D
ecember, 1946. 4 1 1
aA B S T R A C T S .
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
Geology 4 1 2 a
G eophysics a n d G eochem ical P r o s p e c t in g ... 4 1 ö a
D r illin g ... 4 1 8 a P ro d u ctio n ... ... ... 418 a Oilfield D e v elo p m en t ... 4 2 0 A Tr a n s p o r t a n d St o r a g e . .. 4 2 3 a Re f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s.
Refineries a n d A u x ilia ry R e
finery P la n t 4 2 4 a
C racking ... 4 2 6 a Chemical a n d P h y s ic a l R e fin
in g ... 4 2 6 a Special P rocesses ... ... 4 2 7 a
P A G E
P a t e n t s ... ... 4 2 8 a
S a fe ty P re c a u tio n s ... 4 3 3 a Pr o d u c t s.
C hem istry a n d P h y sics ... 4 3 3 a
A nalysis a n d T estin g .., 4 3 5 a
E n g in e F u e ls ... ... ... 4 3 6 a
G as O il a n d F u e l O il ... ... 4 3 6 a
L u b ric a n ts ... ... ... 4 3 7 a B itu m e n , A s p h alt a n d T a r ... 4 4 0 a
Special H y d ro c a rb o n P ro d u c ts 4 4 2 A D eriv ed C hem ical P ro d u c ts ... 4 4 2 a
M iscellaneous P ro d u c ts ... 4 4 2 a En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
Eq u i p m e n t... 4 4 4 a Mi s c e l l a n e o u s... 4 4 6 a B o o k s R e c e i v e d . . . . . . 4 4 8 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
T h e n u m b e rs re fe r to th e A b s tra c t N u m b er.
Allender, S. S., 1391 Anderson, B . T., 1403 Anderson, E. A., 1435 Angelí, O. H ., 1103 Amiable, W. G., 1403 Auld, S. J . 11., 1127, 1123 Baüey, IV. A., 1103 Bardulm, A. J ., 1399 Bammn, E. R., 1-103 Barron, J . 11., 1103 Bartholomew, 1!., 1103 Bauer, B. S., 1360 Begeman, 0 . E ., 1403 Bell, R . T., 1103 Bender, R. J ., 1453 Betg, L., 1403 B ittner, O. W _ 1403 Bloomer, W. J ., 1403 Bonn ell. W. S., 1403 Brandt, D. G „ 1103 Bridgwater, R . 1450,
1461
B ranstrum , L. 0 ., 1403 Bryan, H . F „ 1457 Burney, D . E ., 1403 Burns, W . W ., 1372 Bym s, A. 0 ., 1403 Cantrell, T . L., 1403 Cadman, IV. H ., 1449 Cassels, D. A. K ., 1404 Chenlcek, J . A. 1103 Chew, j . N ., 1113 Clark, C. R ., 1103 Cole, It, 1L, 1403 Condit, P . 0 „ 1403 Connolly, G. O., 1403 Cook, L. W ., 1403 Cramer, P . L ., 1103 Cropper, W . P ., 1411 D arey, W ., 1432 B avid, n . , 1326
» a y , A. H „ 1379, 1466 Daaeley, G. M., 1937
G G
D ean, M. E ., 1115 Deegan, 0 . S., 1351 DeGolyer, E ., 1369 Denison, Gh H ., 1403 Dickie, It. K ., 1380 D odds, E . O., 1404 D orieyn, J ., 1410 Doscher, T. M., 1451 D oty, P ., 1409 D oum ani, T . F ., 1398 D riest, E. It. v an , 1383 D u tso u , K . J . F ., 1403 Ellcnierger, A. E ., 1363 F a w c e tt, F . S., 1405 F eldhusen, H ., 1403 F eisst, W ., 1403 F lax m an , M. T ., 1403 Folkens, H . O., 1403 F ran cis, A. W ., 1403 F raser, H . M., 1403 F reu n d , M., 1469 F u n sten , S. K ., 1403 Gall, D ., 1397 G arvin, A. F ., 1403 G ary, W . W ., 1403 G aw ith, A. H ., 1-145 G ayer, tJ., 1448 Goldsby, A. R ., 1403 Gollin, G. J . , 1421, 1422,
1423, 1424, 1425, 1426 G ould, 0 . N ., 1327 G reenburg, R . B ., 1403 G reene, R . G., 1371 Greensfelder, B. S., 1403 Griliy, E . R ., 1412 Griswold, J ., 1413 G rodzinski, P ., 1438,
1439
G uillaum at, P ., 1335 H agg, A- O., 1434 H ald em an , R . &., 1393
H am m er, S., 1354 H an sfo rd , R . C., 1394 H ass, H . B ., 1402 H astings, W . K ., 1354 H earne, G. W ., 1403 H em m ingei^ 0- E., 1403 H enderson, L. M ., 1403 H ero n , S. D ., 1454 H ersberger, A. B., 1403 H icks, L . D ., 1443 H ill, T . L „ 1407, 1408 H olbrook, G. W ., 1363 H owe, A. P ., 1402 H ughes, E . C., 1*03 H u ll, O .M ., 1403 H u n t, E . W ., 1403 Iv an o v sk y , L ., 1446 Jen sen , H ., 134S Jen k in s, Y. N ., 1403 J o h n sto n , H . L., 1412,
1419
K eplinger, C. H ., 1361 K obe, K . A., 1398, 1399 Koefoed, H . G., 1385 K ollen, M. H ., 1403 L iehe, H . J . , 1403 L ien, A. P ., 1403 L in n , 0 . B., 1403 L ipkin, M. R ., 1403 Lowe. R . E ., 1403 Loy, J . W.-, 1403 Lugaresi, A., 1325 M cGuckin, G. M., 1353 M acke, R . A., 1403 M arschner, R . F ., 1411 M aisei, 0 . J ., 1396 May, R . L., 1403 Messmore, H . E ., 1403 M ettleton, L . L., 1354 Miller, P ., 1403
M ilne, F ., 1364 M ontgomery, .0. W.
1403
M organ, J . D ., 1403 M orris, W. S ., 1362 M orway, A. J ., 1403 M unday, J , 0 ., 1403 N ellensteyn, F . J ., 1410 N elson, W. L., 1390 d ’Ouville, E . L ., 1403 P ardee, W . A ., 1393 P en n , W . S., 1447 P e r r r , S. Z., 1403 P itzer, K . S., 1406 P la ttn e r, PL A ., 1414 Prolog, V., 1448 P roos, C. F ., 1442 R asm ussen, H . E ., 1394 R eading, G. K ., 1403 R eed, R ., 1389 R eid, E . E ., 1403 R ichardson, R . W ., 1403 R idley, C., 1431, 1460 R oelen, O., 1403 R ogers, D ., 1358 Rogers, D. T., 1403 R u st, F . F ., 1403 R uzicka, L., 1414 R y an , W . F ., 1388 Saivatori, H ., 1352 Sachanen, A. N ., 1394 S chantz, J . M., 1403 Schindler, BL, 1403 Schulze, \Y. A., 1403 S ch u tte, A. H ., 1403 Serafin, P . J ., 1444 Sharp, T . E ., 1403 Shaw, M. O., 1433 Shields, J . E ., 1403 Shm idl, A . J ., 1403
Shoem aker, B . I I ., 1403 Short, G. H ., 1403 Shreve, R . N ., 1396 S m ith , D . A., 1403 S m ith , H . G-., 1403 S m ith , W. R ., 1403 Souther, R . E ., 1350 S teinitz, E . W ., 1429,
• 1430
Stephens, F . M., 1386 S trong, 0 . D ., 1433 S tu a rt, A. H ., 1436,1437
Sum ner, G. L ., 1403 Taylor, W . J ., 1419 T eter, J . W ., 1403 T h a ck er, 0 . M., 1403 Thiele, E . W ., 1403 Thom pson, K . M., 1403 Thom pson, R . B ., 1403 Tooke, J . W ., 1415 T ravers, W . J ., 1359 Y arentzov. Y. P ., 1417,
1418
V aughau, W . E ., 1403 Yokes, 0 . G., 1450 Void, R . D ., 1451 W adley, E . F ., 1403 W anenm acher, J . M,.
1361
W ash b u rn , E . R ,, 1435 W eber, G., 1356, 1387 W eizm ann, 0 ., 1403 W clnrich, W . W ., 1403 W eiborn, J . T ., 1444
W hite, E , R ., 1403 W ild, H ., 1414 W ilhelm , O., 1323 Willcox, O. W ., 1391 W ilson, S. W ., 1403 W olf, A ., 1440, 1441 W redden, J . H ., 1446 Y ale, H . L ., 1403 Zocller, H . J ., 1403 Zim m er, J . 0 ., 1403 Z ublin, E . W ., 1403
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n.
Geology.
