Ill I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E
T R A N S P O R T S Y S T E M S T E L E M A T I C S TST'03
Z E S Z Y T Y N A U K O W E P O L IT E C H N IK I Ś L Ą S K IE J 2003
T R A N S P O R T z.51, n r kol. 1608
G PS, G alileo, sa tellite, R F ID , lo g islics, transport, in term o d a lity, Info rm a tio n , IT S
K azim ierz B A R T C Z A K 1 Beata M IL E W S K A 2 D ariusz M IL E W S K I2
S E L E C T E D P R O B L E M S O F S O M E ITS A D V A N C E D T E C H N O L O G I E S A P P L I C A T I O N S F O R I N T E R -M O D A L T R A N S P O R T C H A I N S
T h e in fo rm a tio n p la y s v e ry im p o rtan t ro le in the tran sp o rta tio n p ro c e ss. E ffe ctiv e in fo rm atio n sy ste m s im p ro v e th e m a n a g e m e n t o f th e p ro c e ss w h ich is h ard to co n tro l and re q u ire s e x ce lle n t c o o rd in a tio n .
T h e in te llig e n t tra n sp o rt c h ain in clu d es a u to m a tic lo catio n o f v e h ic les, lo a d s, and d riv ers.
T h e re a re tw o b a sic te c h n o lo g ie s to be ap p lied : (a) R F lD -te c h n o lo g y and (b ) sate llite (e.g . G P S , G a lile o ), to a u to m a tic lo catio n o f v e h ic le s and tra n sp o rt u nits. T h e y h av e so m e a d v an tag e s and d isad v a n ta g e s.
In th is artic le s o m e issu e s o f b o th te c h n o lo g ie s o f freig h t tra n sp o rt ch ain s a re co n sid e re d .
W Y B R A N E P R O B L E M Y Z A S T O S O W A N I A N I E K T Ó R Y C H Z A A W A N S O W A N Y C H T E C H N O L O G I I ITS W I N T E R M O D A L N Y M Ł A Ń C U C H U T R A N S P O R T O W Y M
W a rty k u le p rz e d sta w io n o w y b ra n e p ro b le m y zw iąz a n e z z a sto so w a n ie m au to m a ty cz n e j lo k alizacji p o ja z d ó w o ra z je d n o s te k ła d u n k o w y ch z w y k o rz y stan ie m te c h n o lo g ii R F ID o ra z te c h n o lo g ii sate lita rn e j, np. G P S , G a lile o , w in te rm o d a ln y m ła ń c u ch u tra n sp o rto w y m . Z w ró co n o u w a g ę n a n ie k tó re z a le ty i o g ra n ic z e n ia k ażd ej z ty c h m etod.
W a rty k u le o m a w ia n e s ą z a g a d n ie n ia z n aczen ia w y m ia n y in fo rm acji d la e fe k ty w n o śc i p ro cesu tran sp o rto w e g o . N o w o c z e sn e te c h n o lo g ie w y m ia n y i p rz e tw arza n ia in fo rm acji s tw a rz a ją n o w e , n ie z n an e w c ze śn iej m o ż liw o ści z a rz ą d z a n ia p ro c e se m tra n sp o rto w y m .
1. IN T R O D U C T IO N
T he su p p ly chain can be d efin ed as all p rocesses co ncerned w ith the su p p ly in g o f goods from point o f origin to p o in t o f consum ption. T he transport chain is part o f the su p p ly chain, generally lim ited to the m o v e m e n t o f goods.
