Science Abstracts. Section A, Physics Abstracts. Vol. 48, No. 570

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S . . . ^ s ! 1946

PHYSICS ABSTRACTS

S E C T I O N A

o f

SCIENCE ABSTRACTS

S E C T IO N A , P H Y S IC S

/ S E C T IO N B , E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G

E d ite d a n d Issu ed M o n th ly b y

THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

In A ssociation with

T H E P H Y S I C A L S O C I E T Y T H E A M E R I C A N P H Y S I C A L S O C I E T Y

T H E A M E R I C A N .

I N S T I T U T E O F E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R S

A B S T R A C T S 1349-1601

V O L U M E 48

JUNE 1945

lárices f r o m £ 2 6

W . E D W A R D S & C o . ( L o n d o n ) L t d .

K A N G LE Y BRIDGE ROAD, LO W E R SYD EN H A M , L O N D O N , S.E.26

Telephone: SYDenham 7026. Teleg ram s: Edcohivac, Phone, London

ELECTRICAL IIRjfll VACIJlJM' fe AUGES

(A) Pirani T y p e : 1.0-0.0001 m m . Hg.

(B) Philips T yp e: 0.005-0.00001 m m . Hg.

0 Instantaneous and Direct readings of total pressures.

• Indicate rapid changes of pressure.

0 Operate Direct from A.C. 200-250 v. mains.

0 D.C. Pirani Gauges also supplied.

0 Laboratory and industrial patterns.

0 Ask for lists MES. 2 and MES. 2a.

C O N T E N T S — A B S T R A C T S 1349-1601

535 Optics 535.1 Theory 535.2 Radiation 535.24 Photometry 535.31 Gcom. optics 535.32 Refr. index 535.33 Spectroscopy 535.338 Spectra 535.34 Absorption 535.37 Fluorescence 535.375 Raman effect 535.41 Interference 535.42 DifTraction 535.43 Scattering 535.5 Polarization 535.6 Colour 535.7 Vision 535.8 Instruments 536 Heat

536.7 Thermodynamics .8 Heat engines 537 Electricity 537.226 Dielectrics

.29 • Electric fields .31 Conductivity .5 Discharge .531 X-rays .533 Neg. rays .56 Ionization .59 Cosmic rays 538 Magnetism

.2 Properties

.56 Elcctromagn. oscill.

.6 Magnetic fields 539.13 Molecules

.15 Atoms

Page Page

149 539.16 Radioactivity 169

149 .185 Neutrons 170

149 .2 Mol. systems 170

149 .24/.27 Microstructurc 171

150 .26 X-ray exam. 171

151 .3 Elasticity 171

151 .4 Strength 171

153 .5 Dcformability 171

155 54 Chemistry 172

157 541.12 Reaction kinetics 172

157 . 13 Electrochemistry 173

158 .14 Photochemistry 173

158 .18 Colloids 173

158 .183 Adsorption 173

158 .2 Atomic theory 173

158 .4 Compounds 173

159 541.5 Valency 173

160 .6 Chcm. structure 173

161 542 Practical chem. 174

165 543/545 Analysis 174

166 548 Crystallography 174

166 549 Mineralogy 174

166 551.5 Meteorology 174

166 581 Botany 175

166 591.1 Animal physiology 176

166 61 Medical science 176

166 612.84 Vision 176

167 62 Engineering 176

167 661.713 Cellulose 176

167 669 Metallurgy 176

168 674 Wood 176

168 676 Paper-making 176.

168 678 Rubber 176

168 679.5 Plastics 176

169 77 Photography 176

169 78 Music 176

535.12

i]

O P T IC S . W A V E S. 'Q U A N T U M T H E O R Y . P H O T O M E T R Y n : s l i

535.243

5 3 5 .1 2 :5 3 5 .4 3 1349

T he m ultiple scattering o f waves. I. G eneral theory o f isotropic scattering by random ly distributed s c a t­

te r e d . Fo l d y, L. L. Phys. R ev., 67, pp. 107-119, Feb. 1 a n d 15,1945.—T h e p ro b lem is con sid ered o n th e basis o f w ave treatm en t. T h e in tro d u c tio n o f the c o n cep t o f ran d o m n ess req u ires averages to be tak en over a sta tistical ensem ble o f sc atterer configurations.

E q u atio n s a re derived fo r th e average value o f the w ave fu n ctio n , th e average v alu e o f th e sq u a re o f its abs. value, a n d -th e average flux c arried by th e w ave.

T h e seco n d o f th ese q u an titie s satisfies a n integral e q u atio n w hich has som e sim ilarities to th e c o rre ­ sp o n d in g e q u atio n fo r p article scattering. T h e physical in te rp reta tio n o f th e results is discussed a n d possible g e n eralizations o f th e th eo ry a re outlined.

535.14 : 537.533.8 1350

T h e p ro d u ctio n o f p h o to n s r e la tiv e t o io n iz a tio n by c o llis io n in a T o w n se n d g a p . Ge b a l l e, R . P hys. R ev., 66, pp. 316-320, D ec., 1944.— M easu rem en ts were m ad e in a T ow nsend gap to d eterm in e th e average n u m b er o f p h o to n s lib erated by an electro n for each seco n d ary electro n it liberates. In H 2, this n u m b e r d ecreased rap id ly w ith increasing ra tio o f field stren g th to gas pressu re in th e ran g e fro m 50 to 150 V /cm ./m m , a n d a t pressures o f 1 m m . D e term in a tio n o f the abs. n u m b e r o f p h o to n s p e r electron dep en d s o n the u n k n o w n efficiency o f th e pho to -electric cell used to c o u n t th e p h o to n s; th is n u m b e r is estim ated as o f o rd e r unity. T h e effective ra d ia tio n has a n a b so rp tio n coefficient o f 0 -5 5 c m .—I a t 1 m m . H g. T h is coeffi­

cient indicates th a t only p h o to n s o f h igh energy w ere co unted.

5 3 5 .1 4 :6 1 2 .8 4 1351

T h e q u a n tu m c h a r a c t e r o f lig h t a n d it s b e a r in g upon th e th re sh o ld o f v is io n , th e d iffe r e n tia l s e n s itiv ity a nd v isu a l a c u ity o f th e e y e . d e Vr ie s, H . Physico, 's Gray., 10, pp. 553-564, Ju ly, 1943.— T h e sensitivity o f th e sen so ry cells (rods a n d cones) is discussed a n d it is show n th a t one q u a n tu m o f light a b so rb ed by the p h o to-sensitive m aterial in th e eye is sufficient to give rise to th e p ercep tio n o f light. S tatistical fluctuations o f th e n u m b e r o f q u a n ta falling o n the re tin a a re stu d ied , th e se fluctuations bein g perceptible because o f th e great sensitivity o f th e eye. A b so lu te low er lim its a re determ in ed fo r th e differential sensitivity a n d fo r th e visual acuity, d ep en d in g u p o n th e illu m in a­

tio n , a n d these lim its p ractically coincide w ith th o se actu ally observed. E vidence is given fo r th e conception th a t th e r o d s a n d cones act a s co u n ters o f light q u a n ta , th e m o re com plicated electrical response o f single nerve fibres in the o p tic nerve being caused by the in te rac tio n o f n erve cells. L. s. a .

535.22 1352

T he velocity o f light. Do r s e y, N . E . Trans. Am er.