1323. P iercem en t T rap R eservoirs. O. W ilhelm . O il Qas J . , 27.4.46, 4 4 (51), 147.—
P io rcih g m asses u su a lly til t a n d f a u lt th e b e d s p e n e tra te d . P ie rc e m e n t is com m only d u e to s a lt m asses, igneous p lu g s, a n d th e p la s tic cores o f a n tic lin e s. A sso ciated w ith s a lt m asses thoro m a y bo c resce n t, s a lt niche, p e rip h e ra l w edge, p e rip h e ra l segm ent, a n d com posite resorvoirs.
A diapirio an tic lin e is one in w h ich th e p la s tic core h a s p io rced th e o th o r b ed s. T he
s tr u c tu r e m a y bo com plex. G. D . H .
1324. W h a t is th e Geological F e n c e ? A non. O il Gas J ., 1.6.46, 45 (4), 113.— T he geological fence definos th e c o n d itio n s w hich m u s t b e fulfilled b y a n y accep tab le th e o ry o f oil origin. T h e geological ev id en ce in fa v o u r o f organic origin is alm o st overw helm ing. 9 9 % o f th e oilfields a re in m a rin e sed im e n ts, a n d 1% in b ra ck ish sed im en ts, in d ic a tin g a m arine environm ent o f fo rm atio n . T h e tem perature o f fo rm a tio n m u s t n o t su b s ta n tia lly exceed 212° F , a n d s ta tic pressures m u s t n o t exceed 5000 p .s.i., th ic k n e ss o f se d im e n ts a n d o th e r evidence p o in tin g to th eso lim its. O il h as n o t b e en fo u n d in sed im en ts y o u n g er t h a n th e P liocene, su g g estin g a n ago o f a b o u t a
m illion y e ars fo r th e y o u n g e st k n o w n oil. G. D . H .
1325. C alculation o i th e P etro lifero u s R eserves of a Geological L ayer. A. L ugaresi.
H iv. I ta l. P etrol., 1 9 4 6 ,1 4 (160), 9.— T ho q u a n tity o f p e tro le u m w hich c a n bo e x tra c te d fro m a giv en la y e r v a rie s w ith th e p o ro sity a n d p e rm e a b ility o f t h e s tr a tu m , w ith th e degree o f im p re g n a tio n o f th e ro ck , w ith th e visco sity o f t h e oil, w ith th e p resence or ab sen ce o f w a te r a n d gas, a n d w ith th e te x tu r e a n d s tr u c tu r e o f th e fo rm atio n . Somo o f th ese expressions a re q u a n tita tiv e ly defined. T h e w o rk o f C utler, B ra d fo rd , an d o th e rs in th e U .S .A . (B u re au o f Minos) is su m m a riz ed a n d e x am in ed . I t is concluded t h a t d isp lac em e n t o f oil b y g as raises th e y ield to 50 to 6 5 % w h en th e field is n earin g e x h au s tio n , a n d to 70 to 8 0 % i f g as d isp lac em e n t is in tro d u c e d w h en ex p lo itatio n
begins. D . H . M cL.
1326. T w o P ro m isin g T ests Revive In te re s t in F lo rid a W ild cattin g . H . D av id . O il G a s J ., 1.6.46, 45 (4), 50.— O. D . R o b in so n S ta te o n B arn es S ound, M onroe C ou n ty , first en co u n tere d oil-show s in th e L ow er C retaceous a t 10,162 f t, a n d h a d n u m ero u s s a tu r a te d zones d o w n to 10,365 f t. T ho u p p e r p a r t h a d th e b e st s a tu ra tio n , th e low er p a r t co n sistin g o f tig h t lim estones. A fte r drillin g to 12,050 f t th e w ell w as p lugged b a ck a n d p e rfo ra te d a t 10,337-10,363 f t a n d acidized. S w ab b in g y ield e d a little h e a v y b la c k oil.
1 C ory, also in M onroe C o u n ty , fo u n d th e to p o f th o L o w er C retaceo u s a t 8168 ft, w hile th o B a rn es S o u n d t e s t m o t i t a t 6997 ft. T h e K e y V aca t e s t sto p p e d in th e E o cen e O ld sm ar lim esto n e, w ith th e to p o f th o L ow er C retaceo u s e x p ec te d a t a b o u t 8000 ft.
1 H e m a s c o C orp. h a d a n oil show in c u ttin g s a t 5595-5600 ft, th o C retaceous h a v in g b een e n te re d a t 3340 ft. A d rillste m te s t a t 55S5-5605 f t reco v ered o n ly s a lt w a te r a n d m u d .
T h e U p p e r C retaceo u s b e d s o v erlap a th ic k w edge o f L ow er C retaceous. 5000 f t o r m o re o f L ow er C retaceo u s occurs a t S u n n ilan d .
Tho m a in s tr u c tu r a l fe a tu re in F lo rid a is a g en tlo d o m ing. A t th o base o f th e U p p er E oeone O cala lim esto n e is a n u n co n fo rm ity . H enco th o u n d e rly in g s tru c tu re s m ay bo stro n g e r. 125 w ells, m o s tly shallow , h a v e b e en d rilled in F lo rid a . U n til 1939 n o w ell ex ceed ed 6000 f t in d e p th , a n d few re a c h e d 3000 f t. T hroo oil w ells h av e b e en c o m p leted in th e S u n n ilan d field w hich p ro d u c es fro m a L o w er C retaceo u s lim estono a t 11,500-12,000 ft. T ho o i l i s 20-25° A .P .I. g ra v ity .
A well 80 m l s o u th w e st o f th e B a rn e s S o u n d t e s t h a s re a c h e d 7640 ft, a n d p e n e tra te d th e Pliocene, M iocene a n d O ligocene in th e first th o u s a n d fe et. G. D . H . 1327. T he A n ad ark o B asin— W ill it P a y OfiP C. N . G ould. Oil W k ly , 8.7.46, 122 (6), 61.— Oil a n d g a s h a v e b een know n in tho A n a d ark o B a sin fo r m ore th a n 40 years.
I n 1901 p rim itiv o w ells w ere b e in g o p e ra te d a fow m iles n o rth y jo s t o f G ra n ite , O k lah o m a.
T he G otebo field w as o p en ed in 1908, th e C e m en t field in 1916, a n d th e S a y re field in 1922.
T ho A n a d a rk o B a sin w as firs t officially lab elled in 1924. I t s s tr u c tu r o is sim ilar to t h a t o f th o b a sin s in Illin o is, M ichigan, T ex as, a n d o th o r s ta te s w h e re im p o rta n t fields h a v e b e en fo u n d . I t s rook ty p e s a p p e a r to bo fa v o u ra b le , a n d i t is a lm o st su rro u n d ed b y p ro d u c in g areas.
M any b eliev e t h a t th e A rd m o re B a sin s o u th o f th e A rb u ek les is c o n tin u o u s w ith th e so u th e n d o f th o A n a d a rk o B a sin . T h e p o sitio n o f th o w e st en d o f t h e A n a d ark o B asin is s till u n d e te rm in e d , a n d th e s i t e o f its n o rth e rn m a rg in is still n o t k n o w n w ith ce rta in ty . I t m a y e x te n d as fa r as th o K a n s a s b o rd e r in th e n o rth , a n d h a v o w e ste rn
bran ch es in to K a n s a s a n d N ow M exico. G. D . H .
1328. In d u stry Finds M any New Fields. A non. Oil W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 71.— I n th e first h a lf o f 1946, 213 now fields w ere o p en ed in U .S .A . T h is co m p ares w ith a n av erag e o f 171 p e r h a lf y e a r for th o y e ars 1937-1945. T h is y e a r ’s discoveries in clu d ed 146 oilfields, 16 d is tilla te fields, a n d 51 gas-fields. T ho 1946 discoveries m a y h a v e given o v e r 1000 m illio n b a rre ls o f reserves. T ho p ro d u c tio n in th e first h a lf o f 1946 was less th a n th is figure.
D u rin g th e n in o -y ea r p e rio d 1937-1945 2423 new oilfields w ere fo u n d in U .S .A ., a n d th e a v era g e reserve p ro v id o d p e r d isco v ery w as 8,493,029 b rl. U sin g th is figure as a y a rd s tic k , th o discoveries in th o first h a lf o f 1946 sh o u ld p ro v id e 1,239,981,000 brl o f now oil. P ro d u c tio n in th o first h a lf o f 1946 w a s 846,638,000 b rl. U nless c u rre n t discoverios a re m u c h p o o re r th a n in th e p a s t i t is u n lik e ly t h a t reserv es h av o suffered a n e t decline.
13-4% o f all w ells d rilled in th e firs t h a lf o f 1946 w ere w ild c a ts ; th e figure fo r th o 1937-1945 p e rio d w as 11-4% . 11-7% o f th is y e a r ’s w ild ca ts w ere su c c essfu l; tho ov er-all success figure fo r th e p erio d 1937-1945 w as 11-1% .
