f A H o / i t i ,
i l P r * .
PHYSICS ABSTRACTS
S E C T I O N A
o f
SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
SECTION A, PHYSICS
SECTION B, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
E dited an d Issued M on th ly by
TH E INST IT U T IO N O F ELECTRICAL EN G INEERS
In Association with
THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
THE AMERICAN
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
VOLUME 49
ABSTRACTS 1756-2006
JU L Y 1946 NUMBER 583
PR IN C IPA L CONTENTS
P a g e P a g e
51 M A T H E M A T I C S 191 539 R a d io a c tiv ity . A to m s . M o le
52 A S T R O N O M Y . G E O D E S Y 192 cules 207
53 P H Y S I C S 194 539.13 M o le c u la r s tru c tu re 20 7
530.1 F u n d a m e n ta ls 194 539.15 A to m ic s tr u c tu r e 207
531 M e c h a n ic s o f so lid s 194 539.152.1 N u c le u s 207
531.7 M e c h a n ic a l m e a su re m e n ts 195 539.16 R a d io a c tiv ity 208
532 M e c h a n ic s o f liq u id s 196 539.17 A rtific ia l n u c le a r d is in te g ra
5 3 2 .7 2 . D iffu sio n 197 tio n 209
533 M e c h a n ic s o f g ases A c o u stic s . V ib ra tio n s
197 5 3 9 .1 8 • N e u tr o n s 20 9
534 197 539.3/.S E la s tic ity . S tr e n g th . R h co lo g y 209
535 O p tic s . R a d i a tio n . S p e c tra 199 541 P H Y S I C A L C H E M IS T R Y 2 1 0
5 3 5 .3 3 ./3 4 S p e c tra 200 5 4 1 .1 2 1 /. 128 R e a c tio n k in e tic s 2 1 0
535 .3 7 L u m in e s c e n c e 201 541.13 E le c tro c h e m is try 211
535.4 I n te rf e r e n c e . D iff ra c tio n 202 54 1 .1 4 P h o to c h e m is try 211
535.8 O p tic a l sy ste m s 202 541.18 C o llo id s. A d so rp tio n 21 1 .
536 H e a t . T h e rm o d y n a m ic s 20 2 5 4 1 .2 /.6 C h em ica l s tru c tu re 2 1 2
5 3 7 /5 3 8 E l e c tr ic ity . M a g n e tis m . X -ra y s 542 C h e m ic a l pro cesses 212
C h a r g e d p a rtic le s 203 54 3 /5 4 5 C h em ica l a n aly sis 21 2
537.1 E le c tr o n s , p r o to n s , m e so n s 203 548 C R Y S T A L L O G R A P H Y 213
537.31 E lcc . c o n d u c tiv ity 20 4 • 548.73 X - r a y c ry s ta llo g ra p h y 2 1 3
537.5 D is c h a rg e s a n d r a d ia tio n s 205 55 G E O P H Y S I C S 214
537.531 X -ra y s 205 551.5 M e te o ro lo g y 21 6
53 7 .5 6 Io n iz a tio n 205 57/59 B I O L O G Y 217
537.591 C o s m ic r a y s 20 6 61 M e d ic a l scien ce 218
538 M a g n e tis m 206 77 P H O T O G R A P H Y 218
NOTE ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF ABSTRACTS
T h e A b s t r a c t s a r e c la ssifie d b y s u b je c t a c c o r d i n g t o th e U n iv e rs a l D e c im a l C la s s ific a tio n , a n d a r r a n g e d in o r d e r o f t h e ir U .D .C . n u m b e r s . (A n a b r id g e d v e rs io n o f t h e U .D .C . a c c o m p a n ie s t h e A n n u a l I n d e x .) A n A b s t r a c t o f in te r e s t u n d e r m o r e t h a n o n e h e a d h a s a d d i t i o n a l U .D .C . n u m b e rs , lin k e d b y th e c o lo n s i g n , “ e .g . “ 536.21 : 548.0 C o n d u c t io n o f h e a t in c r y s ta l s .” T h e A b s t r a c t is p r in t e d o n c e o n ly , u n d e r th e m a in n u m b e r , e .g . in th e se c tio n
“ H E A T 5 3 6 ,” b u t C ro s s -re f e r e n c e s a r e in s e r te d u n d e r t h e o t h e r n u m b e rs , e .g . “ 5 4 8 .0 : 536.21 see Abstr. 1234” in th e s e c tio n “ C R Y S T A L L O G R A P H Y 5 4 8 .” T h e s e C ro s s -r e f e r e n c e s s h o u ld b e in v e s tig a te d , th e r e f o r e , w h e n a p a r t i c u l a r s e c tio n is b e in g s e a r c h e d , a s th e y c o n ta in a d d i t i o n a l m a t t e r re le v a n t t o t h a t s e c tio n . A C ro s s -re fe re n c e d o e s not r e f e r t o t h e A b s t r a c t w h ic h a p p e a r s im m e d ia te ly a b o v e it.