G enerally speaking, it m ay include:
1 M in istry o f In fra stru ctu re, K ru c z a 3 8 /4 2 , 0 0 -9 2 8 W arsaw , k b artczak @ m i.g o v .p l
2 Szczecin U n iv e rsity , F a c u lty o f E c o n o m ic s and M an a g e m e n t, C u k ro w a 8, 7 1 -0 0 4 , Szczecin 2 Szczecin U n iv ersity , F a c u lty o f E c o n o m ic s and M an a g e m e n t, C u k ro w a 8, 7 1 -0 0 4 , S zc ze c in ,
d a riu sz .m ile w sk i@ w z ie u .u n iv .sz c z e c in .p l
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• S eam less tran sp o rt sy stem s th at d eliv er goods on tim e, in peak co n d itio n , at an agreed v alue, u sin g th e b est av ailab le tech n o lo g ies
• E nsuring fle x ib ility to m e e t ch an g in g needs
• B uilding an d m ain ta in in g effectiv e bu sin ess relatio n sh ip s betw een all p la y e rs m aking- up th e in d iv id u al links in the tran sp o rt logistics chain
• S u ccessfu lly m e sh in g tra n sp o rt m o d es across state and international b o rd ers
• U sing the m o s t efficien t an d effectiv e tran sp o rt m eans as ag reed b y th e c u sto m er and th e su p p lier
• A v o id in g su p p ly chain d isru p tio n s
• C o v erin g tra n sp o rt chain m an ag e m en t
• In co rp o ratin g tra n sp o rt in tellig en ce as w ell as tran sp o rt in frastru ctu re (IT S )
W hen ad v an ced in fo rm atio n an d teleco m m u n icatio n tech n o lo g ies (IC T ) are fu lly used in a tran sp o rt chain, it can be called intelligent.
2. IN F O R M A T IO N N E E D S O F A C T O R S IN IN T E L L IG E N T T R A N S P O R T C H A IN S
F irstly w e w ill p resen t th e characteristic features o f in teg rated su p p ly chains:
> E lim in atio n o f b arriers b etw een p articip an ts o f a su p p ly chain;
> C o o rd in atio n o f m aterial, info rm atio n and fin an ce flow s a lo n g th e chain;
> P artn ersh ip re la tio n s o f th e m em b ers o f th e chain b ased on w in - w in strategy;
> R eduction o f co sts in the w h o le chain in stead o f sub optim al so lu tio n s (e.g. low ering in v en to ry level in the w h o le system ) w ith the use o f sy n erg y effect;
> R egular m e e tin g s at d ifferen t levels in o rd er to find so lu tio n s effectiv e from th e po in t o f view o f the w h o le system ;
> Free ex ch an g e o f in fo rm atio n betw een partners.
In th e in teg rated su p p ly chain d ecisio n s at one stage in flu en ce the w h o le system . W hat is optim al from th e p o in t o f view o f o n e elem en t o f th e chain (one en terp rise, w areh o u se, p lant, sales p o in t) can u n p ro fita b le from the p o in t o f view o f the w h o le ch ain . F o r ex am p le in a w areh o u se high level o f in v en to ries can stored b ecau se it is p ro fitab le to bu y and tran sp o rt m ore goods at one tim e and eco n o m ize on tran sp o rt costs. But from the p o in t o f v iew o f the w hole su p p ly chain it m a y ap p e a r it b e tte r to send goods m o re freq u en tly in lo w er qu an tities b ecause it m ak es the su p p ly chain m o re stable an d helps in this w ay in crease effic ie n c y (b etter service to c u sto m e r w ith lo w er costs).
T he in fo rm atio n p lays vital role in in teg rated su pply chains. W ith o u t efficient inform ation system th e effectiv e m a n a g e m e n t o f the w h o le su pply chain in o rd e r to red u ce costs and en h an ce c u sto m e r serv ice w o u ld n ’t be possible.
Selected p ro b lem s o f som e ITS ad v an ced technologies applications fo r in ter-m o d al. 27
In the su pply chain in fo rm atio n are m oved betw een:
> S uppliers o f goods
> T h eir cu sto m ers
> C arriers, forw arders, lo g istics operators and oth er service p ro v id ers (e.g. w areh o u sin g services)
> B anks, in su ran ce co m p an ies, custom s authorities
An efficien t and reliab le inform ation system helps in in creasin g th e c u sto m er service level, red u cin g in v en to ries o f goods, increasing the p roductivity o f reso u rces thus enables in reaching th e goal w hich in a traditional econom y w as very hard to obtain: gain in g the high level o f q u ality w ith low costs.
The inform ation ab o u t req u irem en ts o f the elem ents o f the su pply chain m ak e it p o ssib le to gain at least tw o advantages:
> adjusting reso u rces and pro cesses to the actual needs
> put into p ractise theoretical tools and m ethods o f o p tim alisation, sim ulation etc.
