i Q o j w b
P H Y S I C S A B S T R A C T S
B E IN G
SCIENCE ABSTRACTS—SECTION A
E D IT E D A N D IS S U E D M O N T H L Y BY
THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
I N A S S O C IA T IO N W IT H TH E PH YSICAL SOCIETY TH E A M E R IC A N PH YSICAL SOCIETY
THE A M E R IC A N IN STITU TE OF ELECTRICAL EN G IN EER S
Price, Single N u m b ers, 3s. 6d .
A n n u a l S u b scrip tio n , 35s., including th e Y early Index.
A n n u a l S u b scrip tio n , fo r b o th S ections, 60s.
Copyright.
V o l. 46
A B S T R A C T S 2462-2645
N O VEM BER, 1943 N o . 551
ED W A R D S P IPE LIN E IN STA LLA TIO N S
HIGH VACUUM or C O M P R E S S E D AIR
T h e general idea o f these units is a small central pump serving a Pipe Line w hich can be run to all parts of a building. A n y num ber of taps can be fixed to this line and th e system req u ires no upkeep costs, gives a non
fluctuating and noiseless perform ance, com pactness and individual co n tro l.
Ask for leaflet E.6
W . E D W A R D S & C O . (London) Ltd.
M akers o f Apparatus for the Production, Utilisation and Measurement o f High Vacuum K A N G L E Y B R I D G E R O A D , L O W E R S Y D E N H A M , L O N D O N , S . E . 2 6
’Phone: SYDenham 7026 'G ram s: Edcohlvac, Phono, London
CO NTENTS— ABSTRACTS 2462-2645
F o r details o f the Universal Decimal Classification see British Standard 1000.
51 . M athematics 52 A stronom y 53 Physics: General 531 Mechanics
532 Liquids. Hydrodynamics 532.13 Viscosity
532.6 Surface tension 532.7 Solutions
533 Gases. Aerodynamics 534 Sound. Vibrations
535 Optics .
535.3 Reflection. Refraction 535.33 Spectra
535.34 Absorption 535.37 Luminescence 535.4 Diffraction 535.6 Colour 535.7 Vision 535.8 Optical glass 536 H eat
536.7 Thermodynamics 537 Electricity 537.226 Dielectrics 537.533 Electron rays
Page Page
209 537.56 Ionization o f gases 218
210 538 Magnetism. Electromagnetism 218
212 538.56 Electromagnetic oscillations 218
213 539 M olecular and atomic physics 218
213 539.16 Radioactivity 218
213 539.21 Structure o f solids 218
214 539.211 Surface texture 218
214 539.26 M icrostructure 219
214 539.3 Elasticity. Strength 219
214 539.501 Rhcology ' 220
215 539.62 Friction 220
215 541 Physical chemistry 220
216 548 Crystallography 223
216 550 Geophysics 223
216 551.5 M eteorology 224
216 553 Economic geology 224
216 591 General zoology 224
216 612 Physiology 224
216 616 Pathology 224
217 63 Agriculture 224
217 669 Metallurgy 224
217 677 Textiles 224
217 679.5 Plastics 224
217 77 Photography 224
A bstracts signed " E . R. A .” are supplied by courtesy o f the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research ssociation.
Abstracts signed “ M .-Y.” are supplied by courtesy o f the M etropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd.
511.473
M A T H E M A T IC S
2462 . 511.473
O n the solution o f the “ easier” W aring problem.
Beneiuee,D . P. Bull. Calcutta M ath. S o c., 34, pp. 197-199, Dec., 1942.— D efining v(k) as th e least
value o f s such th a t every in teg er n can b e expressed in th e fo rm n = + x § + . . . + j . . . — jcJ, w here r, k , x j , x 2 . . . are integers, 0 < r < s, u p p er a n d low er b o u n d s o f v(k) for 21 < k < 30 are found.
2463 512.25
O n the iterative solution o f linear simultaneous equations. Fr e e m a n, G. F. Phil. M ag ., 34, pp. 4 0 9 - 416, June, 1943.— By arran g in g a set o f lin ea r sim ul
tan e o u s eq u atio n s in a n o rd e r w hich gives reasonably rap id convergence o f iterativ e solutions, a n d tak in g early ap p ro x im atio n s to a m in. n u m b e r o f significant figures, m u ch la b o u r m ay be saved. A ny e rro rs are au to m atically “ iro n ed o u t” by th e subsequent p ro cesses. I f th e successive a p p ro x im atio n s oscillate, a m ore ra p id convergence m ay be o b tain ed b y a varia
tio n in w hich a w eighted m ean betw een th e (n — l)th a n d /ith a p p ro x im atio n s is used in iteratin g fo r th e (/» + l) th a p p ro x im atio n ; th ere is a corresponding system fo r a non-oscillating series. N um erical exam ples a re given. [See A b str. 2478 (1941).
G. F. F.
2464 513.567
O n a certain quarlic scroll associated with a pair o f given lines and two given quadrics. Ch a r i a r, V. R ., a n d Chatterji, N . Bull. Calcutta M a th .) Soc., 34, p p . 183-185, D ec., 1942.
2465 513.735.9
O n a case o f the cross-ratio system o f a 3-web.
Ch o u d h u r y, A . C . Bull. Calcutta M a th . Soc., 34, p p . 177-181, Dec., 1942.—T h e n o te discusses th e case o f th e cro ss-ratio system co n tain in g a hexagonal 3-web a n d generated by a n o th e r hexagonal 3-web. T he cro ss-ratio system is reducible to stra ig h t lines in this case.
2466 513.737 = 4
O n the real representation o f an imaginary' sphere by means of ruled space. Sauss u r e, R . d e. Arch.
Sci. Phys. N a t., 25, M a rc h -A p ril (Suppl. N o. 1, C .R.
Soc. P hys. H ist. N a t., Genève, 60, pp. 36-39), 1943.
2467 513.83
O n infinite dimensional linear spaces. Ma c k e y, G . W . Proc. N a t. A ca d . Sci., Wash., 29, pp. 216-221, July, 1943.
2468 517.512.4
Bessel summation of series. Ch a n d r a s e k h a r a n, K . Proc. Indian A cad. Sci. A , 17, p p . 219-229, June, 1943.— T h e Bessel m eth o d o f su m m atio n , o r th e (/¡j,, A) process, w as first in tro d u c ed by M inakshi- su n d a ram as a m eans o f sum m ing series o f eigen
fu n ctio n s in b o u n d ary -v alu e problem s. T h e possi
bility o f in terrelatin g it w ith o th e r k now n processes is studied.
2469 517.512.4
The absolute Bessel-sum mability o f series. Ch a n d r a s e k h a r a n, K . Bull. Calcutta M ath. Soc., 34,
v o l. xlvi.— a.— 1943.
T r t t r o j # -
T M if/fe
519.443pp. 187-196, Dec., 1942.— T h e p a p er defines a b s.
J ^ sum m ability an d proves results in abs. sum m ation analogous to those established fo r o rd in ary J ^ sum m ation. [See J. Indian M a th . Soc., 4, p. 168, 1942],
2470 517.564.3
Concerning the roots o f J'n ( x ) N h ( k x ) —J'n( k x ) N 'n(x)
= 0. Tr u e l l, R . J. Appl. P hys., 14, pp. 350-352, July, 1943.—T h e relatio n J'n(x)N i,{kx) — J'n(kx)N 'n(x)
= 0 arises in reso n an t-cav ity problem s. T h e first ro o ts o f th is relatio n a re presented as a fun ctio n o f k fo r n = 1, 2, 3 4. T h e M ’M ah o n relatio n docs n o t allow calcu latio n o f th e first ro o ts. T h e functions J,',(x)/N!,(x) have rel. m ax. a t x = n except fo r n — 0.
See A bstr. 2471 517.564.3 : 517.65
2471 517.65 : 517.564.3
Infinite integrals involving Bessel functions (II).