Phil. S o c., 33, pp. 1-106, O ct., 1944.— A n a tte m p t to an sw er tw o q uestions, (a) w hethei th e decrease in th e values o b tain e d fo r th e velocity o f light fro m 1874 to 1940 h as an y physical significance, (b) if th ere is a d rift, w h e th er th e b re ak show n b y th e 1902 value (P erro tin a n d P rim ) is o f any significance. A critical stu d y is m ad e o f each o f th e th ree m eth o d s em ployed (to o th ed

v o l . xLvm .— a .— 1945, Ju n e . 149

w heel, revolving m irro r, K e rr cell), th e m eans a d o p te d fo r th e realiza tio n o f each m eth o d , th e system atic e rro rs th a t m ig h t be expected to affect th e results, the diligence show n in searching o u t a n d e lim inating such erro rs, th e degree o f c o n co rd an ce o f th e o bservations, a n d th e p ro ced u re used to derive a definitive value fro m th e experim ental d a ta . A n objective estim ate is m ad e o f th e accuracy th a t m ight be ascrib ed to the w o rk d escribed in e ach o f th e re p o rts a n d , in each case, a value is in ferred fro m the available d a ta . O n th e basis o f the recalculated values, n o evidence is fo u n d fo r a n y secular ch an g e in th e velocity o f light a n d the v alu e derived fro m all o f the d a ta available is 299 773 km ./sec. (in vacuo) w ith a p ro b a b le e r ro r

less th a n ¿ 1 0 km ./sec. a. h.

535.23 : 621.327.43 1353

R adiant energy from fluorescent lam ps. Lu c k i e s h,

M ., and Taylor, A. H . Ilium . Engng, N . Y., 40, p p . 77-88, Feb., 1945.— [A bstr. 1226 B (1945)].

5 3 5 .2 3 .0 8 :6 2 1 .3 8 4 .4 1354

M easuring germ icidal energy. Ta y l o r, A . H . Gen. E lect. R ev., 47, pp. 53-55, O ct., 1944.— [A bstr.

1257 B (1945)].

535.233 : 536.5.081 : 621.326.791 1355

C o lo u r -tem p e ra tu r e s c a le . Fo r s y t h e, W . E ., a n d Ad a m s, E. Q. Gen. E lect. R ev., 47, pp. 26-34, S e p t., and pp. 59-62, O ct., 1944.— [A bstr. 1224 B (1945)].

535.241.41 : 771.351 : 535.317 see A bstr. 1369

535.243 1356

Spectrophotom etric determ ination o f iron with sulphosalicylic acid. Ke n n a r d, M ., a n d Jo h n s o n, C. R . Proc. Trans. T ex. A cad. Scl., 27, pp. 45-51, 1943.— A sp ectro p h o to m etric m eth o d for the d eter­

m in atio n o f iro n w ith sulphosalicylic acid was w orked o u t em pirically a n d c o m p a red w ith o th e r m ethods for d eterm ining sm all a m o u n ts o f iron. T h e m eth o d takes in to a cco u n t th e effects o f v ariatio n s in the e x tra salt c o n ten t, th e p H , th e co lo u r, a n d th e p h o sp h a te conc.

o f th e test solutions.

535.243 1357

Intensity scales in spectrographic photom etry.

Sin c l a i r, D . A . J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 34, pp. 689-693, N ov., 1944.— D escribes th e u se o f a scale o f in ten ­ sities, in stead o f a lin ear scale, o n p h o to m eters used fo r exam ining p h o to g rap h ic plates. A lth o u g h in th eo ry a different scale is req u ire d fo r each p late, it is fo u n d in p ractice th a t only a few scales a re needed to p ro v id e fo r all likely v ariatio n s betw een plates, a t an y ra te to a n accuracy b e tte r th a n th a t n orm ally a tta in e d by th e o rd in ary m eth o d . j. w . t. w.

535.243 1358

T he extension o f spectrophotom etric technique by m eans o f special type cuvettes. Dr a b k i n, D . L.

J. O pt. Soc. A m er., 34, p p . 771-772, D ec., 1944.—

D escribes tw o special cuvettes, o n e o f 3 -4 cm . dep th a n d capillary bo re, th e o th e r o f 0-0 0 7 cm . d e p th an d 0-021 m l. vol. T h e in creased sensitivity o b tain ed en ab les c ertain d e te rm in a tio n s to be m ad e by d irect sp ec tro p h o to m etry w here th is h as n o t been possible h ith e rto . T ypical ap p licatio n s a re described.

J. W . T . W .

6

535.243

535.317

535.243 1359

U ltra-v io let absorption m ethods o f analysis for polyunsaturated constituents o f fats, oils and soaps.

Brice, B. A ., a n d Sw a i n, M . L. J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 34, p . 772, D ec., 1944.— U ltra-v io let sp e ctro p h o to - m etric m eth o d s have recently been described for d eterm in in g p o ly u n sa tu ra ted co n stitu en ts in vegetable oils. M odifications have been in tro d u ced , m ak in g it possible to ap p ly these m eth o d s to a wide variety o f fats a n d oils, including th o se (n o tab ly anim al fats an d th e ir so ap s) w ith sm all p ro p o rtio n s o f poly­

u n sa tu ra te d c o m p o u n d s. T ypical analyses a re given a n d the accuracy o b tain a b le is discussed, j. w. t.w.

535.243 1360

Com parison o f the purity o f sam ples o f organic solvents by ultra-violet spectrophotom etry. M a c l e a n, M . E ., Je n c k s, P. J., a n d Ac r e e,S. F . J . Res. N at.

Bur. Stand., W ash., 34, pp. 271-281, M arch, 1945.—

S tudies o f th e unifo rm ity o f different sam ples o f o rg an ic solvents by u ltra-violet sp ec tro p h o to m etry a re described. T h e p ro ced u re is applicable to the d etectio n o f im purities originally p resen t o r form ed by d eterio ratio n a n d to th e stu d y o f th e effectiveness o f purification procedures. A b so rp tio n curves a rc given fo r /¡-heptane, 2 ,2,4-trim ethylpentane, cyclohexane, m ethylcyclohexane, d ecah y d ro n ap h th alen e, benzene, c a rb o n tetrach lo rid e, m ethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, a n d dioxanc, in tw o o r m o re grades o f purity. T h e ab so rp tio n curves o f tetrah y d ro n a p h - th alen e, toluene, xylene, ch lo ro b en zen e, ethylene d ichloride, trichloroethylene, acetone, dim ethyl- d ioxanc, a n d c arb o n bisulfide a re discussed briefly.

T h e effect o f filtration th ro u g h silica gel on the u ltra ­ violet a b so rp tio n o f several com m ercial solvents is show n.

535.243 : 545.82 : 535.33 see A bstr. 1375, 1376

535.243 : 621.325.13 1361

Perform ance o f a hydrogen a rc as a source for photo-electric spectrophotom etry. Bo s c h, W . C ., a n d An d e r s o n, E . W . Rev. Sci. lu stru m ., 15,p p . 347-348, D ec., 1944.— E xam ines th e suitability o f th e lam ps d escribed by A llen a n d F ra n k lin [A bstr. 4602 (1939)]

fo r use w ith a pho to -electric sp e c tro p h o to m eter using e lectro m eter tu b e am plification. T h e various criteria o f suitability listed a re fo u n d to be satisfied, j. w . t.w .

535.243 : 665.4 : 620.193.54 1362

Spcctrophotom etric study o f the oxidation o f quenching oils. Cl a r k,G . L., Ka y e, W.-1., Se a b u r y, R. L ., a n d Ca r l, F . Industr. Engng Chem. (A n a ly t.

Edit.), 16, p p . 740-745, D ec., 1944.— A sp cctro ­ p h o to m etric stu d y w as u n d e rta k en to evalu ate the changes in oil w ith a n extension to a stu d y o f th e rate o f o x idation o f several co m m ercial oils recom m ended fo r quenching, a t high tem p e ra tu res by a lab o ra to ry p ro ced u re, w ith a n d w ith o u t a d d itio n agents a n d in th e presence an d absence o f th e A1 alloy as catalyst.

S p ectro p h o to m etric d a ta a re believed related to the lig h t scattered by colloidal particles o r precipitables a s indicated by a b so rp tio n curves a n d electro n m icro­

grap h s. O xid atio n stability a n d absence o f pre- cipitable poly m er p articles a re co rre lated w ith th e q u ality o f q u en ch ed castings as m easured in term s o f resid u al strain .

