V -
?. Ï H Ù I H i
PHYSICS ABSTRACTS
S E C T I O N A !
° f 1
A !
SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
SECTION A , PHYSICS
SECTION B, ELECTRICAL E N G IN E E R IN G
E d ited a n d Issu ed M o n th ly b y
THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
In Association with
TH E PH YSICAL SOCIETY TH E A M E R IC A N PH Y SIC A L SOCIETY
THE A M E R IC A N
IN STITU TE OF ELECTRICAL E N G IN E E R S
VOLUM E 49
ABSTRACTS 2212-2431
SEPTEMBER 1946
N U M B E R 585PRINCIPAL CONTENTS
Page Page
51 MATHEMATICS 243 537.531 X-rays 256
52 ASTRONOMY. GEODESY 244 537.533.72 Electron optics 256
53 PHYSICS 247 537.56 Ionization 256
530.1 Fundamentals 247 537.591 Cosmic rays 256
531 Mechanics of solids 247 538.56 E.ni. wives 257
531.7 Mechanical measurements 248 539 Radioactivity. Atoms. Mole
532 Mechanics of liquids 248 cules 257
533 Mechanics of gases 250 539.13 Molecular structure 257
534 Acoustics. Vibrations 250 539.15 Atomic structure. Nucleus 257
535 Optics. Radiation. Spectra 251 539.16 Radioactivity 258
535.215 Photoelectric effect 251 539.2 Structure of solids 258
535.23 Radiation 251 539.3/.8 Elasticity. Strength. Rheology 258
535.33/.37 Spectra 252 541 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 260
535.34 Absorption 252 541.121/. 128 Reaction kinetics 260
535.37 Luminescence 253 541.13 Electrochemistry 260
535.43 Scattering 253 541.18 Colloids. Adsorption 262
535.8 Optical systems 254 541.2/.6 Chemical structure 262
536 Heat. Thermodynamics 254 542 Chemical processes. Apparatus 263
536.2 Conduction. Heat transfer 254 543/545 Chemical analy sis 263
536.5 Thermometry 255 548 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 263
537/538 Electricity. Magnetism. X-rays 55 GEOPHYSICS 264
Charged particles 255 551.46 Oceanography 264
537.31 Elcc. conductivity 255 551.5 Meteorology 264
537.5 Discharges . 256 77 PHOTOGRAPHY 266
N O TE O N THE A R R A N G E M E N T OF ABSTRACTS
The Abstracts are classified by subject according to the Universal Decimal Classification, and arranged in order of their U.D.C. numbers. (An abridged version o f the U.D.C. accompanies the Annual Index.) An abstract o f interest under more than one head has additional U.D.C. numbers, linked by the colon sign, “ : ” e.g. “ 536.21 : 548.0 Conduction o f heat in crystals.” The Abstract is printed once only, under the main number, e.g. in the section
“ HEAT 536,” but Cross-references arc inserted under the other numbers, e.g. “ 548.0 : 536.21 see Abstr. 1234 ” in the section “ CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 548.” These Cross-references should be investigated, therefore, when a particular section is being searched, as they contain additional matter relevant to that section. A Cross-reference does not refer to the Abstract which appears immediately above it.
Abstracts signed with the following initials have been supplied by the courtesy o f the organizations named:
“ B.A.” = British Abstracts. “ E.R.A .” = British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association. “ M.A.” = Metallurgical Abstracts. “ M .R.” = Mathematical Reviews. “ M.-V.” = Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd. “ P.O.” = Post Office Engineering Department. “ R.E.A .” = Railway Engineering Abstracts.
512.9 SEPTEMBER 1946 MATHEMATICS 51
toWsrtxA ^
J
518.3
512.9 : 621.3.012.8 2212
T ensors and equivalent circuits. Ho f f m a n n, B.
J. M ath. Phys., 25, 21-5 (Feb., 1946).— A criticism o f tw o p a p ers by K r o n [A bstr. 1627 B (1944), 1 1 9 3 B (1943)].
513.881 : 519.48 see A bstr. 2226
517.392 : 518.12 2213
N o te on coefficients fo r num erical integ ratio n with differences. Sa l z e r, H . E . J. M ath . P hys., 25, 86-8 (Feb., 1946).— I t is sh o w n th a t q u a n tities tab u la te d in a prev io u s n o te [A bstr. 2091 (1945)] m ay b e used fo r co n tin u o u s n u m erical in te g ra tio n usin g differences, in fo rm u la e o b tain e d by in te g ratin g v a rio u s in te r
p o latio n form ulae, e.g. th a t o f G reg o ry a n d N ew to n . L. s . G.
517.512.2 : 548.73 : 621.3.018.3 : 518.5 see A bstr. 2223
517.512.4 : 621.3.015.3 : 621.392.5 2214
O n transients in hom ogeneous ladder netw orks o f finite length. Nu e n h u i s, W . Physica, 's Grav., 9 , 817-31 (Sept., 1942).— [A bstr. 2123 B (1946)].
517.52 = 4 2215
Sum m ation, by em pirical representations, o f slowly converging series arising in m athem atical physics.
Ve r n o t t e, P. C .R . Acad. Sci., Paris, 218, 67-9 (Jan. 10, 1944) In French.— I f th e series is p u rely num erical, a successful m e th o d is to re p re se n t th e general te rm em pirically as a series in n ~ a. T h e re m a in d e r a fte r n term s m a y th e n b e calcu lated in term s o f su c h re m a in d e rs fo r th e series S « - a , a n d
n
the la tte r a re well k n o w n . I f th e term s o f th e series d ep en d o n a v ariab le x , e.g. u„ — v „ fn(x), th is m eth o d is n o t su itab le a n d th e re m a in d e r, R v, a fte r v term s is d eveloped in to th e fo rm
= <l\(x)A(x)lii>(v)
w here A (x) = F0(x) + v ~ ‘F t(x) + . . . + v ~ pFp(x), a n d 0 a n d <f> d e p en d o n v a n d th e n a tu re o f th e fu n ctio n / . A n a p p lic atio n is m a d e to slow ly converging trig o n o m e tric series o f th e fo rm u„ — v„ sin nx, a n d a n u m erical exam ple is given. l . s. g.
517.544 = 393 2216
O n the determ inacy o f the solutions o f A ku = 0.
Br e m e k a m p, H . Proc. N ed. A kad. W et., 48, 222-8 (1945) In Dutch.— A p r o o f is given o f a th eo rem sta te d by S om m erfeld (Enzykl. d. M ath. Wiss., 1, 1):
A fu n c tio n u is uniquely d e te rm in a te in sid e a closed cu rv e i f in every p o in t it satisfies th e eq u atio n A ku — 0 a n d u, 'bufbn, N u jlin2 . . . A*— —1 h av e given b o u n d a ry values. T h e p r o o f is estab lish ed by sho w in g th a t u — 0 is th e o n ly fu n c tio n satisfying A ku = 0 w ith u = 'duftn — . . . — 'bk ~ iul'(>nk ~ l = 0 a t th e b o u n d a ry . T h e th eo rem is ex tended a n d p ro v ed fo r th e 3-dim ensional case, an d ex ten sio n to n dim en
sio n s is possible. J. a. w .
517.544 = 393 2217
P ro p erties o f the solutions to A * = 0. Br e m e k a m p, H . Proc. N ed. A kad. W et., 48, 229-36 (1945) In Dutch.— I f in a c ertain reg io n A « = 0, w here A is the 2-dim ensional L ap lacian , a n d th e first 2 k p a rtia l
d erivatives o f u exist, th en A kr 2k~ 2u = 0 in th e sam e region, r being th e d istan ce to a n a rb itra ry p o in t, w hich is tak en as o rigin. A p r o o f o f th is th eo re m is given, b ased o n 2 lem m as: (1) A rbu/br = 0, (2) A r 2ku — r 2kA u + 4 k r2k~ l(dufdr) -f- 4k 2r 2k~ 2u, a n d o n th e (proved) th eo re m th a t a so lu tio n o f A ku = 0 m a y b e expressed as a series o f h a rm o n ic fu n ctio n s. T h is op en s th e w ay to a p r o o f o f tire existence o f a so lu tio n to A ku = 0 in side a closed curve, w hich, w ith its first k — 1 derivatives, assum e given values a t th e b o u n d a ry . T h e th eo re m is
ex tended to 3 dim ensions. J. a. w.
517.948.32 2218
A graphical m ethod for the num erical solution o f Fredholm ’s integral equation o f the second kind.
