ìàññìåäèà
ÑÂÅÒËÀÍÀ Ô. ÁÀÐÛØÅÂÀ (Ìîñêâà) Âûáîð îáúåêòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ – íîâîñòíûõ òåëåïåðåäà÷ – îáóñëîâëåí òåì, ÷òî íîâîñòè ñîñòàâëÿþò áàçîâûé êîðïóñ ìåäèàðå÷è. Êàê îòìå÷àåò Ò.Ã. Äî-áðîñêëîíñêàÿ, „ñòðóêòóðîîáðàçóþùèì äëÿ ìåäèàðå÷è ÿâëÿþòñÿ, áåçóñëîâ-íî, òåêñòû íîâîñòåé, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü áàçîâûìè òåêñòàìè ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè”: îíè „íàèáîëåå ïîëíî ðåàëèçóþò îäíó èç ãëàâíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàññîâîé êîììóíèêàöèè – èíôîðìàòèâíóþ, à òàêæå îäíó èç ãëàâíûõ ôóíêöèé ÿçûêà – ñîîáùåíèå” (Äîáðîñêëîíñêàÿ 2008: 47). Âûáîð äëÿ àíàëèçà ôîíåòè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ îáóñëîâëåí ñòàíîâëåíèåì ðîëè äèêòîðñêîãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ êàê ýòàëîííîãî â ðóññêîì ëèòåðàòóðíîì ÿçûêå. Ñ.Ì. Êóçü-ìèíà åùå â 90-å ãã. ÕÕ âåêà ïèñàëà îá èíôîðìàöèîííî-ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêîì ñòèëå êàê ñòèëå, êîòîðûé „â íàèáîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îëèöåòâîðÿåò îðôî-ýïè÷åñêóþ íîðìó êîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî ëèòåðàòóðíîãî ÿçûêà, îí áëèçîê ê âîïëîùåíèþ ýòàëîíà, èäåàëà ëèòåðàòóðíîé ðå÷è. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó íå ñëåäóåò óñòðàíÿòü àìïëóà äèêòîðà-ïðîôåññèîíàëà è ñàì æàíð äèêòîðñêîé ðå÷è. Îáùåñòâî äîëæíî áûòü çàèíòåðåñîâàíî â ñîõðàíåíèè ýòàëîíà íåé-òðàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ ëèòåðàòóðíîãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ, êîòîðûé âîïëîùàåò ðå÷ü ðàäèî- è òåëåäèêòîðîâ” (Êóçüìèíà 1996: 13).  öåëîì íîâîñòíîé òåëåäèñêóðñ ìîæíî îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü êàê ñëîæíîå ôîíåòè÷åñêîå ÿâëåíèå, òàê êàê îí ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íàáîð ôîíåòè÷åñêèõ ïîäñèñòåì, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå – òðåõ. Ïðåæäå âñåãî òåëåðå÷ü âêëþ÷àåò äâà ôîíåòè÷åñêèõ òèïà ðå÷è: ðå÷ü âåäóùåãî è ðå÷ü æóðíàëèñòà, êîððåñïîí-äåíòà. Ðå÷ü âåäóùåãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå ñòðîãîé