r e a s e c o n c e n t r a t io n h a s a ffe c te d p la n t o p e r a t io n , c a u s e d a n e w g re a s e t r a p r e h a b i li t a t i o n p r o g r a m to be s e t n p to e lim in a t e c lo g ­ g i n g o f s e w e rs a n d p i p i n g i n th e p la n t s a n d to e ffe c t r e d u c t io n i n s c u m d if f ic u ltie s a n d p a r t i a l c lo g g in g o f f ilt e r s .

P r e v i o u s d e s ig n s t a n d a r d s f o r d ig e s t e r c a p a c it ie s s h o w e d a r a n g e

o f v a lu e s . T h i s h a s b e e n e lim in a t e d . T h e lo w e s t f ig u r e w a s o f t e n u s e d

b y d e s ig n e r s to c u t i n i t i a l c o s ts to a m in im u m . T h i s p la c e d m o re l i b ­

7 6 2 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L July, 1942

e r a l d e s ig n s a t a d is a d v a n t a g e w h e n th e t y p e o f p la n t w a s s e le c t e d a n d c a u s e d o p e r a t in g d if f ic u lt ie s w h e n in s t a lle d .

O

p e r a t i n g

P

e r s o n n e l

T h e m o s t im p o r t a n t c o g s i n s u c c e s s f u l p la n t p e r f o r m a n c e a r e th e p la n t o p e r a t o r s . A b o u t 25 p e r c e n t o f th e tim e o f th e e n g in e e r s i n th e W a t e r a n d S e w e r U n i t d u r i n g th e e a r l y m o n t h s w a s p la c e d o n p e r s o n n e l p r o b le m s t r y i n g to a s s is t th e D i s t r i c t O ffic e s a n d C i v i l S e r v i c e t o o b t a in q u a lif ie d m e n . T h e a s s is ta n c e o f m e m b e rs o f y o u r a s s o c ia t io n a n d e n g in e e r s a n d u n iv e r s it i e s w a s s o lic it e d a n d th e r e s u lt s h a v e b e e n g r a t i f y i n g , w i t h a s m a ll t u r n o v e r i n o p e r a t o r s . T h e i n s t r u c t i o n s i n T a b le I I a re n o t m a n d a t o r y b u t m e r e ly a g u id e to p o s t u t i l i t y o ffic e rs . I n s u b s ta n c e i t w a s f i r s t a p p r o v e d b y th e 0 . Q . M . G . i n O c t o b e r , 1941.

A l l w a t e r a n d s e w e r u t i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n p la c e d i n o n e o f f o u r c la s s if ic a ­ t io n s r e la t iv e to p o p u la t i o n b r a c k e t a n d t y p e o f p la n t . O b v i o u s l y a d d i t i o n a l h e lp e r s ai*e n e e d e d w h e n t w o p la n t s e x i s t a t a p o s t . T h e O ffic e o f th e C h i e f o f E n g i n e e r s is e n c o u r a g in g a p e r s o n n e l s e t -u p a t e a c h p o s t w h e r e b y a s u b s t a n t ia l n u c le u s o f m e n w i l l a lw a y s b e a v a ila b le f o r w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d s e w e ra g e c o lle c tio n s y s te m m a in t e n a n c e a n d th e s a n i t a r y e n g in e e r i n c h a r g e w i l l n o t h a v e to g o a b o u t t h e p o s t c o r r a l i n g m e n f r o m th e p lu m b in g s e c tio n a n d th e lik e i n o r d e r t o r e n d e r p r o m p t r e p a i r s e r v ic e .