Te a, P. L. J. M ath. Phys., 2 4 ,1 0 9 -2 5 (M ay, 1945).—
A g ra p h ic al m eth o d is devised fo r c o n v ertin g the R ie m a n n in teg ral
rb
<t>(j)K(y)dy 7
in to its eq u iv alen t Stieltjes integral r B / = <f>(y)dY(y),
J A r-y
w here Y(y) — K (y)d y
Jo
a n d B = Y(b), A = Y ( a \ Y(0) = 0,
a n d it is sh o w n h o w th e n u m erical values o f eith e r o f th e first tw o in teg rals m ay b e o b ta in e d fo r n u m erical values o f a a n d b. T h e in teg ral curve F(>’) is called th e fu n ctio n al line o f K (y). T h e p ro p e rties o f th e fu n c tio n al lin e a re d ed u ced a n d a n a p p lic atio n o f it is m ad e to h a rm o n ic analysis a n d to F re d h o lm ’s in te g ral e q u atio n , th e first tw o ite ra te d fu n ctio n s fo rm in g th e re cip ro cal k ern el being calcu lated . A p ro b lem in th e interreflexion o f lig h t o n a su rface is also stu d ied by th is m eth o d . l . s. o .
517.948.32 2219
D ifferential equations in F rcchet differentials o c
curring in integral equations. Mic h a l, A . D . Proc.
N at. Acad. Sci., Wash., 31, 252-8 (Aug., 1945).—
T h e reso lv en t kernels a n d so lu tio n s o f V o lte rra a n d F re d h o lm in te g ra l eq u atio n s a re re g ard e d as fu n c
tio n als o f th e given kernels, a n d a stu d y is m a d e o f th e com pletely in teg rab le eq u a tio n s c h ara cterizin g these fu n ctio n als. A p p licatio n s in clu d e th e setting u p o f ap p ro x im atio n s to th e reso lv en t kernels a n d th e so lu tio n s o f in teg ral e q u atio n s w ith precise estim ates o f th e erro rs. A th eo rem is given c o n cern in g th e m atrix ex p o n en tial fu n c tio n in n o n -
c o m m u tativ e analysis. l . s. g.
518.12 : 517.392 see A bstr. 2213
518.3 2220
C onstruction o f nom ographs with hyperbolic co ordinates. Bu r r o w s, W . H . Industr. Engng Chem., 38, 472-7 (M ay, 1946).— T h e p ro b lem o f ad ju stin g th e m o d u li a n d p o sitio n s o f th e scales o f a n o m o -
v o l. x u x .—a.— 1946. Se p t e m b e r. 243
518.43 523.161
g rap h , in o rd e r to increase accuracy a n d legibility, is treated fro m th e s ta n d p o in t o f th e c o -o rd in a te system ra th e r th a n th e defining e q u atio n o f th e n o m o g rap h . A co -o rd in ate system is described su ch th a t v ariatio n s in th e value o f a single facto r, r, w ill p ro d u c e the desired v ariatio n s in th e p o sitio n s a n d m o d u li o f the scales. T h e general defining eq u a tio n fo r n o m o g rap h s is derived a n d show n to be in d ep e n d en t o f r.
T h u s th e scale a rran g em en ts c an b e altered w ith o u t ch anging the orig in al e q u atio n o f th e n o m o g rap h . T h e m echanics o f c o n stru ctin g n o m o g rap h s o n this co -o rd in a te system a n d th e m eth o d o f selecting the desired v alu e o f r a re illu strated by th e co n stru ctio n o f th ree n o m o g rap h s.
518.43 2221
A new m ethod o f integration by m eans o f o rth o gonality foci. Popoff, A . A . Quart. Appl. M a t Ik, 3, 166-74 (July, 1945).— T h e m eth o d , w hich is p artly g ra p h ic al a n d p a rtly an aly tical p erm its a d e term in a tio n o f in teg rals o f th e fo rm
J
f a W f a W d xw here <j>i(x) is given graphically a n d <f>k(x) either g raphically o r analytically. T h e m e th o d req u ires th e c o n stru ctio n o f d iag ram s show ing th e abscissae o f th e cen tro id s o f certain a reas associated w ith <j>h(x).
I t is ap p lied to in te rp o latio n , F o u rie r analysis an d the e v alu atio n o f M o h r in teg rals in th e th eo ry o f
stru ctu res. l. s. g.
will p erfo rm a pu rely electric su m m atio n o f F o u rie r scries. T h e actu al m ach in e co n stru cted c a n ad d 16 sine a n d 16 cosine term s, b u t th ere is n o th in g to p rev en t an in crease in the n u m b er o f term s. T h e sum o f th e series can be determ in ed directly a t in terv als o f 6° o v e r the ran g e 0-27r. T h e m achine is p rincipally in ten d ed fo r p e rfo rm in g F o u rie r synthesis in X -ray c rystallography. I t c an also be used fo r h arm o n ic analysis.
519.241.6 : 53.088.3 see A bstr. 2249
519.242 : 621.394.44 2224
T he probability distributions o f sinusoidal oscillations combined in random phase. Slack, M . J. Instn Elect. Engrs, P t III, 93, 76-86 (M arch, 1946).—
[A bstr. 2124 B (1946)].
5 1 9 .2 7 1 .0 :5 4 1 .1 8 2 .3 2225
A particle-size distribution function for air-borne dusts. Lid w ell, O. M . Nature, Lond., 158, 61-2 (July 13, 1946).— T h e follow ing fun ctio n h as been fo u n d useful in p ro b lem s involving the sed im en tatio n o r tra n s p o rt o f air-b o rn e bactcria-carrying dusts.
Ys = C S n e x p (—a S ) w here S is th e settling ra te o f a p article in still a ir, Ys is th e frequency o f occurrence o f particles w ith settling ra te S, C is a n o rm alizing
/ a " + i \
coefficient I = 1 0 0 p ^ — f or 100 particles ) an d n a n d a are c o n stan ts. T his d istrib u tio n h a s the im p o rta n t pro p erty o f p ersisting w ith o u t ch an g e o f fo rm d u rin g sed im en tatio n o f th e dust. Its re la tio n to o th e r d istrib u tio n fo rm u la e is briefly discussed w ith th e a id o f a graph.
519.48 : 513.881 2226
T he to ta l differential equation for the exponential function in non-com m utative normed linear rings.
Mic h a l, A. D . Proc. N at. Acad. Sci., Wash., 31, 315-17 (Sept., 1945).— A n o rm ed lin e a r rin g is defined a n d th e ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n in su c h a rin g is c h a ra c terized by a to ta l differential system in F rechet differentials [see A b str. 2219 (1946)]. l. s. g.
518.43 2222
O n A. A. P opoff’s m ethod o f integration by m eans o f orthogonality foci. Robinson, H . A . Quart. Appl.
M ath., 3, 383-4 (Jan., 1946).—B rief re m a rk s o n the m eth o d [A bstr. 2221 (1946)] in w hich c e rta in calcu la
tio n s a re re d u n d a n t. l. s. g.
518.5 : 517.512.2 : 548.73 : 621.3.018.3 2223 A m achine fo r the sum m ation o f F ourier series.
H a g g , G ., and Laurent, T . J. Sci. Instrum ., 23, 155-8 (July, 1946).—A m ac h in e is d escrib ed w hich
ASTRONOMY . GEODESY 52
521.034 = 4 2227
O n stellar fission. Sevin, É . C.R . Acad. Sci., Paris, 222, 593-7 (M arch 11, 1946) In French.—
F ro m results fo r a p a rticle v ib ratin g relativ e to ro ta tin g axes, it is suggested th a t free oscillatio n s o f a ro ta tin g body sh o u ld increase w ith o u t lim it i f th e ir p e rio d is h a lf th e p e rio d o f ro ta tio n . t. g. c. 522.61 : 535.33.087.5 : 778.344 see A bstr. 2429
522.615 : 621.385.15 2228
Application o f the m ultiplier phototube to a s tro nom ical photo-electric photometry'. K r o n , G . E.
Astrophys. J., 103, 324-9 (M ay, 1946).— D e tails a re given o f co nsiderable advances d u rin g recen t y ears in th e p ro d u c tio n o f electro n m ultipliers. T h e value o f signal to no ise ra tio h as been m u ch red u ced an d co o lin g to —78°c assists in this. T h e n ew tubes have been used on telescopes for c o lo u r d e term in atio n s a n d it is claim ed th a t u n d e r ideal c o n d itio n s the sensitivity o f p h o to g rap h ic plates is equalled, e. g. m.
5 2 3 .1 6 1 :5 3 3 .6 .0 1 1 2229
Som e problem s o f the m otion of in terstellar gas clouds. I and II. Burgers, J. M . Proc. K . Ned.