535.245 : 535.317 1363

O n the lum inosity o f optical system s. Bo u w e r s, A ., a n d v a n Heel, A . C. S. Pliysica, s ' Grav., 10, pp. 714-719, O ct., 1943.— T h e relative a p ertu re a = D j f o f a n optical system (D ~ dia. o f en tra n ce pupil a n d 1/ / = pow er o f system ) is u sually tak en to be th e decisive facto r fo r th e illum ination o f an im age o f a n o bject o f given b rightness a n d m agnification.

I t is show n th a t th is is n o t alw ays co rrect a n d th at th e m ag n itu d e o f a is som etim es am biguous. T he tru e m easu re o f lum in o sity is given by cc,„ = D „ ,lf w here D m is th e d iam eter o f th e co n e o f effective light fro m th e axial o bject p o in t, m easu red in the object p rin cip al plane. A n exam ple is given relating to a m irro r system , th e m ain p a rt o f w hich is a spherical m irro r w ith real d iap h ra g m o f dia. D in its

m + 1 cen tre o f cu rv atu re. I t is sh o w n th a t a„

1“

L. S. G.

535.247 1364

A physical photom eter for afocal optical system s.

McRa e, D . B. J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 34, p . 775, D ec., 1944.— D escribes a physical p h o to m e te r fo r m easuring the tran sm issio n o f any afocal o p tical system . A co llim ated b eam o f high-frequency “ c h o p p ed ” light (over 200 p e r sec.) traverses th e system a n d is picked u p by a sim ple o p tical device in w hich im age b rig h t­

ness is m easu red by a v acu u m p h o to cell an d a.c.

am plifier. W ith this in stru m e n t, m easu rem en ts can be m ad e in a w ell-lighted ro o m . j. w . t. w.

535.31 : 628.96 1365

F rom edge to wedge lighting. Ul b r i c h.M.A. Ilium . Eugng, N .Y ., 40, p p . 106-115, Feb., 1945.— [A bstr.

1383 B (1945)].

535.317 1366

T he diffraction theory o f optical aberrations.

I. G eneral discussion o f the geom etrical aberrations.

Nijboer, B. R . A . Physica, s ' Grav., 10, pp. 679-692, O ct., 1943.—T h e geom etric ab erra tio n s o f a n axially sym m etric system a re treated by a new m eth o d . A spherical surface is in tro d u c ed w ith its cen tre a t th e G au ssian im age (a t a d istance a fro m th e axis) a n d passin g th ro u g h th e c en tre o f th e exit-pupil.

T h e actu al w ave fro n t deviates by a n a m o u n t V(o, r, <j>) (the a b erra tio n fu nction) fro m th e sphere, w here r a n d <j> a re plan e p o lar c o -o rd in a tes u p o n the latter. V is e x p an d ed in term s r" cos m<f>, w hereas the c h aracteristic fu n ctio n a n alo g o u s to V is usually e x p an d ed in term s c o n ta in in g r" co s'" <j>. A single a b e rra tio n is n o w defined by a n a b erra tio n function bfoma2l+mrn cos m<f>, a n d as a result, th e discussion o f th e a b e rra tio n figures is co n sid erab ly sim plified.

A sim ple classification o f im age e rro rs o f all o rd e rs is given, acco rd in g to w hich th e value o f m determ ines th e general type to w hich a given single ab erra tio n belongs. W e h av e sp h erical ab erra tio n , co m a a n d astig m atism fo r m — 0, 1, a n d 2, respectively, l. s. g.

535.317 1367

A convenient virtual-im age lo cato r for elem entary optics. Ta y l o r, P. K . Proc. A m er. Phys. Soc., Cleveland, Ohio, S ep t. 11-12, 1944. A b str. in Phys.

R ev., 6 6 ,p . 357, Dec. 1 and 15, 1944.—T h e in stru m e n t locates a v irtu al o p tic al im age w ith reference to the p o sitio n o f a real im age o n a g round-glass p late, th u s av oiding th e p arallax m eth o d .

150

535.317

535.33

535.317 1368

C om binations o f spherical lenses to replace non- spherical refractin g surfaces in optical systems.

Ho u g h t o n, J. L. Proc. Phys. So c., Loud., 57, pp. 84- 90, M arch, 1945.—T h e su b s titu tio n o f lens system s o f infinite focal length fo r non-sp h erical c o rrectin g plates is discussed, a n d fo rm u lae a n d exam ples a re given for 2- a n d 3 -com ponent system s. Such system s m ay be used to in tro d u c e u n d er- o r o v er-co rrectio n o f c h ro m atic a b e rra tio n a n d com a, in ad d itio n to spherical a b erra tio n in to a system . In th e case o f lens system s u sed in c o n ju n ctio n w ith spherical m irro rs, th e thicknesses a n d cu rv atu res o f the co m p o n en ts a re sm all c o m p a red w ith th o se fo u n d in m o re o rth o d o x lenses o f sim ilar relative a p e rtu re, a n d th e sta te o f c o rrectio n is g ood, th o u g h p ro b a b ly n o t so go o d as in th e case w here a n o n -sp h erical co rrec tin g plate is used.

5 3 5 .3 1 7 :5 3 5 .2 4 1 .4 1 :7 7 1 .3 5 1 1369 Cos4 law o f illum ination. Reiss, M . J. O pt. Soc.

A m er., 35, pp. 283-288, A pril, 1945.— A rig o ro u s th eo re tic al tre a tm e n t o f th e re la tio n betw een illu­

m in a tio n an d field an g le in o p tic a l system s, w ith a p p lic atio n to w ide-angle p h o to g ra p h ic lenses. T h e a u th o r c o n sid ers th a t in G . S lu ssa re ff’s w o rk [see A b s tr. 1055 (1942)] th e a ssu m p tio n s m ad e a re such as to ren d er th e p ra ctic a l re aliz a tio n very d o u b tfu l.

j. w . t. w . 535.317 : 535.245 see A bstr. 1363

535.317.1 : 771.35 : 526.918.523 1370

Region o f usable im agery in airplane-cam era lenses.

Wa s h e r, F . E. J. Res. N a t. Bur. S ta n d ., W ash., 34, pp. 175-198, Feb., 1945.—T h e p ro p e r placing o f a lens w ith respect to the focal p lan e in a fixed-focus cam era is governed by qu ality o f im agery, d e p th o f focus a t a given s to p opening, a n d c u rv atu re o f field. T h ere is go o d ag reem en t betw een observed d e p th o f focus a t a given sto p op en in g a n d th a t p redicted o n the basis o f geom etric optics. O bserved values o f the m ax. resolving p o w er a t Various a n g u la r sep aratio n s from th e axis a re generally low er a t th e larg er sto p o p enings th a n values p red icted o n th e basis o f physical o ptics. T h is low ering is a consequence o f residual a b e rra tio n s, in h eren t in an actu al lens, w hich a re m o re no ticeab le a t larg e a p ertu re ra tio s. A m eth o d o f p resen tin g th e resolving-pow er characteristics th ro u g h ­ o u t the ran g e o f useful im agery in th e fo rm o f sets o f m aster curves has been developed. T h ese curves sh o w a t a glance th e v a ria tio n o f resolving p o w er w ith d istan ce from th e plan e o f b est axial im agery, the d e p th o f focus fo r any observed value o f th e resolving pow er, th e effect o f field c u rv atu re o n im agery in any given im age plane, a n d the differing p erfo rm an ce fo r tan g en tial a n d rad ial im agery a t v ario u s an g u lar se p a ra tio n s fro m th e axis. Successive g ro u p s o f these m as te r curves show how v ariatio n s in sto p opening affect the p erfo rm an ce o f a lens.