So applying n ew tech n o lo g y so lu tio n s in a logistics chain not on ly speed up som e activities but opens n ew p o ssib ilities. In traditional system s in p ractice there is n o tim e to use e.g com plicated sim ulation m o d els because decisions have to taken quickly. B ut th an k s to the m odem tech n o lo g ies in fo rm atio n can d irectly flow in to the info rm atio n system s and be processed au to m atically - w ith o u t the participation o f a hum an being.
The inform ation p lays v ery im p o rtan t role in the transport process an d appears at all stages o f it. T he efficien cy o f the tran sp o rtatio n process depends on the inform ation - e.g.:
> cu sto m er serv ice (receiv in g orders, checking the financial status o f the cu sto m ers and th e pro d u ctio n potential o f the service providers and its suppliers)
5* the control o f th e run o f th e transportation process
> advising th e in co m in g goods y custom s procedures
T he resu lts are:
> h ig h er service - sh o rter tim e from receiv in g orders to th eir realisatio n , h ig h er safety, access to the in fo rm atio n about th e status o f the d eliv ery fo r the cu sto m ers, few er errors;
'y lo w er costs - d rivers control, effective m an ag em en t o f fleet, red u cin g the labour, b etter preparation in th e tran sh ip m en t points (“the inform ation o vertakes the g o o d s” )
The im p o rtan ce o f in fo rm atio n is even g reater in interm odal tran sp o rt chains w hich require excellent coordination.
N ew tech n o lo g ies open n ew po ssib ilities for transport. F or exam ple a tran sp o rt unit can be located b efo re it reach es the p o in t o f destination (e.g. a port) and an optim al d ecision can be m ade at a very early stag e o f the tran sp o rt process.
It is very im p o rtan t th at inform ation is o btained quickly, p recisely an d w ith o u t personal contact. T h is in fo rm atio n can be fu rth er autom atically sen d to o th er ap plications. T he inform ation can be o b tain ed also by a driver w ho also can m ake optim al decisions.
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3. T H E A P P L IC A T IO N O F ITS IN M U L T IM O D A L T R A N S P O R T
O ne can ask a q u estio n : “w h a t’s th e use o f th e new tech n o lo g ies in th e m u ltim o d al tra n sp o rt? ” o r “w h a t’s th e d ifferen ce in th e applications in the single m o d es o f tran sp o rt?. Is th ere an y d iffe re n c e ? ”
T h ere is a stro n g n e e d fo r e x c e lle n t co o rd in atio n in m ultim odal tran sp o rt chain an d that co ordination req u ires effectiv e in fo rm atio n system . T he info rm atio n is n e e d e d for:
> M o n ito rin g g o ods in the w h o le chain (it is d ifficu lt b ecau se a co n sig n m en t changes the tran sp o rt m o d es d u rin g a jo u rn e y )
> P lan n in g th e o p eratio n s at in d iv id u al stages o f the m ultim odal p rocess
T h e u sefu ln ess o f n ew tech n o lo g ies appears alread y at initial stage w h en cu sto m ers send o rders to an op erato r. C u sto m ers can bo o k services, m o n ito r the statu s o f delivery.
T here is a b ig p o ten tial fo r im p ro v in g effectiv en ess o f the m ultim odal system b y co o rd in atin g tran sp o rt m o d es in tra n sh ip m e n ts p o ints.
If goods h ave to be tra n sp o rte d v ia sea p o rt th ree elem en ts h ave to b e coordinated:
> Ship
> R oad tra n sp o rt (e.g. railw ay )
> Port
A fo rw ard er o r o p e ra to r o rg an izin g th e tran sp o rt has often v ery little tim e to m ake d ecisions: e.g. to re lo a d w ith or w ith o u t storing. B oth o p tions h av e its ad v an tag es and d isad v an tag es. U n lo ad in g w ith o u t sto rin g is ch eap er unless e.g. a sh ip is late an d o n e has to p ay extra co sts fo r k e e p in g w ag o n s in a p o rt and also fo r the sta ff o r a co m p an y relo ad in g goods in p ort. T o m a k e an optim al d ecision a fo rw ard er n eed s ex act in fo rm atio n ab o u t th e position o f a v e h ic le as soon as p o ssib le, b ecau se it very d ifficu lt to plan the tim e o f arrival o f a ship an d also a train.