A kad. W et., 49 (No. 6) 589-607 (1946).—-The e q u atio n s o f hy d ro d y n am ics a re ap p lied to th e m o tio n o f in te r
ste lla r gas clo u d s, these being assum ed to co n sist o f h y d ro g en a n d to obey th e p erfect-gas law . O n e
d im e n sio n al m o tio n only is con sid ered , the first p ro b lem being th a t o f the e xpansion o f a h o m o g en eo u s m ass in to a vacuum . A w ave o f e x p an sio n is fo rm ed , th e fro n t o f w hich m oves w ith 3 x th e velocity o f so u n d , th e re a r m oving in w a rd s w ith th a t velocity.
E x p an sio n w ith co m p ressio n o f a su rro u n d in g gas o f low density is next tre a te d a n d th e shock w aves p r o d u ced a re analysed. T h e effect o f the g rav itatio n al a ttra c tio n o f a clo u d o n itself is show n to b e sm all.
T h e collision o f tw o clo u d s m o v in g w ith eq u al an d o p p o site velocities an d th e collision o f a m oving c lo u d w ith o n e a t rest a re also discussed. T he latter p ro b lem leads to th e c o n sid era tio n o f a q u a si-statio n ary w ave-
523.21 523.854.1
system w ith a b a ro m e tric p re ssu re g ra d ie n t. T h e possibility o f su rface w aves o n in terstellar clo u d s is analysed w ith special reference to th e m ag n itu d es o f th e R eynolds, F ro u d e a n d M a c h n u m b e rs involved.
N o definite co nclusions c an yet b e re ac h ed reg ard in g su c h waves. T h ro u g h o u t th e p a p e r n u m erical esti
m ates o f all effects a re given o n th e basis o f d a ta su p p lied by J. H . O o rt. g. c. m c v. 523.21 : 530.145 see A bstr. 2254
523.63 2230
N o te on the future orbit o f C om et D elavan (1914 V).
Van Biesbroeck, G . Astrophys. J., 101, 376 {M ay, 1945).—T h e m o tio n o f this c o m et (o f w h ich th e o rb it w as hy p erb o lic n e a r perih elio n ) is in te g rated fo rw ard fo r 20 yr, allow ing fo r p e rtu rb a tio n s by th e 4 m a jo r planets. T h e elliptical c h a ra c te r becom es m o re p ro n o u n ced th a n a t th e co rre sp o n d in g interval before perihelion, an d th e ap h elio n distance is red u ced fro m 170 000 astro n o m ical u n its to 16 000. a. hu.
523.75 : 550.385 = 4 2231
T he relation between m agnetic storm s and solar eruptions. Burgaud, M . C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 222, 449-50 {Feb. 18, 1946) In French.
523.752 2232
T he distribution and movements o f so lar prom inence a reas. M oss, W . Ann. S olar Phys. Obs., Cambridge, 3 {No. 3) 119-28 (1946).— T h is p a p e r is b ased on m ate ria l m ainly fro m K o d a ik an a l O b serv a to ry fro m 1904-28 cov erin g th ree su n sp o t m ax im a a n d tw o m in im a. T h e p o sitio n a n d len g th o f base o f each p ro m in en ce is sh o w n g raphically. T h e m o st p ro m in e n t featu res visible in th e g ra p h a re d escrib ed a n d the daily sidereal m o tio n o f re cu rre n t prom inences
tab u lated . e. g. m.
523.77 2233
A theoretical discussion o f the continuous spectrum o f the sun. Munch, G . Astrophys. J., 102, 385-94 {N ov., 1945).—T h e o b serv atio n s o f in ten sity o f the s u n ’s co n tin u o u s sp ectru m , a n d o f d a rk en in g in different w avelengths, a re discussed in th e light o f C h a n d ra s e k h a r’s re ce n t w o rk [A bstr. 2027 (1946)].
T h e different types o f o b serv atio n n o w give consistent e stim ates o f th e v a ria tio n o f o p acity w ith w ave
length. B etw een 4 000 a n d 16 000 A, these confirm th a t n early all th e o p acity is d u e to H ~ ions. t. g. c.
523.775.5 = 3 2234
E xtinction o f the coronal [FcX]3s23 p s 1Pis — 2P i j line (6 374 A) by prominences. Waldmeier, M . Experientia, 2, 220-1 {June 15, 1946) In German.
523.775.5 : 535.334 see A bstr. 2299 523.821 : 523.873 see A bstr. 2247
523.821.5 2235
O n some photoelectric m easurem ents o f polarization and colour m ade by the flicker m ethod. Oh m a n, Y.
A rk. M a t. A str. Fys., 32 B {N o. 1) I pp. (1945).—
D escribes results o b tain e d by th e use o f a m ultiplier p h o to tu b e [A bstr. 558 (1945)] atta ch e d to th e 24-in p h o to g rap h ic telescope a t S to ck h o lm to give p h o to electric s ta r c o lo u rs. A g rap h ic al c o m p a riso n o f these re su lts a t a m ax im u m sensitivity o f A5100A w ith th o se o f B ecker a n d S tebbins a t A4500 A is given show ing clearly th e sep a ra tio n o f re d d en e d B type sta rs fro m th o se o f n o rm al co lo u r. T h e accuracy is high fo r sta rs as fain t as m ag n itu d e 7 -5 , th e e r ro r
being less than -01 mag. in the usual colour index.
100 stars have been measured to date. E. G. m. 523.83 : 523.851.3' see A bstr. 2238
523.841.9 2236
T he spectroscopic orb it o f R Z E ridani. Cesco, C. U ., and Sahade, J. A strophys. J., 101, 370-3 {M ay, 1945).— O rb ital elem ents a re d eriv ed from 52 M cD o n a ld sp ectro g ram s. T h e system consists o f a “ m etallic-line” m ain-sequence s ta r, w hose spectrum in th e re g io n 4 000^1 300 A is F 5, lum in o sity class V, w hich a t p rim a ry m in im u m is eclipsed b y a sub-giant G 8 s ta r s u rro u n d e d by a n envelope o f C a gas. a. hu. 523.841.9 : 523.872 see A bstr. 2245
523.842.3 2237
T he W o lf-R ay et spectroscopic binaries H D 186943, H D 193928 and H D 211853. Hiltner, W . A . Astrophys. J., 101, 356-69 {M ay, 1945).— D etailed spectro sco p ic investig atio n s a n d ra d ia l velocity m easu rem en ts a re m ad e fo r these stars. In th e first, th e velocity curves o f th e H e l l a n d N V em ission b a n d s o f th e W N 5 c o m p o n e n t give d isc re p a n t am p li
tu d es a n d phases. H y d ro g e n a b s o rp tio n lines b elong
ing to th e B -type c o m p a n io n a re m easu red , a n d o rb ita l elem ents a re derived. T h e em ission an d ab so rp tio n featu res give d ifferent gam m a-velocities.
In the second s ta r, fo r w hich o rb ita l elem ents a re also given, a b so rp tio n featu res a re fo u n d c o rre sp o n d in g to H e I lines displaced to th e vio let by a b o u t 1 200 km /sec. E lem ents a re d eriv ed fro m th e em ission ban d s in th e th ir d sta r. T h e gam m a-velocities h e re also d iffer as betw een a b so rp tio n a n d em ission lines.
T h e av ailab le d a ta o n d iscrep an t gam m a-velocities a re collected a n d discussed. a. hu.
5 2 3 .8 5 1 .3 :5 2 3 .8 3 2238
Investigations on proper m otion. XX IV . F u rth er m easures in the Pleiades cluster, van Maanen, A.
Astrophys. J., 102, 26-31 {July, 1945).— In te r
co m p a riso n o f 5 p a irs o f p lates o f th e Pleiades tak e n a t th e 80-ft focus o f th e M o u n t W ilson 60-in telescope w ith a 25 y r in te rv al show s th a t o f 452 sta rs d o w n to p h o to g ra p h ic m ag n itu d e 15-9, 71 h av e p ro p e r m o tio n s w h ich m ak e it likely th a t th ey a re m em bers
o f th e clu ster. a. hu.