535.32 1371

N o te on low refraction and dispersion o f beryllium fluoride glass. Pi n c u s, A . G . J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 35, p . 92, Ja n ', 1945.

535.321 1372

M ethods for determ ining refractive indices in p olarized-light m icroscopy. We st, P. W . Science, 101, p p . 283-284, M arch 16, 1945.— A n o te describ in g

a sim ple b u t effective m eth o d fo r d eterm in in g re­

fractiv e indices in po larize d -lig h t m icroscopy.

A d v a n tag es o f th e m eth o d a re th a t it is ra p id an d re q u ire s little know ledge o f g e o m etrical o r op tical cry stallo g rap h y . T h e u su al B eckc line o r half­

sh ad o w m eth o d s a re em ployed. a. h.'

535.321 : 535.325 1373

A study o f the com parative m ethod o f determ ining gaseous refractivities. C r a v e n , E. C . Proc. Phys.

S oc., L and., 57, p p . 97-107, M arch, 1945.— T h e co m p arativ e m eth o d fo r th e d eterm in atio n o f refrac­

tive indices by w hite-light in terfero m etry yields the ra tio o f th e g ro u p refractivities a n d n o t th e ra tio o f th e p h a se refractivities. T h e effective w avelength o f the o rd in ary gas-filled lam p is close to th a t o f N a light.

F o r o rd in ary gases, an y w avelength in th e sam e region m ay be ta k e n w ith o u t serio u s e rro r. O b serv atio n o f th e sh ift o f th e c en tral ach ro m atic fringe d u e to differences o f d ispersion in the tw o p a th s enables the difference o f dispersion to be m easured. T his enables th e g ro u p index to be co rrected a n d th e p h ase index calcu alted a t a n y p o in t in th e visual ran g e o f the spectrum . T h e m eth o d h a s b een applied to several gases a n d to m ixtures o f th e v a p o u rs o f volatile o rg an ic solvents w ith air, a n d gives results co m p arin g h o t u n fav o u rab ly in accu racy w ith th o se o b tain e d by th e a b so lu te m eth o d in m o n o c h ro m a tic light.

535.325 : 535.321 see A bstr. 1373 535.325 : 535.417 see A bstr. 1431

535.326 : 535.824 1374

Phase-differcnce microscopy. Ri c h a r d s, O . W . N ature, Land., 154, p . 672, N ov. 25, 1944.— D etail in un co lo u re d tra n s p a re n t specim ens c an be m ad e visible b y using th e p h ase differences p ro d u c ed by varying refractive index. T h e m eth o d described fo r d o ing th is req u ires th e in sertio n o f an a n n u la r step in to the co n d en ser o f th e m icroscope a n d a p h a se p late in to th e objective a t its b ack focal plane, a. h.

535.33 : 535.243 : 545.82 1375

Techniques o f quantitative spectrographic analysis.

Ch u r c h i l l, J. R . Industr. Engng Chem . (A n a lyt.

Edit.), 16, pp. 655-670, N ov., 1944.— A n exhaustive suivey article w hich reviews a n d evaluates m eth o d s a n d a p p a ra tu s em ployed in th is field. R eference is co n stan tly m ad e to specific p o in ts in co n n ectio n with th e analysis o f A1 by m eans o f the a.c. sp a rk m eth o d . T h e subject o f C alib ratio n s a n d C alcu latio n s is treated

very fully. a. h.

535.33 : 535.243 : 545.82 1376

Em ission spectrographic equipment used in q u a n ti­

tative analysis. Gu e t t e l, C . L. Industr. Engng Chem . (A n a lyt. E dit.), 16, pp. 670-675, N ov., 1944.—

P ro p o ses th e estab lish m en t o f m in. req u irem en ts fo r a p p a ra tu s used in sp e c tro g ra p h ic analysis a n d lists th ese req u irem en ts in d etail fo r (a) th e sp e c tro g ra p h , (6) th e m icro p h o to m e ter, (c) th e e x citation eq u ip m en t.

A n em pirical relatio n sh ip is suggested fo r th e m in.

accep tab le precisio n . a . h.

535.33 : 544.62 1377

Q ualitative spectrographic analysis. St a n d e n, G . W . Industr. Engng Chem . (A n a ly t. E d it) , 16, p p . 675-680, N ov., 1944.— D escrib es a m e th o d o f

q u a litativ e analysis fro m w hich se m i-q u a n titativ e estim ates c a n be m ad e by c o m p a riso n w ith sta n d a rd

151 6 *

5â5.33.03

535.33.072

sp ectra. V ariatio n s a re discussed in the fo rm o f the high-stream ing-velocity a rc a n d th e m oving-plate

m eth o d . a. h.

535.33.03 1378

A non-m echanical in terru p ter fo r controlled spark circuits. Fo w l e r, R . G ., a n d Wo l f e, R . A . J. O pt.

Soc. A m er., 34, p . 773, Dec., 1944.—D e s c r ib e s a ty p e o f in te r r u p te d s p a r k s o u r c e , in v o l v in g n o m e c h a n ic a l p a r ts , s u ita b le fo r u s e i n q u a n t it a t iv e s p e c t r o g r a p h ic

a n a ly s is . j. w . t. w.

535.33.03 1379

U ltra-violet io n iz a tio n o f in terru p ter g a p s in s p e c tr o ­ graphic sp a r k so u r c e s . Sim p s o n, S. F. J. O pt. Soc.

A m er., 34, p . 773, Dec., 1944.—E x a m in e s th e e ffe c t o f u s in g a n u lt r a - v io le t, la m p o f h ig h in t e n s it y to ir r a d ia te t h e s y n c h r o n o u s in te r r u p te r in a c o n v e n t io n a l s p e c t r o g r a p h ic s p a r k s o u r c e . j . w . t. w.

535.33.03 1380

U ltra-violet irrad iatio n o f in terru p ter gaps in spectro­

graphic sp ark sources. Sim p s o n, S. F . J . O pt. Soc.

A m er., 35, p p. 40-42, Jan., 1945.— G ives d etails o f th e im p ro v ed p erfo rm an ce o f sp e ctro g rap h ic sp ark so u rces o b tain e d w hen the g ap is illu m in ated by u ltra-v io let ra d ia tio n fro m a q u a rtz H g -v a p o u r lam p.

A co n sid erab le re d u ctio n in th e size o f th e e rro r a ttrib u ta b le to th e m eth o d o f ex citatio n is claim ed.

a. n .

535.33.03 1381

S pectrographic determ ination o f sodium, potassium , and lithium in P o rtlan d cem ent with the direct-current carbon a rc. H e l z , A . W . J. R es. N a t. Bur. Stand., W ash., 34, pp. 129-142, Feb., 1945.— F o r the d eter­

m in a tio n o f N a a n d K , th e sam ple is m ixed w ith a m in eral base c o n ta in in g A g fo r th e in te rn al sta n d ard . F o r Li a s ta n d a rd m ix tu re o f g rap h ite a n d S r c a r­

b o n a te is ad d ed to the cem en t sam ple. In eith e r case a fixed a m o u n t o f th e resu ltan t m ix tu re is placed in the c ra te r o f a g rap h ite electrode, w hich is m ad e th e low er p ositiv e elem en t o f a d.c. arc. T h e N a 8 194-81 A , K 7 6 9 8 -9 8 A , a n d L i 3 232-61 A lines a re used fo r th e q u a n titativ e calcu latio n s. A d iscussion o f th e d evelopm ent o f th e m eth o d is given, follow ed by d etails o f th e a d o p te d an aly tic al p ro ced u re . T he sp e c tro g ra p h ic analyses o f 41 c em ents fo r N a a n d K a rc given fo r c o m p ariso n w ith th e chem ical values.