T he tra n sh ip m e n t p h a se co n su m es costs and tim e. A p art from tech n ical and o rganizational so lu tio n s n ew tech n o lo g ies help in red u cin g efforts. R F ID tag s gives info rm atio n a b o u t lo catio n o f an object (e.g. a co n tain er) an d th an k s to th a t th ere is a p o ssib ility to give up ch eck in g the g o ods co m in g to term inal. T h ey can be sen d in stan tly after th eir arrival b ecau se the in fo rm atio n is read from the tag autom atically. In m an u al sy stem s it happens v e ry often th a t d e liv e ry reach th e term inal earlier than d o cu m en ts. T h at situ atio n causes p ro b lem s fo r th e s ta ff in tran sh ip m en t point. T he info rm atio n ab o u t d eliv ery sh o u ld not o n ly arrives w ith go o d s b u t also p reced e them b ecause it g ives tim e to p lan m o re effectiv ely relo ad in g and p erh a p s sto rin g . E lectro n ic form o f do cu m en ts allo w s access to in fo rm atio n for e v ery m e m b e r o f th e tra n sp o rt chain in th e real tim e w hat is also im portant.
In case a c o n ta in e r is sto red in a term inal befo re loading it on a v eh icle, ITS w ith the use o f satellite tec h n o lo g y is v ery useful in m an ag in g it in the yard - fin d in g the container, p lan n in g an d m an ag in g th e m o v e m e n t and relo ad in g . It is m o re efficien t i f the pro cesses are m an ag ed a u to m atically in ste a d o f m a n u a lly b ecau se in this w ay u n p ro d u ctiv e activ ities are re d u c e d (ch eck in g , se a rc h in g fo r a IT U 3, m ak in g decision co n cern in g its m o v em en t). A driver
3 IT U stan d s fo r In te r m o d a l T ra n sp o rt U n it ( T e rm in o lo g y on C o m b in e d T ra n sp o rt. U n ited N a tio n s, N e w Y o rk an d G e n e v a 2 0 0 1 , p p .5 6 )
Selected problem s o f som e ITS advanced tech n o lo g ies applications fo r in te r-m o d a l... 29
com ing to a term inal can be d irected to a p ro p er place, w here the q ueue is n ’t long. In this w ay the p roductivity o f tran sp o rt m eans and infrastructure can be enhanced. It is v ery im portant from the p o in t o f view o f interm odal tran sp o rt developm ent. Interm odal system n eed s investm ent, b u t ITS sh o u ld help in in creasin g the potential o f ex istin g one.
T here also som e o th er fields th a t can sim p lified thanks to m o d em tech n o lo g ies - like custom s p ro ced u res fo r exam ple. C u sto m s p rocedures are very tim e an d costs con su m in g activities thus ev ery im p ro v em en t in collecting, filling and sending ap p ro p riate docum ents influence th e effectiv en ess th e w h o le m ultim odal process. T here can be errors in custom s, transport o r trad e d o cu m en ts, th ey can inap p ro p riate (copy o f invoice in ste a d o f original one), there can be lack o f them (e.g. certificates) o r send too late (w hen a parcel is a lread y at the border). N ew reg u latio n s in th is field allow using electronic form o f d o cu m en ts. T hanks to that the hum an p articip atio n in the process can red u ce and as a resu lt errors elim in ated and effectiveness raised. T h erefo re q u ic k sent relev an t inform ation to cu sto m s clea ran ce p o in t speed up the physical flow o f goods. It enabled also by the p o ssib ility o f track in g and tracing goods along the ro ad a v eh icle m oves. A p art from th e speed very im p o rtan t is reliab ility o f deliveries esp ecially in m u ltim o d al tran sp o rt system b ecau se delays even in on e point influence the w h o le chain.
