R O C Z N IK I G L E B O Z N A W C Z E , T . X IX , D O D A T E K , W A R S Z A W A 1968
T A D E U SZ Ł A U K A JT Y S
IM PROV EM EN T O F THE SH IL O V A ’S LY SIM ETER
D ep a rtm en t of so il scien ce N. C opernicus U n iv e r sity , T oruń H ead — D oc. Dr. Z. P r u sin k ie w ic z
As g e n e ra lly know n, ly sim ete rs a re designed fo r p ercolation w a te r sam pling from soils of u n c h an g ed s tru c tu re . The perco late th u s obtain ed being u sed for d iffe re n t a n a ly tic a l purposes. The co n stru ctio n of such devices needs how ever a lot of g ro u nd w ork an d th e re fo re ly sim ete r stu d ies are scarce in ou r co u n try . A n in te re stin g co n struction of a sim ple,
no t expensive ly sim ete r (to be selfm ade an d applied in an y te rra in conditions) w as given b y S hilova in 1955. It consists of th re e p a rts: th e collector, th e ta n k an d th e connection pipes (Fig. 1).
T he collector (Fig. 1) in S hilo va’s m odel is m ade of zinc tin p la te . T he pick up su rface is of 40X 40 cm. The m etal pipe is w elded to th e coll ector p late and p ro te c te d ag ain st m ech an ical im p u ritie s by a copper screen. W ith th is pipe th e p erco latio n w a te r is ta k e n to th e ta n k . T he ta n k is a tig h tly closed glass b o ttle of a capacity of 20— 30 ccm. T here
Fig. 2. L y sim eter fix e d in th e so il
Fig. 3. T he im p roved S ch ilo v a ly sim eter. Top part of th e tank. V arian t for lig h t so il
a re fixed tw o glass pipes in th e cork of th e bottle. To th e ends of th ese pipes, ru b b e r pipes rein fo rced w ith m etal covers are fixed. The first ru b b e r pipe connects th e ta n k w itb th e collector and the second one tra n s p o rts th e soil w a te r from th e tan k . The glass pipe connected w ith th e ru b b e r pipe reach es th e bo tto m of th e b o ttle in o rd er to provide th e w a te r evacu ation from th e tan k . It is a p p ro p riate to p u t into the testin g soil a set of lysim eters. The single collectors are pressed into th e w all at d iffe re n t dep th s of th e soil pit, u su a lly in th e bo ttom p a rt of each soil horizon, avoiding th e d e stru c tio n of its n a tu ra l stru c tu re .
In san d y soils this is not troublesom e. The ta n k s are to be placed below the freezing zone of th e soil, b u t outside th e gro u n d w a te r oscill
Im p ro v em en t of th e S h ilo v a ’s ly s im e te r 199
Cover
Fig. 4. T he im proved S ch ilo v a ly s i m eter. Top part of th e tank. V ariant
for hardy soil
Fig. 5. Ion com p osition of in filtr a tio n w a te r in podzolic san d y soil. N o v em b er 1964. B y W. W. P o n o m a riev a
ation zone. A p ro p er a lte rn a tio n of th e soil lay ers a rra n g e m e n t has to be k e p t w hile b u ry in g th e device. On th e surface of th e soil th e re are only th e pipe ends b y w hich th e p erco latio n w a te r is to be p um ped off from th e ta n k s w ith o u t th e need of digging out th e w hole device.
Shilova and h e r co-w orkers c a rrie d out n u m ero u s ex p erim en ts w ith th e obove m en tio ned device. The e x p erim en ts w ere m ain ly concerned w ith th e seasonal dynam ics of th e chem ical com position of th e ly sim etri- cal solution in d iffe re n t soils. S h ilo v a’s ly sim eters are being used by d iffe re n t R ussion soil scientists. F ig ures 5 and 6 d e m o n stra te th e resu lts of chem ical analy ses of th e soil p ercolates p rese n ted by P ono m ariew a in h e r re p o rt on O ctober 17, 1966 at th e m eeting of th e P olish Soil Science S ociety h eld at Bydgoszcz.