T h e w is d o m o f th e p la n o f h e a d in g u p th e w a t e r a n d s e w e r u t i l i t i e s b y s a n i t a r y e n g in e e r s is b e in g r e v e a le d m o r e a n d m o r e as m o n t h l y o p e r a t in g r e p o r t s co m e i n a n d r e p o r t s f r o m th e S a n i t a r y C o r p s o ffic e rs in d ic a t e b e t t e r p la n t o p e r a t io n a n d f e w e r c o m p la in t s o r r e c o m m e n d a ­ t io n s o f th e in s p e c t in g o ffic e rs . I t is b e lie v e d th e s e h i g h - g r a d e m e n , s k ille d s o m e w h a t i n a d m i n i s t r a t io n as w e ll as i n o p e r a t io n , a r e i n g e n e r a l o f th e t y p e t h a t c a n o b t a in c o -o p e r a t io n w i t h th e M e d ic a l C o r p s a n d S a n i t a r y C o r p s o ffic e rs a n d c a n a ls o a s s is t i n e x p l a i n i n g th e l im i t a t i o n s o f e a ch p la n t a n d h o w i t s h o u ld f u n c t i o n b e s t. T h e O ffic e o f t h e C h i e f o f E n g i n e e r s w e lc o m e s a ll in s p e c t io n s a n d te s ts o n r e s u l t s o f p l a n t o p e r a ­ t io n b y p r o p e r m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a r m y r e g u l a t io n s b u t i t in s is t s o n f u l l c o n t r o l o f p la n t o p e r a t io n a n d o t h e r a g e n c ie s s h a ll n o t d ic t a t e p la n t c o n t r o l p r o c e d u r e .

T h e s a l a r y s c a le o f o p e r a t o r s a n d h e lp e r s i n g e n e r a l c o m p a r e s f a v o r ­

a b l y w i t h t h a t o f m u n ic ip a l p la n t s , b u t i n m a n y c a s e s th e l i v i n g c o n d i ­

t io n s h a v e n o t b e e n p a r t i c u l a r l y i n v i t i n g . D if f ic u lt ie s w e r e m e t i n

a t t r a c t i n g q u a lif ie d m e n d u e to m o re a t t r a c t iv e p a y i n w a r p r o j e c t s a n d

i n d u s t r i e s , b u t so f a r a t le a s t 80 p e r c e n t o f th e c i v i l i a n w o r k e r s h a v e

r e m a in e d a t t h e i r ta s k s o r h a v e b e e n p r o m o t e d o r t r a n s f e r r e d t o o t h e r

p o s ts . T h e office is c o n t i n u a l ly t r y i n g to r e w a r d e x c e lle n t o p e r a t o r s b y

t r a n s f e r w i t h p r o m o t io n w h e n m o re i m p o r t a n t p la n t s a r e c o m p le t e d .

S in c e th e d e c la r a t io n o f w a r a n d th e s e c o n d d r a f t , a p p l ic a t i o n s f o r p l a n t

o p e r a t o r s h a v e in c r e a s e d a n d i t is b e lie v e d k e y p e r s o n n e l w i l l b e r a t h e r

e a s i ly o b ta in e d f o r th e p la n t s n o w u n d e r c o n s t r u c t io n .

TableII.—Table of Allowance—CivilianPersonnelfor Sewerage and Sewage Disposal atArmy Posts

Vol. 14, No. 4 S E W A G E T R E A T M E N T A T A R M Y P O S T S 7 6 3

fl o

oj c3

© © © © © ©

© © 00 (N GO <N

© ©_ co CO CO^CO

<N co T—1 r—( i—H i-H

© © © © © © © ©

© (M © © 00 <M ©

© © © © CO 00 ©

CN © <N © ^{r-H rH} 03

i—i Tt< 1—4 i—H i—1

© © © ©

© © © <M

(M ©_ O N

CO~ o f Of CO OO CO

CO

oo o

© © 2

A -H 2 co co 2, -<■' <n~ S

o©^

© rOof

* * rH

•>—i

© © © © © © ©

© © (M © (M © ©

© © 1> © © ©

(M © 03 © 03

©© m 00 CD g

« » I

o3 c3 ©^

* * <N

© © © © © © ©

© © © © © © GO 00 <N © © © © ©

© © ©

© © 00 CO © ©

© © © © © © © © © ©

© © © © © © 00 <N © © © GO (N© CO © © 00 © CO

^ co 03 03 o T

PhPhCLh Ph^ Phd d d {3

01 ^ 01 <o d 01

’5b. S

. d b£)