4. E C O N O M IC A S P E C T S O F T E C H N O L O G IC A L IM P R O V E M E N T S IN A T R A N S P O R T C H A IN
T raditional eco n o m y stan d s th a t you choose betw een tw o goals: to m in im ise expenditures o r to m ax im ise effects. A n efficien t and reliab le in fo rm atio n system h elps in increasing th e c u sto m e r serv ice level, red u cin g inv en to ries o f go o d s, in creasin g the productivity o f reso u rces th u s enables in reach in g the goals w hich in traditional eco n o m y w as very hard to obtain: g ain in g the hig h level o f q u ality w ith low costs.
W ith th e use o f the telem atics tech n o lo g y th ere is a p o ssib ility o f red u cin g different kinds o f costs (not o n ly tran sp o rtatio n costs). T ransportation costs can be red u ced but at the same tim e in v en to ry m ain tain g co sts also can be m inim ized. In traditional eco n o m y th ere is a trade - o ff betw een d ifferen t op tio n s - e.g.:
> S end sm all p arcels thus eco n o m izin g on inventory but in creasin g tran sp o rt costs
> Send full track loads to sav e transportation costs but the effect is also high level o f in v en to ries
Other trade - offs are:
> B etter (but m ore ex p en siv e) carrier o r w orse (but cheaper) one
> S h o rter tim e o f d eliv ery (h ig h er costs o f transportation) o r to w ait fo r the w h o le co n sig n m en t
> M o re level o f re lia b ility o f deliveries m ake it p o ssib le to lo w er th e level o f inv en to ries
If the w hole system is w ell co o rd in ated it can obtain lo w er costs w ith b etter service. T h e best exam ple are new tech n o lo g ies. F o r exam ple replacing paper docum ents by electronic ones
30 K azim ierz B A R T C Z A K , B eata M IL E W S K A , D ariu sz M IL E W S K I
allow s n o t o n ly d ecrease ad m in istratio n costs b u t also oth er - tran sp o rtatio n , term inal costs and w h a t’s m o re in crease serv ice to cu sto m ers.
B ut to c alc u late the e ffectiv en ess o f th e system w e have to asses th e ad v an ta g es and d isad v an tag es o f th e sy stem . T h e ad v an ta g es are:
> Q u ick er tra n sh ip m e n ts (b etter quality)
> M ore safety (lo w e r costs o f deliv ery a n d h ig h er service, lo w e r in su ran ce costs)
> L o w er co sts in ro a d tran sp o rt, railw ay
> L o w er co sts in tran sh ip m en ts
D isad v an tag es are first o f all costs o f in v estm en ts, but n o w ad ay s m o re an d m o re activ ities can be o u tso u rced . C arries n e e d n ’t ow n th eir ow n trucks, in fo rm atio n system s an d so on. It m ean s th at m o re a n d m o re co sts are co n v erted from variab le to fix ed ones, w hich m eans lo w er risk.
G o o d in fo rm atio n sy stem helps a carrier to m in im ize costs (b etter p la n n in g an d co n tro l) and at the sam e tim e to g iv e b e tte r service to th e users. P ossibility like th is e x ist w hen fo r exam ple on e can c o m b in e in fo rm atio n ab o u t p o sition o f a vehicle an d lo ad s to pick up.
W ith o u t th ese in fo rm atio n a carrier w o u ld h av e to raise a p ro d u ctio n p o ten tial to m eet d ifferent req u ire m e n ts o f cu sto m ers. E ffective info rm atio n system m ean s less ad m in istrativ e costs an d b e tte r serv ice (s h o rte r tim e o f realizin g th e order, few er errors).
Fig. 1. T h e re s u lts o f im p le m e n tin g satellite n a v ig a tio n in th e m u ltim o d al p ro c e ss
O f course w e s h o u ld n ’t fo rg et th a t satellite tech n o lo g y is on ly a tool a n d th a t in v estm en t in it w ill be w asted i f the in fo rm atio n sy stem s are n o t in teg rated w ith th e effectiv e physical potential (tran sp o rt m ean s, term in als, tran sh ip m en t tech n o lo g y ), hum an reso u rces etc.