ðàçíîâèäíîñòüþèíôîðìà-öèîííî-ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêîãî ñòèëÿ, òàê êàê èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî çàêîíàì æàíðà äîëæíà ïåðåäàâàòüñÿ îáúåêòèâíî è îáåçëè÷åííî. Ðå÷ü òåëåæóðíàëèñòà áîëåå ñâîáîäíà â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè: çäåñü ìîãóò ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ íå òîëüêî ñòèëåâûå, íî è ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ôîíåòè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö. Ïðè ýòîì ðå÷ü òåëåæóðíàëèñòîâ òîæå ïîäðàçäåëÿåòñÿ íà äâà âèäà: ðå÷ü â êàäðå è çà êàäðîì. Êðîìå òîãî, â íåêîòîðûõ ðåïîðòàæàõ æóðíàëèñòû âûñòóïàþò â ðîëè ïåðåâîä÷èêîâ ãåðîåâ ñþæåòîâ, ãîâîðÿùèõ íà èíîñòðàííîì ÿçûêå, ïîýòîìó ëîãè÷íî ïðîâåñòè åùå îäíî äåëåíèå ðå÷è êîððåñïîíäåíòîâ ïî òèïó ïåðåäàâàåìîé ðå÷è: ðå÷ü îò ñåáÿ è ðå÷ü-ïåðåâîä ðå÷è èíîñòðàíöåâ.  ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå òàêæå ìîãóò ïðîÿâèòüñÿ ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà çâóêîâûõ åäèíèö ðå÷è. Çàäà÷åé äàííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àíàëèç ïîäñèñòåìû ïåðâîãî òèïà – ðå÷è âåäóùèõ è æóðíàëèñòîâ – â íîðìàòèâíîì àñïåêòå ñ ôîíåòè-÷åñêîé (ñåãìåíòíîé) òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, ïðåæäå âñåãî â ïëàíå ñòåïåíè ðàñïðî-ñòðàíåííîñòè ÿâëåíèé ðàçãîâîðíîé ôîíåòèêè. Ïîä ðàçãîâîðíîé ôîíåòèêîé áóäåì ïîíèìàòü îòñòóïëåíèÿ îò íîðìàòèâ-íî-íåéòðàëüíûõ ôîíåìíûõ ðåàëèçàöèé. Ïðåäñòàâèì ðåçóëüòàòû ñåãìåíò-íîãî àíàëèçà ðå÷è ñëåäóþùèõ âåäóùèõ è òåëåæóðíàëèñòîâ îñíîâíûõ ôåäåðàëüíûõ òåëåêàíàëîâ ðîññèéñêîãî òåëåâèäåíèÿ.  ñâîäíîé òàáëèöå ïðèâäåíû âûÿâëåííûå ñëó÷àè ðàçãîâîðíîé ñåãìåíòíîé ôîíåòèêè. Òàáëèöà ïîçâîëÿåò, âî-ïåðâûõ, ïðåäñòàâèòü ñòåïåíü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè êàæäîé ðàçãîâîðíîé ÷åðòû, âî-âòîðûõ, ñîïîñòàâèòü ðå÷ü âåäóùèõ íîâîñòíûõ ïðîãðàìì (ëåâûå êîëîíêè) è ðå÷ü êîððåñïîíäåíòîâ, òåëåæóðíàëèñòîâ (ïðàâûå êîëîíêè). Ñåãìåíòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Òåëåâåäóùèå Òåëåæóðíàëèñòû Å.À. Í.Ê. Â.Å. À.Ê. Å.Ê. Å.Ç. Ä.À. À.Á. Å.Ï. Â.Ñ. 1. Êà÷åñòâåííàÿ ðåäóêöèÿ ãëàñíîãî [à] â ïåðâîì ïðåäóäàðíîì ñëîãå + + + + + 2. Ðåäóêöèÿ ãëàñíûõ âåðõíåãî ïîäúåìà [ó, û] + + + + + + + + + + 3. Îãëóøåíèå ãëàñíûõ + + + 4. Ñòÿæåíèå çèÿíèé: à)-öèà- êàê [öà] + + + á)â[à]áùå + â) äðóãèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ + + 5. Îñëàáëåíèå àôôðèêàò +
Ñåãìåíòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Òåëåâåäóùèå Òåëåæóðíàëèñòû Å.À. Í.Ê. Â.Å. À.Ê. Å.Ê. Å.Ç. Ä.À. À.Á. Å.Ï. Â.Ñ. 6. Îñëàáëåíèå ãëàñíûõ: à) [è] äî [é] + + + + á) [è] äî [«] + + + â) [«] äî [é] + 7. Ðåäóêöèÿ çâóêîâ è öåëûõ ñëîãîâ äî íóëÿ: à) ïðåäóäàðíûå ãëàñíûå + á) çàóäàðíûå ãëàñíûå + + + â) âûïàäåíèå [è] èëè [é] â êîíå÷íîé ãðóïïå ãëàñíûõ; + + + + + âûïàäåíèå [«] â ýòîé æå ïîçèöèè + ã) óïðîùåíèå ãðóïï ñîãëàñíûõ + + + + + + ä) íóëåâàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ /j/: – ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãëàñíûìè + + + – ìåæäó ãëàñíûì è ñîãëàñíûì + + – ìåæäó ñîãëàñíûì è ãëàñíûì + – â óäàðíîé ïîçèöèè + + æ) îòñóòñòâèå êîíå÷íîãî ñîãëàñíîãî + ç) „ïðîãëàòûâàíèå” êîíå÷íûõ îòðåçêîâ ñëîâ + + + + 8. Íåëèòåðàòóðíàÿ àññèìèëÿöèÿ ãëàñíûõ + + 9. Îòñóòñòâèå äîëãèõ íà ìåñòå óäâîåííûõ ñîãëàñíûõ + + + 10. Ðåäóöèðîâàííàÿ ôîðìà ñëîâ ÷àñòîòíîé ëåêñèêè + + + Ïðåäñòàâèì âûâîäû ïî òàáëèöå ïî ýòèì äâóì ïàðàìåòðàì: 1) âèäû è ñòå-ïåíü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè ðàçãîâîðíûõ ñåãìåíòíûõ ïðîèçíîñèòåëüíûõ ÿâ-ëåíèé â èíôîðìàöèîííîé òåëåðå÷è; 2) ñòåïåíü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè ðàçãî-âîðíûõ ÿâëåíèé â ðå÷è äâóõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï: òåëåâåäóùèõ è òå-ëåæóðíàëèñòîâ.
I. Âèäû ñåãìåíòíûõ ðàçãîâîðíûõ ïðîèçíîñèòåëüíûõ ÿâëåíèé
Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ñîáðàííûé íàìè ìàòåðèàë, â ñîâðåìåííîé èíôîðìàöèîííîé òåëåðå÷è ïðîÿâëåíèå ðàçãîâîðíîãî ñòèëÿ äîâîëüíî ðàçíîîáðàçíî. Âîáëà-ñòè ãëàñíûõ – ýòî, âî-ïåðâûõ, îñëàáëåíèå àðòèêóëÿöèè ãëàñíûõ, ÿðêî ïðåäñòàâëåííîå äâóìÿ ÿâëåíèÿìè: à) êà÷åñòâåííîé ðåäóêöèåé ãëàñíûõ âåðõíåãî ïîäúåìà [ó], [û], [è]. Ýòà ïðîèçíîñèòåëüíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü âñòðå-òèëàñü â ðå÷è âñåõ âåäóùèõ è âñåõ æóðíàëèñòîâ; ÷àùå ðåäóöèðóåòñÿ [û] òèïàòóð[«]íäóñòðèè, ðåæå îñòàëüíûõ – [ó] òèïà [ã«]ìàíèòàðíóþ ïîìîùü, îáîðóäîâàëè ðàáó[÷’èó] êîìíàòó; á) ñëó÷àÿìè íåíîðìàòèâíîé êà÷åñòâåí-íîé ðåäóêöèè ãëàñíîãî [à], à èìåííî: åãî ðåäóêöèÿ äî [«] â ïåðâîì ïðåäóäàðíîì ñëîãå. Ýòî ÿâëåíèå íå î÷åíü ÷àñòîòíî, íî åãî ôèêñàöèÿ î÷åíü ñèìïòîìàòè÷íà; åñòåñòâåííî, îíî ïðåîáëàäàåò â íåçíàìåíàòåëüíûõ ñëîâàõ, ïðåæäå âñåãî â ìåñòîèìåíèÿõ è ñîþçàõ: ê[«]òîðûé, ñâ[«]èõ, ï[«]êà, [â«ïø’ý], [ò«à]êèå, à òàêæå â êîðíå ñëîâ â[«å]í«ñëóæ«ùèõ; óêðàèíñêèå â[«]éñêà. Îñëàáëåíèåì ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü è ÿâëåíèå îãëóøåíèÿ ãëàñíûõ, ïðåäñòàâ-ëåííîå â ïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ â ïîçèöèè ìåæäó ãëóõèìè ñîãëàñíûìè. Âî-âòîðûõ, ðàçãîâîðíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî îñëàáëåíèå ãëàñíîãî, íî è åãî ïîëíîå âûïàäåíèå. Îòìåòèì òàêæå òðè ñëó÷àÿ: à) âûïàäàþò ÷àùå çàóäàð-íûå ãëàñçàóäàð-íûå â êîíñîíàíòíîì îêðóæåíèè: íåêî[òð]ûõ; ýêîíîìè[÷’ñê]èõ; ïðàâîîõðàíè[òí«õ]; ãîñóäàð[ñí]îé îõðàíû; á) îòäåëüíî âûäåëèì îäèí î÷åíü ÷àñòîòíûé ñëó÷àé – ðåäóêöèþ ãëàñíûõ [è] è [é] â ãðóïïå êîíå÷íûõ ãëàñíûõ òèïàâ Áåëîðó[ñ’è], ê ìåñòó òðàãå[ä’è], ó ñòàí[öû] Îêòÿáðüñêàÿ; â) ïðåäñòàâëåí è òàêîé ñëó÷àé íóëåâîé ðåäóêöèè, êàê ñòÿæåíèå ãëàñíûõ, ÷òî ïðåäñêàçóåìî âñòðåòèëîñü â ñëîâå ñïå[öà]ëüíîå; à òàêæå â ñëîâàõ ñ êîððóï[ö«é], â[à]áùå; ç[«]âèë (çàÿâèë). Èç ðàçãîâîðíûõ ÿâëåíèé â îáëàñòè ñîãëàñíûõ íàçîâåì ðåäóêöèþ ñî-ãëàñíîãî äî íóëÿ. Ñàìûé ÷àñòîòíûé â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè – ñîãëàñíûé [j]. Ïîêàçàòåëüíû ñëó÷àè íóëåâîé ðåàëèçàöèè äàæå â óäàðíîì ñëîãå íå òîëüêî ñ óïåðåäíåíèåì ãëàñíîãî òèïà â ðà[o__]íå Æäàíîâêè, íî è áåç óïåðåäíåíèÿ (îòìå÷åíî â òðåõ êîðíÿõ, âî âñåõ ïåðåä ãëàñíûì [ý]): â[àå]íîñëóæàùèõ, â[àå]íûõ; ïðè[ý¢]õ«ë; áîëåå ïîëîâèíû âñåõ [ñòðàý¢í’èé].  áåçóäàðíûõ ñëîãàõ îòñóòñòâèå [j] îòìå÷åíî â ðàçíûõ ïîçèöèÿõ: è â ïî-çèöèè ìåæäó ñîãëàñíûì è ãëàñíûì: î[á’è]ñíÿþò (îáúÿñíÿþò); âîññîåäè-íèòüñÿ ñî ñâîèìè ñåìüÿìè [ñ’ý¢ì’èì’è]; è â ïîçèöèè ìåæäó ãëàñíûì è ñîãëàñ-íûì: [ðàñ’èñê’èé] ïðåçèäåíò; è ìåæäó ãëàñíûìè – â òîì ÷èñëå áåç óïå-ðåäíåííîñòè (åå òåðÿåò â îñíîâíîì ãëàñíûé [ó]): âñòðå[÷’àó]ò; ñ÷èòàþò ïðåäâûáîðíóþ ïîçèöè[ó] Ñàðêàçè; Ðîññè[ó], è äàæå áåçûìÿííîãî ãåð[óà«].