523.854.1 2239
The M ilk y W ay in M onoceros. Bok, B. J., and Rendall-Arons, J. M . A strophys. J., 101, 280-99 {M ay, 1945).— T h e section o f th e M ilky W ay betw een galactic lon g itu d es 176° a n d 186° is so u n ifo rm th a t it is p ro b a b ly little affected by irreg u lar o b sc u ratio n . S pectral types a n d co lo u rs d o w n to sta rs o f a p p a re n t m ag n itu d e 11-5, a n d general s ta r c o u n ts to m — 14 ■ 5 a re used to d ed u ce th e v a ria tio n o f s ta r den sity w ith distan ce fro m th e sun. T h e general p h o to g rap h ic a b so rp tio n is fo u n d to be a b o u t 0 - 6 m a g /k p c fo r distan ces u p to 2 000 parsecs in th e least o b scu red regions. W ith this value, th e sta r densities n o w h ere in crease m ark ed ly -with d istan c e a n d th e steepest negative g ra d ie n ts a re show n in th e F sta rs. M a rk ed v a ria tio n s in th e sh a p e o f th e general lu m inosity fu n ctio n exist o v er th e first 500 parsecs. a. hu.
523.854.1 2240
T he stella r distribution fo r tw o southern fields.
Bok, B. J., and Wright, F . W . A strophys. J., 101, 300-13 {M ay, 1945).— T w o fields in th e M ilky W ay 245
523.854.1 523.873
a t galactic lon g itu d es 261° an d 249° a re exam ined fo r stellar d istrib u tio n . In th e first field n o o b sc u ratio n is found to 1 600 parsecs, a n d th e d ensity d istrib u tio n resem bles th a t in M o n o cero s [see A b str. 2239 (1946)]
except th a t th e 5 - s ta r d ensity does n o t decrease w ith d istance. In th e second field th e average p h o to g rap h ic a b so rp tio n to 1 200 parsecs a m o u n ts to 0 - 5 m a g /k p c a n d th e den sity ag ain resem bles th e M o n o cero s d istrib u tio n . F u rth e r evidence is given fo r m ark e d changes in th e sh ap e o f th e lum in o sity fun ctio n w ith in 200-500 parsecs o f th e sun. a. hu.
523.854.1 2241
D ensity gradients in the anticentre region o f the M ilk y W ay. McCuskey, S. W . Astrophys. J., 102, 32-42 (July, 1945).— T h irte e n a p p are n tly u n o b scu red regions o f th e M ilky W ay betw een lo ngitudes 142°
a n d 184° a re exam ined o n S ch m id t c am era plates.
C o u n ts d o w n to m — 17 involving 42 000 sta rs give th e space-density d istrib u tio n . W h en in terstellar a b so rp tio n b ased o n c o lo u r excesses is allow ed for, th e d ensity fu n ctio n s resu ltin g fro m a num erical so lu tio n show a n excess o f high-lum inosity stars clo ser th a n 500 parsecs in th e region 145°-165°; a steep negative g rad ien t o v er m o st o f th e a re a w hich reduces th e d ensity by a fa c to r o f 5 a t 2 500 parsecs; a n d a region o f hig h d ensity (0 -5 -0 -8 X th a t n e a r th e sun) extending to 3 000 parsecs betw een longitudes 175°
a n d 185°. a. hu.
523.854.3 2242
A n investigation on differential galactic ro tation.
Pismis, P., and Prieto, A . A strophys. J., 101, 314-19 (M ay, 1945).— A new re d u c tio n o f existing ra d ia l velocities o f B -type s ta rs fo r g alactic ro ta tio n is c arried th ro u g h , usin g p h o to m e tric d istances c o rre c te d fo r g eneral ab so rp tio n . T h e m aterial c om prises 707 sta rs fo r w hich V icto ria ra d ia l velocities a re available a n d fo r w hich p h o to -electric c o lo u r excesses h av e been d eterm in ed . T h e ro ta tio n coefficient A is independent o f d istan ce a n d h as a m ea n value 0-011 ± 0 -0 0 2 k m /sec p e r parscc. T h e discrep an cy betw een th is figure a n d th e p reviously accepted v alu e o f 0 -0 1 7 is show n, by su b dividing th e m ate ria l, to be d u e to a n ov erestim ate o f the distan ces o f th e B3-B 9 stars. T h e A -term p ractically vanishes in th e n earest g ro u p . T h e larg e values h ith e rto o b ta in e d a re a ttrib u te d to n o n -u n ifo rm d istrib u tio n in longitude.
A. HU.
523.872 2243
C urve o f grow th for a P ersei. Steel, H . R . A stro
phys. J., 102, 43-63 (July, 1945).— M c D o n a ld c o u d e sp ectro g ram s o f th is F 5 su p erg ian t a re used to d e te r
m ine eq u iv alen t w id th s fo r 403 lines. T hese a re used, to g eth er w ith existing so la r d a ta , to c o n stru c t a n em pirical curve o f gro w th . T h e e x citatio n tem p e ratu re derived fo r F e I is 4 400°. B y fitting a theoretical curve to th e observ ed one, th e average a to m ic velocity is fo u n d to be 3 -7 k m /sec (o f w hich 3 • 4 km /sec is due to tu rb u len ce) a n d th e m ean d am p in g co n sta n t 1 - 2 x 10— near l y l O x th e classical value, a n d close to th a t observed fo r th e sun. T he chem ical c o m p o sitio n o f the a tm o sp h e re is derived fro m th e o b served curve o f grow th. T h e electro n p ressu re a t th e base o f th e reversing layer is 4 -7 d y n e /c m 2, a b o u t i th a t in the sun. ’ a. hu.
523.872 2244
Six-colour photom etry o f stars. II I . T he colours of 238 sta rs o f different spectral types. Stebbins, J., and Whitford, A . E. Astrophys. J., 102, 318-46 (N ov., 1945).— [See A b str. 2708 (1945), 2682 (1943)].
238 stars h av e been m easu re d photo-electrically th ro u g h six filters a t M o u n t W ilson d u rin g th e last five years. T h e sta rs a re o f types ran g in g fro m O to M a n d the w avelength ra n g e is A3530 to A10300.
S pace red d en in g affects m an y early type sta rs an d som e late type sta rs in low latitudes. T h e effect o f ab so lu te m ag n itu d e is g reatest a t type K 0. C o lo u r tem p e ratu res a re derived, based o n ten sta rs o f type d G 6 , assum ed tem p e ra tu re 5 500°k. T h e a b so lu te z ero -p o in t h as n o t been fixed. W ith results fro m six co lo u rs c o m p ariso n s a re possible w ith th e In te r
n a tio n a l co lo u rs a n d th e previous c o lo u r d e te rm in a tio n s o f the N o r th P o la r S equence. T he c o m p ariso n w ith G reen w ich g rad ien ts show very go o d agreem ent a n d n o o u tstan d in g discordances. H a ll’s results, referred to th e m ean o f A 0 sta rs, give a satisfacto ry
co m p ariso n . e. o. m.
523.872 : 523.841.9 2245
T he presence o f strong lines o f 0 1 in the infra-red spectrum o f W Cephei. Hynek, J. A ., and Keenan, P . C . Astrophys. J., 101, 270-4 (M ay, 1945).— T he re d c o m p o n en t o f th is eclipsing b in ary h as a n o rm al M 2 su p erg ian t sp ectru m in th e region 7 200-8.700 A except fo r th e in tensity o f th e O I a b so rp tio n lines a t 7 773 A a n d 8 446 A, w hich a rc as stro n g as w ould be expected in su p e rg ian ts o f types B to F . I t is sug
gested th a t th e O ato m s co n cern ed a re in th e a tm o sp h e re o f th e M s ta r a n d a re excited by reso n an ce a b so rp tio n o f the ra d ia tio n o f the B c o m p o n e n t n e ar
1 300 A. a. hu.
523.872 : 535.343 2246
O n th e continuous absorption coefficient o f the negative hydrogen ion. n . Chandrasekhar, S.
A strophys. J., 102, 395-401 (N ov., 1945).— T h e d e te rm in a tio n o f A b str. 2025 (1946) is im p ro v ed by tak in g in to a cco u n t th e effect o f th e static field o f th e H io n o n th e m o tio n o f th e ejected electro n . T h e a b so rp tio n cross-sections o f H ~ a re ev alu ated fo r v a rio u s w avelengths; th e new values a re fo u n d to b e a b o u t 5% larg e r in th e visual a n d n e a r in fra-red regions. T h e m ax im u m in th e new a b so rp tio n curve occu rs a t a b o u t A8500 A; th e c o rre sp o n d in g v alu e o f th e a to m ic a b so rp tio n coefficient is 4- 52 x 10“ 17 cm 2.
v. c . A. F.