A b s t r a c ts s ig n e d w ith th e fo llo w in g in itia ls h a v e b e e n s u p p lie d b y th e c o u r te s y o f th e o r g a n iz a tio n s n a m e d : •
“ E . R . A .” = B ritis h E le c tric a l a n d A llie d I n d u s tr ie s R e s e a rc h A s s o c ia tio n . “ M . A . ’.’ = M e ta llu r g ic a l A b s tr a c ts .
“ M .-V .” = M e tr o p o lita n - V ic k e r s E le c tr ic a l C o ., L td . “ P. O . ” = P o s t O ffice E n g in e e rin g R e s e a r c h D e p a r tm e n t.
ABSTRACTORS
W . R . An g u s, M .A ., D .S c ., P h .D ., F .R .I .C . E . H . W . B a n n e r , M .Sc., M .I .E .E ., F .I n s t.P . A . Bee r, P h .D .
N . M . Bl ig h, A .R .C .Sc., A .T.C.
C . F . B r o c k e l s b y , B .S c., A .R .C .S . B. C . Br o w n e, M .A .
W . W . Ca m p b e l l, B .Sc.
L . J . C . C o n n e l l , B .Sc., A .I n s t.P . N . C o r c o r a n , B .A ., M .S c . i T . G . C o w l i n g , M .A ., D .P h il.
E . H . D o c k . M .Sc., A .R .C .S ., D .I .C ., F .I n s t.P . W . E. Du n c a n s o n, M .Sc., P h .D .
D . L. E d w a r d s , A .R .C .S ., D .I .C ., F .R .A .S . A . E v e r e t t , M .A ., A s s .B r it.I .R .E .
F . T . Fa r m e r, B .S c .(E n g .), P h .D . V . C . A . F e r r a r o . B .S c., P h .D . J . C . Fin l a y.
L. B. F i r n b e r g , B .S c .(E n g .).
G . F . F r e e m a n , M .S c .(E n g .), M .I .E .E . A . G . G a y d o n , D .Sc., P h .D . L . S. G o d d a r d , B .Sc.
R . H . G o l d e , B .Sc.. A .M .I .E .E ., A .M .A .I .E .E . C . J . G o l l e d g e , F .R .E .S .
J . Gr a n t, D .Sc.
E. D . Ha r t, M .A ., M .I.R .E . A . H a rV e y , P h .D .. B .S c., F .I n s t.P . H . K . H e n is c h , B .Sc.
H . H . Ho d g s o n, P h .D ., M .A ., B .S c., F .R .I .C . A . Hu n t e r, P h .D ., D .I .C ., F .R .A .S . R . G . J a k e m a n , D .Sc., M .I.E .E .
F . L l e w e l l y n J o n e s , M .A ., D .P h il.
A . L a n d m a n , D ip l.E n g . D . E. L e a , M .A ., P h .D .
B. J . L e g g e t t , M .R .C .S ., L .R .C .P ., A .M .I .E .E . G . C . M c V i t t i e , M .A ., P h .D ., F .R .A .S . E . G . M a r t i n , F .R .A .S .