×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïîçèöèè â çàóäàðíûõ îêîí÷àíèÿõ òèïàïðîáëåìà íå ñàì[««] áîëüø[à«]; íóâ[««] ðàçðóøèòåëüí[««] çåìëåòðÿñåíèå, òî ýòà ÷åðòà äàâíî óæå ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ÿâëåíèåì íåéòðàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ. Ñ. Ì. Êóçüìèíà åùå â 1996 ã. ïèñàëà: „Ðåàëèçàöèÿ <j> â çàóäàðíîé ïîçèöèè íóëåì çâóêà íåëüçÿ ñ÷èòàòü ïðèíàäëåæíîñòüþ ëèøü ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, òàêîå ïðîèçíîøåíèå õàðàêòåðè-çóåò íåéòðàëüíûé ñòèëü êîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî ëèòåðàòóðíîãî ÿçûêà” (Êóçü-ìèíà 1996: 12). Ýëëèïñèñ äðóãèõ ñîãëàñíûõ (ïîìèìî j) îòìå÷åí ëèáî â ïîçèöèè êîíöà ñëîâà (â îñíîâíîì â ñî÷åòàíèè -ñòü: ïðååìñòâåííî[ñ’] ïîêîëåíèé, ïåðåäà-ëè íà ïîâåðõíî[ñ’]), ïåðåäà-ëèáî â ò.í. ìîðôîëîãèçèðîâàííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ (â ãðîìîçä-êèõ ñóôôèêñàõ): íàø [ñóïñíûé ê«ð’èñïàä’ýíò]; ìîäåðíèçè[ðí]àÿ àðìèÿ; ðåøè[òí]î ïðèçâàë. Òàêîâ ïåðå÷åíü âèäîâ ðàçãîâîðíîé ôîíåòèêè â íîâîñòíûõ òåëåïðîãðàì-ìàõ. Íî, îòìå÷àÿ íàëè÷èå ðàçíûõ âèäîâ ÿâëåíèé ðàçãîâîðíîé ôîíåòèêè, íóæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ òåëåðå÷ü ÿâëÿåòñÿ æàíðîì îôèöèàëü-íîãî òèïà ðå÷è. Äåëî â òîì, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ ðàçãîâîð-íûõ ðåàëèçàöèé íîñÿò íåîñîçíàííûé õàðàêòåð, íå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ýêñïðåñ-ñèâíûõ öåëÿõ è íå çàìåòíû ðÿäîâîìó ñëóøàòåëþ.
II. Âòîðîé àñïåêò àíàëèçà – ñîïîñòàâèòåëüíûé àíàëèç
II.
ðå÷è òåëåâåäóùèõ è òåëåæóðíàëèñòîâ
Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò òàáëèöà, îæèäàåìîå ïðåîáëàäàíèå ðàçãîâîðíûõ ôîíîÿâëå-íèé â ðå÷è æóðíàëèñòîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðå÷üþ òåëåâåäóùèõ íå ïîäòâåð-äèëîñü: ðàçãîâîðíûå ïðîèçíîñèòåëüíûå ÿâëåíèÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò â ðå÷è îáåèõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï ïðèìåðíî â îäèíàêîâîé ñòåïåíè. Ýòî åùå ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàåò âûñêàçàííóþ ðàíåå èäåþ î ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè îïèñàííûõ ðàçãîâîðíûõ ïðîèçíîøåíèé ê îáëàñòè íåîñîçíàâàåìûõ ôîíåòè÷åñêèõ ÿâ-ëåíèé. Ðàçëè÷èÿ â ðå÷è âåäóùèõ è æóðíàëèñòîâ ñòàíîâÿòñÿ áîëåå çàìåò-íûìè ïðè ïåðåõîäå ñ íîðìàòèâíîãî óðîâíÿ àíàëèçà íà ôîíîñòèëèñòè-÷åñêèé, ïðè÷åì íà óðîâåíü ïðîñîäèêè. Ïðè ýòîì çàìåòèì, ÷òî ïðèìåðû öåëûõ îòðåçêîâ ñ ðàçãîâîðíûìè ïðîÿâëåíèÿìè âñå-òàêè ÷àùå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â ðå÷è òåëåðåïîðòåðîâ. Ïðèìåð èç ðåïîðòàæà Å. Çàâàäñêîãî: à ñèëüíûå ðàçðóøåíèÿ êàê â ñëó÷àå [ø]-ñåâåðíîé Èòà[ë’èé] / ñåéñìîëîãè î[á’è]ñíÿþò òàê //.Îáîáùàÿ ñêàçàííîå, ïðàâîìåðíî ïîñòàâèòü âîïðîñ î ïðèçíàíèè íåêîòî-ðûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ðàçãîâîðíûõ ÿâëåíèé â èíôîðìàöèîííîé òåëåðå÷è ÷åðòàìè íåéòðàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ, ò.å. êîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî ëèòåðàòóð-íîãî ÿçûêà.