A ta b le givos th e r a tio o f w ild c a ttin g to all d rillin g a n d th e p ro p o rtio n o f a ll w ild cats d isco v erin g n ew fields, b y d is tric ts fo r th e p e rio d 1937-1946. G. D . H . 1329. W ild cattin g K eeps P ace w ith R ecord 1945 T o tal. A non. Oil W k ly , 30.9.46, 123 (5), 31.— D u rin g th e first e ig h t m o n th s o f 1946, 2904 e x p lo ra to ry w ells h a v e b een c o m p leted in U .S.A . T h o c o rresp o n d in g figure fo r 1945 w as 2905. 594 o f th e 1946 te s ts h a v e b e en successful. 328 o f th e m o p en ed n ew oil-sources, 194 bein g now fields a n d 134 b ein g now p a y horizons. T h e re w ere 44 now d is tilla te discoveries a n d 113 now g as discoveries. 434 e x p lo ra to ry w ells w ere c o m p le te d d u rin g A u g u st. C alifornia h a d th re e oilfield discoveries d u rin g A u g u st, tw o b e in g p ro m isin g fields n e a r L os A ngeles. C olorado’s R a n g e ly field w as e x te n d ed . F iv o new oilfields w ere disco v ered in Illin o is. T e x a s discoveries in A u g u s t in clu d ed 16 n ew oilfields, tw o d is tilla te fields, tw o gas-fields, 10 now oil-pays, a n d tw o now d istillate pays.
T ab les su m m arize th e re su lts o f o x p lo ra to ry co m p letio n s d u rin g A u g u s t a n d d u rin g th e firs t e ig h t m o n th s o f 1946 b y S ta te s a n d D istric ts. T h e A u g u s t discoveries are
lis te d w ith b rie f n o tes . G. D . H .
1330. S ocony-V acuum is T esting W ild cat W ell in Colombia. A non. O il W k ly , 8.7.46, 122 (6), 30.— Y a n acu e 1 in th e M agdalena v a lle y is being te s te d . I t lies w est o f th e C an tag allo field. P e d ro 1, acro ss th e riv e r e a s t o f th e C an tag allo field, is fishing a t 9310 ft. L a S alin a 1 is d rillin g below 2888 ft. G. D . H .
a ABSTRACTS.
1331. T exas P e tro le u m ’s W ell in Colom bia a t 7923 ft. A non. Oil W k ly , 8.7.46,.
122 (6), 30.—V elasquez 1 in th e U p p e r M agdalena v a lle y h a s re ac h ed 7923 ft. Drill- ste m te s ts h a v e g iv en oil show s, 3 5 -g ra v ity oil h a v in g b e en fo u n d a t 7254-7274 ft, a n d th e re w ere show s a t tw o h ig h er levels. O ne se c tio n o f 350 f t is r e p o rte d to have
h a d 162 f t o f n e t o il-sand. G. D . H .
1332. P h illip s’ W ild W ell in V enezuela u n d e r Control. A non. O il Qas J . , 18.5.46, 45 (2), 94.— P h illip s’ w ild well ¡8 re p o rte d to havo been flowing 50,000,000 eu. ft. of g as a n d sev eral h u n d re d b a rre ls /d a y o f oil. T h is well, in M onagas, is n e a r a n d in th e tre n d o f th o Ju s o p in -S a n ta B a rb a ra fields. G as w a s fo u n d a t 4581 f t, a n d the first oil s a n d a t 4706 ft. I t is e s tim a te d t h a t 375 f t o f gas- a n d o il-s a tu ra te d sands o ccu r in a 6 0 0 -/t sectio n . ^ T h e oil g ra v ity ra n g es 25-35° A .P .I. G. D . H . 1333. D u al C om pletion fro m E ocene Sands Possible in A m an a A rea, V enezuela. Anon.
O il W kly, 2.9.46, 123 (1), 48 (In te rn a tio n a l S ection).— A m a n a 3 h a s b e en d rilled to 5300 ft. T e s ts th ro u g h p e rfo ra tio n s h a v e b een m ad e in th o E o cen e s a n d s in the in te rv a l 3175-4000 ft. A s a n d a t 3110-3255 f t , id en tifie d a s th e M ostrencas, has supp lied 200 b r l/d a y o f 3 1 -g rav ity c ru d e. P e rfo ra tio n s aro e x p ec te d to bo m ad e in th e in te rv a l 3275-3955 ft, in o rd e r to give a d u a l p ro d u c e r. I t is e x p ec te d t h a t a deep C retaceo u s lim esto n e te s t w ill be drilled . T h o s tr u c tu r e is a n tic lin a l -with n o a p p a re n t m a jo r fa u ltin g , a n d it lies 18 m l n o rth w e s t o f th o M a ra field a n d a b o u t 20 m l n o rth
o f L a P a z . G. D . H .
1334. Second T ie rra del F uego W ell dow n to 8500 ft. A non. O il Qas J ., 15.6.46, 45 (6), 83.— A well 800 m . n o rth e a st o f th o T ie rra de F uego discovery w ell h a s reached 8500 ft. Oil w as fo u n d a t th e 7500-ft level in th e d isc o v ery w ell. G. D . H . 1335. F re n c h R esearch E m p h asizes Oil E x p lo ratio n a n d U tilizatio n of P e tro le u m Gas.
P . G u illa u m at. O il Gas J . , 27.4.46, 44 (51), 98.— T h e S a in t-M a rc et s tr u c tu r e is being e x p lo red a n d dev elo p ed , a n d te s ts a re b e in g u n d e rta k e n o n th o n e a rb y s tru c tu re s a t A u rig n ac, G cnesac, P ro u p ia ry , P la g n e, a n d S a in t-M a rto ry . T e n gas-w ells a n d tw o d r y holes h a v e b e en co m p leted a t S a in t-M arc et. T w o o f th e w ells flow ed som e oil, a n d o th e rs h a d in d ic a tio n s o f lig h t oil. T o th e b e g in n in g o f 1946 th e c u m u lativ e p ro d u c tio n o f g as w as 5,250,000,000 cu. ft, w ith 21,000 b rl o f oil a n d 2,860,000 lb of
b u ta n e . *
T h e first well a t P la g n e w e n t to 6557 ft. I t h as g as show s in se v e ra l shallow sands.
A second t e s t h a s re ac h ed 3960 f t, a n d .h ad a g a s -s a tu ra te d s a n d a t 328 ft. T hree d isa p p o in tin g w ells h a v e b e en d rille d a t G enesac, th o d e e p e st b ein g 10,197 ft. A 9818-ft te s t w as d rilled a t A u rig n ac. G as w as e n co u n te re d in a b reccia in a 7597-ft w ell o n th e P ro u p ia ry s tr u c tu r e , w hich is c o n n ected w ith S a in t-M arc et. Seven shallow te s ts h av e b een m ad e a t S a in t-M arto ry , a n d a d e ep te s t is u n d e r w ay .
A w ell h a s b een d rille d o n th o s tr u c tu r e a t D reuille, going to 6758 f t w ith o u t success.
A second w ell h a s re ac h ed 5280 f t. T w o w ells a re b e in g d rille d a t T resiers, a n d are o v er 3500 f t d eep . 15 shallow te s ts h a v e b een d rille d a ro u n d T resiers, Cax a n d A uch.
A t G ardiole a well is d rillin g a t 2379 f t , a n d one a t V au n ag o h a s re ac h e d 1476 ft.
S ev eral shallow w ells h av o b een d rilled a t G a b ian a n d S a in t-C h in ian .
T h e ro c k p re ssu re a t S a in t-M a rc e t is a b o u t 2410 lb /s q . in . G. D . H . 1336. Oil P ro sp ectin g an d N a tu ra l Gas U tilizatio n in th e Sou th of F ia n c e (1) M arceau.
P etroleum , A ug. 1946, 8 (9), 180.— T h e u tiliz a tio n o f n a tu r a l gas a n d th o exp lo ratio n o f m o re re c e n tly d isco v ere d oilfields in th e S o u th o f F ra n c e is d iscu ssed .
K . C. G. K . 1337. Oil P ro sp ectin g an d N a tu ral Gas U tilizatio n in th e S ou th of F ra n c e. (2) M arceau.
P etroleum , 1946, 9 (9), 217.— D e ta ils o re g iv en o f th e tr e a tm e n t a n d u tiliz a tio n o f n a tu r a l gas b y th e R egie A u to n o m e des P6tro les (R .A .P .). A n u m b e r o f ex p erim en tal b o rin g s w ith in re c e n t y e a rs a re m en tio n ed . K . C. G. K . 1338. K irk le a th a m W ild c attin g T est in Y orkshire is A bandoned. A non. O il W k ly , 2.9.46, 123 (1), 48. (In te rn a tio n a l S ection).— K irk le a th a m 2 h a s b e en a b an d o n e d
in th e C arboniferous a t 3091 ft. G as w as e n c o u n te re d in th e U p p e r P e rm ia n lim estone os in K irk le a th a m 1, b u t low p o ro sity a n d p e rm e a b ility caused p ro d u c tio n to be
sm aller. G. D . H .