Mo h a n, B. Bull. Calcutta M ath. Soc., 34, pp. 171- 175, D ec., 1942.
2472 517.933
O n certain non-linear differential equations o f the second order. Le v i n s o n, N . Proc. N a t. A cad. S ci.,
Wash., 29, pp. 222-223, July, 1943.
2473 517.947.4 : 518.6
A general experim ental solution o f Poisson’s equa
tion for two independent variables. Ho g a n, T . K.
J. Instn Engrs, A ust., 15, pp. 89-92, A pril, 1943.— In o rd e r to solve P oisso n ’s e q u atio n fo r any b o u n d ary con d itio n s th e a u th o r has developed a n electrical in teg rap h based o n th e analogy o f a resistance netw ork to a finite-difference m esh.
2474 518.3 : 526.774
N om ogram s for computing tidal gravity. Elkins, T. A . Geophysics, 8, pp. 134-145, April, 1943.— T w o types o f nom ogram s [A bstr. 2251 (1941)] a rc ex
plained an d illu strated , ( 1) fo r co m p u ta tio n s a t a fixed latitu d e o n th e e a rth ; (2) fo r c o m p u tatio n s a t a fixed p o in t. T h e accuracy o f these no m o g ram s is studied a n d a com parison is m ad e w ith one recently devised [A bstr. 2079 (1943)].
See A bstr. 2473 518.6 : 517.947.4
2475 519.24
T rend analyser. Pillai, K. C. S. Proc. Indian A cad. Sci. A , 17, pp. 187-194, June, 1943.— T he m eth o d s o f m oving averages, o f differences, o f least squares, an d o f o rth o g o n al polynom ials a re discussed w ith th e help o f a num erical exam ple a n d a novel m eth o d o f gettin g th e tren d by a m echanical device is given. [See A b str. 97 (1939)].
2476 519.44
G roups containing four and only four non-invariant subgroups. Miller, G . A . Proc. N at. A cad. Sci.,
Wash., 29, pp. 213-215, July, 1943.— Som e tran s fo r
m atio n theorem s a re established.
2477 519.443
Contributions to the theory o f ordered groups.
Levi, F . W . Proc. Indian A cad. Sci. A , 17, pp. 199- 201, June, 1943.—N ecessary a n d sufficient con d itio n s th a t a given g ro u p m ay be ord ered , a re investigated.
I t has been sta te d [A bstr. 1308 (1943)] th a t in an ord ered gro u p th e co n d itio n (a ): every elem ent =b 1 is
11 N O VEM BER, 1943
521.11 210
o f infinite ord er, is satisfied an d th a t every g roup in w hich (b) th e c o m m u ta to r gro u p lies in th e centre, and (a) is satisfied, can be ordered. T h e necessary c o n d itio n (a) is n o t sufficient and th e sufficient co n d itio n (6) is n o t necessary.
A S T R O N O M Y . G E O D E S Y
2478 521.11
D ynam ical friction. III. A m ore exact theory o f the ra te o f escape o f sta rs from clusters. Chand
rasekhar, S. Astrophys. J., 98, pp. 54-60, July, 1943.— [A bstr. 1849 (1943)]. A m ore exact estim ate o f the ra te o f escape o f stars from clusters is m ade by allow ing fo r the dependence o f th e coeff. o f dynam ical friction on th e velocity. T h e p robability th a t a sta r will h av e acq u ired th e necessary velocity o f escape (assum ed to be = 2 x r.m .s. velocity o f th e stars in th e system ) in a tim e t (m easured in u n its o f th e tim e o f relaxation o f th e system ) is given by Q(t)= (1 - e-o-0°75T), O n th is basis, J-livcs for galactic clusters o f th e o rd e r o f 3 x 109 years are provided for, an d it is concluded th a t dynam ical friction provides th e principal m echanism fo r the c o n tin u ed existence o f galactic clusters like th e Pleiades fo r tim es o f th e o rd er o f 3 x 109 years.
2479 522.1
R eports on the progress o f astronom y. M on. N ot.
R o y. A str. Soc., 103, 2, pp. 86-115, 1943.— R e p o rt co n tain in g th e follow ing p ap ers: C o m ctary spectra, Swings, P . [A bstr. 2494 (1943)]; C om ets, D avidson, M.
[A bstr. 2492 (1943)]; Sunspots, 1942, N ew ton, H. W.
[A bstr. 2495 (1943)]; Prom inences, 1941, 1942, N a ray a n , A . L. [A bstr. 2498 (1943)]; D o u b le stars, Bos, W . H . van den [A bstr. 2502 (1943)]. a.h u.
2484 523.51
The g reat m eteor o f 1941 Ju n e 28. Nininger, H . H . C ontr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 1-5, 1942.— A re p o rt o f o b servations by 4 scientists m ore th a n 200 miles from th e vanishing p o in t o f the m eteor.
2485 523.51
A new aerolite from Stonington, C olorado. Bu d d- h u e, J. D . Contr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 6- 8, 1942.
2486 523.51
T he G reat S iberian m eteorite o f 1 9 0 8 : possibly a comet th at struck the E a rth (Review). Contr. Soc. Res.
M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 29-30, 1942.
2487 523.51
The aerolitic fall o f Rancho dc la P rcsa, Zenapecuaro, M ichoacan, M exico. Nininger, H . H . Contr. Soc.
Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 37-38, 1942.
2488 523.51
The compressive strength o f m eteorites. Bu d d h u e, J. D . Contr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 39-40,
1942.—T h e com pressive stre n g th o f 8 stones, ranging from 900 to 54 000 lb./in.2, is rep o rted .
2489 523.51
N itrogen and its compounds in m eteorites. Bu d d h u e, J. D . Contr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 59-61, 1942.— M en tio n is m ad e o f free N , T i2N 2, C N an d previously re p o rte d occurrences o f N H 3 c o m p o u n d s in m eteorites. N H 3 is present in all o f th e 8 m eteo ritic stones tested. A new m eth o d o f analysis is described w hich w as used to d eterm ine th e a m o u n t o f N H 3 in stones o f 5 falls.
2490 523.51
The Enon, O hio, m eteorite (mesosiderite). Ninin g e r, H . H. Contr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, p p. 6 1 - 62, 1942.
2491 523.531
An analysis o f B ritish m eteor d ata. Po r t e r, J. G . M on. N o t. R oy. A str. Soc., 103, 3, pp. 134-153, 1943.—
W ith a view to a com plete sta tistical analysis o f the tru e p a th s o f m eteors, a collection o f 1 253 accord
ances has been m ade, an d these h av e b een reduced by a std. m eth o d . A stu d y o f 61 m ultiple accordances has given values fo r th e an g u lar erro rs m ad e by the observers, a n d prelim inary figures for th e e rro rs in p a th , height, m agnitude, an d speed. A discussion o f th e previously published p a th s o f D e n n in g an d oth ers show s th e u n su itab le n a tu re o f th is m aterial fo r statis
tical purposes. T h e im provem ent due to th e tech
nique in tro d u ced by P ren tice is m ad e a p p are n t. A system o f w eighting h as been envolved fo r ra d ia n ts and heights.
2492 523.63
Com ets. Da v i d s o n, M. M on. N o t. R o y. Astr.
Soc., 103, 2, pp. 111-112 an d 113, 1943.— P rogress
re p o rt. a. h u.
2493 523.671
R otational distribution o f C H molecules in the nucleus o f Com et Cunningham (1940c). McKe l l a r, A . Astrophys. J., 98, pp. 1-5, July, 1943.—F ro m th e observed profile o f th e A4 315 2A , 2I I C H ban d in th e spectrum o f C om et C u n n in g h am a t heliocentric dis
tance r = 0 -5 4 astro n o m ical u n it, th e d istrib u tio n o f
2480 522.1 : 523.99
O bservations o f occupations a t Sydney O bservatory during 1942. M on. N ot. R oy. A str. Soc., 103, 3, p . 169, 1943.