Selected problem s o f so m e ITS ad v an ced technologies applications fo r in ter-m o d al. 31
5. T E C H N O L O G IE S O F L O C A T IO N SE R V IC E S IN A T R A N S P O R T C H A IN
Inter-m odal tra n sp o rt ch ain s sh o u ld ensure efficien t flow o f goods an d info rm atio n on the m ovem ent o f goods. It in clu d es lo catio n -b ased services. L ocatio n -b ased services consist o f a broad ran g e o f serv ices th a t in co rp o rate location services w ith o th er inform ation p ro v id ed to the user. O ne o f the lo catio n -serv ices is called: assets tracking. U su ally th is is a serv ice for professional users th a t w an t to k eep control on tran sp o rted goods (sh ip m en ts) an d th e ir fleet.
T racking serv ices are b ased on various technologies fo r identification o f tran sp o rt units and transm itting in fo rm atio n about m o v in g tran sp o rt units, fo r ex am p le b y Internet. T here also exist system s w h ich are b ased on satellite telecom m unications, inch G P S . T h ey are already in use, for ex am p le, in harbours for localising containers o r straddle carriers. T he core o f tracking co n cep t is id en tificatio n system s and location system s; id en tificatio n system s make it po ssib le to d eterm in e the status and the location o f tran sp o rt units, in addition to identification. T h e co llected info rm atio n is transferred eith er in real tim e (on-line) o r batch process (from tim e to tim e ) to the tran sp o rt p lan n in g and control system , etc. S ince the identification o f th e tran sp o rt un it is an inseparable part o f the tran sp o rt plan n in g an d control technologies, p ro p er in terfa ces fo r tran sp o rt planning, control and clien t service sy stem s are needed. T he in terfa ces are an essential part o f the identification system , w hich sets dem an d s on data content, info rm atio n fo rm at and tran sfer technique.
R F ID -tech n o lo g y (R ad io F requency Identification) enables autom atic id en tificatio n o f transport units at term in als an d o th er tran sfer points. A basic R F ID -sy stem co n sists o f three com ponents: an antenna; a re a d e r (interrogator); a tran sp o n d er (u su ally called a R F tag ) w ith unique ID -code and p o ssib ly o th er inform ation.
T he an ten n a em its ra d io signals to activate the tag, and read s an d w rites d ata to it.
A ntennas are the link b etw een th e ta g and the transceiver, w hich co n tro ls the sy s te m ’s data acquisition and co m m u n icatio n . A ntennas are available in a v ariety o f shapes and sizes; for exam ple, th ey can be b u ilt in to a d oorfram e to receive tag data from p ersons o r objects passing through the door, o r m o u n ted along on a tran sp o rt n etw o rk to m o n ito r traffic.
B esides, the tra n sp o rt m o d e changes several tim es during a jo u rn e y . Inform ation about a m oving tran sp o rt u n it m u st be tran sm itted betw een d ifferen t co m p an ies an d betw een different info rm atio n p ro c e ssin g system s. L arge com panies can tran sfer data w ith autom atic EDI transfers o r b y Internet. In sm aller com panies (S M E s) the transfers are perfo rm ed som etim es by fax, e-m ail, o r m anually. T h ese m anual transfers lead to ex tra costs, tran sp o rt delays, a lo w er level o f tran sp o rt plan n in g and d eficiencies in quality.
T he satellite tec h n o lo g y co m p rise tw o b asic solutions: (a) satellite co m m u n icatio n , when satellites are used as a tran sp o n d er to en ab le com m unications betw een devices p lace d in various sites o f the globe; (b) global p o sitio n in g system , w hen a constellation o f satellites is a provider o f ato m ic tim e signals to receivers attached to vehicles, tran sp o rt units o r people (drivers). It enables to describe th eir geographical location, etc. T he m o st kn o w s global positioning system is N av star G P S . In th e n e a r future it w ill be G alileo - E uropean positioning system . T h e E uro p ean C o m m ission has been greatly in v o lv ed in G alileo building and putting into o p eratio n , esp ecially fo r n avigation services in tran sp o rt since th e y e a r o f 2008. G alileo signals can also be com bined w ith o th er global navigation sy stem s, G PS and G lonass, and o th er sy stem s such as e.g. G S M , U M TS.