1339. H u n g a ry Gas D rillin g in V icinity of K a rca g . A non. Oil W k ly , 15.7.46, 122 (7), 31.— D rillin g fo r g as is p ro ceed in g a t K a rc a g , e a s t o f th e T isza, w hore th e re a re
surface show s. G. D . H .
1340. H u n g a ry R ep o rts New Oil an d Gas D eposits. A non. Oil W k ly , 30.9.46, 123 (5), 15.— S ev eral now oil a n d n a tu r a l g a s a c c u m u la tio n s a re re p o rte d to h a v e been
found e a s t o f th e D an u b e. G. D . H .
1341. R u ss ia ’s S earch for P e tro le u m . A non. R iv . I ta l. P etrol., 1 9 4 6 ,1 4 (160), 13.— A survey o f R u s s ia ’s a c tu a l a n d p o te n tia l so u rces o f p e tro lo u m . D . H . M cL.
1342. S earch fo r Oil in Spain to be G reatly A ccelerated. A non. O il W k ly , 30.9.46, 123 (5), 15.— C u rre n t oil p ro sp e ctin g in S p ain is c e n tre d a ro u n d B u rg o s a n d S o ria n o rth o f M adrid. D u rin g th e p a s t y e a r a well lias b een co red to a b o u t 2000 ft, w ith o u t
h av in g e n co u n tere d e n co u rag in g oil-sliows. G. D . H .
1343. F re n c h E q u ato rial A frica Oil Possibilities said Good. A non. O il W k ly , 15.7.46, 122 (7), 31.— G eological s tu d ie s in th o p ro v in ce o f G ab o n h a v e b een c o m p leted , a n d it is th o u g h t t h a t oil e x p lo itatio n in th o region o f A zin g a m ig h t be successful.
G. D . H . 1344. Deep T ests being P la n n e d fo r N orth T u n isia Section. A non. O il W k ly , 22.7.46, 122 (8), 15.— A w ild ca t is being drilled a t Z aouia, 5 m l so u th e a s t o f H adjebol-A ioun.
E arlier te s ts , sa id to h a v e h a d gas show s, s o u th w e st o f B iz e rta a n d s o u th o f F erry v ille, were a b a n d o n e d a t 2500 f t a n d 7500 f t in 1936 a n d 1940, resp ectiv ely . F u r th e r te s ts are p ro je c te d n o r th o f S o u k -e l-arb a (n o rth e rn T u n isia) a n d n e a r T eb a g a (so u th ern
T unisia). G. D . H .
1345. W ild cat o n Sinai P en in su la Show s for 275 brl D aily. A non. Oil Gas J ., 18.5.46, 45 (2), 97.— T ho S .U .D .R . w ild cn t o n th e e a s t c o ast o f th o S inai P e n in su la is re p o rte d to h a v e a p o te n tia l o f 275 b r l/d a v o f 22° A .P .I. oil fro m th e in te rv a l 2680-2925 ft.
G. D . H . 1346. N .E .I. Oil A w aits S ettlem en t of P o s t-w a r Political P roblem s. A n o n . O il Qas J ., 18.5.46, 45 (2), 95.— 108,000,000 b rl o f oil h a s b e en p ro d u c ed from som e dozen fields in J a v a . T h e s tru c tu re s a re m a in ly m o d e ra te ly s te e p a sy m m e tric al an ticlin es, com m only in te rs e c te d b y fa u lts. T h e oil com es fro m U p p e r M iocene sa n d sto n e s a t d e p th s o f 700-3000 ft.
T h e core o f J a v a is g e an ticlin a l, b u t h a s o n ly sm all ex p o su res o f p re -T e rtia ry beds.
I n w e ste rn J a v a th e re a re 9500-10,500 f t o f T e rtia ry b ed s w hich a re m a in ly m arin e ex ce p t n e a r th e to p . M uch o f th e a re a is co v ered u n c o n fo rm a b le b y P lio-P Ieistoceno beds. T h e re a re su rface oil show s. I n e a s te rn J a v a th e k n o w n sectio n a m o u n ts to 10,200-12,000 ft, b u t m a y bo m u c h th ic k e r. T h ere a re v e ry few p o ro u s beds. S an d s a re ra re e x c e p t h ig h in th e sectio n . L im esto n es also a re lim ited . S tra tig ra p h ic tr a p p o ssibilities hav o n o t b een ex am in ed .
T h e B a lik p a p a n a re a o f B orneo h a s p ro d u c ed a b o u t 240,000,000 b rl o f c ru d e. N early all th o p ro d u c in g s tru c tu re s a re o n a single a n tic lin a l tre n d . T h ey a re m o d e ra te ly stro n g , w ith c ro ss-fau ltin g a n d ste ep w e ste rn flanks. T h e oil is in U p p e r M iocene a n d P liocene sa n d s. A b o u t te n d iffere n t sa n d s p ro d u c e d o w n to 2500 f t. T h e oils a re less a s p h a ltic w ith d e p th .
T ho fields o f th e T a ra k a n a re a h a v e g iv en 144,000,000 b rl o f oil fro m P liocene a n d U p p e r M iocene sa n d s. T h e m a in field, P a m o esia n , h a s 15 sa n d s d o w n to 3700 ft.
100,000,000 b rl o f oil h a s com e fro m th e M iri-Seria a rea. M iri is a lm o st d ep leted , a n d is a r a th e r c om plex h ig h ly fa u lte d a sy m m e tric a l fold, w ith th r u s tin g on th e s o u th - e a s t flank. T h e a x is o f th e c as t-w e st S eria fold lies off-shore. T h ere a re ste ep dips
o n th o so u th flank. P ro d u c tio n com es fro m th e U p p e r M iocene. E o ce n e p ro d u c tio n is o b ta in e d fro m th e s tru c tu re s in th o B a rito area.
I n E o cen e a n d O ligocene tim e s th ic k d o p o sits o f sed im e n ts a n d v o leanies wore fo rm ed in w e st c e n tra l a n d s o u th e a s t B orneo, a n d m a rin e shales, lim esto n es a n d sa n d sto n e s in c e n tra l a n d e a s t B orneo. I n th e L o w er M iocene th e re a re in to rb e d d ed m arin o a n d fre s h w a te r beds, th o l a t t e r in cre asin g u p w a rd s to th o P lio cen e w hich is a lm o st e n tirely te rre s tria l. E a r t h m o v em e n ts b e g a n in th o la te M iocene form ing th re e e m b a y m e n ts in w h ich d ep o sitio n co n tin u e d . T h e re w as s te e p fo ld in g in th e c e n tra l p a r ts o f th e basins.
T ho V ogelkop b a s in h a s a th ic k T e r tia r y se c tio n w ith n u m ero u s s tru c tu re s , an d th e re a re oil in d icatio n s. Oil h a s b e e n fo u n d on th e K lam o n o , W a s ia n a n d Mogoi stru c tu re s . K la m o n o h a s 8 pro d u cin g wolls p ro v in g 400 acres. I t is a b ro a d fau lted an tic lin e w ith oil in a lim estono a t 300 f t o n th e c rest. T h e s a tu r a te d se ctio n s a re u p to 400 f t th ic k . W as ia n h a s tw o oil w ells in a M iocene lim esto n e. M ogoi lias ono well in th e M iocono lim estono. B o th W as ia n a n d M ogoi a re g e n tle s tru c tu re s .
T ho B o ela field o f e a s te rn C eram givos oil fro m Plio-Pleistocono sa n d s a t 2 0 0 -
1000 ft. G. D . H .
1347. Says D elhi Field B iggest o£ Type Since E a s t T exas. A n o n . O il W k ly , 15.7.46, 122 (7), 30.— T ho d isco v ery w ell a t D elhi w a s c o m p le te d in D ece m b er 1944, giving 108 b r l/d a y o f 4 1 -g rav ity oil. 219 a d d itio n a l w e lls-h a v e b e en drilled , a n d th e p ro d u c tio n is 16,000 b rl/d a y . T ho reserv es aro e stim a te d to to ta l 175,000,000 b rl. Tho field is a s tra tig ra p liic tr a p , a n d p ro d u c e s fro m th o T u sc alo o sa a n d P a lu x y .
G. D . H .
Geophysics and Geochemical Prospecting.
1348. Validity ol D a ta fro m A irborne M agnetom eter. H . Je n se n . W orld Petrol., 1 9 4 6 ,1 7 (9), 45.— T h e co n v en tio n al geological m ag n e to m e te r w as d ev elo p ed fo r m obile u se in su b m a rin e w ork. T ho m odified fo rm h a s b e en u se d fo r a e ria l geological survoy w ith th o a d v a n ta g e s, inter a lia , o f p ro v id in g a c o n tin u o u s re co rd a n d re d u cin g errors d u e to local’ m ngnotic bodies. P o s itio n c o n tro l h a s b e en c a rrie d o u t p h o to g rap h ica lly
a n d w ith th e aid o f e lectronic devices. F . S. A.
1349. T he E lectronic P rinciple E m ployed fo r th e D iscovery of P etro leu m . A non.
R iv . I ta l. P etrol., 1946, 14 (160), 15.— T h e in s tru m e n t d ev ised b y C rav er o f tho M assachus3ots I n s titu te o f T echnology fo r th e discovery o f p e tro leu m is described.