2481 522.1 : 523.991
O ccupations o f sta rs by the M oon observed a t the N izam iah O bservatory, H yderabad, during the year 1942. M on. N o t. R ov. A str. S oc., 103, 8, pp. 167-168, 1943.
S ee A bstr. 2482 522.91 : 523.13
2482 523.13 : 522.91
N on-solar planets. Hu n t e r, A. N ature, Lond., 152,p p . 66-67, Ju ly 17, 1943.— T h e g rav itatio n al effect o f a p lan e tary co m p an io n to a s ta r can in c ertain circum stances be detected from careful observations o f th e positio n o f th e prim ary. T w o recent dis
coveries o f stellar co m panions o f m ass a b o u t th a t o f th eir prim aries a re discussed, an d it is po in ted o u t th a t system atic ob serv atio n s o f present-day accuracy could decide w ith in a relatively sh o rt tim e w h eth er a p lan e tary system is a freq u en t o r a rare cosm ic
phenom enon. a.h u.
2483 523.5
Cataclysm and evolution. Nininger, H . H.
Contr. Soc. Res. M eteorites, 3, 1, pp. 27-29, 1942.—
E n co u n ters by th e E a rth w ith plan eto id s are suggested as an ex p lan atio n o f geological revolutions. Such collisions w ould have been responsible also fo r the cataclysm ic d estru ctio n o f species.
211 523.851.3
m olecules on th e ro ta tio n a l levels o f th e u p p e r 2A s ta te is found. F ro m this, assum ing th e resonance m echanism fo r th e p ro d u c tio n o f th e b an d , th e d istri
b u tio n am o n g the ro ta tio n a l levels o f th e n orm al 2n s ta te is derived. N early all th e m olecules exist in th e 2 lowest ro ta tio n a l levels.
2494 523.672
C om etary spectra. Sw i n g s, P. M on. N o t. R oy.
A str. Soc., 103, 2, p p. 86—111, 1943.—T h e progress m ad e in 1940-42 in explaining th e sp ectra o f th e heads o f com ets is review ed. T h ree d iato m ic m ole
cules (O H , N H , C H + ) an d one tria to m ic (C H 2) h ave been identified by im proving th e ultra-violet o b serv atio n s a n d by ad d itio n a l lab o ra to ry w ork.
A n o m alo u s ro ta tio n a l stru c tu re s are now attrib u te d to th e absence from th e exciting rad ia tio n (sunlight) o f c e rta in w avelengths (stro n g F ra u n h o fe r lines).
T h e im p act o f th ese recent discoveries o n general c o m e tary physics is described, an d a p ro g ram m e o f fu tu re w o rk laid do w n in w hich observ atio n s in th e red an d infra-red figure prom inently. a.h u.
2495 523.746
Sunspots, 1942. Ne w t o n, H . W . M on. N o t. Roy.
A str. Soc., 103, 2, p. 112, 1943.— Progress re p o rt.
A. HU.
2496 523.746
System atic fluctuations o f the characteristics o f sunspot cycles. Gleissberg, W . Observatory, 65, pp. 24-27, M a y, 1943.
S ee A bstr. 2631 523.746 : 550.384 See Abstr. 2641 523.746 : 551.543.4
2497 523.752
T he properties o f solar prominences as related to type. Pettit, E. A strophys. J., 98, p p. 6-19, July, 1943.— P rom inence ty p es a re discussed acco rd in g to th e ir association w ith su n sp o ts a n d th eir origin, m o tio n an d stru ctu re. T h e a u th o r’s orig in al classes a rc reta in e d : active (I), eru p tiv e (II), su n sp o t (III), to rn a d o (IV), a n d quiescent (V), b u t V is placed first fro m th e e v o lu tio n ary p o in t o f view, and class V I (coronal) ad d ed . T h e classes arc subd iv id ed an d a rran g ed diagram m atically to show co n n ected ch arac teristics. T ypical p h o to g rap h s a re rep ro d u ced show ing th e ev o lu tio n o f several o f th e types. a.h u.
2498 523.752
Prom inences, 1941, 1942. Na r a y a n,A. L. M on.
N o t. R o y. A str. Soc., 103, 2, pp. 113-115, 1943.— P ro
gress rep o rt. a.h u.
2499 523.77
T he stronger lines o f singly ionized dysprosium and identifications in the solar spectrum . K in g , A. S., a n d M o o re , C . E. A strophys. J ., 98, pp. 33-34, July, 1943.— T ab le 1 lists 527 o f th e stro n g er lines o f D y II in th e spectral range AA2 970-8 280. A large p ro p o rtio n o f th ese lines a p p ea r in th e high-tcm pera- tu re fu rn ace; th eir furnace intensities, supplem enting th o se in th e a rc a n d sp ark , indicate, in th e absence o f term -analysis, th e rel. levels from w hich th e lines arise.
T h e so lar sp ectru m w as exam ined fo r th e presence o f 95 selected lines w hose lab o ra to ry b e h av io u r ind ica te d a low-level origin. O f these, 57 were identified in the sun, in p a rt as m em bers o f blends. O f th e o th ers, 20 a re m asked an d 18 absent.
2500 523.821.2
Photovisual m agnitudes o f southern stars. Cousins, A. W . J. M o n . N o t. R o y. A str. Soc., 103, 3, p p. 154—
159, 1943.— P h o to v isu al m agnitudes o f m o re th a n 100 stars in th e s. hem isphere have been d eterm ined, using F a b ry ’s m eth o d . T h e scale a n d zero p o in t have been stan d ard ized against th e b rig h te r sta rs o f th e Pleiades, using C ald er’s m agnitudes. T h ere are differences o f scale a n d zero p o in t an d a large co lo u r coeff. w hen co m p ared w ith visual m agnitudes reduced to th e H a rv ard P h o to v isu al System . T h e m ean e rro r o f a m ag. is believed to be o f th e o rd e r o f + 0 m 02 .
2501 523.841.374.4
A study o f the radial velocity o f f t Cephei. Sm i t h, B. A strophys. J., 98, pp. 82-90, July, 1943.— T he stu d y is based o n m easu rem en ts o f 91 Y crkes plates (1940-1942) a n d presen ts a review o f all published radial-velocity m easurem ents o f th is star. T he average period o f ft C ephei is slowly lengthening, the increase a m o u n tin g to 0-43 sec. d u rin g th e last 25 years. F ro m th e form o f th e velocity curve o f th e centre o f m ass it ap p ears p ro b a b le th a t fi C ephei is th e b rig h t co m p o n en t o f a b inary w ith a perio d o f 50 years an d a n eccentricity 0-66. A n a b ru p t change in th e length o f P occurred coincident w ith th e close a p p ro ac h o f th e tw o c o m p o n en ts a t p e ria stro n in 1914-1916. A fte r p eriastro n th e period began to lengthen an d is now best represented by P = 0-1904886 day.
2502 523.842
Double stars. B os, W . H . v a n d e n. M on. N o t.
R o y. A str. Soc,, 103, 2, p . 115, 1943.— Progress
rep o rt. A. h u.
See Abstr. 2509 523.842.3 : 523.872
2503 523.851
N G C 5 0 5 3 and N G C 6 838. Cuff e y, J. Astrophys.
J., 98, pp. 49-53, July, 1943.— A p h o to m e tric survey o f these clusters results in co lo u r-m ag n itu d e relations w hich confirm th a t th e fo rm er is a well-resolved g lo b u lar cluster a n d th e la tte r a condensed galactic cluster. T h e gian t sta rs o f N G C 6838 are red a n d becom e b lu er w ith decreasing brightness; in this respect, as well as in stru ctu re an d richness in faint stars, th is clu ster resem bles a globular cluster, show ing th a t th e b o u n d ary betw een th e 2 types is poorly defined. T h e distances, co rrected for a b so rp tio n , a r e : N G C 5053, 16 0 0 0 p sc .; N G C 6838, 4 0 0 0 p sc . T he lin ear d iam eters are b o th a b o u t 30 psc. a.h u
2504 523.851.3 : 523.872
A spectroscopic study o f the region o f the double cluster in Perseus. Bi d e l m a n, W . P. Astrophys. J., 98, pp. 61-81, Ju ly, 1943.— S pectral classes an d abs.
m ag n itu d es arc derived fro m low -dispersion sp ectro gram s fo r 153 early-type sta rs n e ar h a n d y Persei.