A . J . M ee , M .A ., B .S c.
H . M i l l e r . M .A ., P h .D .
R . E . N e a l e , B .Sc., A .C .G .I ., A .M .I .E .E . R . N e u m a n n , B .Sc.
R . W . P o w e l l . D .S c ., P h .D ., F .I n s t.P . R . S. R e a d , M .A .. B .Sc.
T . J . R e h f i s c h . B .S c.(E n g .).
W . A . R i c h a r d s o n , O .B .E ., B .A ., D .S c ., B .S c .(E n g .), F .G .S .
J. E . R o b e r t s , P h .D . W . R u s c h i n , B .S c.(E n g .).
H . O . S m e rd , M .E n g .
H . G . S o lo m o n , A .C .G .I ., M .I .E .E . E. O . T a y l o r , B .Sc., A .M .I .E .E . J . T h e w l i s , D .Sc.
A . M . T h o m a s , B .Sc., F .I n s t.P ., A .M .I .E .E . J . S. G . T h o m a s , D .Sc.
J. W . T . W a l s h . M .A ., D .S c ., M .I.E .E . A . C . W h i f f i n , B .Sc., M .S c .(E n g -).
J . A . W i l c k e n , B .S c., P h .D . A . W i l k i n s o n , B .Sc.
W . E . W i l l s h a w , M .S c .T e c h ., A .M .I .E .E . A . J. C . W i l s o n . M .Sc., P h .D ., F .I n s t.P ., A .i.M . A . B. W o o d , D .Sc.
511.2 JU L Y 1946 517.942.932
M A TH EM A TIC S 51
511.2 : 531.19 see A bslr. 1796
512.25 : 512.831 1756
The solution o f three-term sim ultaneous linear equations by the use o f subm atrices. Mo rriso n, I. F.
Engng J., M ontreal, 29, 80-3 {Feb., 1946).— M atrix m eth o d s p reviously described b y D u n c a n [A bstr. 776 (1945)] fo r solving a larg e n u m b e r o f lin e a r e q u atio n s a re ex ten d ed to ap p ly to a set o f e q u atio n s in w hich e ac h e q u atio n con sists o f only th ree term s in su ch a way th a t th e m atrix o f th e se t h as n o n -zero elem ents o n ly in th e p rin cip al d iag o n al a n d th e d iagonals im m ediately above a n d below it. A sim ple step by ste p process is given b y w hich th e recip ro cal m atrix m ay be o b tain e d . A num erical exam ple is discussed.
L. s. o .
512.52 : 533.6.013.4 1757
B i-v ariatc p a rtia l fractions and th eir applications to flutter and sta b ility problem s. Fra zer, R . A . Proc.
R oy. Soc. A , 185, 465-84 (A pril 5, 1946).—I f P {x , y) is a co m p lete b i-v ariate po ly n o m ial o f in te rp o latio n , o f degree n, c o n ta in in g i( n + l)(n +
2
) term s, an e x p an sio n o f th e fo rmP{x, y) _ j, A j j
■
L,71 + 2 i~ £j L¡Lj, n +
2
)l,l2 is con sid ered , w here
L t = y - p tx + q , = O' (i = 1, .
is a p a rtic u la r system o f stra ig h t lines ch o sen to define th e p o in ts fo r in te rp o latio n . A p p licatio n is m ad e to th e e x p an sio n o f d e te rm in a n ts o f th e fo rm
A(A, y) = KyA2 + bjjX + Cjj + e,yy|
w hich arise in co n sid erin g th e flutter a n d stab ility o f a ero p lan e s, a n d a p a rtic u la r exam ple is stu d ied in detail. I t is n o te d briefly th a t a d.c. n e tw o rk analyser, b ased o n a n electrical in te rp re ta tio n o f th e ex p an sio n fo rm u la e, co u ld possib ly b e u sed as a n aid to a ra p id
s o lu tio n . i.. s. G.
512.831 : 512.25 see A bstr. 1756
513.813 1758
O n the projective theory o f tw o dimensional R iem ann spaces. Thomas, T . Y . Proc. N at. Acad. Sci., Wash., 3 1 ,2 5 9 -6 1 {Aug., 1945).— In such a space th e existence o f a sim ple v e cto r in v arian t is d e m o n stra ted . T h e van ish in g o f th is v e cto r is a n ecessary a n d sufficient c o n d itio n fo r th e space to be o f c o n sta n t c u rv atu re in
th e projective sense. l. s. g.
513.813 1759
A bsolute sc a la r invariants and the isom etric c o rre
spondence o f R iem ann spaces. Thomas, T. Y . Proc.
N at. A cad. Sci., Wash., 31, 306-10 {Sept., 1945).—
C o n d itio n s fo r th e co rresp o n d en c e a re given in term s o f th e a b so lu te sc a la r in v arian ts. T h is is d o n e fo r a sp ace R„, b u t th e d etails a re w o rk ed o u t co nsiderably fu rth e r in th e case o f spaces R 2. l . s . g .
513.813 1760
O n parallelism in R itm an n ian space. I I . Sen, R . N . Bull. Calcutta M ath. Soc., 37, 153-9 {D ec., 1945).—
v ol. x lix.— a .— 1946. July.
A c o n tin u a tio n o f earlier w o rk [A bstr. 1191 (1945)].
T h e R icm an n -C h risto ffel ten s o r is expressed in term s o f th e parallelism . E xpressions a re also o b tain e d fo r th e c o n tra c te d c u rv atu re te n s o r a n d o th e r ten so rs a n d in v arian ts. T h ese include a divergence fo rm u la fo r a skew -sym m etric c o n tra v a ria n t te n s o r o f th e seco n d
ra n k . l. s. g.
513.82 = 3 1761
A n extension o f the S teiner-M inkow ski proposition for polyhedra. Ha d w ig e r, H . Experientia, 2, 70-1 {Feb. 15, 1946) In German.
517.22 : 530.145 = 4 1762
O n the operato r exp (x + d /d x ). Ville, J. C. R . Acad. S ci., Paris, 221, 529-30 {N ov. 5, 1945) In French.— L et R n = (x + ’ d/dx)", Sn = [,v + d/dx]", w here, in R„ th e o rd e r o f th e term s is ta k e n in to a cc o u n t in calcu latin g th e n th pow er, a n d in S„ th e x alw ays precedes d /d x . T h e recu rren ce re la tio n jR
„+1
+ x R n + R„d/dx + n i s u sed to show th a t R n + l = F „ +1{ [a + d/dx]}, w here P n{u) satisfies Pn+ j(«)a= uP„(u) + nPn_ t{u). T h e so lu tio n o f th e last e q u atio n , o b ta in e d by th e m e th o d o f generating fu n ctio n s, is P„(u) = j e x p { i t 2 + « t)J ■ T h e fu n c tio n exp {x + d /d x ) is defined byexp (x + d/dx) =
2 ~7
R ,in**onl an d it is sh o w n th a t
exp ( a + d jdx)f(x) = exp {x + i) f ( x +
1
)T his o p e ra to r finds ap p lic a tio n in q u a n tu m m echanics a n d a n exam ple is given. l. s. g. 517.91 : 534.015 see A bstr. 1826
517.942.9 1763
T he L ap lace equation in space. Kasner, E ., and D e Cic c o, J. Proc. N at. Acad. Sci., Wash., 31, 247-9 (Aug., 1945).— A fu n c tio n is said to be h a rm o n ic if it satisfies L ap lac e ’s e q u atio n . In 3 dim ensions a fam ily o f surfaces f ( x , y , z ) = c is iso th erm al if, a n d o n ly if, / is a fu n ctio n o f a h arm o n ic fu n ctio n a n d , th u s, i f / satisfies 2 p a rtial differential e q u atio n s o f th e 3rd o rd e r. F iv e new th eo rem s a re proved co n cern in g isotherm al fam ilies. O n e o f th ese sta te s th a t L ie’s ch aracterizatio n o f iso th erm al fam ilies in th e plan e is n o t valid in space. A n o th e r sta te s th a t th e o n ly p o in t tran sfo rm a tio n s co n v ertin g every iso th erm al system o f surfaces in to a n iso th erm al system a re th o se o f th e L iouville inversive g ro u p . D ifferential co n d itio n s on p a n d q a re given in o rd e r th a t th e e q u atio n s
b z/b x — p {x , y , z ) b z/b y = q(x, y , z) sh all p ossess as so lu tio n a n iso th erm al fam ily o f
surfaces. l. s. g.