523.873 : 523.821 2247
T h e use o f infra-red spectra fo r the determ ination of absolute m agnitudes. Keenan, P. C ., and Hynek, J. A . 'Astrophys. J., 101, 265-9 (M ay, 1945).—
C rite ria a re d etailed w hich will place in to 5 lu m inosity classes sta rs o f type M fro m th e ir in fra-red sp ec tra o b tain e d a t m o d era te dispersion. T h e m o st sensitive fe atu re is a b len d a t 8 514 A d u e p a rtly to a c o m p o n e n t o f a low -lying m u ltip le t o f F e I. T h e ra n g e u sed is 7 000-8 700 A a n d th e resolving p ow er a tta in e d is a b o u t 2 m ag n itu d es. T h e c riteria should be useful in studying th e re d c o m p o n en ts o f spectroscopic b in aries in w h ich th e b lu e reg io n is d o m in a ted b y th e light o f th e h o tte r co m p o n en t. A, h u . 246
53.087.252 531.259.2
PHYSICS 53
53.087.252 : 778.37 see A bslr. 2430
53.088 : 543 2248
Im provem ent o f precision by repeated m easurem ents.
A pplication to an aly tical control m ethods. Man- d el, J. Industr. Engng Chem. (A n alyt. E dit.) 18, 2 80-4 (M ay, 1946).— T h is article critica lly exam ines re p lica tio n o f m easu rem en ts as a m eans o f in creasin g precisio n . F o rm u la e a re p ro v id ed fo r e v alu atin g such im p ro v em en t o f p recisio n in any given case a n d fo r co m p u tin g confidence lim its in ro u tin e analysis.
53.088.3 : 519.241.6 2249
E xperim ental d a ta and “ sufficient” accuracy.
Hughes, H . A . Nature, Loud., 158, 29 (July 6, 1946).
F U N D A M E N T A L S 530.1 530.12 : 531.18 see A bstr. 2258
530.12 : 531.51 2250
Deflexion o f lig h t in th e g ravitational field w ithout using E instein geom etry. Kia n g, S.-C . N ature, Loud., 157, 842 (June 22, 1946).— [See C heng, ibid., 155, 574 (1945)].
530.12 : 531.51 see A bstr. 2265 530.12 : 538.56 see A bstr. 2350
530.14 : 535.14 = 4 2251
In teractio n energy and the theory o f multipole rad iatio n . Humblet, J. Physica, 's Grav., 11, 91-9 (Feb., 1944) In French.— T h e in te ra c tio n e n erg y o f a system o f c h arg e d particles in a n electro m ag n etic field is e x p an d e d in term s o f th e m u ltip o le m o m e n ts o f all o rd e rs a n d th e space derivatives (tak e n a t a fixed p o in t) o f th e electric a n d m ag n etic fields. W ith th is e x p an sio n it is possible to calcu la te th e tra n sitio n p ro b a b ilities fo r all m u ltip o le o rd e rs. l. s. g.
530.14 : 539.153.4 : 535.14 = 4 2252
T heory o f m ultipole em ission and absorption.
Humblet, J. Physica, 's Grav., 11, 100-13 (Feb., 1944) In French.— T h e resu lts o f a p rev io u s p a p e r [A bstr. 2251 (1946)] a r e u se d to calcu late th e tra n s itio n p ro b a b ilities fo r em ission a n d a b so rp tio n by electrical 2I+1 p o la r processes a n d m ag n e tic 2, + 1 p o la r p ro cesses. T h e p ro b a b ilities fo r electrical 2!+ ' p o la r processes a n d m ag n etic 2l p o la r processes a re generally o f th e sam e o r d e r o f m ag n itu d e a n d th e re is n o
“ in terferen ce” betw een 2 su ch p ro b ab ilities. E m is
sio n a n d a b s o rp tio n b y h y d ro g en ic a to m s a re
discussed briefly. l . s. g.
530.145 2253
A n a tte m p t to form ulate a divergence-free quantum m echanics o f fields. Rayski, G . N ature, L and., 157, 873 (June 29, 1946).
530.145 : 523.21 _ 2254
Q uantization o f the solar system . Ba rno th y, J.
N ature, Lond., 157, 808 (June 15, 1946).— I t is p o stu late d th a t P la n c k ’s c o n s ta n t is n o t a u niversal physical c o n stan t, b u t is alw ays d e p en d e n t o n the v a lu e o f th e sp in o f th e p a rticle u n d e r c o n sid era tio n . T h u s th e p rin cip al q u a n tu m n u m b e r in th e case o f th e B o h r a to m is given b y n —(o rb ita l im puIse)/2 x (elec
t r o n spin). A p p lica tio n is th e n m ad e to th e p lan ets a n d th e re la tio n n = o rb ita l im pulse/2 X (p lan etary
v o l . x u x . — a .— 1946. Sep tem b er.
spin) x 137* is fo u n d to b e obeyed w ith sm all in te g ra l values o f n (1 to 4) a n d k (2 o r 3). T h e e x p la n atio n o f th e fa c to r 137 is n o t k n o w n . T h e p re d ic tio n o f the h ith e rto u n k n o w n re v o lu tio n p erio d s o f V enus, M e rcu ry a n d P lu to is suggested as a n o p p o rtu n ity fo r e x p erim en tal co n firm atio n .
530.145 : 537.122 . 2255
A non -rad iatin g m otion o f a spinning electron.
Weyssenhof, J. W . N ature, Lond., 157, 809 (June 15, 1946).
530.145 : 537.122 2256
Two relativistic m odels o f D ira c ’s electron. Weyssen hoff, J. W . Nature, Lond., 157, 842 (June 22, 1946).
530.162 : 621.38 2257
S ta tistical analysis o f spontaneous electrical fluctua
tions. Fürth, R ., and MacDonald, D . K . C.
N ature, Lond., 157, 807 (June 15, 1946).— [A bstr.
2091 B (1946)].
M E C H A N IC S O F S O L ID S 531
531.18 : 530.12 2258
T he L orentz distribution. Hilton, P. J.; Strauss, M . D . H . Nature, Lond., 158, 62 (July 13, 1946).—
C o rre c tio n [see A b str. 1514 (1946)].
531.19 : 536.71 : 532.7 see A bstr. 2280 531.19 : 541.183 see A bstr. 2391 .531.19 : 541.61 : 536.7 see A bstr. 2330
531.224.7 : 621.643.042 = 3 2259
O n th e yielding o f ribbed tube expansion pieces.
Salzmann, F . Schweiz. Bauztg, 127, 127-30 (M arch 1 6,1946) In German.— [A bstr. 1950 B (1946)].
531.258 2260
T herm al deflections o f anisotropic thin plates.
Pell, W . H . Quart. A ppl. M ath., 4 , 27-4 4 (April, 1946).— A th in elastic p late is co n sid ered w hich has o n e p lan e o f elastic sym m etry p a ralle l to th e faces o f th e p late, a n d is su bjected to a te m p e ra tu re d is trib u tio n given by th e fu n ctio n , T(x, y , z ) — T0(x, y ) + z l \ ( x , y ). T w o p a rtia l differential eq u atio n s governing th e deflection o f th e p la te a re d eriv e d : o n e o f th ese defines a stress fu n c tio n , th e o th e r th e deflection fu n ctio n , a n d th e first e q u a tio n is solved in th e case w here T0 is a p o ly n o m ial. I t is difficult to solve th e e q u a tio n fo r th e deflection b u t th e th e rm a l deflection p ro b le m fo r a n iso tro p ic c irc u la r p la te w ith ra d ia l tem p e ra tu re d is trib u tio n is solved, in th e fo rm o f a p o w er series, a n d convergence is established.
B o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s f o r th e c lam p ed a n d sim ply s u p p o rte d p late are considered, a n d th e deflection is fo u n d fo r each o f th ese m o d es o f s u p p o rt. l. s. g.
531.259.2 2261
S tresses and sm all displacem ents o f shallow spherical shells. I. Reissner, E . J. M ath . Phys., 25, 80-5 (Feb., 1946).— A system o f eq u atio n s fo r use in the analysis o f shallow segm ents o f th in elastic sp h erical shells is o b tain e d . A segm ent is called shallow i f th e ra tio o f its h eig h t to base d iam e te r is less th a n a b o u t £.
T h e re a re 11 e q u atio n s fo r th e 8 stress re su lta n ts a n d co u p les a n d th e 3 displacem ents. T hese a re re d u ce d to a p ro b lem o f 2 e q u atio n s fo r 2 u n k n o w n s a n d w hen
247 9*
531.259.2 532.123
th is is solved explicit so lu tio n s fo r th e q u an tities o f in terest m ay be o b tain e d . l. s. g.
531.259.2 2262
Thin cylindrical shells subjected to concentrated loads.