T ru e distance m oduli found fro m photo-electric co lo u rs indicate th a t aro u n d th e d o u b le c luster th ere is a cluster, 5° in dia., o f early-type supergiants. O n th e basis o f abs. m agnitude, radial velocity an d in te r
stellar line intensity, m any o f th e sta rs investigated are a ttrib u te d to th e cluster, and th e d istance is found to be 1 920 psc. T h e fa in ter sta rs n ear th e cluster centre show ro tatio n ally b ro ad en ed lines, an d som e show em ission. H ighly lum inous sta rs o f o th e r types (e.g.
M -type irreg u lar variables) ap p e a r in th e sam e region.
a.h u.
523.852 212
2505 523.852
G alactic absorption and s ta r distribution. Al t e r, G . M on. N o t. R o y. A str. Soc., 103, 3, pp. 160-166,
1943.— A com parison o f observed densities w ith th e density function, g o t by solving th e fundam ental eq u atio n o f s ta r co u n tin g by m eans o f an assum ed lum inosity function, is lim ited by th e lim its o f o u r know ledge o f abs. m ag. o r p ro p er m o tio n s o f th e sta rs observed. A n extension is possible by using co lo u r indices, w hich c an b e determ ined dow n to th e lim . a p p are n t sta r m agnitudes o f th e p h o to g rap h s.
C o lo u r indices a n d ap p . m ag. a re affected by ab so rp tio n . A re la tio n is established betw . tru e a n d app.
densities in such a case. A tran sfo rm a tio n fa c to r is deduced, using an analytical expression for th e M - C curve, an d assum ing u n ifo rm galactic ab so rp tio n . T h is facto r, applied to th e density function, perm its th e com p ariso n o f obs. a n d c o m p u ted d e n sitie s., [See A b str. 1191 (1941) an d 998 (1942)].
2506 . 523.872
Spectrographic observations o f peculiar sta rs. VI.
Sw i n g s, P., a n d St r u v e, O. Astrophys. J., 98, pp. 9 1 - 97, July, 1943.— [See A b str. 2133 (1943)]. L arge changes h av e been observed in th e spectrum o f T C oro- nae B orealis, M any ab so rp tio n lines were m easured o n spectrogram s o f Jan u ary , 1943. T h e high m em bers o f th e Balrncr series consist o f 2 em ission com p o n e n ts sep arated by a c en tral ab so rp tio n ; th e blue co m p o n en t is appreciably stro n g er th a n th e red.
A X Persei is increasing in ex citatio n , w hile Z A n d ro - m edae is declining, follow ing its p e ak in th e sum m er o f 1942. H D 45677 has changed since 1939. In 1943 th e H a b so rp tio n cores w ere m uch w eaker th a n in 1939, a n d th e H em ission lines show ed only red co m p onents. T h e shcll-absorption lines o f C a II h a d also becom e w eak. 31 Be sta rs from th e M t. W ilson catalogues have been observed. T h e sta rs M W C 4 7 . M W C 120, M W C 158, M t. W . 265, an d M t. W . 275 present interesting shell-absorption spectra. T h e sta r M W C 93 h as lost m o st o f th e expanding-shell ch ara c teristics observed by M crril betw een 1928 and 1930.
2507 523.872
The spectrum o f 4 8 L ibrae (H D 1 4 2983). St r u v e, O. Astrophys. J., 98, pp. 98-115, Ju ly , 1943.—T h e s ta r show s a stro n g m etallic a b so rp tio n spectrum w hich h as developed d u rin g th e last 10-20 years.
T his spectrum show s appreciable dilu tio n in th e intensities o f M g II an d Si II. T h e H lines consist o f sh a rp cores superposed over b ro a d wings. H/3 an d H a are b right. T h e sharp-line spectrum is a ttrib u te d to a shell w hich resem bles in th e rel.' intensities o f N i II, F e II, C r I I a n d M n I I th e shell o f Pleione (1940). T h e B alm er ju m p in th e shell o f 48 L ib rae is m ore conspicuous. T h e shell is tra n s p a re n t in th e o rd in ary p h o to g rap h ic region b u t o p aq u e o n th e violet side o f A3 650. T h e stro n g shell lines a re sh arp b u t unsym m etrical, w hile th e w eaker lines a re diffuse.
T h is suggests stratificatio n . T h e ra d ia l velocity is variable.
2508 523.872
C alcium I I emission in v S ag itta rii. W e a v e r, H . F.
A strophys. J . , 98, p . 131, Ju ly, 1943.
S ee Abstr. 2504 523.872 : 523.851.3
2509 . 523.874 : 523.842.3
Spectrographic orbital elements and relative lumi
nosities o f the components o f H .D . 2038 5 8 . Pa t t e n,
C. G ., a n d McKe l l a r, A . J. R o y. A str. Soc. Can., 37, pp. 205-215, M a y -J u n e , 1943.— T h is s ta r is a 2 -sp ectru m b inary [A bstr. 2762 (1938)] a n d 29 sp ectro g ram s h av e been secured a t th e D o m in io n A stro - physical O b serv ato ry since 1926. O rb ital elem ents arc derived by S tern e’s m eth o d ; a circular o rb it is a d e q u a te to represent th e observations. T h e rel.
lum inosities o f th e c o m p o n en ts a re determ ined, an d an e stim a te o f th e abs.. dim ensions o f th e 2 sta rs an d th e ir o rb its show s th a t th ey are A1 sta rs o f som ew hat
above average lum inosity. a. h u.
. S e e A bstr. 2480 523.99 : 522.1
See A bstr. 2481 523.991 : 522.1
2510 526.77
A rapid m ethod for m easuring the profile components o f horizontal and vertical gravity gradients. He i l a n d, C. A . Geophysics, 8, pp. 119-133, A pril, 1943.— T h e high resolving p ow er o f th e to rsio n balance is co m bined w ith speed o f o p e ratio n in a new balance in w hich profile co m p o n en ts o f g rad ie n ts are m easured a t r t. angs. to th e assum ed strike. T h e torsionless p o sitio n is held const, w ith tem p e ra tu re co n tro l, an d th e p eriod an d observ atio n tim e are reduced to 3 o r 4 m in. by decreasing th e m echanical sensitivity an d increasing th e o p tical m agnification. A beam a r rangem ent gives th e g rad ien t in only 1 a zim u th an d th e profile g rad ien t o f h o rizo n tal g ravity in a second
a zim u th if required. a. h u.
See A bstr. 2474 526.774 ; 518.3
2511 526.98
Suggestions fo r m aking topographic sketches from contour m aps. W hite, W . A . A m er. J . Sei., 241, pp. 491-497, A ug., 1943.— T w o m eth o d s a re p resented fo r m ak in g to p o g rap h ic draw ings from c o n to u r m aps w ith o u t th e aid o f p a n to g ra p h ic devices to fore
sh o rte n th e co n to u rs. O ne m eth o d uses a n oblique p h o to g rap h to o b ta in fo reshortening. T h e o th e r uses a vertical p h o to g ra p h an d a n inclined p ro jec tio n o f it.
S ee A bstr. 2579 527 : 538.7(09)
P H Y S IC S : G E N E R A L
2512 53 : 616.314
Physical properties o f dental m aterials. So u d e r, W ., a n d Pa f f e n b a r g e r, G . C. Circ. U .S. Bur.