517.942.932 = 4 1764
O n M a th ie u ’s equation. Wavre, R . C.R. Soc.
Phys. H ist. N at. Genève, 62, 54-5 {A pril-July, 1945) 191
517.948 523.2
In French.— T h e e q u atio n , w hich arises in v ario u s physical problem s, is
d 2u/dx2 + (c + a cos x + b sin x)u —
0
It is sh o w n h o w a so lu tio n m ay b e o b tain e d by th e use o f infinite d eterm in an ts. T h is is tran s fo rm e d in to a so lu tio n in th e fo rm o f a ra p id ly converging series.
[See a lso A b str. 1196 (1946)]. L. s. o .
5 1 7 .9 4 8 :5 2 6 .1 1765
Som e in teg ral equations o f potential theory. Bate man, H . J. Appl. Phys., 17, 91-102 {Feb., 1946).—
A review is m ad e o f p ro b lem s in th e th eo ry o f a ttra c tio n s re la tin g to th e figure o f th e e a rth . T h ese are fo rm u la ted as in teg ral eq u atio n s. T h e g uiding eq u a
tio n , o f c o n sid erab le im p o rta n ce in th e th eo ry o f m eth o d s o f geophysical prospecting, is
yF (t)d t f i x ) (x - t ) 1 + y 2
•J — GO
w here y is a fixed c o n sta n t. In v ersio n form ulae, giving th e so lu tio n s o f th is e q u atio n a n d its conjugate e q u atio n , a re o b tain e d a n d a so lu tio n is also o b tain e d by m eans o f o rth o g o n a l fu n ctio n s. T h e guiding e q u a tio n is generalized a n d p ro b lem s in 3 d im ensions a re considered. V ario u s o th e r in teg ral eq u a tio n s a re con sid ered . O ne o f th ese m ay be solved b y L ap lacian in teg rals a n d E rd ely i’s in te rp o la tio n fo rm u la fo r su ch in teg rals [A bstr. 18 (1944)] is discussed. A so lu tio n is given o f a n integral e q u a tio n w hich, in a special case, arises in th e exchange p ro b lem in th e th eo ry o f crystals [A bstr. 504 (1939)]. L. s . G.
518.3 = 3 1766
A m ethod fo r constructing sim ple nom ogram s.
De g e n, A . Bull. Ass. Suisse f le e t., 3 6 ,3 4 6 -9 {M a y 30, 1945) In German.— A n e lem en tary process is described fo r settin g u p n o m o g ram s to re p re se n t (
1
) a p ro d u c t ab, (2) a q u o tie n t alb, (3) a 2-term expression ab + k {k — c o n stan t), (4) th e lo g arith m o f ab. T h e m eth o d is ex ten d ed to expressions o f th e fo rm (a1
a2
a3
. . . b tb2b , . . .)/(c ,c2
c3
. . . ) . A s a n exam ple a n o m o g ram is co n stru cted fo r c alcu latin g th e co p p er losses in a c o n d u cto r, given th e len g th , d ia m e te r a n d specific resistan ce o f th e m se p a ra te w ires fo rm in g th e co n d u cto r, a n d th e c u rre n t in e ac h w ire. l. s. g. 519.2 : 621.315.212 : 621.3.09 = 4 1767 S ta tistical study o f irreg u larities in coaxial cables.I—II I . A pplication to the calculation o f echoes and after-effects. Vil l e, J . ' Bull. Soc. Franp. f le e t., 4, 215-41 {N ov., 1944) In French.— [A bstr. 1510 B (1946)].