E fficiency tests w ith th e S h ilo v a’s ly sim ete r c a rrie d out a t th e D e p a rtm e n t of Soil Science, N icholas C opernicus U n iv ersity , T oruń, have show n th a t th is device m ay be v e ry useful, h ow ev er sev eral m odifi cations hove p rev io u sly to be in tro d u ced . The fu n d a m e n ta l deficiency in th e device proposed by Shilova is th e lack of a ch an n el for outside escape of th e air p u sh ed out fro m th e c o n tain er b y th e p ercolation w a te r. T he pipe b y w h ich th e in filtra tio n w a te r is tra n s p o rte d fro m th e ta n k is not able to fu lfill th e ta sk as it reach es th e bo tto m of th e flask
me/dm3
Fig. 6. Ion com p osition of in filtr a tio n w a ter in dernopodzolic soil. N ovem b er 1964. B y W. W. P o n om arieva
and alm ost w hen th e c o n tain er is m in im al filled up it is closed by th e solution.
This disad v an tag e of S h ilo v a’s ly sim ete r can be easily rem oved by passing on a d d itio n al pipe th ro u g h th e cork of the c o n tain er for air rem o val as show n in Fig. 3. In th e a iry sa n d y soils th is pipe has no t to be tak e n to th e su rface of th e soil b u t it has to be b en d dow nw ards or in o th er w ay p re v e n te d fro m soil m a te ria l w hich m ight be tra n sp o rte d inside.
In u n su ficien t a iry soils th e pipe fo r a ir rem o v a l has to be len g h ten ed by m eans of a ru b b e r pipe up to th e su rface of th e soil.
Im p ro v em en t of th e S h ilo v a ’s ly s im e te r 201
The m a te ria l used for m ak in g th e collector in S h ilova's m odel is no t ad eq u ate. Corrosion of th e zinc tin p la te caused b y th e acidic soil so lu t ions m ay in flu en ce th e chem ical com position on th e in filtra tio n w ater. M uch b e tte r are th e collectors m ade of plastics like plex iglass etc.
To keep th e chem ical com position of th e perco lation w a te r un changed, S hilova u sed no an tisep tics for th e in h ib itio n of soil m icro flo ra develop m en t in th e containers.
Shilova supposes (personel com m unication) th a t m ost of m icroo rg a nism s a re absorbed on soil p articles an d do not come to th e p erco latio n w a te r. Also th e low te m p e ra tu re of th e d eeper soil layers w h ere th e c o n taires are p laced raises d ifficu lties fo r m icro bial processes. Som e R usian soil scien tists for exam p le W. W. P o n o m ariew a recom m ends to p u t into th e ta n k a few te n th s m iligram s of m ercuric iodide (H gJ2) w hich e x e rts an in h ib ito ry effect on th e d evelo p m en t of soil m icroflora, b u t does no t change th e chem ical com position of th e perco lation w ater.
A fte r in tro d u cin g th e im p ro v em en ts d escribed above, th e S h ilov a’s ly sim ete r w ill be v e ry u sefu l for th e soil science and h y d rology w orkers. Its sim plicity, cheapness, easiness of service and o th er q u alities w ill en able th e p rogress of ly sim etric a l stu d ies not too m uch developed y e t in our co u ntry .
T . Ł A U K A J T Y S
LE REN D EM EN T D ’UN L ISY M ÈTR E D ÉC RIT PA R SZ IL O V A A ÉTÉ ÉTU D IE
U n i v e r s i t é N . K o p e r n i k a T o r u ń , I n s t i t u t i o n d e P é d o l o g i e
R é s u m é
L ’in stru m en t r ep résen te en v ersio n o rig in a le n o m b reu x a v a n ta g es (sim p licité de con stru ction , d’in sta lla tio n , de m on oeu vre, le prix). N éa n m o in s il p o ssèd e q u elq u es d éfa u ts qui d em an d en t l ’a m élioration . P our l ’a m élio rer d eu x v a ria n tes du sy stèm e d ésa éra tio n reg u liere du ja u g e des p ercolats so n t élab orées (pour le s sols lég er s et lourds).
On a m ê m e p roposé le rem p la cem en t des co llecteu rs m é ta lliq u e s par le s c o lle c teu rs de m a tiè r e a r tific ie lle r é sista n te à la corosion en sol.
L e lisy m è tr e m o d ifié est p ratiq u e et rend p o ssib le le s in v e s tig a tio n s des so lu tio n s du sol sous tous ses asp ects et dans les con d ition s d ivers. Il c o n v ien t p a r tic u liè r e m en t à des in v e s tig a tio n s sur la circu la tio n des so lu tio n s en sol forestier.