535.33.03 1382

S p ectral stab ility in the condensed sp a rk discharge in a ir. L e v y , S. J . O pt. Soc. A m e r., 35, pp. 221-226, M arch, 1945.— D iscusses the-co n d itio n s necessary for rep ro d u cib ility in th e intensity ra tio s o f sp ectral lines em itted by a c o n d en sed sp a rk d ischarge in air, w ith p a rtic u la r reference to th e u se o f auxiliary gaps.

A circu it designed to give the c o n stan cy o f line intensity ra tio s necessary fo r q u a n titativ e sp ec tru m analysis is described a n d so m e resu lts o b ta in e d in testin g it a re given. j . w . t . w .

535.33.03 : 535.34 1383

S ources o f radiation and absorption cells. Th o m p­ s o n, H . W ., a n d Wh if f e n, D . H . Trans. Faraday S o c., 41, p p . 180-181, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— D escribes th e p re p a ra tio n o f a b so rp tio n cell w indow s a n d o f the a b so rp tio n cells them selves. D e tails a re also given o f th e tw o sources com m o n ly used in infra-red w ork—

th e N e m s t filam ent a n d a c a rb o ru n d u m ro d (G lo b ar).

A. H.

535.33.072 1384

D ire ct reading instrum ent fo r spcctrochcm ical analysis. Ha s l e r, M . F ., a n d Die te r t, H . W . J. O pt. Soc. A m er., 34, p p. 751-758, D ec., 1944.—

T h e co n v en tio n al m e th o d o f q u a n titativ e sp ectro - chem ical analysis em ploying bright-line sp ec tra a n d p h o to g rap h ic reco rd in g is discussed. T h e steps w hich m ay be elim inated by the ap p licatio n o f d irect p h o to ­ electric reco rd in g a re c o n sid ered a n d a m eth o d based o n th is ty p e o f reco rd in g is discussed. A detailed co m p ariso n o f th e tw o m eth o d s is m ad e w hich leads to th e conclusion th a t only b y designing a n entirely new spectru m -d isp ersin g in stru m e n t c a n d irec t read in g b e m ad e sufficiently flexible fo r general a d ap tatio n . Such an in stru m e n t is c o n sid ered in d etail to g eth er w ith su itab le analytical p ro ced u re fo r its use.

535.33.072 1385

Developm ents in the technique o f infra-red spectro­

scopy. Su t h e r l a n d, G . B. B. M ., a n d Th o m p s o n, H . W . Trans. Faraday So c., 41, p p . 174-179, A p r il- M a y , 1945.— I t is p o in ted o u t th a t the practical lim it o f resolving p ow er fo r ro ta tio n a l fine stru c tu re is now being ap p ro ac h e d a n d th a t high r.p . is becom ing o f m uch less im p o rtan ce th a n speed o f recording. I t is n o w necessary to stu d y th e sp ec tra o f large n u m b ers o f sim ilar m olecules, p icking o u t frequencies c h ara c ­ teristic o f certain groupings a n d eventually identifying these g roupings in com plex m olecules o f u n k n o w n stru c tu re . F ro m this angle o f ra p id reco rd in g , p rism m aterials a re discussed, to g eth e r w ith o p tical system s.

D etec tio n a n d re co rd in g co m e u n d e r review a n d co m m en t is m ad e on th e im p ro v em en t effected by th e in tro d u c tio n o f th e H ilg er-S ch w a rz p erm an en tly e v acu ated th erm o co u p le. D o u b le-b eam sp e c tro ­ m eters arc described a n d som e in d icatio n is given o f possible lines o f d evelopm ent. a. h.

5 3 5 .3 3 .0 7 2 :5 3 5 .3 4 1386

M easurem ent o f cell thickness. Su t h e r l a n d, G . B. B. M ., a n d Wil l is, H . A . Trans. Faraday Soc., 41, pp. 181-182, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— E m p h asizes the necessity fo r acc u rate m easu rem en t o f a b so rp tio n cell thickness if acc u ra te extin ctio n coefficients a re to be o b tain e d readily. A fte r discussing th e disad v an tag es o f th e interference m eth o d u sed b y S m ith a n d M iller [A bstr. 1537 (1944)] it is sh o w n h o w 'o n e o f the disad v an tag es can be overcom e by using a d o u b le ­ beam sp ectro m eter. D etails a re a lso given o f a m eth o d now u n d e r e x am in atio n w here interference fringes in th e visible reg io n a re em ployed. a. h.

535.33.072 : 535.34 1387

An absorption cell for m olten solids and heated liquids. Ri c h a r d s, R . E ., a n d Th o m p s o n, H . W . Trans. Faraday Soc., 41, p p . 183-184, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— F u ll co n stru ctio n al details a rc given o f an a b so rp tio n cell usable w ith liquids up to 200°C.

T h e cell is su itab le for stu d y in g the ch an g e o f sp ectru m w ith sta te o f ag gregation a n d also fo r m ea su rin g th e a b so rp tio n o f m o lten solids w hich a re eith e r in soluble o r fo r w hich th e only solvents a re n o t suitab le

spectroscopically. a. h.

535.33.072 : 535.342 1388

Two tim e-saving devices in the conversion o f energy records into percentage absorption curves. Wil l i s, H . A ., a n d Ph il p o t t s, A . R . Trans. F araday Soc., 41, 152

535.331

535.338-1

p p. 187-191, A p ril-M a y , 1945.—T w o devices are d escrib ed w hich p e rm it o f frequency a n d percentage a b so rp tio n being re ad o ff directly fro m th e records given by an a u to m a tic.sp c ctro m cte r. T h e first device is a frequency c alib ra to r fo r sp e ctro m ete rs w ith prism s ro ta te d a t c o n stan t speed, th e second is a direct- read in g p ercen tag e a b so rp tio n scale fo r energy

reco rd s. a. h.

535.331 : 669.1 1389

An application o f spectrographic m ethods to chemical concentrations o f trac e elem ents in iron and steel analysis. Wo l f e, R . A ., a n d Fo w l e r, R . G . J . Opt.

Soc. A m er., 35, pp. 86-91, Jan., 1945.— D escribes co m b in ed spectrographic-chcm ical. tech n iq u es fo r the d e te rm in a tio n o f trace elem ents p resen t in am o u n ts below th e u su al an alytical ranges n o w investigated.

In general, th e F e is first rem oved a n d th en the so lu tio n s a re co n cen trated . T h e accuracy re p o rte d is th o u g h t to be sufficiently go o d fo r b o th research and

co n tro l p u rp o ses. a. h.

535.331 : 669.18 1390

T he application o f spectrochem ical analysis in the steel mill. Ir i s h, P. R . J . Opt. Soc. A m er., 35, pp. 226-233, M arch, 1945.-—D escrib es w h a t is th o u g h t to b e th e m o st extensive a p p lic atio n o f spectrochem ical m eth o d s to a d irect co m p o sitio n co n tro l p roblem . Six o p e ra to rs a re used o n each sh ift an d in the course o f 24 hr. th ese expose, develop a n d read 180-190 plates c o n tain in g a b o u t 1 000 sp ectro g ram s. A nalyses are co m m o n ly re p o rte d w ithin 15 m in. a n d th e elem ents d e alt w ith in clu d e M n , Si, N i, C r, V, M o , C u , Sn, A l, W , T i, B , C o in conc. v ary in g fro m 0-001% to 10%. T h e facto rs n ecessary for ra p id , acc u rate analyses a re discussed. I t is fo u n d th a t th e p h o to ­ g rap h ic p late e rro r is th e m o st im p o rta n t single facto r a n d sta n d ard iza tio n is discussed a t length. F ull d etails re g ard in g so u rces a rc given. a. h.

535.338 : 537.523.5 1391

T he rad ial course o f the populations o f the energy levels in the column o f an electric a rc , and some relative transition probabilities in the spectra o f B a l and B a l l . Kr u i t h o f, A . M . Physica, 's Grav., 10, p p . 493-501, Ju ly, 1943.— I f th e p o p u latio n s o f th e v ario u s levels ag ree w ith B o ltz m an n ’s d istrib u tio n law a n d if co rrect values a re u se d fo r th e tran sitio n p ro b ab ilities, agree­

m en t m u st follow a t each p o in t o f a section o f th e arc, b etw een th e tem p e ra tu re d ed u ce d from lines w ith different u p p e r levels an d th a t determ in ed fro m bands.