519.2 : 621.315.212 : 621.3.09 = 4 1768 S ta tistical study o f irreg u larities in coaxial cables.
IV . R eduction o f a fte r effects by grouping lengths of cable. Ville, J. Bull. Soc. Franç. fle e t., 4, 253-60 {D ec., 1944) In Fre/ic/i.— [A bstr. 1511 B (1946)].
519.24 : 677.1 : 620.172.2 = 3 1769
P robability problem s in tensile stren g th testing of yarn. R o r r , N . Schweiz. Arch, angew. IViss. Tech., 12, 93-5 {M arch, 1946) In German.
519.242.331 1770
A criterion fo r the re ality o f cyclic variations;
Gl e is s b e r g, W . Nature, Lond., 157, 663-4 {M a y 18, 1946).
519.251.8 1771
L in ear “ curves o f best fit.” Austen, A . E. W ., and Pelzer, H . Nature, Lond., 157, 693-4 {M a y 25, 1946).— D iscusses th e p ro c ed u re fo r finding th e b est estim ate o f th e re la tio n w — P v w h en b o th w a n d v a re subject to n o rm a l erro rs. T h e so lu tio n given is o f w ide ap p licatio n .
519.251.8 = 4 1772
D eterm ination, by th e condition o f lea st erro r, o f the polynomial o f the second degree representing as closely a s possible the points o f a n experim ental curve.
Vernotte, P . C .R . A cad. Sci., Paris, 221, 609-11 {Nov. 19, 1945) In French.— A n ex ten sio n o f previous w o rk [A bstr. 444 (1945)]. A m e th o d is n o w given for finding A, B a n d C w here A x 2 + B x + C fits 2n + 1 given p o in ts as closely as possible. L. s. g.
519.272 1773
O n th e characteristic function o f the distribution o f the product o f tw o norm al v ariâtes. Irwin, J. O.
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 42, 82-4 {Jan., 1946).— D is
cusses th e d istrib u tio n o f th e p ro d u c t o f tw o n o rm al deviates fro m th e p o p u la tio n in th e n o n -c en tral case w h en th e deviates are fro m a n y origin. T h e integral fo rm u la fo r th e ch aracteristic fu n ctio n is evaluated explicitly in th e c en tral case a n d is sim plified in the
n o n -c en tral case. l . s. g.
519.281.2 1774
O n the accuracy o f least squares solutions. Bana- chiewicz, T . A rk. M a t. A str. Fys., 31 B {N o. 3) Paper
8
, 3 pp. (1945).— A n ap p licatio n is m ad e o f previous w o rk by th e a u th o r to th e d e te rm in a tio n o f th e relative e rro rs o f th e u n k n o w n s in a given se t o f n o rm a l e q u atio n s. A num erical exam ple is given.A rray s sim ilar to m atrices b u t possessin g a different d e finition o f m u ltip licatio n a re u sed. l. s. g.
A ST R O N O M Y G E O D E SY 52
5 2 1 .1 2 :5 3 1 .2 6 1 = 4 1775
O n a correction to N ew ton’s Law . Chazy, J. Bull.
A str., Paris, 12 {N o. 2) 89-97 (1940) In French.—
T h e a d hoc law o f g ra v itatio n c o n sid ered is Gmm'{ 1 + er)lr2 w h ere G is th e c o n sta n t o f g rav ita
tio n a n d s is a sm all positive c o n sta n t. A v ecto r m eth o d is em ployed to calcu late th e ra d ia l, tran sv erse a n d o rth o g o n al c o m p o n en ts o f th is force, g . c. Mcv.