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì âåñü ïðåäñòàâëåííûé êîðïóñ ðàçãîâîðíûõ âàðèàíòîâ ìû ðàçäåëèëè íà òðè ãðóïïû: 1) âñòðåòèëèñü â ðå÷è âñåõ èëè áîëüøèíñòâà òåëåâåäóùèõ è æóðíàëèñòîâ; 2) èìåþò åäèíè÷íûé õàðàêòåð óïîòðåáëåíèÿ è ïðèñóùè èíäèâèäóàëüíîé ðå÷è òîãî èëè èíîãî âåäóùåãî èëè æóðíàëèñòà; 3) íå âñòðåòèëèñü â èìåþùèõñÿ çàïèñÿõ òåëåâèçèîííîé èíôîðìàöèîííîé ðå÷è.  ïåðâóþ ãðóïïó âîøëè, âî-ïåðâûõ, ñëó÷àè íóëåâîé ðåàëèçàöèè íåêî-òîðûõ ôîíåì: à) ôîíåìû /j/ â èíòåðâîêàëüíîé ïîçèöèè â îêîí÷àíèÿõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è ïðè÷àñòèé òèïà ïðîáëåìà íå ñàì[««] áîëüø[á«]; á) ôî-íåì [è] èëè [j] â êîíå÷íîé ãðóïïå ãëàñíûõ (ïîñëå ãëàñíûõ [è] è [û]) òèïà íûíåø[í’è] ïåðâîêëàøêè, èíòåðàêòèâ[íû] äîñêè; â) ñîãëàñíîãî [ò’] â êî-íå÷íîì -ñòü. Âî-âòîðûõ, ñëó÷àè îñëàáëåíèÿ àðòèêóëÿöèè ãëàñíûõ è ñîãëàñíûõ çâó-êîâ: à) êà÷åñòâåííàÿ ðåäóêöèÿ ãëàñíûõ âåðõíåãî ïîäúåìà: [û] è [ó] äî [«]; [è] äî [é]; á) ðåäóêöèÿ [à] äî [«] â ïåðâîì ïðåäóäàðíîì ñëîãå â ìåñòî-èìåíèÿõ (ñâîè, êîòîðûé) è ñîþçàõ (êîãäà, ïîêà); â) îñëàáëåíèå [j] äî [é] â óäàðíîé ïîçèöèè. Â-òðåòüèõ, (åùå íå îòìå÷åííàÿ ÷åðòà) – ýòî îòñóòñòâèå â ðå÷è âñåõ òåëåæóðíàëèñòîâ äîëãèõ ñîãëàñíûõ íà ìåñòå óäâîåííûõ ñîãëàñíûõ áóêâ òèïà [àäû]õàþùèõ; [ï«ò]âåðäèëà; êàê â ñëó÷àå [ñ’]åâåðíîé Èòàëèåé (ñ ñå-âåðíîé Èòàëèåé); [ê«ã«âàð’áò] (êàê ãîâîðÿò). Äåëî â òîì, ÷òî èññëåäîâàòåëè çâó÷àùåé ðå÷è – â ÷àñòíîñòè Æ.Â. Ãàíèåâ – â ÷èñëå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ äèêòîðñêèõ íîðì íàçûâàþò ñîõðàíåíèå äîëãîòû íà ìåñòå óäâîåííûõ ñîãëàñíûõ íà ñòûêå ìîðôåì, â òîì ÷èñëå â ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ, íàïðèìåð, â ñëîâàõ ìèðîâîççðåí÷åñêèé, âîññòàíèå, âîññòàíîâèòüñÿ, çàìåðçøèé, ïî-ññîðèòüñÿ, äâàäöàòü, òðèäöàòü, ïÿòüäåñÿò è äð.  íàøåì ìàòåðèàëå êîëè÷åñòâåííîå ñîîòíîøåíèå äîëãèõ è êðàòêèõ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÿâíî íà ñòîðîíå êðàòêèõ.  ïîäòâåðæäåíèå âîçìîæíîñòè ïðèçíàòü ïåðå÷èñëåííûå ÿâëåíèÿ ëèòå-ðàòóðíî-íîðìàòèâíûìè óìåñòíî ïðèâåñòè îäíó öèòàòó èç ðàáîòû Í.Ê. Ïè-ðîãîâîé åùå êîíöà 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà: Íàäî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî è ñèëüíàÿ ðåäóêöèÿ ãëàñíûõ, è îãëóøåíèå çàóäàðíûõ âîêàëüíûõ ñåãìåíòîâ, [...] è äð. – â ïðèíöèïå íå èñêëþ÷àþòñÿ â ðå÷åâîì ïîòîêå íåéòðàëüíîãî
õàðàêòåðà. Ïîäîáíîãî ðîäà ÿâëåíèÿ íå íåñóò ýêñïðåññèâíîé ìàðêèðîâàííîñòè, îíè îáðàçóþò äîâîëüíî ïðîñòðàííóþ ïîãðàíè÷íóþ ìåæñòèëåâóþ ïðîñëîéêó (Ïèðîãîâà 1979: 37). Ëèòåðàòóðà Äîáðîñêëîíñêàÿ Ò.Ã., 2008, ßçûê ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè, ó÷åáíîå ïîñî-áèå, Ìîñêâà. Êóçüìèíà Ñ.Ì., 1996,Ñîñòîÿíèå è çàäà÷è èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðóññêîé ôîíåòèêè â ôóíê-öèîíàëüíî-ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîì àñïåêòå. – Ðóññêèé ÿçûê â åãî ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ðàçíîâèäíîñòÿõ, ò. 2, Ìîñêâà. Ïèðîãîâà Í.Ê., 1979,Îá îðôîýïè÷åñêèõ ñòèëÿõ è èõ ýâîëþöèè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. – Ñëàâÿíñêàÿ ôèëîëîãèÿ, ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, âûï. ÕI, ðåä. Ê.Â. Ãîðøêîâà è À.Ã. Øè-ðîêîâà, Ìîñêâà.