32 K azim ierz B A R T C Z A K , B eata M IL E W S K A , D ariusz M IL E W S K I
6. T H E R E S U L T S O F T H E L A S T F R A M E P R O G R A M M E S O F EU IN T H E A R E A O F F R E IG H T O P E R A T IO N
W ithin the 4 th FP R TD EU (1994 - 2000) in the area o f freight operation o v e r m o re than ten p rojects w ere carried out. T h e ir n am es are: C A P IT A L S , C O R E M , E N T E R P R IS E , IN T E R P O R T , M U L T IT R A C K , S U R F F , T R A C A R 1&2, E U R O P E -T R IS , W E L C O M , C O M E T A , IN T A C T , W IS D O M , A R T E M IS , F E C T E U R and F L E E T M A P .
M an y o f th em aim ed at m ak in g inter-m odal tran sp o rt chains m o re attractiv e b y the use o f ad v an ced telem atics ap p licatio n s fo r transhipm ent, storage, and tran sp o rtatio n . Som e projects fo cu sed on p a rtic u la rly n o v el use o f tech n o lo g y , fo r ex am p le R F ID an d satellite on specific corridors, so m e on carg o ty p es and som e on the overall in frastru ctu re req u ired .. O ne group o f p ro jects fo c u se d on th ese architectural issues and b u ilt upon th e reco m m en d atio n s o f prev io u s p ro jects to d ev elo p a gen eric tool to facilitate the realisa tio n o f in teg rated m an ag e m en t sy stem s in freig h t transport. P rojects aim ed to a p p ly e x istin g an d proven tech n o lo g ies fo r the im p lem en tatio n o f im p ro v ed w o rk in g pro ced u res betw een vario u s actors in the tran sp o rt chain at k ey in terfa ce sites (e.g. the p o rt as the lan d /sea in terface). O n -b o ard arch itectu re req u ire m e n ts fo r co m m ercial veh icles w ere also developed, esp e c ia lly C O M E T A . F ocusing on co rrid o rs an d sites, p ro jects stu d ied the req u irem en ts fo r e x ten d in g the inter- m odal cap ab ilities o f W est E uro p ean corrid o rs tow ards E astern E urope an d u sin g innovative tech n o lo g y to m o n ito r th e in ter-m o d al tran sp o rtatio n o f sen sitiv e goods acro ss a N orth -S o u th land corridor. T he tech n o lo g ical im p licatio n s on the in frastru ctu re req u ired to su p p o rt services (such as track in g an d tra c in g ) w hen in clu d in g a n o n -lan d link in the chain (e.g. m aritim e or air) w ere c o v e re d b y th e se p ro jects. A few p ro jects studied satellite a p p licatio n s fo r freight o perations, fo r ex am p le, M U L T IT R A C K . B esides, facilities to im p ro v e th e a ccessib ility o f inform ation system s in freig h t cen tres in o rd er to support the su stain ab ility o f freig h t flow s in inner-urban areas w ere d ev elo p e d , tested an d validated. O th er p ro jects fo cu sed on specific lan d /sea/ land c o rrid o rs fo r high v alu e cu sto m ised goods and dealt w ith Ju st-In -T im e concepts to red u ce in v e n to ry req u ire m e n ts fo r th ese ex p en siv e goods, and also w ith the v alu e-ad d ed n etw o rk to b alan c e a sets o f re ta ile r req u irem en ts against th e d y n am ic 'm o b ile inventory' status. S trictly sp eak in g , so m e re su lts o f a few p ro jects h ave cu rren tly b eco m e o u t o f date, e sp ecially i f re fe rrin g to trad itio n al E D I, to d a y b ein g rep laced b y X M L /E D I.
F urth erm o re, w ithin the 5th FP R TD , 1ST (1998 -2002) the issue o f k eep in g track o f g oods in tran sit is c o n tin u ed , esp e c ia lly in P A R C E L C A L L project. T he p ro ject has dev elo p ed a scalab le real-tim e, in tellig en t, en d -to -en d track in g an d tracing system fo r tran sp o rt and logistics ap p licatio n s - to o p erate across E uropean b orders, carriers an d m o d es o f transport.