523.2 1776
O n a new theory o f W eizsäcker on th e o rigin o f the so lar system . Chandrasekhar, S. Rev. M od. Phys.,
18, 94-102 {Jan., 1946).— W eizsäcker im agines th a t sta rs a re fo rm ed by th e co n d en satio n o f a prim eval in te rste lla r m a te ria l a n d , in th e last stages o f fo rm a tio n , th e s ta r is su rro u n d e d by a th in fiat disc o f th e m ate rial. I t can be proved th a t this disc w ill b re ak u p in to a series o f rings o f q uasi-stable v ortices. I n th e regions betw een these rings seco n d ary vortices fo rm a n d develop in to p lanets. T h e p lan e tary fo rm a tio n is d u e to th e fact th a t a n y d u s) p a rticle in th e tu rb u le n t region, larg er th a n th e average particle, grow s first b y cap tu re o f sm aller p articles in c o llisions a n d th en by grav itatio n al cap tu res. T h e p rin c ip al 192
523.991.2
result o f th e th eo ry is it th eo retical in te rp re ta tio n o f B odc’s law. T h e successive regions o f seco n d ary v ortices, given p ro b ab le values fo r th e co n stan ts involved, follow very closely th e sequence given in
B odc’s law. g. c . Mcv.
523.752 1777
T he trajectories o f eruptive prominences. Pettit, H . B. Publ. A str. Soc. P a d /., 56, 21-6 (Feb., 1944).—
M o st eru p tiv e p rom inences a rc fo u n d to be ejected a t angles w ith th e vertical less th a n 30°. A ll trajec
to ries co n sist o f straig h t-lin e segm ents. t. g. c.
523.755 1778
T he line spectrum o f the so lar corona. Sw in g s, P.
Publ. A str. Soc. Pacif., 57, 117-37 (June, 1945).—
A review o f E d lc n 's w o rk a n d o f th e p roblem s w hich
it raises. t. g. c.
523.823/.83 1779
S ta rs nearer than 5 parsccs. v a n d e K a m p , P.
Publ. A str. Soc. Pacif., 57, 34-41 (Feb., 1945).—
C o n tain s a list o f 39 n e a r sta rs w ith m u ch in fo rm atio n a s to brightness, co lo u r, m o tio n s, etc. 16 o f th e list arc k now n to be m u ltiple. T h e d istrib u tio n o f a b so lu te m ag n itu d es is given. T h e list is fairly com plete to M = + 12-5, b u t m ore com plete d a ta is desirable.
E. G. M.
523.841.3 1780
T he long-period variable s ta r R T C ygni. Pettit, M . S. Publ. A str. Soc. Pacif., 56, 107-11 (June, 1944).— A light curve is o b tain e d fro m 150 o b serv a tio n s w ith a visual wedge p h o to m e ter in 1943-44, a n d th e m ean lig h t curve fo r th e p a st 42 periods from A .A .V .S .O . d a ta . T h e average m ag n itu d es a t m axi
m u m a n d m in im u m a re 7-39 a n d 11-94; th e periods ran g e fro m 161 to 219 days, w ith average tim e from m in im u m to m axim um o f 84 days. T h e sp ectru m varies fro m M 2e (n ear m axim um ) to M
6
c, a n d the spectro sco p ic a b so lu te m ag n itu d e a t m axim um is a b o u t - 4 - 6 . T h e s ta r is th u s th e only re g u la r long- p e rio d v ariab le k now n to be a su p crg ian t. R a d ia tio n m easures by P e ttit a n d N ich o lso n a re used to co m p u te th e d iam eter (610 to 1 400 X sun) a n d tem p eratu re(3 000-2 010°k). d . l. e.
523.841.3 : 523.85 1781
D istribution o f periods o f cluster type variables in globular s ta r clusters. Sa w y er, H . B. J. R. Astr. Soc.