Yuan, S. W . Q uart. A ppl. M a th ., 4, 13-26 (April, 1946).—T h e eq u atio n s o f e q u ilib riu m o f a shell are fo u n d a n d red u ced to a single differential eq u a tio n o f th e e ig h th o rd e r in th e ra d ia l displacem ent. T h is is ap p lied to a n infinitely lo n g th in cylinder, a n d in te g rate d by th e F o u rie r m eth o d . A cylinder o f finite length, lo ad e d w ith tw o e q u al a n d o pposite forces is n ex t considered, th e so lu tio n in th is case being o b tain e d by a n im age m eth o d . F in a lly a n analysis is m a d e o f th e p ro b lem s o f a c o u p le acting o n a n infinitely lo n g cylinder in th e d irec tio n o f e ith e r th e g e n era trix o r th e circum ference. l. s. G.
531.31 2263
R educible dynam ical system s. Thomas, T . Y.
J. M ath. P hys., 25, 89-91 (Feb., 1946).— C o n sid e r a c o nservative dy n am ical system D referred to generalized c o -o rd in a te s x 1, x 2, . . ., x ". A reducible system is defined a n d it is p ro v ed th a t D is re d u cib le if a n d only i f it a d m its a q u a d ra tic first in teg ral
, dxP dx$
ib a t(x )
d t dt + IV = const.
d istin c t fro m th e energy in teg ral, su c h th a t hap ,y = 0 w here th e q u a n titie s /ia(3, y a re th e co m p o n en ts o f the c o v a ria n t d eriv ativ e o f th e ten s o r h defined b y th e
coefficients ha p. l . s. g .
531.382 2264
T he production o f high centrifugal fields. Beams, J . W ., a n d Yo u n g, J . L ., III. P hys. R ev., 6 9 ,5 3 7 (M a y 1 a n d 15, 1946).— A r o to r o f sm all ra d iu s sp in n in g a t h ig h speed offers th e m o st fa v o u ra b le co n d itio n s.
U sin g th e m eth o d s d escrib ed in A b s tr. 2488 (1941) a 3 -9 7 m m steel b all w as sp u n to re a c h a p e rip h e ra l sp eed o f 9 - 6 X 10" cm /sec, a t w h ic h i t b u rst. A
1-59 m m b all w as s p u n a t 166 0 0 0 r.p .s . w ith o u t b u rstin g , p ro d u c in g a cen trifu g al field o f 8 • 8 X 10’ g a t th e periphery.
531.51 : 530.12 2265
T he tw o-body problem in E in stein ’s and B irkhoff’s theories. Mo rris, T . F . P hys. R ev., 69, 541 (M a y 1 and 15, 1946).
• 531.51 : 530.12 see A b str. 2250
5 3 1 .5 5 .0 1 1 :6 2 9 .1 3 5 2266
A pproxim ate calculation o f the range o f a winged je t projectile. Kr z y w o b lo c k i, M . Z. J . A ppl. P hys., 17, 515-19 (June, 1946).— T h e p ro b lem is con sid ered fro m o n e s ta n d p o in t only, i.e. th a t o f m ass ra tio , a n d is trea te d in sim plified fo rm f o r th e beg in n in g a n d end o f flight. T h e sim plified eq u atio n s o f 3 p erio d s o f flight a re given: clim bing, h o riz o n ta l flight a n d gliding. A sh o rt exam ple show s th a t th e req u ire d m ass ra tio fo r a flight o f 2 000 o r 3 000 m iles is high.
M E C H A N IC A L M E A S U R E M E N T S 531.7
531.7 : 621.317.39 = 4 2267
R ecent improvem ents in electrical m ethods o f m easur
ing forces, accelerations and displacem ents. Gond et, H . R ev. Gen. E lect., 55, 123-36 (April, 1946) In French.— [A b s tr. 1834 B (1946)].
531.768.5 2268
A uniform m ethod for determ ining an g u lar acc elera
tions in m echanism s. Koenig, L. R . J. A ppl. M ech., 13, A 4 \- 4 (M arch, 1946).—T h is p a p er describes a reliable an d u n ifo rm m eth o d , ap p licab le to m echanism s in general. Its a d v an tag es a re: (a) only velocity-vector co n sid eratio n s a re req u ired in th e necessary k in em atic layo u ts; (b) full a d v an tag e m ay b e tak en o f th e p rocess o f inversion in sim plifying velocity-vector layouts, w hich is n o t po ssib le w hen acceleratio n v ecto rs a re em ployed; a n d (c) th e m eth o d gives co n sid era b le insight in to th e effects o f th e v ario u s fa c to rs c o n tro llin g th e a n g u la r accelerations.
531.788.13 2269
A Knudscn absolute m anom eter. Williams, S. E.
J . Sci. Instrum ., 23, 144-6 (Ju ly, 1946).— T h e p a p er describes a n a tte m p t to sim plify th e design o f D u M o n d a n d P ickels [A bstr. 109 (1936)] a n d a t the sam e tim e to m ak e th e gauge a n ab so lu te in stru m e n t.
D etails o f its co n stru ctio n a re given, as well as in fo rm a tio n a b o u t its p e rfo rm a n ce a n d lim itatio n s.
T h e ran g e o f p ra ctic a l o p e ra tio n is a b o u t 10“ 4 to 10“ 6 m m H g.
531.789.1 : 621.317.788 2270
An autom atic m ethod o f m e a su rin g . torque and counting load cycles. Wo lk en, J. J. Instrum ents, 19, 212-13 (April, 1946).— [A bstr. 2072 B (1946)].
M E C H A N IC S O F L IQ U ID S 532
532.123 : 539.42 2271
T he behaviour o f w ater under hydrostatic tension. I.
Temperley, H . N . V ., and Chambers, L. G . Proc.
P hys. S o c., L ond., 58, 420-36 (July, 1946).— A review o f th e lite ra tu re reveals very co n sid erab le differences in th e values o f c ritical ten sio n o b tain e d by different m eth o d s. T w o m eth o d s a re stu d ied in detail: the B e rth e lo t m eth o d , w hich m ak es use o f th e difference in exp an sio n s o f glass a n d w ater, a n d th e R ey n o ld s c en trifu g al m eth o d . H ig h pressures a re ap p aren tly re q u ire d to p ersu ad e w ater to stick to glass u n d e r su b seq u en t tension. A m o dification o f th e B e rth e lo t m e th o d gives results in m u c h b ette r ag reem en t w ith o th e r m eth o d s. E x a m in a tio n o f th e R ey n o ld s m eth o d show s th a t a cc o u n t m u st b e tak e n o f th e fa ct th a t w a te r does n o t m ove as a rig id b ody. A lth o u g h this h a s n o ap p reciab le effect o n th e p ressu re d istrib u tio n , it d o es im p ly a co n sid erab le stirrin g o f th e w ater, a n d an y sm all b ubbles w o u ld ten d to b e b ro u g h t n e a r th e re g io n o f g reatest ten sio n . T h e flow o f w ater in c o n stric ted tu b es is also stu d ied . It is c o n clu d ed th a t i f ten sio n is a p p lie d statically, o rd in a ry w a ter c a n sta n d ten sio n s o f th e o rd e r o f 40 a tm , even i f it is n o t p e r
fectly air-free. W a te r n e arly s a tu ra te d w ith a ir has b e en sh o w n to sta n d ten sio n u p to 6 atm .
532.123 : 539.42 2272
T he behaviour o f w ater under hydrostatic tension. II.
Temperley, H . N . V. Proc. Phys. S o c., L ond., 58, 436-43 (Ju ly, 1946).— A fu rth e r e x am in atio n o f the B erth elo t m eth o d o f p ro d u c in g ten sio n s in liquids, has been m ade. T h e critica l ten sio n o f w a ter h as been m ea su re d b y a m e th o d w h ich does n o t assum e th a t th e extensibility a n d co m pressibility o f w ater are eq u al, a n d o th e r evidence in co n firm atio n o f this a ssu m p tio n h as b een o b tain e d . It is concluded th a t 248
532.13 532.7
h ig h p ressures a re n ecessary in th e B erth e lo t tu b e to 532.612.4 2276 fo rce th e final gas b u b b le to dissolve in a re aso n a b le A test o f L angm uir’s in terp retatio n o f the Jo n c s-R a y tim e, a n d th a t th is fact is p ro b a b ly d u e to th e low ra te s effect. Wood, L. A ., and Robinson, L. B . J . Chem.
o f diffusion o f gases th ro u g h liquids. I t is also c o n - P hys., 14, 258-62 (A pril, 1946).— Jo n e s a n d R a y e lu d ed th a t th ere is a larg e d iscrep an cy betw een th e observed a m in im u m in th e su rface tension- th eo re tic al a n d th e observ ed stre n g th o f w a ter. c o n c e n tra tio n curve o f electrolyte so lu tio n s a t a b o u t
5 3 2 13 2273 0-001 N [A bstr. 493 (1941)]. L an g m u ir in te rp rete d
T h e three coefficients o f viscosity o f anisotropic t *1| s . as a n in stru m e n tal effect r a th e r th a n a re al liquids. Mieso w ic z, M . N ature, L ond., 158, 27 m in im u m , a n d ad v an ced a q u a n tita tiv e th eo ry by ( M y 6, 1946).— T h e flow o f a n a n is o tro p ic liq u id ' vAh ' c h th e su rface ten sio n d a ta co u ld b e c o rre c te d influences th e o rie n ta tio n o f th e m olecules; o n th e [A bstr. 140 (1939)], involving the z eta-p o ten tia ls o f o th e r h a n d , th e viscosity dep en d s o n th e o rie n ta tio n . y‘tre o u s f ,ca 111 c o n ta ct w ith the so lu tio n s m easured.