T h e in s tru m e n t (know n a s th e P e tro m e r) is c ap a b le o f defining se v e ra l ch ara cte ristics o f a p e tro lifero u s lay e r, a n d its scope is defined in th is d e sc rip tio n . D . H . MoL.
1350. A pplication of M ud A nalysis L ogging. R . E . S o u th e r. Geophysics, 1946, 10, 76-90.— T h e m u d a n aly sis logging sy s te m , n o w w idely u se d fo r o x p lo ra to ry a n d ro u tin o drillin g , c o n tin u o u sly a n aly se s a n d reco rd s th e oil a n d g as c o n te n t o f m u d re tu rn s fro m w ells b ein g d rilled b y th e r o ta r y m e th o d . O il a n d g a s d e te c te d in th e re tu rn in g drillin g fluid in d ic a te s oil o r gas in th e fo rm a tio n p o n o tra te d b y th e b it. R e s u lts o f th e co n tin u o u s a n aly ses aro in s tru m e n ta lly c o rre la te d to th o d e p th s a n d fo rm atio n s fro m w hich th e show ings o rig in a ted . A second u seful p h a so o f th e sy s te m p lo ts a c c u ra te ly a n d in d e ta il r a te o f p e n e tra tio n o r d rillin g sp eed o n th o log as a fu n c tio n o f d e p th .
T ru c k s a n d tra ile rs p ro v id e a m obile h o u sin g for all th e m u d a n aly sis e q u ip m e n t so t h a t i t m a y b e m o v ed ra p id ly fro m well t o well.
A p p licatio n s o f th e m e th o d m a y b e d iv id e d in to tw o classes :
1. R o u tin e drillin g in .p r o v e d a re a s w hore i t e lim in ates u n n e ce ssa ry co rin g a n d lo cates g as cap s a n d co m p letio n zones.
2. E x p lo ra to ry d rillin g in w h ic h i t m inim izes coring b y in d ic a tin g fo r te s tin g p u rp o se s p o ro u s zones c o n ta in in g oil a n d /o r gas.
M ud an aly sis logging c a n b e p ra c tis e d in a rea s w hore th e electrical log c a n n o t bo u se d d u e t o h ig h s a lt c o n te n t o r o th e r lo cal co n d itio n s, w h e re d an g ero u s h ole con d itio n s m a k e in te rru p tio n o f d rillin g o p e ratio n s for coring in ad v isab le, a n d for e v a lu a tin g g a s zones w h ere cores aro difficult to in te rp re t.
I n a d d itio n , each m u d a n aly sis logging u n it c o n ta in s e q u ip m e n t to o b ta in inform a-
4 1 7 a
tio n u seful in e lim in a tin g w a sh o u ts, in p re d ic tin g a n d p re v e n tin g b lo w o u ts, a n d in con tro llin g d rillin g m u d c h a ra c te ris tic s . E . I . R . 1351. E xploring th e C ontinental Shelf. C. J . D eeg an . O il Gas J . , 15.6.46, 45 (6), 98.— T h e c o m m o n est g eo physical devices fo r u n d e rw a te r in v e s tig a tio n s a re th o g ra v ity m o to r for reco n n aissa n ce a n d th o se ism o g rap h fo r d o tail. T h o l a t t e r co u ld bo used in 600 f t o f w a te r, a lth o u g h th o w o rk w ould bo expensive. T w o g e n era l ty p e s o f d iving bells a re in u se fo r g r a v ity m o to r w ork. O ne is su ita b le fo r d e p th s u p to 40 ft, th o o th e r u p to 250 ft. I n shallow w a te r 25 s ta tio n s /d a y a n d in deop w a te r 10 s ta tio n s /d a y c a n b e co v ered w ith d iv in g bells.
A series o f d iag ra m s a n d p h o to g ra p h s show th e c o n stru c tio n a n d o p e ra tio n o f th o
tw o ty p e s o f d iv in g bell. • G. D . H .
1352. E arly R eflection Seism ograph E x p lo ratio n in C alifornia. H . S a lv ato ri. Geo
physics, 1946, 10, 17-33.— F ollow ing th o success achiovod in O klahom a, a m a jo r a tte m p t w a s m ad o in 1931 to uso th o reflectio n m e th o d o f seism ic p ro sp e ctin g in California. T h e reco rd s o b ta in e d w cro exceedingly p oor, a n d th e ro su lts o f th is e a rly w ork v e ry d isa p p o in tin g . T h is w as duo to th e f a c t t h a t th o a re a chosen w as p a r tic u la rly u n fa v o u ra b le fo r reflection p ro sp e ctin g , a n d w ould give p o o r ro su lts ev en if m o d ern te c h n iq u e a n d e q u ip m e n t w ore used . H o w ev er, in 1932 a p ro s p e c t n e a r M erced w as successfully m a p p e d . T ho d ip m e th o d o f sh o o tin g b ecam e s ta n d a r d p ractice, a s th e c o rre latio n m o th o d so successful in O k lah o m a w as g en erally u n s a tis fa c to ry in C alifornia. W ido sp acin g o f lines a n d s ta tio n s w as th o ru le, as o n ly s tru c tu re s h a v in g larg e a m o im ts o f closure w ere con sid ered im p o rta n t. A s a re s u lt o f th is e arly reflection w o rk se v e ra l im p o rta n t oilfiolds, in clu d in g th e W ilm in g to n a n d R io B ra v o fiolds, w ere discovered. A b rie f h is to ry o f th e d isco v ery o f th es e tw o fields is g iven, an d th o seism ic m ap s ore c o m p a red w ith th o se com piled fro m w ell d a ta . E . I . R . 1353. H isto ry of th e Geophysical E x p lo ratio n of the Cam eron M eadows D om e, Cam eron P arish , L o u isian a. G. M . M cG uckin. Geophysics, 1945, 10, 1-16.— T ho d e v elo p m en t o f th o g ra v ita tio n a l a n d seism ic m eth o d s o f g eo p h y sical p ro sp o ctin g since 1926 is discussed w ith reference to a ty p ic a l G u lf C oast sa lt-d o m e. T h is d o m e lies e n tire ly w ith in th e C am eron m ars h a re a , a n d a irp la n e p h o to g ra p h s re v ea l no p h y sio g rap h io expression. T ho follow ing m eth o d s w ere u se d : m ech an ical re fra c tio n seism o g rap h (1926), to rsio n b a la n ce (1927), e le ctrica l re fra c tio n seism o g rap h (1928-29), e arly c o rre latio n reflection seism o g rap h (1929), d ip reflection se ism o g rap h (1933), special s a lt p rofiling re fra c tio n seism o g rap h (1942), c o n tin u o u s c o rre latio n reflectio n seism o
g ra p h (1942), g ra v ity m o to r (1943). T h e to rsio n b a la n c e re v ealed a sig n ifican t g ra v ity m in im u m in d ic a tin g d eep sa lt, a n d th is w as confirm ed b y s u b s eq u e n t d rillin g a n d la te r geo p h y sical su rv e y s. T ho a d d itio n a l s tr u c tu r a l d e ta ils re v ea le d b y th o
la te r su rv e y s is p a rtic u la rly strik in g . E . I . R .
1354. G ravim eter Prospecting fo r Chrom ite in Cuba. S. H a m m e r, L. L . M e ttle to n a n d W . K . H a stin g s. Geophysics, 1945, 10, 34-49.— E a r ly in 1942 th e G u lf R e se arc h a n d D ev elo p m en t Co. c a rrie d o u t a g ra v im e te r su rv e y in th e c h ro m ite h e a rin g C am aguoy d is tric t o f C uba. A s a r e s u lt o f th is w o rk one largo c h ro m ite o reb o d y w as lo ca ted . T h is p a p e r is o f g en eral in te re s t ow ing to th o fa c t t h a t g r a v ity an o m alies a s sm all as 0-05 m illigal w ore considered to bo o f econom ic im p o rta n ce , th u s ta x in g th e lim itin g
p erfo rm an ce o f m o d ern g ra v im ete rs. E . I . R .
1355. G erm an W ar-tim e D evelopm ents in G eophysical In stru m e n ts. A non. Petrol.
T im e s, 31.8.46, 50 (1281), 908.— A s u m m a ry o f th e B IO S R e p o rt N o. 334 b y P ro- fossor A . O. R a n k in e . T h e m o s t im p o rta n t d e v elo p m en ts w cro in th o field o f g ra v ity su rv e y in g (w ith th e in v en tio n b y D r. G ra f o f a n ew g ra v im ete r) a n d in m e th o d s o f reco rd in g th e re s u lts o f g eo p h y sical w ork. T h e n e w G ra f g ra v im e te r is a b e tte r in s tru m e n t t h a n th e T h y sse n , w hich w as u se d in G e rm an y b efo re th e w ar, b u t i t is in ferio r to th e b e s t o f th e A m erican g ra v im ete rs, su c h a s th e G u lf a n d th e L a Costo.