P A R C E L C A L L u ses R F ID -tech n o lo g y , w h ere an R FID ta g o r th in k in g tags is attach ed to ev ery parcel in a sh ip m en t. A n o th e r in terestin g p ro ject is E M IL Y .1ST. It co v ers a description o f lo catio n -b ased serv ices, in clu d in g assets R acking, how ever, all final re su lts o f the p ro ject have n o t been p u b lish ed yet.
Selected p roblem s o f so m e ITS ad vanced technologies applications fo r in te r-m o d a l... 33
7. C O M P A R IS O N O F R FID A N D SA T E L L IT E T E C H N O L O G IE S
T he are som e p o sitiv e an d n eg ativ e features o f the m en tio n ed tech n o lo g ies for location- based services ap p lied in a inter-m odal tran sp o rt chain.
T he m ain d ifferen ce betw een the tw o technologies lies in th e distance. T he R FID - technology is ap p lied w hen a v ehicle o r a shipm ent eq uipped w ith a tag is p assin g n e a r the intelligent beacon. In case o f satellite technology, it has no practical m eaning.
A nother d ifferen ce is th a t th e ex act position o f the shipm ent or v eh icle can be know n i f a there is a fix ed ro a d sid e in frastru ctu re (beacons), ho w ev er th ey are co n n ected w ith fixed routes and have to be relo cated i f the route o f vehicles su ddenly changed. F urtherm ore, i f a beacon fails, all veh icles an d p assin g shipm ents cannot be identified. B esides, veh icles and shipm ents can n o t be track ed i f th ey travel o ff-route, e.g. in case o f ro a d w orks, w hen th e road is closed.
T he satellite track in g is in d ep en d en t o f route and ro ad infrastru ctu re. W hat is m o re, no line-of-sight req u irem en t betw een the tran sm itter and the receiv er is needed. H ow ever, in built-up areas, am ong high buildings and under bridges o r in tunnels the receiv ed signals are often obscure.
T h ere are tw o b asic w ay s o f track in g vehicles and shipm ents: in terru p ted o r con tin u o u s tracking. G PS receiv er can be easily sw itched to one o f the m odes o f tracking. W hen using R F ID -technology ra th e r in terru p ted track in g is practically possible.
A ccuracy o f po sitio n m ay dep en d on the use o f one o f the technologies. T he ex act po sitio n o f vehicles is m o st often b etter at b eacons than w hen using satellite signals. H ow ever, the satellite p o sitio n in g is still im proving.
L ast b u t n o t least, the co st o f location-based system s w ill be so m etim es crucial to choose one o f th e tech n o lo g ies. T h e capital and ru n n in g costs o f the sy stem s b ased on the tw o different tech n o lo g ies can v ary greatly. From th e user p o in t o f view , the m o st im p o rtan t is the cost o f d eliv ered inform ation co m p ared w ith the value o f received inform ation w hen choosing the w ay o f track in g veh icles and shipm ents.
8. C O N C L U D IN G R EM A R K S
Inter-m odal tran sp o rt ch ain s n eed a fluent process o f p o sitio n in g veh icles and shipm ents. T his m o d e o f tran sp o rt is b eco m in g m ore and m ore com petitive w ith sin g le m odal transport.
L ocatio n -b ased serv ices fo r users in inter-m odal freight transport can be b ased on various tech n o lo g ies. T w o o f them seem to be very attractive and com petitive: R FID - technology and satellite tech n o lo g y .
These tech n o lo g ies d ev elo p v ery fast an d find n um erous applications in the tran sp o rt chain in m any countries.
In sum , the future o f satellite-b ased solutions precisely co n n ected w ith the process o f globalisation o f the w o rld eco n o m y and globalisation o f goods tran sp o rtatio n . T h e future o f R F ID -technology so lu tio n s seem to b e effective in a local o r regional context.
34 K azim ierz B A R T C Z A K , B eata M IL E W S K A , D ariu sz M IL E W S K I
B IB L IO G R A P H Y
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R eview er: Ph. D. K ornel B. W ydro