Stand. N o. 433, [222 pp.],- 1942.— T h e pub lica tio n assem bles d a ta fro m re p o rts on d e n ta l m ate rials an d techniques. I t deals specifically w ith am algam , gold alloys, d e n tu re base resins, cem ents, investm ents a n d im pression m aterials. D e tails o f test m eth o d s an d d a ta from previous p u b licatio n s a re included. T h e d a ta are discussed u n d e r tw o headings, th eo retical significance a n d technical applications.
2513 5 3 0 .i2 •
T he ex tern al field o f a rad ia tin g s ta r in general relativity. Va i d y a, P. C . Curr. S ei., 12, p . 183, June, 1943.
2514 530.12 : 531.51
T he general unitary theory o f the physical fields.
Sc h r ö d i n g e r, E. Proc. R o y. Irish A cad., 49A , 3, p p . 43-58, July, 1943.—T h e basis o f th e th eo ry is th e in tro d u c tio n o f a sym m etrical affine connection an d o f a L ag ran g ian w hich is a fu n ctio n o f th e c o n tracte d c u rv atu re ten so r o f th e co nnection. T h e H a m ilto n ia n v a ria tio n o f th is L ag ra n g ian w ith resp ect to th e
213 532.525
coefficients o f th e co n n ectio n yields th e field equations.
T h e fu rth e r assu m p tio n is m ad e th a t th e coefficients o f th e co n n ectio n a re fu n ctio n s o f th e c o m p o n e n ts o f th e m etrical ten so r, an d it is proved th a t they also involve c ertain o th e r q u an tities w hich can eventually be identified w ith th e c u rren t density. T h e resulting field e q u atio n s com bine th e g ra v itatio n al a n d electro
m ag n etic field e q u atio n s b u t th e usual energy ten so r is replaced by th e energy ten so r o f th e electrom agnetic field. A special fo rm o f L ag ran g ian is discussed w hich involves a c ertain const. I f it is supposed th a t th is c o n st, c an h av e one o r o th e r o f 2 values (and th erefo re th a t th ere are 2 connections present), b o th th e electrom agnetic an d th e m eson fields can b e in
cluded in th e th eo ry . G. c . McV.
2515 531.25 = 3
New methods o f analytical statics in linear problems.
Am s t u t z,E . S chw eiz■ Arch, angew. iViss. Techn., 9, pp. 101-109, April, 1943.— T h e usual calcu latio n s o f beam sta tic s a re solved a fte r tran s fo rm a tio n in to algebraic form ulae. T w o m eth o d s a re developed fro m w hich th e linear differential eq u atio n th a t occurs m o st frequently in th e statics o f beam s m ay b e solved num erically by algebraic o p eratio n s. O ne o f these m eth o d s is applied to solve hom ogeneous differential e q u atio n s as used in th e solu tio n o f sta b ility problem s.
T h e m eth o d s described a re n o t confined to problem s o n th e statics o f buildings. g. e.a.
2516 531.258
A note on stress system s in aeolotropic m aterials.
I - I I . Gr e e n, A . E. Phil. M a g ., 34, pp. 416-422, June, 1943.— T h e a u th o r gives a general eq u atio n to a stress fu n ctio n from w hich plan e stress system s in a n y hom ogeneous aeo lo tro p ic m ate rial th a t satisfies H o o k e ’s law can be derived. T h e co n d itio n th a t th e e q u atio n gives physically possible so lutions in certain ty p es o f problem s is also sta te d . P roblem s d ealt w ith are th o se in w hich a n isolated force acts at a p o in t in th e stra ig h t b o u n d a ry o f a sem i-infinite plate, an d stress d istrib u tio n s in a n infinite p late w ith a circular hole. It' is show n th a t Sen’s m eth o d [A bstr. 2318 (1939)] m ay b e ex ten d ed to apply to th e k in d o f
m a terial m entio n ed . g.e.a.
S ee A bstr. 2514 . 5 3 1 .5 1 :5 3 0 .1 2 S ee A bstr. 2627 531.7 : 548.0 = 3 2517 531.724 : 539.217 : 541.183.03 The low-tem perature adsorption o f nitrogen, oxygen, argon, hydrogen, n -b u tan e and carbon dioxide on porous glass and on partially dehydrated chabazite.
Em m e t t, P . H ., a n d DeW itt, T . W . J. A m er. Chem.
Soc., 65, p p. 1253-1262, Ju ly, 1943.—T h e surface area o f p o ro u s glass c an be m easured by th e low -tem p. gas a d so rp tio n m eth o d ; ch ab azite, w hen only 50%
d eh y d rated , ad so rb s n o N a t — 195° b u t will ad so rb considerable H a t — 195° an d C O 2 a t — 78°. T he occurrence o f reproducible hysteresis loo p s in the a d s o rp tio n -d e so rp tio n c u rv e s'o n p o ro u s glass is dis
cussed. T h e average p o re size o f th e p o ro u s glass is calcu lated . T h e largest pores were a b o u t 60 A in radius.
2518 531.732
R esults o f tests on volumeters for liquid hydro
carbons. Pi go t t, R . J. S., A'mbrosius, E. E., a n d Ja c o b s o n, E . W . Trans. A m er. Soc. M ech. Engrs, 65, pp. 350-352, M a y , 1943.—T ests m ad e w ith 22 repre
sentative displacem ent m eters o f th e film-sealed an d pack-sealed types show th a t such volum eters arc subject to viscosity an d tem p e ra tu re effects w hen used to m easure heavy, light an d m edium oils an d gasoline.
I f an accuracy w ith in 0-1% is desired, su itab le cali
b ra tio n equipm ent is necessary, a n d th e m eters m ust be tested a t th e viscosity a n d te m p e ra tu re an d th ro u g h o u t th e flow range a t w hich they a re to be
o p erated . j.s. g.t.
2519 531.754.6 : 677 = 3
A new physical m ethod for the quantitative analysis o f fibres in mixed textiles. Fe h l m a n n, H . Schw eiz.
A rch, angew. 1Viss. Techn., 9, pp. 109-112, April, 1943.—T h e flo atatio n m eth o d o f analysis described is based o n density v ariatio n s o f fibres w ith resp. to chloroform . T h e sam ple o f mixed tex tile m u st be finely divided (0-1 to 0 -5 m m .), dried, o r its m oisture stan d ard ized , an d a w eighed a m o u n t placed in an analytical tu b e (designed by th e a u th o r) to g eth e r w ith p u re chloroform . T h e tu b e is sto p p ered an d th e b eh av io u r o f th e textile n o ted . I f necessary to p ro m o te a sep aratio n o f th e different fibres, th e ch lo ro fo rm can be m ad e heavier o r lighter by in tro d u ctio n o f a suitable solvent. T h e fibres are th u s sep arated according to th e ir densities, som e float, o th ers sink, a n d th e fractio n s a re rem oved, dried a n d weighed.
Full m anipulative details a re included. it. h.h o.
2520 532.13
M easurem ent o f anomalous viscosity by the capillary- tube m ethod. Me r r i n g t o n, A . C. N ature, Lond., 152, pp. 214-215, Aug. 21, 1943.
2521 532.133
T hree types o f energy o f viscosity. Du n s t a n, A . E., a n d Nissan, A . H . Phil. M ag., 34, pp. 479-486, July, 1943.—T h ree term s o f energies d eterm in e th e value o f th e viscosity o f sim ple liquids. T h e first value ap p ea rs to be in v arian t. T h e tw o o th e r term s b o th increase rapidly b u t a t different rates w ith tem p era
tu re, a re o f op p o site sign an d cancel o u t a t th e critical tem p e ratu re. A ten tativ e explanation is offered.
Sim ilar results arc suggested w ith lat. h t. o f v aporiza
tio n . It ap p ears th a t th ere is a n inherent increase in th e viscosity o f liquids w hen th e tem p era tu re is raised, m asked by a larger decrease. h.h.h o.
2522 532.133
The viscosity function. IV . Non-ideal systems.