•as

d +* c3 3t <

PP d «2 c3 j§

| d M 3

•a o ^O CO 72

C S O T w

aca g>C W O..W “

” o | &

s «

^ o ^ O bCd

bDd W * _{. •} .

ojD jj - O S P & Q 1. bD

CQ d — . w w r^: _ - w » £ - o w” ; 0 m ? a w

3 ® ! w. 3 3 * 2 8.3

■go®

03 J- sJ

o O o h f !. U . —<

1-1 CO 1-5 O

S 3 cc a SI i- SP «03 +3 53 k£ m01

©5d OQ

§ -s

b£ c3

•SE©_-t-3 d d d ai Ph g

|>g a3 s-<

m01

(A d 73 >X■>

d 30 c3 • 01 x m01

oooo

■O CO

S o

OO o O 0,00

<N CO O G Q Q

M O O D

a r-<

M >>

01 i-H bD c3 n a

>>

"d

o

fcH TO in 01 - s f r s j 3 i ^ S

*-H £_ bD ffi ® d d

oi to ^ a

■g S rlrc 25.5 £ S

*13*“

5 S * o

> Dtm a)

+»82 C C

_{d >7-» C3} <&

S c H H 5 ^seia H § J S js0, 3 d d b ° °

so "C o o O P h Q Q

7 6 4 S E W A G E W O R K S J O U R N A L July, 1942

S o m e o f th e o p e r a t o r s h a v e b e e n a t t e n d in g th e s t a t e -s p o n s o r e d s h o r t c o u r s e s a n d p o s t c o m m a n d e rs i n g e n e r a l e n c o u r a g e t h is t r a i n i n g . T h e m o n t h ly r e p o r t s in d ic a t e t h a t a n e e d e x is t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a m o n g m e n s k ille d i n so m e t r a d e w h o a r e n o w o p e r a t o r s , f o r so m e s h o r t -c o u r s e w o r k i n a t le a s t s i x o f th e C o r p s A r e a s . T h e s e c o u r s e s w i l l b e d ir e c t e d b y t h e O ffic e o f C h i e f o f E n g i n e e r s , i n c o -o p e r a t io n w i t h s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r in g d e p a r tm e n t s o f u n iv e r s it i e s a n d s ta te b o a r d s o f h e a lt h . P la n s f o r t h r e e c o u r s e s a r e j u s t g e t t in g u n d e r w a y . T h e s p e c ia l “ D e f e n s e C o u r s e s ” o f f e r e d b y a n u m b e r o f u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e p r o v i n g o f v a lu e t o t h e w o r k o f th e u t i l i t i e s . T h e s p e c ia l m a n n e r i n w h ic h th e q u a lif ic a t io n s o f e a ch m a n a t t e n d in g th e s e c o u r s e s a r e n e a t ly a n d c l e a r l y p r e s e n t e d h a s b e e n a g r e a t h e lp to P o s t U t i l i t y o ffic e rs i n s e le c t in g o p e r a t o r s . W i t h th e e x c e p t io n o f a b o u t t w e lv e w i d e l y d is t r i b u t e d p la n t s e i t h e r u n d e r ­ d e s ig n e d o r i m p r o p e r l y o p e r a t e d , c r it i c is m o f p la n t p e r f o r m a n c e h a s c e a s e d as s o o n a s c a p a b le o p e r a t o r s w e r e e m p lo y e d o r i n e x p e r ie n c e d m e n b e ca m e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e i r d u t ie s .

D

e s c r i p t i o n o p

P

o r t i o n s o f a

F

e w

P

l a n t s

— S

o m e

O

p e r a t i n g

P

r o b l e m s G r i t

.— F i g u r e 1 s h o w s o n e t y p e o f g r i t c h a m b e r u s e d w i t h a p r o ­ p o r t i o n a l w e ir . O t h e r m e a s u r in g a n d c o n t r o l d e v ic e s a r e u s e d , s u c h as

F

ig

. 1.