N o g re a t p ro g ress h a s b e en m ad o in th e fields o f seism ic, electrical, a n d m ag n e tic p ro sp e ctin g , a n d in n o case are th e new G e rm an in s tru m e n ts g re a tly , i f a t all, su p erio r
to th e B ritis h o r A m erican ty p es . R . B . S.
Drilling.
1356. D eeper D rilling N ecessitates th a t G reater E m p h asis be P laced o n D rill-P ipe T esting. G. W eber. Oil Gas J ., 31.8.46, 45 (17), 72.— A g e n era l s tu d y o f drill-pipe in sp ectio n is p re sen te d . M agnetic p a rtic le in sp e c tio n a n d th e flu o rescen t p e n e tra n t m e th o d a re c ite d a s aid s to v isual in sp ectio n , to g e th e r w ith a u to m a tic te s tin g m eth o d s w hich w ould in d ic a te d efects to b e f u r th e r in sp e c ted b y skilled p erso n n el. T h e la tte r m eth o d s in v o lv e tec h n iq u es b a se d o n a n u m b e r o f p rin cip les, in clu d in g su rface m ag n etic field m ea su re m e n t, diffractio n o r b a c k reflection o f g a m m a ra y s a n d X -ra y s , h y steresis a n d e d d y c u rre n t losses, a n d c o n d u c tio n o f h e a t, electric c u rre n ts, v ib ra tio n s , supersonic w aves, X -ra y s , a n d o th e r ra d ia tio n s . T ho d ifferen t grados o f p ip es a re d escrib ed an d som e o f p re s e n t-d a y a n d -p ro s p ec tiv e field in sp ectio n m e th o d s aro discussed.
A. H . N . 1357. M ud E n g in eerin g in M odem D rilling P rac tice . A non. W orld P etrol., 1946, 17 (9), 46-49.— T ho p a p e r c o n sists o f a review o f th o d esirab le p ro p e rtie s o f drilling m u d s a n d m e th o d s b y w h ich su c h p ro p e rties c a n be m o s t n e a rly o b tain e d . Special reference is m a d e to th o so d iu m s a lt o f c a rb o x y m eth y lcellu lo so a s a m u d co m p o n en t.
A n o n -critical co m p ariso n betw eo n w a te r b a se a n d oil b a se m u d s is d ra w n . F . S. A.
Production.
1358. Gas Recovery System s. D . R o g ers. Producers' M o n th ly , J u n e 1946, 10 (8), 54.— (P a p er presented a t a n n u a l m eeting E astern D istrict D iv isio n o f P roduction, A .P .I ., P itts b u rg , J u n o 1946.)-—I n th is p a p e r g as reco v ery refers to th e salv ag e o f so lu tio n g as escap in g fro m p ro d u c ed c ru d e oil e ith e r a t low p ressu re o r u n d e r v a cu u m . T h e a m o u n t o f gas w hich c a n b e reco v ered fro m a b a rre l o f p ro d u c e d c ru d e oil dep en d s on th o g ra v ity a n d te m p e ra tu re o f th e oil a n d th o p ressu re s u n d e r w hich i t is h a n d le d . G as re co v e ry in th o B ra d fo rd field is effected a t th e g a s -o il-w a te r s e p a ra to rs a n d s to c k -ta n k s. T h e g as-rcco v ery line ta k e s g as fro m th e s e p a ra to r dom o a n d from th o to p o f th o s to c k -ta n k s, a n d deliv ers i t e ith e r d ire c tly to a v a c u u m p u m p o r to a v a cu u m g a th e rin g sy s te m . Som e c o m p a n ies u se s e p a ra to rs in w hich th o oil a n d w a ter levels a u to m a tic a lly a d ju s t th o o u tle t flow b y flo at-o p era ted v alv es. “ Slop ” ta n k s a re o fte n u se d to p o rfo rm a se c o n d ary o il-w ater se p a ra tio n , a n d th u s red u ce losses cau sed b y em ulsions, stu c k -v alv es , freeze-ups, a n d excessive flu c tu a tio n s in fluid flow. A n o th e r ty p e o f in s ta lla tio n uses a g a so m ete r to re g u la te th o p ressu re .
T ho econom ics o f gas re co v e ry is b riefly s tu d ie d : i t a p p e a rs t h a t b y carefully a n aly zin g all p e rtin e n t fa c to rs a n o il-p ro d u cer c a n d e te rm in e w h e th e r g as recovery w ill b e p ro fita b le on h is p ro p e rtie s , how m u ch in itia l in v e s tm e n t will b e re q u ire d , an d how soon a p a y -o u t c a n b e e x p ected .
T h e p a p e r is well illu s tra te d b y d iag ra m s a n d seven referen ces a re a p p e n d e d . R . B . S.
1359. Control of Gas-Cap E xpansion. W . J . T ra v e rs, J r . O il Gas J ., 20.7.46, 45 (11), 91.— P a p er presented before A . P . I . — T h e field s tr u c tu r e a n d c o n d itio n s in a d eep C alifornia field a re discussed. A s tu d y o f th o h is to ry o f p ro d u c tio n o f th e field rev eals a n e x p a n d in g g as-cap re su ltin g in in creasin g g a s-o il ra tio s. T h e first m e th o d o f g a s-o il ra tio co n tro l consisted o f s h u ttin g in w ells w h ere ra tio s h a d clim b ed above 2000 cu. f t./b r l. B y A p ril 1942 six w ells w ere s h u t in for th is reaso n . I t w a s th e n a p p a r e n t t h a t som o m ea n s o f g a s-o il ra tio c o n tro l w hich w o u ld a v o id th o loss o f p r o d u cin g w ells w ould b e n e ce ssa ry efficiently to c a rry o u t th o o b jec tiv e s o f pressu re m a in ten a n ce . A p la n w as w o rk ed o u t fo r a re m e d ia l p ro g ram m e so t h a t b y cem en tin g sectio n s o f th e well th e g a s-o il ra tio co u ld b e re d u ce d . T h is p la n is d escrib ed in d e ta il, to g e th e r w ith th e im p ro v e m en ts a tte n d a n t o n its ex ecu tio n . A . H . N . 1360. P lastic Plugging R educes G as-O il R atio s. E . S. B a u er. O il Gas J ., 31.8.46, 45 (17), 88-89.— P la s tic plug g in g is a n effective a n d a t th e sam e tim e econom ical m e th o d o f sealing off u n w a n te d w a te r a n d gas in tru s io n in to o il-pays. E x te n siv e w o rk do n e in th e w e st T ex a s oilfields, u sin g R esin o x (a phenolic, lo w -tem p era tu re cu rin g resin), h a s p ro v e d t h a t effective c o n tro l o f g a s-o il a n d w a tc r-o il ra tio s c a n be
4 1 9 a
gained w ith in a prico ra n g e e conom ically p ra c tic a l to oil p ro d u c ers. T ho h ig h ly acid gases p re v a le n t in th o oilfields w ill n o t dissolvo th o p la s tic s to cau se n ew fissures.
P lastic p lu g g in g is loss e x p en siv e t h a n ta m p in g le a d filam en ts a n d tu rn in g s in to wells an d , u nlike th is m e th o d , a well t h a t h a s b e en p lu g g ed w ith p lastic s, bo i t a g a s-sh u t- off, a b o tto m -h o le-w ater shut-off, o r a m id -sectio n w a te r shut-off, c an bo easily d rilled deeper a t a la te r d a te . A m e th o d o f p lu g g in g u se d is d escrib ed w hich c a n b e u se d to reduce oitlier w a te r o r g as p ro d u c e d w ith th o oil. A . H . N.
1361. O perators in H u ll an d Silk F ield S tudy R ep ressu rin g P ro g ra m m e . C, H . K ep - linger a n d J . M. W an o n m ach er. O il Gas J ., 31.8.46, 45 (17), 76.— A d e ta ile d r e p o rt on tho geology, s tru c tu re , a n d p a s t d ev elo p m en t o f th e H u ll a n d Silk F ie ld is p re sen te d as a n in tro d u c tio n to th o n e ce ssity o f in s titu tin g a re-p rcssu rin g p ro g ram m e for tho field. T h e field is u n d e r th o co n tro l o f se v e ra l o p e rato rs, a n d th e p ro je c t calls for a u n itiz ed re p re ss u rin g schem e. E s tim a te s o f reserv es a n d p ro fits a re given.