Ir a n y, E. P. J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 65, pp. 1392-1398, Ju ly, 1943.— A nalysis o f viscosity d a ta by th e func
tio n al scales [A bstr. 35 (1943)] co ntinues to p rove its reliability. T h e system H 2S 0 4- c th e r, th e aq. an d form am ide m ixtures o f dioxane, th e low er alcohols an d fa tty acids a re discussed as exam ples. T h e m eth o d n o t only yields m o re plausible an d co n c o rd an t results th a n otherw ise a re o b tain a b le b u t it reveals distin ctio n s w hich, in th e com m only a d o p te d practices o f e valuation, a re entirely lost.
See A bstr. 2525 532.133 : 541.265 : 532.612.4
2523 532.525 :533.6
Developments in the m easuring o f pulsating flows with inferential-head meters. Beitler, S. R., Li n d a h l, E. J., a n d McNichols, H. B. Trans. A m er. Soc.
M ech. Engrs, 65, pp. 353-356, M a y, 1943.— A piezo
electric device and a mechanical pulsometer for measuring pulsation waves in orifice meters inserted
532.57 214
in p u lsating flows o f a ir an d n a tu ra l gas an d in pres
su re devices connected th erew ith a re described. In d i
catin g devices u n d e r such co n d itio n s are know n to be e rratic, an d prelim inary w ork show s th a t it is n o t practicable to predict th eir percentage e rro r, except w hen th e e rro r is < ab o u t 1 o r 2%. j.s. g.t.
2524 532.57 '
Liquid flow a t small constant rates. Ki n g, R . O., a n d Da v i d s o n,R . R . Canad. J . R es., 21, pp. 65-67, July, 1943.— G a s is liberated from th e electrolyte in a sm all cell a t a ra te oc th e c u rren t passing th ro u g h it.
T h e cell is connected to a vessel con tain in g th e liquid to b e m etered an d w hen tem p e ratu re an d pressure becom e steady, liquid is discharged th ro u g h a n o u tle t fro m th e vessel at a ra te oc to th e electric cu rren t th ro u g h th e cell.
2525 532.612.4 : 532.133 : 541.265 M olecular surface energy o f sulphur dioxide addition compounds. IT. Br i g h t, J. R ., a n d Ja sp e r, J. J.
J. Arner. Chem. Soc., 65, p p. 1262-1263, July, 1943.—
[See A b s tr. 1502 (1942)]. T h e effect o f tem p e ratu re on th e m olecular surface energy o f (C2H 5)3N . S 0 2 w as determ ined. D a ta arc presented fo r density, su r
face ten sio n an d viscosity from 0 to 30°. P a ra ch o r d a ta furnish evidence fo r th e existence o f a (N -O -S ) linkage.
2526 532.613 : 669.715 : 621.791.3 Soldering aluminium alloys. Iron A ge, pp. 52-57, M a y 27, 1943.— [A bstr. 2301 B (1943)].
2527 532.613.4
N ote on A ntonoff’s rule. Yoffe, A ., a n d Hf.y m a n n, E. J . P/iys. Chem., 47, pp. 409-410, M a y , 1943.— [See A b s tr. 2825 (1942)].
2528 532.7
T he properties o f fluids. Br a d f o r d, S. C. Phil.
M a g ., 34, pp. 433-471, July, 1943.— M axw ell’s k inetic th eo ry is ex ten d ed [see A b str. 54 (1938)] to th e p ro perties o f associated liquids. T h e lat. h t., v.p. and viscosity o f associated liquids a re determ ined by N ew to n ian dynam ics. T h e m eth o d is applied to the th erm al con d u ctiv ity an d viscosity o f gases. T he re su ltin g form ulae give values accu rate to 2 significant
figures. h.h.h o.
2529 532.712
The activity and osmotic coefficients o f sodium chlorate by an isopiestic method. Jo n e s, J. H. J.
A m er. Chem. Soc., 65, pp. 1353-1354, July, 1943.—T h e isopiestic ra tio s o f N aC l-N aC 1 0 3 w ere determ ined over th e a p p ro x . c o n cen tratio n range 0 ■ 2 to 3 • 5 m olal.
F ro m th e observed m olalities an d ra tio s, th e activity a n d osm otic coefficients were determ in ed by c o m p ari
son w ith N aC l.
2530 532.72 : 551.573
O n the equation o f diffusion in a turbulent medium.
S u t t o n , W . G . L. Proc. R oy. Soc. A , 182, pp. 48-75, Sept., 1943.— T h e 2-dim ensional form o f th e e q u atio n o f diffusion, u'dyjix = i){/l;Sxf/5z}/i)r(r > 0), u nder stead y m ean co nditions in a fluid m oving w ith m ean vel. u is discussed, w here u an d A z vary as z m and Z l ~ m respectively (0 < m < 1). Integrals a re con
stru cted w hich satisfy b o u n d a ry con d itio n s o f the ty p es arising in physical problem s, an d th e results are applied to th e th eo ry o f ev ap o ra tio n in to a tu rb u le n t atm osphere.
2531 532.72 : 551.573
Evaporation from a plane, free-liquid surface into a turbulent a ir stream . Pasquilu, F . Proc. R o y. Soc.
A , 182, pp. 75-95, Sept., 1943.— S u tto n ’s theory [A bstr. 4480 (1934)] assum es th a t th e tu rb u le n t tran sfer o f any e n tity is determ ined by th e m om entum interchange coeff., w hich involves th e k in em a tic viscosity o f th e diffusing m edium , and w hich leads to a fu n ctio n al fo rm fo r e v ap o ratio n w hich agrees w ith exp. d a ta . D eveloped in to a c o m p u tab le form , an d teste d against present experim ents on brom obenzene an d against experim ents by Flids [A bstr. 2586 (1930)], th e th eo ry predicts th e abs. ra te o f tu rb u le n t tran sfer.
A n extension to rel. ra te s o f e v ap o ratio n o f various liquids show s th a t th e th eo ry specifies inadequately th e v ariatio n o f ra te o f ev ap o ra tio n w ith ty p e o f liquid.
A n em pirical generalization o f S u tto n ’s th eo ry is set fo rth , in w hich th e tu rb u le n t interch an g e coeff. is m odified by th e m olecular diffusion coeff. a p p ro p ria te to th e e n tity undergoing transfer.
See Abstr. 2547 532.77 : 535.324 = 3
2532 533.16
The dynamic viscosity' o f nitrogen. Sibbitt, W . L ., Ha w k i n s,G . A ., a n d So l b e r g, H. L. Trans. A m er.
Soc. M ech. Engrs, 65, pp. 401-405, July, 1943.—
A N i capillary 118 ft. long w as used in th e investiga
tio n . D a ta a re rep o rted o f 45 c alib ratio n tests an d 395 tests on N i u p to 1 020 lb ./in .2 an d 923°F. A n eq u atio n is p resented w hich expresses th e test results.
S ee A bstr. 2523 533.6 : 532.525
S O U N D . V IB R A T IO N S
See A bstr. 2589 534.13 : 539.32
2533 534.13.013:621.396.611.1
Electrical-circuit analysis o f torsional oscillations.
Pipes, L. A. J. Appl. Phys., 14, pp. 352-362, July, 1943.— [A bstr. 2264 B (1943)].
2534 534.14 = 3
O n some experim ents with sound waves generated by periodical suction impulses. Br u n s,F . A ku st. Z ., 7, pp. 29-32, Jan., 1942.—A box c o n tain in g lycopodium , iro n o r eosin pow der, o r fine w heat flour, w as placed o n to p o f a vertical K u n d t’s tu b e a n d th e b eh av io u r o f th e substances w hen subjected to periodical su ctional im pulses o f increasing stre n g th is described..
T h e influence o f a m agnetic field applied to th e iron
pow der is also described. R. N.
2535 534.143 = 3
V ibrating table for dynamic testing in the sound- frequency range. Meister, F . I. A ku st. Z ., 7, pp. 51-56, M arch, 1942.— A v ib ratin g tab le for a std . range o f 5 to 1 000 c./s. (pure sine waves) is described.