T h is m e th o d w as u sed b o th in th e a.c. a n d d.c. arc to sh o w th a t th e p o p u latio n levels in th e g reater p a rt o f th e co lu m n a rc d escrib ed by B o ltzm an n ’s law w ith g o o d accuracy. In th e experim ents described, a m ix tu re o f B a(O H )2, Z n O a n d N a C l w as in tro d u ced in to a h o le in th e cath o d e. T h e results o b tained e n ab led certain tran sitio n p ro b ab ilities to b e d eter­

m ined in th e sp e c tra o f Ba I a n d B a ll . l. s. g.

535.338 : 538.615 1392

T he a rc spectrum o f iron ( F e l). I. Analysis o f the spectrum . I I . T he Z eem an effect. Ru sse l l, H . N ., Mo o r e, C . E ., a n d We e k s, D . W . Proc. A m er.

Phil. Soc., 34, pp. 113-206, D ec., 1944.—A com plete term -analysis o f th e sp e c tru m o f F e l is presented a n d it is claim ed th a t th e analysis h a s been c arried as fa r as existing m aterial perm its. A lth o u g h th e sp ectru m is c o m p licated (being th e only o n e in w hich

4 d ifferent m ultiplicities a re kn o w n ) it is fo u n d to be highly orderly an d a lm o st all o f the principal term s p redicted by th eo ry a re n o w kn o w n . T h ree m ain tables a re given, T ab le A — T erm s o f F e l , T ab le B—

C lassified lines o f F c I, T ab le C — P redicted lines o f F e I p resen t in th e so la r sp ectru m . D etails a re given o f 4 860 classified lines arisin g fro m co m b in atio n s am o n g 464 energy levels; all b u t 19 o f these h av e been g ro u p ed in to 146 term s w hich com bine to give 1 342 m u ltip lets. T ab le B is a c o m p ilatio n fro m all available so u rces w hich gives th e w avelengths o f th e lines c o m ­ p risin g th e sp e ctru m . It also includes tem p eratu re classifications tak e n entirely fro m K in g ’s w o rk and in tensity e stim ates w hich a re b u t ro u g h general in d icatio n s. In th e discussion, a p a rt fro m details c o n cern in g th e o b serv atio n al d a ta , th e analysis o f th e sp ectru m , th e sp ectral stru c tu re a n d electron c o n fig u ratio n s, m u ch a tte n tio n is devoted to the questio n o f th e su n as a source fo r th e F e spectrum . P a rt II p resen ts an analy sis o f th e Z eem an p a tte rn s o f th e sp e ctru m o f F e I b ased u p o n p h o to g rap h s due to H a rriso n , field stren g th s o f u p to 87 000 oersteds being used. T w o m ain tables a re given, T ab le D — O b serv d c Z eem an p a tte rn s o f F e I, w hich gives d a ta fo r 1 038 lines, T a b le E — O bserved a n d corrected

g-valucs. A. H.

535.338-1 1393

T he infra-red spectra o f compounds o f high m olecular w eight. Th o m p s o n, H . W ., a n d To r k i n g t o n, P . Trans. Faraday So c., 41, pp. 246-260, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— A su m m ary o f typical m easu rem en ts a n d results fo r c o m p o u n d s o f high m ol. wt. I t is in tended to illu strate th e b ro a d p rinciples o f th e m eth o d . T he types o f su b stan ces exam ined a re illu strated by poly­

th en e , crep e ru b b e r, styrene, squalene, vinyl acetate, nylon a n d a ce to b u ty ra te . a. h.

535.338-1 ; 54 1394

T h e application o f infra-red spectra to chem ical problem s. Trans. Faraday So c., 41, pp. 171-297, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— A sym posium o f p ap ers w ith th e th e follow ing titles: In tro d u ctio n , R ideal, E. K .;

G en eral in tro d u c tio n , In g o ld , C. K . [A bstr. 1395 (1945)); D evelopm ents in th e tec h n iq u e o f infra-red spectroscopy, S u th e rlan d , G . B. B. M ., a n d T h o m p so n , H . W . [A bstr. 1385 (1945)]; S ources o f ra d ia tio n an d a b so rp tio n cells, T h o m p so n , H . W ., a n d W hiffen, D . H . [A bstr. 1383 (1945)]; M easu rem en t o f cell thickness, S u th erlan d , G . B. B. M ., a n d W illis, H . A.

[A bstr. 1386 (1945)]; A n a b so rp tio n cell fo r m olten solids a n d h e ated liq u id s, R ich a rd s, R . E ., a n d T h o m p so n , H . W . [A bstr. 1387 (1945)]; S olvents fo r u se in th e in fra-red , T o rk in g to n , P ., a n d T h o m p so n , H . W . [A bstr. 1424 (1945)]; T w o tim e-saving devices in th e conversion o f energy reco rd s in to p ercen tag e a b so rp tio n curves, W illis, H . A ., an d P h ilp o tts, A . R . [A bstr. 1388 (1945)]; A th erm o co u p le -b o lo m eter d etecto r, C o n n , G . K . T . [A bstr. 1483 (1945)]; T h e u se o f in fra-re d a b so rp tio n in analysis,. A . In tro d u c ­ tion, T h o m p s o n , H . W ., an d S u th erlan d , G . B . B. M . [A bstr. 1417 (1945)]; T h e u se o f in fra -re d a b so rp tio n in analysis. B. E x am p les o f analyses, W hiffen, D . H ., T o rk in g to n , P ., a n d T h o m p so n , H . W . [A bstr. 1418 (1945)]; T h e a ssig n m en t o f th e v ib ratio n al frequencies, a n d th e force field o f th e o zone m olecule, Sim pson.

D . M . [A bstr. 1407 (1945)]; T h e C -C valency v ib ra ­ tio n s o f o rg an ic m olecules, K elln er, L. [A bstr. 1575 153

535.338-1

535.338.3

(1945)]; T h e fo rce c o n stan ts o f so m e CI-I, N H and related b o n d s, L in n e tt, J. W . [A bstr. 1576 (1945)];

T h e in fra-red sp ectra o f fluorinated h y d ro carb o n s.

I, T o rk in g to n , P ., a n d T h o m p so n , H . W . [A bstr.

1414 (1945)]; T h e infra-red sp ec tra o f c o m p o u n d s o f h ig h m o lecu lar w eight, T h o m p so n , H . W ., an d T o rk in g to n , P. [A bstr. 1393 (1945)]; Som e infra-red stu d ies o n th e v u lcan izatio n o f ru b b e r, S h ep p ard , N ., a n d S u th erlan d , G . B. B. M . [A bstr. 1396 (1945)];

T h e in fra-red a b so rp tio n sp e ctra o f coals a n d coal ex tra cts, C a n n o n , C. G ., a n d S u th erlan d , G . B. B. M . [A bstr. 1413 (1945)]; S om e new peculiarities in th e in fra-red sp ectru m o f d iam o n d , S uth erlan d , G . B. B. M „ a n d W illis, H , A. [A bstr. 1419 (1945)];

B o n d to rsio n in th e v ib ratio n s o f the benzene m ole­

cule, Bell, R . P. [A bstr. 1406 (1945)].

535.338-1 : 54 1395

T he application o f infra-red spectra to chemical problem s. A general discussion. Introduction.

Rid e a l, E. K ., In g o l d, C. K . Trans. Faraday So c., 41, pp. 171-173, A p ril-M a y , 1945.—T h e field to be covered in th e discussion is b ro a d ly surveyed.