Fonostylistics of massmedia news programmes
The main corpus of media speech consists of news bulletins. The subject of analysis at the level of phonetics has arisen due to the growing importance of phonetic standards of speech. They started to be perceived as a sort of norm in Russian literary language and won general recognition.
The aim of the research is: 1) to describe the news discourse as a set of phonetic sub-systems; 2) to analyze sub-systems of the first type, that is the speech of the leading journalists from the point of view of the phonetic, segmental norm.
1. In general the news discourse can be characterized as a complex phonetic entity, because it consists of at least three phonetic sub-systems. Media speech consists of two main types: the speech of the presenter and that of the leading journalist or correspondent. The speech of the presenter is a more clear-cut type of media style, because information must be conveyed in an objective and impersonal way. A journalist can feel more free in this aspect, his speech is not subject to very strict rules and it shows style and stylistic properties of phonetic units. In fact, the speech of television journalists can also be sub-divided into two types: the speech in front of the camera and in the background. Besides, in some reports journalists have to act as interpreters of the interviewed heroes who speak in a foreign language. Consequently it can be logically divided according to the type of the conveyed speech: first person narration and interpreting the speech of foreigners. The latter can also show stylistic properties of sounds of speech.
2. The aim of the research of the first type sub-system – the leading journalists’ and television journalists’ speech is: firstly, to define the degree of popularity of different
pronunciation peculiarities in the media discourse. Secondly, to compare the speech in the leading programs and the speech of correspondents.
a) The analysis of both professional groups showed the presence of pronunciation variants as among the vowels, so among the consonants. However, one can claim that informational media speech remains within the genre of the official type. As a matter of fact, the majority of fixed colloquial patterns are spontaneous, are not used to increase the emotional value of meaning and can’t be noticed by the average listener.
b) The expected dominance of colloquial phonetic features in the speech of journalists as compared to the speech of presenters has been proven. The colloquial pronunciation variants exist in the speech of both professional groups to a similar degree. This again confirms the expressed above idea about the spontaneous character of the described phonetic phenomena.