T he tab le consists o f a light m etal cage fixed o n a m etal m em brane an d acted u p o n by 1 o r 2 coils fed by c u rren t o f variable frequency a n d specially stiffened to w ith stan d defo rm atio n s. I f only one coil is used for generating th e vib ratio n s th e o th er m ay b e used for m easuring th e frequency. r.n.
2536 534.15 = 3
T he plotting o f rapidly varying phenomena with N eum ann’s damping-recorder. Go s e w i n k e l, M.
A ku st. Z ., 7, pp. 104-111, M a y , 1942.— T h e lim its o f applicability o f N e u m an n ’s logarithm ic recording system [A bstr. 2503 B (1935)] a re discussed. P h cn o -
215 535.324
m cna a re recorded accurately only if th eir ra te o f c h an g e is less th a n th e recording speed o f th e in stru m ent. N o t th e d u ra tio n b u t th e steepness o f an im pulse d eterm in es th e correctness o f th e record.
T h e suitab ility o f th e reco rd e r fo r m easurem ents o f re v erb eratio n effects a n d o f so u n d intensity is dis
cussed. R. N.
2537 534 .2 2 .0 9 4 .1 :5 3 4 .3 2 1 .9 = 3 O n the propagation o f ultrasonic waves in wires.
Cz e r l i n s k y, E. A k u s t.Z ., l ,p p . 12-17, Jan., 1942.—
D ispersion curves a re calculated, th e investigations being based o n previous w o rk o f L ove. T h e curves show th e re la tio n bctw . speed o f p ro p a g atio n and frequency o r w avelength. D a m p in g caused by in
tern a l friction an d by rad ia tio n , an d th e influence o f h e at co n d u ctio n , a re neglected. In th a t range o f frequency w here th e w avelength an d th e w ire dia.
a re o f th e sam e o rd e r o f m agn itu d e, th e speed o f p ro p ag atio n decreases w ith increasing frequency. F o r h ig h er frequencies th e so und velocity becom es inde
pen d en t o f frequency. M easu rem en ts o n 15 cylinders o f different m aterials a n d d iam eters agree w ith th e
calculations. r.n.
2538 534.321.33
The problem of the keyboard instrument. Ll o y d, L. S. Phil. M ag ., 34, pp. 472-479, Ju ly, 1943.— T he inadequacy o f th e cycle o f fixed to n es corresp o n d in g to frequencies in th e p ro p o rtio n s 1, g, J , $, ij, §, t y , 2 as a m usical scale, is now held to be independent o f m o d u latio n , an d it is show n to b e due to inherent defects in th e s tru c tu re o f th e cycle. M can-tone tem p e ra m en t is given full desc rip tio n an d co n tra sted w ith eq u al tem p eram en t. it. h.h o.
S e e A b s tr . 2537 534.321.9 : 534.22.094.1 2539 5 3 4 .3 2 1 .9 :6 2 0 .1 9 :6 6 9 M etallurgical possibilities o f ultrasonic waves.
M eek. World, 113, pp. 191-192, Feb. 19, 1943.— P ro p erties o f u ltraso n ic waves a re discussed w ith sp. ref.
to p h en o m en a caused by defects in m etals an d possi
bilities o f using u ltraso n ic w aves in m etallurgy.
E. R. A.
2540 534.512 = 3
O n superposition o f undamped plane gas waves o f large am plitude. Pfriem,H . A k n s t. Z ., 7, pp. 56-65, M arch, 1942.— T h e sim u ltan eo u s, n o n -lin ear differen
tial eq u atio n s ch aracterizin g th e w ave form in th e range o f su p erp o sitio n o f 2 plane gas waves m oving in o p p o site d irectio n s are derived. U sing R iem a n n ’s m eth o d , th ese are reduced to a second-order linear differential e q u atio n , th e solu tio n o f w hich m ay be found for perfect gases. A fte r passing th e range o f su p erp o sitio n , th e 2 pressure w aves have th e sam e w aveform as if p ro p a g ated in space w ith o u t m utual interference, b u t d isto rtio n s w ith in th e range o f super
p o sitio n influence th e re su lta n t field. r.n.
2541 534.756 : 612.85 = 3
T he m ass ra tio between m em brane and liquid o f the internal ear. Ra n k e, O. F. A k u s t. Z . , 7, pp. 1—31, Ja n ., 1942.— By m eans o f a sim plified m odel th e equilibrium c o n d itio n s b etw . pressure o f th e liquid a n d im pedance o f th e m em b ran e are investigated.
P h ase angle a n d value o f im pedance a re represented by tran sce n d en ta l eq u atio n s w hich are analysed g ra p h ic ally. T h e ra tio betw . th e m asses o f m em brane and liquid is d eterm ined an d its influence o n th e tim e o f
response and damping o f the acoustical sensation is
discussed. r.n.
2542 534.832 = 3
N oise suppression in fine-mechanical gear. Be r g e r, R . A ku st. Z ., 7, pp. 18-29, Jan., 1942.— T h e p rin ciples o f noise suppression are discussed an d a great n u m b e r o f exam ples are given for show ing how these principles a rc p u t in to service fo r suppressing th e noise o f telephones, rad io receivers, typew riters, sewing m achines, vacuum cleaners, alarm clocks an d th e lik e .' P ro te ctin g covers, special designs o f ra tc h e t gears, replacem ent o f strik in g b y pressing m ovem ents, are som e o f th e m eans fo r accom plishing
th e noise suppression. r.n.
2543 534.84 = 3
R em arks on “ O elsner’s building m ethod.” Hof- b a u e r, G . A k u s t. Z . , 1, pp. 111-115, M a y , 1942.—
C ritical rem ark s o n th e m eth o d w hich consists in in tro d u cin g non-rigid m em bers in th e jo in ts o f reinforccd-concrcte buildings an d claim s to suppress undesirable acoustic effects an d re v erb eratio n by changing oscillatory energy in to energy o f plastic
d eform ation. R. N.
2544 534.845 = 3
Theory o f sound dam m ing by tliin walls. Cr e m e r, L. A ku st. Z ., 1, pp. 81-104, M a y , 1942.—T he d am m ing for p erp en d icu lar incidence is calculated and co m p ared w ith th e result o f m easurem ents o btained w ith statistical d istrib u tio n o f angles o f incidence.
M ass an d frequency are th e m ain factors. T he m ovem ent o f th e wall is considered as a forced bending oscillation. W hen th e co m ponent o f so u n d velocity along th e surface o f th e wall == th e speed o f p ro p a g a
tio n o f a free oscillation o f th e m em brane, th e pressure difT. = 0. T his “ coincidence effect” a n d its d ep en d ence o n frequency is investigated an d th e analogies betw een coincidence a n d resonance are discussed.
r. N.
O P T IC S
2545 535.13
N ew ex act solution in non-linear optics (two-wave system). Sc h r ö d i n g e r, E . Proc. R o y. Irish A cad., 49A, 4, pp. 59-66, June, 1943— A n exact solu tio n o f th e problem o f th e m u tu al influence o f 2 plane waves is given [see A b str. 1042 (1943)]. a.j.m.
2546 535.318
An empirical approach to lens designs. The Huygens eyepiece. St e m p e l, W. M . J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 33, pp. 278-292, M a y , 1943.— E m pirical m eth o d s w hich sh o rte n th e prelim inary calculations a re applied to th e H uygens eyepiece. T h e m eth o d s o f calculating the em pirical d a ta a re described a n d th e re su lts are applied to give curves from w hich th e v ario u s p a ram ete rs o f the required eyepiece are d eterm ined. a. w .