A. H . N . 1362. E a s t T exas F ield H as R ecord of O u tstan d in g R esu lts from I ts F o u r Y ear P ro gram m e of Salt W a te r Disposal. P a r t 4. W . S. M orris. Oil Gas J ., 31.8.46, 45 (17), 92.— E ffects o f in je c tio n o f s a lt w a te r in to E a s t T ex a s F ie ld on th o p ro d u c tio n econom ics o f th e field b y m a in ta in in g th e re serv o ir p ressu re a re s tu d ied w ith th e aid o f a ta b u la r a n d g ra p h ic al re p re s e n ta tio n o f th o re s u lts so fa r ach iev ed . A. H . N . 1363. Source an d P u rificatio n of W a te r Supply. G. W . H o lb ro o k a n d A . R . Ellenforger. Producers' M o n th ly, J u n o 1946, 10 (8), 57. (Paper presented at ann u a l meeting E astern D istrict D iv isio n o f P roduction, A .P .I . , P itts b u rg h , J u n o 1946.)-—T h e im p o rtan ce o f a d e q u a te q u a n titie s o f w a te r o f p ro p e r q u a lity fo r w a ter-flooding o p eratio n s is stressed . T h e selection o f th e m o s t s u ita b le source a n d th e m eth o d s to o b tu in th e re q u ire d a m o u n ts is ono p ro b lem , a n d th e d e te rm in a tio n o f th o p ro p e r tre a tm e n t to m ak e th e w a te r m o s t su ita b le for use is an o th e r.
T ho b e tte r th e q u a lity o f th e ra w w a te r to s t a r t w ith , th o loss tr e a tm e n t is re q u ire d . Surface w a ters from lak es a n d riv e rs o ften v a r y in q u a n tity a n d q u a lity w ith ch an g es o f season. T h ey u su a lly c o n ta in s u b s ta n tia l q u a n titie s o f m ec h an ical im p u ritie s such os m u d , sa n d , su sp en d ed clay , a n d organic m a tte r, a n d fre q u e n tly re q u ire ex te n siv e se ttlin g b a sin s w ith a d e q u a te c le an -o u t p ro v isio n s, in a d d itio n to filters. T ho c h an g ing q u a lity is a n ev en g re a te r d isa d v a n ta g e , for it calls for c o n tin u o u s close s u p e r
vision o f th e tr e a tm e n t process, a n d ch an g es in th e tr e a tm e n t to m a tc h ch an g es in th e q u a lity . Sp rin g s p ro v id e w a te r re la tiv e ly free from m ec h an ical im p u ritie s a n d less likely to b e affected b y changes o f season, a n d th e y e lim in a te th e necessity o f u n d e r
g ro u n d e q u ip m e n t to m ak e th e su p p ly av ailab le. U n fo rtu n a te ly th o q u a n tity av ailab le is seldom a d e q u a te for w a ter-flooding w o rk . F o r th e s e reaso n s th e m a jo rity o f w ater-floods in o p e ra tio n a t th e p re s e n t tim e a re su p p lied b y su b -su rface w a ters o b tain e d th ro u g h w ells fro m p o ro u s fo rm atio n s. T h e a v a ilab le q u a n tity o f su c h a w a te r su p p ly is in m o st cases lim ited o n ly b y th e n u m b e r o f w ells drilled , a n d th e q u a lity w ill o rd in a rily ch an g e o n ly v e ry slow ly w ith tim e.
T ho p rim a ry p u rp o se o f w a te r tr e a tm e n t is to m a in ta in th e h ig h e s t r a te o f reco v ery a n d to g e t th e g re a te s t econom ic re co v e ry o f c ru d e from th e d ev elo p m en t, b y p r e v e n t
ing a n y u n in te n tio n a l plug g in g o f th e sa n d a t th e in p u t well w hich w ould cause a decrease in th e in p u t w a te r ra te . A second p u rp o se is to p re v e n t corrosion, n o t o n ly to sav e m a in te n a n c e expenses, b u t also because th e p ro d u c ts o f corrosion th em selv es causo p lu g g in g o f th o sa n d face. A th ir d p u rp o se is to in crease th e efficiency o f d isp lace
m e n t o f oil b y w a ter. A m ong th o v a rio u s im p u ritie s th o m o s t im p o r ta n t a re su sp en d ed m a tte r, m icroscopic organism s, dissolved gases, a n d v a rio u s dissolved s o lid s ; th e a c id ity (p H v a lv e ) also h as a n im p o rta n t effect. T h e re is no s ta n d a r d .w a te r t r e a t m e n t w hich will rem o v e all th e im p u ritie s w hich m a y b e p re se n t, a n d p ro p e r tr e a tm e n t m u s t b e devised in e ac h in d iv id u a l case o n th o b a sis o f w a te r an aly ses. Im p ro p e r tr e a tm e n t c a n re s u lt in a w a te r m u ch m o re h a rm fu l th a n th e orig in al ra w w a te r, p a rtic u la rly in so far as chem ical plug g in g m a y occur.
T ho v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts co m m o n ly u se d a re a e ra tio n , chem ical tr e a tm e n t, se ttlin g , alg ae tr e a tm e n t, filterin g , a n d d e -a e ra tio n . A e ratio n in creases th e ox y g en c o n te n t, b u t causes p re c ip ita tio n o f iro n a n d m an g an ese as o x idized p ro d u c ts , a n d also rem oves c arb o n dio x id e a n d h y d ro g en su lp h id e. A lkalis a re u sed to raise th e p H v a lu e a n d
a
re m o v e carb o n dioxide. C hlorine c o n tro ls a lgae a n d a ssists in th e o x id a tio n o f iro n a n d m an g an ese. P o ly p h o sp h a te s aro u se d to stab ilizo w a te r b y h o ld in g in solution th o c a rb o n a te s p re se n t a n d also for p re v e n tin g co rro sio n b y th e d e p o sitio n o f a th in p ro te c tiv e c o atin g . S o d iu m su lp h ite c an b e u se d fo r o x y g en re m o v a l a n d alu m is som etim es used as a c o ag u len t to im p ro v e th e efficiency o f filters. A m p le tim e and c a p a c ity for se ttlin g m u s t bo allow ed fo r a n d a d o q u a to p ro v isio n s m u s t b e prov id ed fo r cleaning o u t s o ttlin g -ta n k s . H y p o c h lo rites, co p p er s u lp h a te , a n d p h e n o l d e riv a tiv e s a re effective in re m o v in g alg ae. V a cu u m tr e a tm e n t c a n bo u se d for d o-aeration.
F in a lly , th e v a rio u s ty p o s o f filterin g tr e a tm e n ts a re discussed. R . B . S.
1364. W a te r M eters (to m ea su re in p u t o£ w a te r in ta k e w ells). F . M ilne. Producers' M o n th ly, J u n o 1946, 10 (8), 51.— T h e m ea su re m e n t a n d c o n tro l o f w a te r in ta k e in w ater-flooding are e ssen tial fo r th e scientific c o n tro l o f th e s e o p e ratio n s. T ho basic ru les go v ern in g th o in s ta lla tio n o f a h ig h -p ressu re w a to r-m e te r o n a n in ta k e well are : (1) a fto r th o m ete r is in stalled t u r n th e w a te r o n slow ly a n d allow th e w a te r line, the w ell, a n d th e m e te r to bo th o ro u g h ly filled ; (2) open th e a ir-v e n t screw o n th e m eter a b o u t tlireo tu rn s to allow a n y a ir to escape t h a t m ig h t b e in th o m e t e r ; a n d (3) open t h e v a lv e on th o w a ter-lin e g ra d u a lly a f te r th o p re ssu re is b u ilt u p in th o w ell. Tho m otor c a n n o t th e n ra ce a t a n excossive r a te , b ecau se th o p re ssu re w ill b e n e a re r equal o n b o th th e in le t a n d th o o u tle t o f th o m o ter.
Care m u s t bo u sed t h a t silt, r u s t o r scalo aro n o t allow ed to e n te r th e m otor, a n d tho w a te r u sed m u s t bo free fro m chem icals o r a cid s w hich w o u ld h a v e a d a m ag in g effect o n th o fin ely m ac h in ed su rfaces o f b ro n ze a n d h a r d ru b b e r p a r ts w ith in th e m eter.
T hoso th in g s n o t o n ly re s u lt in in a c c u ra te re g is tra tio n , b u t e v e n tu a lly cause p re m a tu re w e ar a n d d am ag e. M an y p ro d u c e rs u se a 1-inch-high p rc ssn ro -stra in o r a h e a d o f the m e te r a n d in stalled so t h a t i t c a n bo re m o v e d fo r cleaning. I n view o f th o r a te of w ator-fiow th ro u g h a m o to r th o p o ss ib ility o f freezing u p is re m o te, h o w e v e r; enclosed o il-gear tra in s a re to bo p re fe rre d to o p en w aah-goar tr a in s in th is re sp ec t.
T h e v a rio u s ty p e s o f w a ter-m ete rs su ita b le fo r oilfield u se a re briefly described.
R . B . S.
O i l f i e l d D e v e l o p m e n t .
1365. E x p lo rato ry D rilling R a te D ow n, Success R a tio U p. A non. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 75.— 2097 e x p lo ra to ry te s ts w ere c o m p leted in U .S .A . d u rin g th o first h a lf of 1946. 21-7% o f th e m w ere successful. I n th e co rresp o n d in g p e rio d o f 1945 18-8%
o f th o e x p lo ra to ry w ells w ere successful. T h is y e a r th e re h o v e b e en 347 discoveries a n d 109 ex ten sio n s.