т . Ł A U K A J T Y S
M O D IFIK A T IO N D ES SC H IL O V A -L Y SIM E T ER S
I n s t i t u t f ü r B o d e n k u n d e d e r N . C o p e r n i c u s - U n i v e r s i t ä t
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
D ie im J a h re 1955 von E. I. S ch ilo v a b esch rieb en e L y sim etrein r ich tu n g w u rd e v ersc h ie d e n e n L eistu n g sfä h ig k eitsp ro b en un terzogen . Es hat sich dabei g ezeig t dass die L y sim e te r in ihrer o rig in ellen A u sfü h ru n g’ n eb en v ie le n V orzügen (w ie e in fa c h e K o n stru k tion , b eq u em e In sta la tio n und B ed ien u n g , g erin g er K o sten a u fw a n d usw .) auch M anche K o n stru k tio n sm a n g el a u fw e ise n , d ie m an jed och v e r h ä ltn issm ä ssig le ic h t b e se itig e n kann.
Es w u rd e vor a llem e in z u v e r lä ssig e s E n tlü ftu n g ssy ste m der P erk olatebehälts.r, und zw ar in zw ei V a ria n ten — für le ic h te und sch w ere B öden, v o rg esch la g en . M an h at auch d ie M eta llk o llek to re durch k o r o sio n sw ie d e r sta n d sfä h ig e K u n ststo ffk o le k - tore ersetzt. D er m o d ifizierte L y sim eter s te llt e in e p ra k tisch e E in rich tu n g dar, w e lc h e v ie ls e itig e U n tersu ch u n g en der B o d en p erk o la te in v e r sc h ie d e n e n G elä n d eb ed in g u n g en erm öglich t. S ie e ig n e t sich b eson d ers fü r U n tersu ch u n g en der B od en lö su n g en in v er sc h ie d e n e n terrestrisch en W aldböden.
T . Ł A U K A J T Y S
U S P R A W N IE N IE LIZ Y M E T R U SZIŁOW EJ
K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a , U n i w e r s y t e t M . K o p e r n i k a w T o r u n i u
S t r e s z c z e n i e
P oddano próbom sp ra w n o ści u rząd zen ie liz y m e tr y c z n e o p isa n e przez E. I. S z i- ło w ą (1955). Obok szeregu za let (prostota k on stru k cji, ła tw o ść in sta la c ji i obsługi, taniość) liz y m e tr y te w w e r sji o ry g in a ln ej w y k a zu ją k ilk a w ad k o n stru k cy jn y ch , w y m a g a ją cy ch u sp ra w n ien ia . O pracow ano w d w óch w a ria n ta ch (dla g leb lek k ich i ciężkich ) sy stem p ra w id ło w eg o o d p o w ietrza n ia p o jem n ik a p erk olatów . Z apropo n ow an o ta k że za stą p ien ie k o lek to ró w m e ta lo w y c h k o lek to ra m i z tw o rzy w sztu cz n ych, od pornych na k orozję w gleb ie. Z m o d y fik o w a n y lizy m etr jest p ra k ty czn y m u rząd zen iem u m o żliw ia ją cy m p ro w a d zen ie w szech stro n n y ch badań roztw oru g le b o w eg o w różnych w a ru n k a ch teren o w y ch . N ad aje się zw łaszcza do badań k rążen ia roztw orów w g leb a ch leśn y ch .
т. Л А У К А Й Т Ы С М О Д И Ф И К А Ц И Я Л И ЗИ М Е Т Р А Ш И ЛО ВОЙ К а ф е д р а П о ч в о в е д е н и я У н и в е р с и т е т а М . К о п е р н и к а , Т о р у н ь Р е з ю м е П роведены наблю ден и я исправности лизим етрическ ого прибора описанного Ш иловой (П очвоведение № 2, 1955 г.).
Im p ro v em en t of th e S h ilo v a ’s ly sim e te r 203 К ром е р я да преим ущ еств (неслож н ость конструкции, лёгкость прим енения, деш евость) в оригинальной верси и эти лизим етры имею т некоторы е к он ст р ук ц ион ны е недостатк и, тр ебую щ и е устран ен и я . Самым главны м н едостатк ом является отсутствие отвода в о з д у х а и з контейнера. А втором розработан о два вари анта (для л ёгк и х и т я ж ёл ы х почв) отвода в о з д у х а и з контейнера л и зи м етр и ч еск и х растворов. В м есто м еталл и ч еск и х коллекторов м ож н о прим енить пластм ассовы е к о л лекторы , согласно с п р ед л о ж ен и ем н ек отор ы х и ссл едов ат ел ей (В. В. П оном а рева). П редлагаем ы й лизим етр я вляется удобны м прибором, даю щ им возм ож н ость всестор он н ы х и ссл едован и й ли зи м ет р и ч еск и х растворов в р азл и ч н ы х усл о в и я х в особенности в л есн ы х почвах.