2547 535.324 : 532.77 = 3
R efraetom etric properties o f aqueous solutions o f m ixtures o f electrolytes. Sp a c u, G ., Ma r g u l e s c u, I. G ., a n d Po p p e r, E. Z . pliys. Chem. B, 52, pp. 117- 126, J u ly, 1942.— A m eth o d is derived fo r calculating th e refractiv e index o f so lutions o f m ixed electrolytes if chem ical reactions arc excluded. By co m p a rin g th is w ith th e refr. index o f p u re electrolytes, c o n clusions m ay be d raw n on th e n a tu re a n d com p o sitio n
o f com plex ions. R. n.
535.338.42-31 216
2548 535.338.42-31
The ultra-violet spectra and electron configuration o f H g F and related halide molecules. Ho w e l l, H . G . Proc. R oy. Soc. A , 182, pp. 95-112, S ept., 1943.— T he high-frcquency ultra-violet em ission spectrum o f H g F was p h o to g rap h e d an d analysed in to 2 system s w hich are due to a 2Y lr - 2'L tran sitio n betw een H g atom -like levels. C o rresp o n d in g system s o f th e Z n an d Cd halides should exist w ith do u b let sep a ra tio n s sim ilarly related to th e a to m ic 3P level. M ost o f these have been identified am ongst existing d a ta . A system o f C d l different in type from those above is analysed.
A p robable system overlapping th e m ain 2I I - 22 system is fou n d fo r m ost o f th e molecules.
2549 535.343-1
Infra-red absorption o f pyridinp vapour. Tu r k e- v i c h, J., a n d St e v e n s o n, P. C. J. Chem. Pliys., 11, p p. 328-329, July, 1943.— T he d e te rm in a tio n o f th e spectrum w as carried o u t on a carefully purified sam ple o f pyridine in th e v ap o u r state.
See Abstr. 2615 535.371 : 541.144.7
2550 535.375.5
R am an spectra o f hydrocarbons. H I. Di-isobuty- lene, cyclohexcnc and dipentene. Cl e v e l a n d, F . F.
J. Chepu Phys., 11, pp. 301-306, July, 1943.— R a m a n frequencies, rel. intensities a n d d ep o larizatio n factors a re listed fo r di-isobutylenc, cyclohexene an d di
pentene. T he co m p o u n d s c o n ta in th e groups X Y C = C H 2, X H C = C H X (cis), an d X Y C = C H Z . T h e first o f these has nearly th e sam e olefinic fre
quencies as 2 -m eth y l-l-h ep ten e [A bstr. 2174 (1943)], except th a t th e 1 414 cm .- 1 frequency o f th e la tter has dro p p ed to 1 376. T h e last tw o g ro u p s w ere co n tain e d in stru ctu res o f cyclohexene an d d ipentene and h a d nearly th e sam e frequencies.
2551 535.375.5
The aldol condensation. I. Detection o f carbonyl groups in aldoJs by use of Raman spectra. Sa u n d e r s, R . H ., Mu r r a y, M . J., Cl e v e l a n d, F . F ., a n d Ko m a r e w s k y, V. I. J. A m er. Chem. So c., 65, pp.
1309-1311, July, 1943.
2552 _ 53 5 .4 3 4 :5 4 1 .1 8 2 .5
O pacify changes in gel-forming m ixtures during setting. I. Thorium m olybdate, stannic arsenate and silicic acid gels. Pr a s a d, M ., a n d Go g a t e, V. S.
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A , 17, pp. 161-170, M a y, 1943.— T h e o pacity changes w ere investigated by an im proved ap p aratu s. T h e effects o f th e a d d itio n o f different am o u n ts o f th e gel-form ing constituents, HC1 an d non-electrolytes, o n th e g e ls,'a re discussed.
C hanges in th e num ber, size, d istrib u tio n , arran g e
m ent etc., o f th e micelles o f th e gel, c o n trib u te to the changes in opacity.
2553 535.642
Representation o f intensity, hue, saturation and the m agnitude o f the resultant vector on the trichrom atic theory. Peddie, W . Phil. M ag ., 34, pp. 488-495, July, 1943.— P o in ts o u t th e fu n d am en tal im p o rtan ce o f th e “ L aw o f Coefficients” w hich sta te s th a t th e value o f a stim ulus is expressed by th e n u m b er o f ju st perceptible steps in it an d is independent o f th e a ctu al m ag n itu d e o f th e th reshold o f perceptible stim ulus.
T h e law is com bined w ith th e law o f c o lo u r m ixture an d reconciles th is w ith H elm h o ltz’s c olour-vector law.
j. w. t. w.
2554 535.6 5 3 .3 3 :5 9 1 .1 1 1 .2
A simple inexpensive photo-electric haemoglobino- m etcr. B e ll , G . H ., a n d Gu t h m a n n, E. J. Sci.
Instrum ., 20, pp. 145-146, S ept., 1943.— A co lo rim eter is described w hich is unaffected by v ariatio n s in the light source o r photocell characteristics, an d for which th e density o r ex tin ctio n E scale can be o b tained by sim ple calculation. W ith th e lam p at th e m ax.
distance D0 from the photocell an d w ith w ater only in th e glass cell, th e galvanom eter deflection is n o ted ; blood is added to th e w ater in th e glass cell an d the lam p is pushed u p to a d istance D t from th e photocell w here th e photocell c u rren t is th e sam e as before.
T hen E = log D ~jD 2v
2555 . 535.733.1
Effectiveness o f vitamin A in the treatm en t o f defec
tive colour vision. El d e r,J. H . Science, 97, pp. 561—
562, June 18, 1943.
2556 535.755
Colour blindness and the detection o f camouflage.
Ju d d, D . B. Science, 97, pp. 544-546, June 18, 1943.— E xam ines th e possibility th a t a colour-blind observer m ay be able to d ete ct cam ouflage b e tte r th a n a n orm al-sighted observer, a n d concludes th a t c ertain types o f cam ouflage m ay be m o re readily detectable by a red-green-blind observer. T h e artificial co n version o f a n o rm al to a co lour-blind observer by m eans o f a co lo u r filter is n o t considered feasible.
j. w. t. w.
2557 535.81
R ecent optical m aterials and their possible applica
tions. Jo h n s o n, B. K. Proc. Phys. Soc., Lond., 55, pp. 291-300 , July, 1943.— D eals w ith developm ents d u rin g 1933-43. O ptical glasses have been in tro duced providing a g reater range o f refr. index an d dispersion, an d th ere has been a tendency to w ard s m aking glass tran s p are n t to ultra-violet rays. T ra n s
parent synthetic resin plastics have been developed, e.g. Perspex, Polystyrene, w ith possibilities in th e p ro d u c tio n o f ach ro m atized lenses. F u sed q u a rtz h as been used for this p u rp o se in co m b in atio n w ith L iF . W ith th e developm ent o f a new com m ercial technique fo r th e p ro d u c tio n o f artificial alkali-halide crystals o f large dim ensions, spectroscopic w ork in th e u ltra violet and in fra-red m ay be g reatly extended. L arge crystals o f N a N 0 3 m ay be grow n artificially. These crystals are bi-refracting and resem ble calcite in o p tical
properties. ' a.e. t.
2558 535.81 : 679.5
P lastics and the optical industry. We a r m o u t h, W . G . Proc. Phys. Soc., Lond., 55, pp. 301-313, Ju ly, 1943.— A general survey o f th e m ain tra n sp a re n t plastics, w hich m ay be considered as possible su b stitu te s fo r o p tical glasses, viz. cellulose derivatives, urea-form aldehyde a n d phenol form aldehyde resins, a n d p olym erization p ro d u c ts: T h e p ro p e rties o f these m aterials com pared w ith th o se o f o p tical glass are given in a table. D ispersion curves a re show n, an d th e possibility o f p ro d u cin g ach ro m atic lenses an d o p tical filters from plastics is considered. a.e.t.
2559 535.83 : 679.5
P lastic spectacle lenses. Em s l e y, H . H . Proc.
Phys. Soc., Lond., 55, pp. 314-321, July, 1943.—
Perspex, a polym er o f m ethyl m eth acry late, possesses all th e q ualities desirable in a m aterial fo r spectacle