R ecen t ad v an ces in in fra-red spectroscopy, b o th in tech n iq u e a n d ap p licatio n s, a re to u ch e d up o n to g eth e r w ith som e o f th e d irectio n s in w hich fu rth e r ad v an ces m ay be a n ticip ated . a. h.

535.338-1 : 678 1396

Som e infra-red studies on the vulcanization o f rubber. Sh e p p a r d, N ., a n d Su t h e r l a n d, G . B. B. M . Trans. Faraday Soc., 41, pp. 261-279, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— In fra-re d sp ectra have been o b tain e d for n a tu ra l ru b b e r, n a tu ra l ru b b e r + su lp h u r a n d /o r v ario u s accelerating agents, n a tu ra l ru b b e r mixes c o n tain in g c arb o n black. Som e new b a n d s are detected in n a tu ra l ru b b er. E vidence is o b tain e d for th e existence o f s te a ra te ions in ru b b e r m ixes to w hich zinc oxide a n d stearic acid have been ad d ed . A dd itio n o f stearic acid alo n e to n a tu ra l ru b b e r also pro d u ces a b a n d in th e p o sitio n asso ciated w ith th e ste ara te io n . V ulcanized ru b b e r show s 2 b a n d s n o t present in u n c u red ru b b e r, p ro b a b ly asso ciated w ith C — S b o n d s. V ulcanization p ro d u ces very little effect on th e C = C frequency o f ru b b e r a t 6 /i, so th a t a p p re ­ ciable u n sa tu ra tio n a p p ea rs to exist in highly vul­

can ized ru b b e r. C a rb o n black p ro d u ces n o m ark ed a lte ra tio n in th esp ec tru m ,sa v c effects d u e to scattering.

T h e v a ria tio n o f this scatterin g w ith w avelength sug­

gests th a t th e size o f th e c a rb o n aggregate in ru b b e r is o f th e o rd e r o f 1 p . a . h .

535.338.1 ; 5 3 7 .5 3 1 ]= 3 see A bstr. 1511

535.338.3 1397

T he relative probabilities o f transitions in the zinc atom . Sc h u t t e v a e r, J . W ., a n d Sm it, J. A . Physica, 's Grav., 10, pp. 502-512, J u ly , 1943.— T ran sitio n p ro b ab ilities o f sp ectral lines m ay be determ ined by m easuring th eir intensities in a ra d ia tin g gas w ith k n o w n p o p u latio n s o f th e energy levels. I n a n a rc colum n, these p o p u latio n s co rresp o n d to th erm al equ ilib riu m (u n d er p ro p e r co n d itio n s) so they m ay be c o m p u ted fro m th e tem p era tu re o f th e gas. In the case o f Z n , m easurem ents w ere m ad e o f th e intensities o f lines a n d b an d s in the sp e ctru m o f a d.c. c arb o n a rc in a ir w ith o n e electrode co n ta in in g a m ixture o f Z n O a n d M g C 0 3 o r M gO . T h e triplets m easured w ere 53S, - 4 3P2 k 0 an d 4 3D 3j2>1 - 4 3P2>1i0. Som e

m easu rem en ts w ere also m ad e in th e singlet system a n d the resonance in te rco m b in atio n lin e 4 3P 1 — 4 I.S0 (A = 3 0 75-90 A ) w as m easured relative to th e trip let 535'1 — 4 3/ >2, i,o- T h e results a re in go o d ag reem en t w ith th e m u ltiplet in ten sity rules. l . s. g.

535.338.3 1398

D eterm ination o f the relative transition probabilities o f some trip let lines in the atom ic spectra o f calcium and strontium . S c h u t t e v a e r , J. W ., d e B o n t , M . J., a n d v a n d e n B r o e k , T. H . Physica, 's Grav., 10, p p . 544-552, July, 1943.—T h e investigation is restricted to th e /¡3S j — 4 3P2i i >0 an d n 3D 3 2 ,i — 4 3P 2>i,o tr a n ­ sitions in th e trip let system . T h e pro b ab ilities a re determ in ed w ith the a id o f th e relative intensities o f th e lines in th e em ission o f th e co lu m n of- an olectric a rc, the intensity m easu rem en t being m ad e according to th e p h o to g rap h ic -p h o to m e tric m eth o d . T h e tem p eratu re o f th e em ittin g gas w as fo u n d fro m the intensity ra tio o f tw o C u lines w ith k n o w n relative tran sitio n pro b ab ilities. T h e results a re co m p ared w ith th e relative tran sitio n p ro b ab ilities o f tran sitio n s in th e triplet system o f th e M g, Z n a n d C d ato m s

[A bstr. 1397 (1945)]. L. S. G.

535.338.3 : 539.153.4 : 537.56 1399

A uto-ionization in doubly e d it e d helium and the A320-4 and A357-5 lines. W u , T. Y. Phys. Rev., 66, pp. 291-294, Dec. 1 and 15, 1944.— T h e p robabilities o f au to -io n izatio n o f the 2s2 lS , 2s2p3P, 2p2 l D, 3 d 2 1G states o f H e a re calcu lated w ith c o n tin u o u s w ave fu nctions o b tain ed by num erical in teg ratio n o f the w ave eq u atio n including th e effect o f exchange.

T h e p ro b ab ilities a re 4 X 1014, 5 x 1013, 1 x 1014, 4 -9 x 1013 per sec., respectively. O n th e basis o f these calculations an d th e th eo retical energies o f the d oubly excited sta te s, the identification o f th e lines A320-4 a n d A357-5 is discussed. T h e fo rm er has been ascrib ed to th e tran sitio n ls 2 p 3P — 2p 23P, the sta te 2p 2 3P n o t being subject to a u to -io n iza tio n . T h e positio n a n d w id th o f the la tte r line c a n n o t be satisfactorily acco u n ted fo r [see A b str. 398 (1941)].

535.338.3 = 3 1400

M easurem ent o f the transition probabilities o f m ercury lines. Sc h o u t e n, J., a n d Sm it, J. A . Physica, \v Grav., 10, p p . 661-671, O ct., 1943.— T he p h o to g rap h ic p h o to m e tric m eth o d u sed is described, th e light so u rce being a d.c. a rc betw een a C u a n d C e lectrode in a ir a t atm . p ressu re in to w hich H g w as in tro d u ced . T h e tem p e ra tu re o f th e a rc gas (d eter­

m ined from th e C N m olecular sp ectru m w hich is also em itted by th e arc) w as 5 500-6 000°K . T h e H g a to m s in th e v ario u s excited states sh o w a B o ltzm an n d istrib u tio n , relative tran sitio n p ro b ab ilities w ere calculated fro m th e m easured in ten sity ra tio s o f th e lines a n d th e k n o w n relative p o p u latio n s o f th e v arious levels. T h e ra tio s o f th e p ro b ab ilities fo r th e trip le t A = 4 0 4 7 , 4 358 a n d 5 461 A a re (135 ± 4) : 100:

(38 ± 1) [see A b str. 1401 (1945)]. T h ere is a co m ­ p a riso n o f th e p ro b a b ilities o f th e lines A = 5 770 A a n d 5 790 A w ith th a t o f th e line 4 358 A. A sim ilar c o m p ariso n is m ad e betw een th e latter line a n d the lines A = 3 650, S 3 131, £ 2 967 a n d 2 537 A. T h e abs. tran sitio n p ro b a b ility o f th e line A = 2 537 A is k n o w n a n d th is p erm its calcu la tio n o f th e a b so lu te values fo r th e o th e r lines fro m the relative values.

l. s . G .

154

535.338.3

535.343

535.338.3 = 3 1401

T he intensity ratio s o f the lines o f the m ercury triplet X = 5 461, 4 358 and 4 047 A. Sc h o u t e n, J.