V alues h av e b een o b tain e d fo r th e viscosity o f U yln ? th e » ^ - p o t e n ti a ls w ith b a riu m ch lo rid e p-azo x y an iso l a n d p -azo x y p h en eto l w ith m olecules so lu tio n s recen tly m easu red [A bstr 2387 (1946)], the prev io u sly o rien ted by a m ag n e tic field fo r th e 3 L an g m u ir th eo ry w as strikingly su b stan tia ted , directio n s: m olecules p aralle l to th e d ire c tio n o f 532.66 : 539.217.1 = 4 2277
flow; m olecules p a ralle l to th e velocity g ra d ie n t; C ontribution to the study o f the phenomenon o f m olecules p erp en d icu la r to th e tw o fo rm er direc- capillary im bibition. Gin iew s k i, O . I. Experientia, tions. T h e results a re c o m p a re d w ith th o se o f e arlie r 2, 221-2 (June 15, 1946) In French.—T h e real den sity
inv estig ato rs. o f a p o ro u s su b stan ce c a n b e d eterm in ed by the
532 5 081 5 2274 e q u atio n V = a — bs, w here V is the vo lu m e o f
O n dim ensional analysis and the presentation o f d a ta im b ib itio n , s th e su rface ten sio n , a a n d b ex p erim en tal in fluid-flow problem s. Van Driest, E. R . J . A ppl. co n stan ts. I t is c o n clu d ed th a t a rep rese n ts th e to ta l M ech ., 13, 4 3 4 -4 0 (M arch, 1 9 4 6 ) .- T h e m e th o d a n d Po ro u s v ° lu m e Ivuhlle b l s a fu " ctIo n ° f th e m caa a p p lic atio n o f d im en sio n al analysis a re discussed, P ° ro u s rad iu s. T h e ra tio bja defines a c h ara cte ristic m ak in g use o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l c o n cep t o f fu n ctio n , p o ro sity index.
T h e
77
th eo re m is re stated a n d p ro v e d in general fo rm . 532.68 : 621.791.353 2278 P ip e frictio n , d ra g o f spheres, a n d flow th ro u g h C apillary flow in the soldering process and som e V en tu ri m eters a re exam ples used to illu stra te th e m easurem ents o f the penetration coefficients o f soft re arra n g e m en t o f dim ensionless p ro d u c ts o f a re la tio n - solders. Latin, A . J . Inst. M e t., 72, 265-82 (April, sh ip to o b ta in th e m o st con v en ien t fo rm fo r p resen ta - 1946).— [A bstr. 2180 B (1946)].tio n o f d a ta . 532.7 2279
5 3 2 .5 1 6 : 621.891.22 2275 H o le theory o f the liquid sta te . Tseng, T .-P . Film -lubrication between spherical su rfaces: w ith an N ature, L ond., 157, 873-4 (June 29, 1946).
application to the theory o f the four-ball lubricant 532.7 : 531.19 : 536.71 2280
testing instrum ent. Howlett, J. J . A ppl. P hys., 17, O n phase changes o f B ose-E instein fluid m odels.
137-49 (M arch, 1946).— T w o eq u al spheres a re p lac ed Goldstein, L. J. Chem. P hys., 14, 276-82 (A pril, in a n infinite b o d y o f viscous liq u id so th a t th e m in i- 1946).— I t is sh o w n th a t all B o se-E in stein (B.E.) m u m s e p a ra tio n o f th e surfaces is sm all c o m p a red fluid m odels investigated th u s f a r u n d e rg o first-o rd er w ith th e ra d iu s ; o n e sp h e re is h e ld a t rest, th e o th e r tra n s fo rm a tio n s in p h a se space. T h e ideal fluid ro ta te s a t c o n sta n t speed. T h e a ssu m p tio n is m ad e condenses sm o o th ly , e.g. w ith o u t an y possib ility o f th a t th e surfaces a re se p a ra te d by a c o n tin u o u s film su p e rsa tu ra tio n , in so fa r as its th erm o d y n am ic o f liq u id to w hich th e classical th e o ry o f h y d ro - ch a ra cte ristic fu n c tio n s a n d th e ir first derivatives, d y n am ical lu b ric a tio n c a n b e a p p lie d . T h e to ta l w ith respect to th e in d ep e n d en t v ariab les, a re c o n - fo rce e x erted by th e liq u id o n th e m o v in g sphere, tin u o u s alo n g th e tra n s itio n o r s a tu ra tio n curve, a n d the to rq u e, a ctin g o n th e fixed sphere, a re deduced. T h e n o n -id ea l B .E. fluids c o n sid ered , in w hich T h e re su lts a re a p p lie d to th e p a rtic u la r case o f th e a ttra c tiv e in te rato m ic forces averaged o v e r th e v olum e fo u r-b all lu b ric a n t testin g in stru m en t, in w h ich a o f th e flu id a re assum ed to o p e rate, u n d erg o su d d en sp h e re is m ad e to ro ta te a b o u t a v ertical axis, u n d e r c o n d e n s a tio n strictly sim ilar to th a t ex hibited by a x ial lo ad , in th e c e n tra l space fo rm ed b y a set o f o rd in a ry fluids in c o -o rd in a te space. T h is p ro cess is th ree eq u al sp h eres h eld s ta tio n a ry so a s to to u c h acco m p an ied by th e o ccu rren ce o f d isco n tin u ities o f on e a n o th e r w ith th e ir c en tres in a h o riz o n ta l p lan e ; th e first derivatives o f th e ch a ra cte ristic fu n ctio n s, th e w hole set o f spheres is im m ersed in th e lu b ric a n t B y in tro d u c in g a su itab le repulsive in te ra to m ic force, to b e tested. T h e re la tio n s finally o b ta in e d express sm eared o v er th e v o lu m e o f th e fluid, th e s m o o th th e lo ad o n th e m o v in g sp h ere a n d th e to rq u e o n th e c o n d en s atio n o f th e id eal fluid is c h an g e d to a p hase set o f fixed spheres in term s o f th e ra d iu s o f th e tra n s fo rm a tio n o f th e th ird o rd e r. H e re th e second spheres, th e velocity o f ro ta tio n , a n d th e viscosity o f .derivatives o f th e ch ara cte ristic fu n ctio n s ex h ib it th e liq u id ; th ey involve as a p a ra m e te r th e m in im u m disco n tin u ities alo n g th e tra n s fo rm a tio n curve. T he se p a ra tio n o f th e spheres. T h e m ax im u m lo ad w h ic h sam e in te rato m ic fo rce lifts th e o rd e r o f th e su d d en c an be s u p p o rte d by th e m o v in g sp h e re in th e h y d ro - first-o rd er tra n s fo rm a tio n by ch an g in g it to a second- d y n am ical regim e c a n n o t b e expected to exceed a few o rd e r one. T h is is acco m p an ied by th e a p p ea ran c e o f h u n d re d g ram s w eight; fo r lo ad s o f g re ater o rd e r th e A-point type d isc o n tin u ity o f th e c o n sta n t p ressu re th e s ta n d a rd contin u o u s-film th e o ry c a n n o t h o ld , a n d h e at cap acity alo n g th e tra n s itio n o r A line. T h e th e fo rces o n th e spheres a re n o lo n g er d ete rm in ed by in te rp lay o f fo rces o f p arallel a n d o p p o sin g tendencies th e viscosity o f th e liquid. in m odifying th e n a tu re o f a p h a se tra n s fo rm a tio n
249
532.72 534.213.4
w ith o u t ch an g in g its o rd e r a n d in lifting o r low ering th e ir o rd e r is th u s b ro u g h t o u t. T h e b earin g o f these resu lts o n th e p ro b lem s co n n ected w ith th e th erm al p ro p e rties o f liq u id H e is to u ch e d u p o n briefly.