C alifornia, N ew M exico, a n d th o R o c k y M o u n ta in S ta te s h a v e h a d few er e x p lo ra to ry co m p letio n s th a n in 1945. Illin o is h a d fivo now oilfields, five n ew p a y s , a n d fivo e x te n sio n s in J u n e ; K a n sa s h a d fo u r new oilfields, a gas-field a n d tw o e x te n s io n s ; O k lah o m a h a d six n ew oilfields, ono gas-field, a new oil-p ay , tlireo oilfield ex ten sio n s, a n d a g as e x te n s io n ; a n d T e x a s h a d e ig h t now oilfields, fo u r gas-fields, fivo new oil- p a y s, tw o new g as-p ay s, one d is tilla te p a y , a n d th rco oilfield ex ten sio n s.
T ab les g iv e a s u m m a ry o f th o e x p lo ra to ry drillin g re su lts , a n d d e ta ils , b y S ta te s, o f th e e x p lo ra to ry d rillin g re su lts fo r J u n e a n d fo r th e first h a lf o f 1946. T h e J u n e discoveries aro lis te d w ith a b rie f s ta te m e n t o f th o sa lie n t p o in ts . G. D . H . 1366. Com pletions M ay top 1945 T otal. A non. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 58.—
13,568 w ells w ere co m p leted in U .S .A . d u rin g th e first h a lf o f 1946, c o m p a red w ith 12,172 in th e c o rresp o n d in g p e rio d o f 1945. In c re a se s o v e r 1945 w ere show n in T ex as, C olorado, O k lah o m a, K a n sa s, Illin o is, I n d ia n a , K e n tu c k y , O hio, P e n n sy lv a n ia , an d N e w Y o rk .
2392 w ells'w ere c o m p leted in J u n e , 1946, 1297 finding oil a n d 211 finding gas.
A ta b le su m m arizes th e U .S .A . w ell co m p letio n ro su lts fo r J u n e a n d fo r th o first
h a lf o f 1946, b y S ta te s a n d d is tric ts . G. D . H .
1367. F o o tag e B eing D rilled a t P re -W a r R a te s. A non. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 86.— I n tho first h a lf o f 1946 a to ta l o f 45,848,047 f t o f hole w as drilled in th e 13,568 U .S . co m p letio n s. T h e c o rresp o n d in g figures fo r 1945 w ere 43,249,271 f t a n d 11,911 n ew wells.
O n th e L o u isia n a G u lf C oast th e a v era g e d e p th o f c o m p letio n s in th e first h a lf o f 1946 vrps 9064 f t. F lo rid a ’s 11 c o m p le tio n s a v e ra g e d 7083 f t por'w ell.
T ables give th o n u m b o rs o f co m p letio n s, to ta l fo o tag e, a n d a v era g e fo o tag e p e r w ell y early fro m 1925, a n d sim ila r d a ta , b y S ta te3, fo r th e first halves o f 1941, 1945, and
1946. G. D . H .
1368. In d ép en d an ts D rill T h ree -F o u rth s of W ells. A non. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 59.— D u rin g th e first h a lf o f 1946 10,125 w ells in U .S.A . w oro c o m p le te d b y th o sm aller co m p an ies a n d in d e p e n d en ts. 3163 wolls w ore c o m p leted b y th o re m a in in g com panies. T h e fo rm er g ro u p s c o m p le te d 1631 o f th e e x p lo ra to ry w ells, a n d th e rem aining 466 wolls woro c o m p le te d b y 36 com p an ies, in clu d in g m o s t o f th o “ m a jo r ” com panies a n d sev eral o f th e m o re a c tiv e in d e p e n d e n t com p an ies. O f th e to ta l o f 1815 s tr ic t w ild cats, 1463 w ore d rille d b y th e sm all o p e rato rs. T ho sm all o p o ra to rs com pleted 64-3% o f th o successful e x p lo ra to ry wolls, a n d h a d 70% o f th o now field discoveries.
D u rin g 1946 th o sm all co m p a n ies h a v e b e en m o re a c tiv e th a n in 1945, w hile th e roverse is tru e o f th o re m a in in g g ro u p , in clu d in g th o m a jo r com panies.
A ta b le su m m arizes th o c o m p letio n re su lts fo r th e first h a lf o f 1946 b y co m p an ies fo r th e la rg e r o p e rato rs, to g o th o r w ith to ta ls fo r th e r e s t o f th o in d u s try . G. D . H . 1369. Gas R eserves of th e U.S. E . D oG olyer. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 62 ; O il Gas J ., 4.5.46, 4 4 (52), 80.— A t th e b e g in n in g o f 1946 th e U .S.A . p ro v e d rocovorablo gas reserv e w as e s tim a te d to b e 144,000,000,000,000 cu. f t., in clu d in g o n ly fields w ith reserves exceeding 20,000,000,000 cu. ft., e x c e p t in th e A p p a la c h ia n a re a , Illin o is, In d ian a , a n d M ichigan. T h e p re ssu re b a se em ployod w as 16-4 lb /s q . in, a n d th e te m p e ra tu re 60° F . I n th e A p p a la c h ia n a rea , I n d ia n a , a n d Illin o is, th o reserv es a re c o m p a ra tiv e ly u n im p o rta n t in te rm s o f v olum o a n d wero e stim a te d fro m an aly se s o f decline curves a n d p re ssu re d a ta . E lsew h ere th o reserv es w ere e s tim a te d h o rizo n b y h o rizo n a n d field b y -field. W hore p o ssib le th o p rc ssu re -p ro d u c tio n d ecline m e th o d w as em ployed, a n d in o th e r cases th e v o lu m e tric m e th o d w as used.
T ho figure g iv en for th o to ta l is believ ed to b e c o n se rv a tiv e , a n d th e re m a y a c tu a lly bo reserv es o f 200,000,000,000 cu. ft.
F iv e fields o r a rea s h a v e 4 3 % o f th e t o ta l reserves, 20 a c c o u n t for 61-6% , a n d 100 for 81-6% o f th o to ta l reserves.
E x c e p t in th e A p p a la c h ia n a rea , C alifornia, a n d a few n o rth e rn S ta te s , little effo rt h a s b een m ad o to p ro sp e ct for gas. M o st o f i t h a s boon fo u n d w hile search in g fo r oil, a n d in th e p a s t m a n y gas-show s w oro p lu g g ed a n d a b an d o n e d o r n eg lected becauso o f low prices o r lack o f m a rk e ts . I n fu tu re su c h finds a re lik ely to b e ex p lo ited .
W ith in th e p a s t to n y e a rs drillin g to g re a te r d e p th s h a s re su lte d in th e d isco v ery o f in creasin g ly g re a te r p ro p o rtio n s o f h y d ro c arb o n s in th e gaseous th a n in th o liq u id p h ase t h a n in th e earlier search for shallow er fields.
T ho lim its o f th e H u g o to n gas-field aro n o t y e t k n o w n . T ho p ro d u c tiv e lim its o f o th e r gas-fields a re also in co m p letely defined.
T ab les givo th o rocovorablo reserv es b y S ta te s fo r th e b e g in n in g o f 1946, w ith a b reak d o w n acco rd in g as w h e th e r th e gas is free o r dissolved. T horo is also a lis t o f reserv e e s tim a te s (to ta ls) a t d ifferen t d a te s since 1919. G. D . H . 1370. P e rm ia n B asin to L ead E xpanded O perations. A non. O il W k ly , 29.7.46, 122 (9), 66.— T ho P e rm ia n B asin secto r o f W est T exas h a s o ver 1000 p ro v e d locations w a itin g to b e drilled . P ip e-lin e o u tle ts a re o p e ra tin g to c a p a c ity , a n d th e c o n stru c tio n o f n ew p ipe-lines is b ein g considered. F e w o f th o o ld er p ro d u c in g a rea s h a v e e x h a u s te d th e ir d rillin g lo catio n s, a n d K e y sto n e , T X L , D ean , S la u g h te r, a n d E s te s -N o rth W a rd each h a s o v e r 100 locations to bo drilled.
A t W ilm in g to n th o prolifio “ 237 “ sc h ist zone m a y u n d e rlie a s u b s ta n tia l p a r t o f th e field. M an y shallow w ells w ill bo d eep eh ed to th is zone. 4 m l w e st o f th e P o so C reek field, K o rn C o u n ty , h e a v y oil h a s b e en fo u n d in th e S a n ta M a rg a rita . T h e C ym ric field i3 sm all in a rea, b u t prolific.
M uch ex p lo ra tio n in W e s t C e n tra l T ex a s w ill b e fo r M ississipplan a n d E lle n b u rg e r p ro d u c tio n . I n S o u th T ex a s th e m a s t im p o rta n t rc co n t d e v elo p m en ts a re th e d is co v ery o f th e N o r th A lborcas field, W eb b C o u n ty , a n d th e ex te n sio n o f th e P ie d ra s