P hysica, 's Grav., 10, pp. 672-678, O ct., 1943.— T he lines have a co m m o n u p p er level so the intensity ratio s sh o u ld be in d ep en d en t o f th e m eth o d a d o p te d for p ro d u cin g th e lines. T h ree m eth o d s a re used, (i) an a rc d ischarge in a ir a t atm o sp h eric pressure, w ith the a d d itio n o f H g, (ii) a gas d ischarge in 0 -4 m m . H e + H g, (iii) an electron beam in a b o u t 5 x 10~ 4 m m . Hg. T h e values o b tain ed agree well a n d yield an average fo r the ra tio o f th e intensities o f 108 : 100 : 41. T h ere is a c o m p a riso n w ith the results o f previous w orkers. l. s. g.

535.338.4 1402

N ew bands o f the H g B r m olecule. Ra o, K . R., a n d Ra o, G . S. V. R . Curr. S ci., 14, p . 19, Jan., 1945.

535.338.4-31 1403

T h e u ltr a -v io le t b a n d s o f H g C I . Ra o, K . R ., a n d Ra o, G . V. S. R . Curr. S ci., 13, p . 279, N ov., 1944.

535.338.42 1404

V ibrational-rotational spectrum and potential func­

tion o f a linear asynunetric triatom ic molecule.

Ki a n g, A . T . Chinese J. P hys., 5, 1, pp. 49-63, July, 1944.— T h e p ertu rb a tio n m eth o d o f w ave m echanics is used to find expressions fo r th e energy o f v ib ratio n a n d th e convergence facto rs o f the ro tatio n al lines o f th e ban d s in term s o f th e a n h arm o n ic p o ten tial co n ­ stan ts. T h e results a re used to find th e p o ten tial c o n stan ts o f th e H C N m olecule, an d satisfacto ry values a re o b tain e d [A bstr. 2038, 2899 (1938)]. l. s. g.

535.338.42 1405

A d iffic u lty in a n a ly s is o f s o m e C IO 2 b a n d s. Co o n, J. B. Proc. Ainer. Phys. So c., Chicago, Dec. 1 a n d 2, 1944. A bstr. in Phys. R ev., 67, p . 63, Jan. 1 a nd 15, 1945'.— T h e ro ta tio n a l stru c tu re o f th e violet a b so rp ­ tio n sp ectru m c an be explained using th e levels F = l ( B + C ) [L(,L + 1) - K *] + Ah*. R eplacing k by K gives levels o f a rigid, ap p ro x . sym m etrical top.

A refers to th e q uasi-sym m etry axis o f the ap p ro x . p ro la te to p m odel. L , K a n d k refer, respectively, to th e to ta l a n g u la r m o m e n tu m excluding spin, co m ­ p o n e n t o f this alo n g the axis, a n d the co m p o n e n t o f th e a n g u la r m o m en tu m o f m o lecu lar ro ta tio n alo n g th e axis. T h o u g h k is n o t integral, it is assum ed th a t an y ch an g e in k is integral, v = F ' — F " (& L

= A K = A k — 0) w as fitted to th e o b served Qq b ran ch es. W ithin a given b an d it w as fou n d th at 2A/1 is c o n stan t. U sing c o n stan ts o f th e ' spectrum , k w as calcu lated a n d k — K w as fo u n d to be a pos.

c o n st, w ithin a given b a n d , 1 • 68 for (000<—000) band.

535.338.42 1406

Bond torsion in the vibrations o f the benzene m ole­

cule. B e l l , R . P. Trans. Faraday Soc., 41, pp. 2 9 3 - 295, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— Suggests th a t large d is­

crepancies betw een observed a n d calcu lated o u t-o f­

p lan e frequencies can be greatly red u ced b y tak in g a m o re reaso n ab le physical p ictu re o f th e to rsio n al p o ten tial energy, especially by m ak in g allow ance for th e relative tw ist o f th e b o n d s C 2- H 2 a n d C 3- H 3.

B y d o in g th is, th e. ag reem en t fo r th e out-of-plane frequencies becom es a b o u t as go o d as fo r th e p la n a r

v ibratio n s. a. h.

535.338.42 : 535.343-1 see A bstr. 1414

155

5 3 5 .3 3 8 .4 2 :5 3 9 .1 3 1407

T he assignm ent o f the vibrational frequencies, and the force field o f the ozone molecule. Sim p s o n, D . M.

Trans. Faraday S o c., 41, pp. 209-217, A p ril-M a y , 1945.— Sum m arizes th e available evidence on th e size a n d sh ap e o f th e m olecule. C onsiders briefly its possible electronic co n figurations, a n d then uses this to discuss the assig n m en t o f th e observed v ibrational frequencies a n d em ploys th ese frequencies to calculate th e force c o n stan ts o f th e m olecule using valency an d 3 c o n stan t force fields. A critical co m p ariso n is m ad e w ith th e previously suggested in te rp reta tio n s o f the

frequencies. a. h.

535.34 1408

Thickness control o f colour o f sharp cut-off type o f glasses. Ga g e, H . P. J. Opt. Soc. Anter., 24, p . 771, D ec., 1944.— F o r glasses o f th e sh a rp c u t-o ff type it is fou n d th a t, to a close ap p ro x im atio n , the relation betw een log log tran sm itta n c e a n d w avelength is a stra ig h t line. H ence th e change o f thickness req u ired to p ro d u ce any desired change in the y c o lo u r co ­ o rd in ate o f the glass can be deduced. T h e p a p er describes th e m eth o d by w hich th is can conveniently

b e d one. j. w . t. w.

535.34 : 535.33.03 see A bstr. 1383 535.34 : 535.33.072 see A bstr. 1386 535.342 : 535.33.072 see A bstr. 1387, 1388

535.343 1409

The absorption o f light in aqueous solutions o f neodymium salts. Ho o g s c h a g e n, J., Sn o e k, A . P.,

a n d Go r t e r, C. J. Physica, ’s Grav., 10, pp. 693- 698, O ct., 1943.—A pho to -electric m eth o d is d e ­ scribed fo r d eterm ining the a b so rp tio n sp ec tra o f N d C lj an d N d (N O j)3 a n d the abs. intensities o f the a b so rp tio n b an d s from 11 000 A do w n to 2 900 A . T h e w avelengths o f th e m axim a o f ab so rp tio n in the in fra-red are co m p ared w ith previously determ ined values. T h e pro b ab ilities o f a b so rp tio n a rc calculated a n d tab u la te d fo r v ario u s ranges o f w avelength.

l. s . G.

535.343 1410

T he absorption spectra o f certain aldazincs. Bl o u t, E. R ., a n d Go f st e in, R . M . J. Anter. Client. Soc., 67, pp. 13-17, Ja n ., 1945.— T h e ultra-violet ab so rp tio n sp ectra o f 14 a ro m a tic aldazines w ere m easured.

T h e band -sp littin g fo u n d in 2 : 2 '-su b stitu te d benzal- a n d n ap h th al-azin es is attrib u te d to new a b so rp tio n b a n d s arising fro m the n o n-linearity o f such m olecules as c o m p ared w ith the u n su b stitu ted a n d ^-su b stitu ted

azines. w.r. a.

535.343 1411

Studies in the pyridazinc series. T he absorption spectrum o f pyridazine. Ev a n s, R . C ., a n d' Wise- l o g l e, F. Y. J. A m er. Client. So c., 67, pp. 60-62, Jan., 1945.— T h e a b so rp tio n sp ec tru m o f pyridazine so lu tio n s in hexane a n d w ater fro m 2 400 to 3 800 A is reproduced.

535.343 1412

O bservations on th e absorption spectra o f terpenoid compounds. V. Umbellulonc. Gil l a m, A. E., a n d West, T . F . J. Client. So c., pp. 95-98, Feb., 1945.— U m b e llu lo n e a n d c ertain o f its derivatives w ere p rep ared fro m oil o f C a lifo rn ian laurel such th a t th eir physical a n d an aly tical c o n sta n ts w ere identical

6**