532.72 = 3 2281
Theory of diffusion of ternary solutions. Lamm, O, A rk. K em i M in. Geol., 18 A (No. 1) P aper 2, 10 pp.
(1944) In German.
M E C H A N IC S O F G A S E S 533
533.15 : 539.217.5 : 541.64 2282
O n the diffusion of vapors through polymers. Doty, P. J. Chem. Phys., 14, 244-51 (April, 1946).— T h e ra te o f p e rm e atio n o f a gas th ro u g h a poly m er as a fu n c tio n o f tem p e ra tu re m ay b e re p rese n ted as p = P 0e ~ ElRT. A ll available d a ta o n th e p e r
m eab ility o f gases th ro u g h p olym ers sh o w th a t fo r a given gas th ere is a lin ear re la tio n betw een log P 0 a n d E (the energy o f a ctiv atio n fo r perm eatio n ).
A n e x p la n atio n is offered fo r th is a p p a re n t re la tio n ship. T h e effect o f p lasticiz atio n o n p e rm e atio n o f w a ter v a p o u r is stu d ied experim entally a n d it is show n th a t th e low ering o f th e h e at o f so lu tio n is th e p re d o m in a n t effect. F ro m th e d a ta th e e n tro p y o f so lu tio n m ay b e c alcu lated a n d in te rp rete d as show ing th a t w ater m olecules dissolved in th e u n plasticized p o ly m er ex h ib it m u ch less free d o m th a n w hen they a re dissolved in plasticized p o ly m er. O th e r calcula
tio n s sh o w (in ag reem en t w ith B a rrer) th a t a large n u m b e r o f degrees o f freed o m a re sim ultaneously o p e rativ e in th e process o f th e diffusion o f a gas m olecule th ro u g h a polym er.
533.6.011 : 523.161 see A bstr. 2229
533.6.011.311 2283
L am in ar boundary lay er in compressible fluid.
Dorodnitzyn, A . C .R . A cad. Sci., U R S S, 34 (No. 8) 213-19 (1942).— M a k in g th e sim plifying assu m p tio n th a t P ra n d tl’s n u m b er h as th e v alue unity, th e a u th o r discusses m ath em atically th e p ro b lem o f the la m in ar b o u n d a ry lay er in the case o f stream lin e flow o f c o m p ressible fluid p a st a stream -lin ed bo d y o f a rb itra ry profile u n d e r th e c o n d itio n th a t th ere is n o h e at tra n s fe r betw een th e bo d y a n d the fluid. J. s. g. t.
5 3 3 .6 .0 1 1 .4 :5 3 3 .6 .0 7 2284
O n the propagation o f sm all disturbances in a moving compressible fluid. Carrier, G . F ., and Carlson, F . D . Quart. Appl. M ath., 4, 1-12 (April, 1946).—
I t is show n th a t th e w ave fro n ts a sso ciated w ith th o se p a rts o f a d istu rb an c e w hich a re d e riv a b le fro m a p o ten tial p ro p a g a te in a r o ta tio n a l stream acco rd in g to the law s w h ich they a re k n o w n to ob ey in a n irro ta tio n a l stre am ; also, th e ro ta tio n a l d istu rb an ces d rift w ith th e stream ra th e r th a n p ro p a g a te relativ e to th e m oving fluid. A p e rtu rb a tio n m e th o d is ap p lied to the N a v ier-S to k e s a n d c o n tin u ity eq u atio n s a n d the eq u atio n s so derived a re solved by th e th e o ry o f characteristics. T h e resu lts give a general expression fo r th e M a c h lines o f a n a rb itra ry su p erso n ic flow a n d suggest a new m eth o d o f w in d tu n n el c a lib ra tio n w hich elim inates th e need fo r placing a n ob stacle in th a t p o rtio n o f th e stream being calib rated . P redic
tio n s a re m ad e as to th e n a tu re o f pulses w hich a re fo rm ed a t a surface a n d p ro p a g a te th ro u g h a b o u n d a ry lay er in to a u n ifo rm stream . l. s. g.
533.6.07 :_533.6.011.4 see A bstr. 2284
250
A C O U S T IC S . V IB R A T IO N S 534
534.142 : 545.71 2285
A n optical-acoustic m ethod o f gas analysis. Ven gerov, M . Nature, Lond., 158, 28-9 (July 6, 1946).—
In fra-re d irra d ia tio n o f a gas, in te rru p te d a t sonic frequencies, p ro d u ces a so u n d w hose intensity d ep en d s o n th e a b so rp tio n o f in fra-red energy b y th e gas.
T h is p rin cip le is u tilized in a n an aly ser w hich will d eterm in e th e q u a n titativ e c o m p o sitio n o f a gas m ix tu re w hose q u alitativ e co m p o sitio n is kn o w n . O xygen, h y d ro g en a n d n itro g e n c a n n o t be d etected, as they d o n o t a b so rb in fra-re d rad ia tio n . E th e r can b e d etected in a co n ce n tra tio n as low as 0 -1 m g /litre o f air.
534.213 : 534.222.2 = 393 2286
T he one-dim ensional propagation o f prcssure- disturbances in a n ideal gas. Burgers, J. M . Versl.
N ed. A kad. (Vet. Afd. N atuurk., 52 (No. 8) 476-84;
(No. 9) 560-70 (1943) In D utch.— T h e p ro b lem refers to th e p ro p a g a tio n o f c o m p ressio n a n d ex p an sio n waves in a n ideal gas, co n ta in ed in a sem i-infinite cy lin d rical tu b e, closed a t o n e en d by a m ovable pisto n . T h e effects o f friction, h e a t co n d u ctio n a n d ra d ia tio n a re neglected. S ta rtin g fro m a sta te o f re st th e p isto n a t th e in s ta n t / = 0 is su ddenly set in to m o tio n w ith th e c o n stan t velocity V\ a t th e in s ta n t t — / , the m o tio n is su ddenly sto p p ed . A t
1
= 0a disco n tin u o u s c o m p ressio n w ave (R iem a n n sh o ck w ave) is generated; a t r — a n e x p an sio n w ave is fo rm ed , w hich will o v ertak e th e sh o ck w ave a fte r a c ertain in te rv al o f tim e. F ro m th is in s ta n t th e in ten sity o f th e sh o ck w ave begins to d im inish, th is p ro cess being acco m p an ied b y th e fo rm a tio n o f reflected com pression w aves o f sm all in ten sity , a n d o f fro n tiers a t w hich th e e n tro p y o f th e gas changes.
T h e in te ra c tio n betw een th e com pression w aves, th e e n tro p y fro n tie rs a n d the o rig in al ex p an sio n w aves is considered, a n d a co n stru ctio n is given w h ich m akes it po ssib le to o b ta in a n a p p ro x im ate p ic tu re o f th e m o st im p o rta n t fe a tu res o f th e resu ltin g w ave system .
534.213 : 534.222.2 2287
O n the transm ission o f sound waves through a shock wave. Burgers, J. M . Proc. K . N ed. A kad. (Vet., 49 (No. 3) 274-81 (1946).— S im ilar p h e n o m e n a to A b s tr. 2286 (1946) o c cu r w h en a sh o c k w ave is m et by so u n d w aves. T h e case o f a sta tio n a ry sh o ck w ave is considered, fo rm in g th e b o u n d a ry betw een tw o reg io n s in o n e o f w hich th e gas m oves w ith su p erso n ic velocity a n d in th e o th e r w ith su bsonic velocity. T h e b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s a re defined in the tw o cases w here th e so u n d w ave is in cid en t (a) in th e su p erso n ic reg io n a n d (b) in th e su b so n ic region.
T h e p e cu liar system o f w ave m o tio n p ro d u c ed , in w hich th ere m ay o r m ay n o t b e reflection a t th e b o u n d a ry layer, is ex plained o n th e basis o f “ e n tro p y - w aves.” W h en so u n d w aves a re su p erim p o sed o n the sh o c k w ave, th e ch an g e o f e n tro p y o f th e gas passing th ro u g h it is n o longer c o n sta n t a n d a p erio d ic field o f e n tro p y m ak e s its a p p earan ce. a. b. w.
534.213.4 : 534.845 2288
T he propagation o f sound between w alls o f porous m aterial. Scott, R . A . P roc. Phys. Soc., Lond., 58, 358-68 (July, 1946).— D eficiencies o f existing th eo ries re la tin g to the p ro p a g a tio n o f so u n d alo n g d u cts lined w ith p o ro u s so u n d -a b so rb in g m aterials a re discussed.