Can., 38, 295-302 (Sept., 1944).— F req u en cy curves o f p erio d s o f clu ster type v ariables arc c o m p u ted for eac h o f 13 g lo b u la r clusters in w hich th e to ta l n u m b er o f su ch variables ranges fro m 7 to 168. T h e curves differ co n sid erab ly fro m clu ster to clu ster b u t c an be classified in tw o m ain g ro u p s (
1
) th o se w ith a single m ax im u m frequency a t periods o f a b o u t 0 -5 d., som etim es w ith a slight seco n d ary m axim um a t ab o u t 0 -3 d.; (2) those w ith tw o m axim a, a t a b o u t 0-35 d.a n d 0 -6 5 d . d. l. e.
5 2 3 .8 4 1 .9 :5 3 1 .1 8 :5 3 5 .2 2 1 = 4 1782 Double sta rs and relativity theories. T ie r c y , G . Bull. A str., Paris, 12 W o . 2) 75-88 (1940) In French.—
T h e h ypothesis o f th e co n stan cy o f th e velocity o f light is ab an d o n e d . It is in stead assum ed th a t light is p ro p a g ated in classical E u clid ean space in a n o n iso tro p ic m an n e r so th a t light-w aves a re ellipsoidal in fo rm a n d cen tred o n th e source. Such a h y pothesis
v o l. x l i x.—a—1946. J u l y .
is c o n sisten t w ith d o u b le-star o b serv atio n s— usually tak en to indicate th at th e velocity o f light is c o n sta n t a n d isotropic. N o reaso n is given fo r th e p o stu lated n o n -iso tro p ic p ro p ag atio n . g. c. Mc v. 523.85 : 523.841.3 see A bstr. 1781
523.852.33 1783
M otions o f the M agellanic Clouds. Wilson, R . E.
Publ. A str. Soc. Pacif., 56, 102-6 (June, 1944).— T he rad ial velocities o f 17 gaseous n eb u lae in th e Large M agellanic C lo u d a n d o f one in th e Sm all M agellanic C lo u d are co rrected fo r so la r m o tio n a n d used to calcu late th e space velocity o f th e C louds a n d th eir d irectio n o f m o tio n . It is fo u n d th a t essentially the sam e space m o tio n is derived w h eth er corrected o r u n co rrected rad ial velocities a re used, a result due to the fact th a t th e m o tio n o f the clouds is a p p ro x i
m ately p erp en d icu lar to th e d irection o f m o tio n o f th e su n in th e G alaxy. T h e m ag n itu d e o f th e velocity d ed u ced fro m th e 18 nebulae is 554 ± 79 kni/scc.
It is p ro b ab le th a t th e tw o C lo u d s sh a re th e sam e
m o tio n . g . c . Mcv.
523.872-15 1784
Possibilities o f astronom ical spectroscopy in the in fra
red. Sw in g s, P. Publ. Astr. Soc. P a c if, 56, 220-9 (D ec., 1944).— A discussion o f th e desirability o f extending spectroscopic o b serv atio n s in th e in fra
red, a n d o f fu tu re possibilities fo r su c h w ork o f (I) sensitized p h o to g rap h ic em ulsions, (
2
) use o f th e H ersehel effect, (3) cv ap o ro g rap h ic m ethods, (4) p h o sp h o rescen t effects, (5) electron-im age tubes.T h ere is no ho p e o f using p h o to g rap h ic plates sensitive
beyond 2p. d. l. e.
523.873 1785
A bsorption line intensities and spectral types fo r the O sta rs. Petrie, R . M . J. R. A str. Soc. Can., 38, 337-48 (O ct., 1944).— T o ta l a b so rp tio n s o f stro n g lines in sm all disp ersio n sp ectra sh o w stro n g co rrela tio n w ith sp ectral type fo r O stars. R a tio s o f m ean intensities fo r H e 1/He 11, S i l V / H e l l a n d H e II/H a re finally a d o p te d as c riteria fo r a cc u rate m easured classification o n H . H. P la sk e tt’s system , a n d results agree w ith visual estim ates by Pearce a n d E. G . W illiam s. N o lu m inosity effects o n line intensities are ind ic ated by the m easures. d. l. e.
523.877 1786
N ote on the large-scale m otion in viscous stars.
Sen, N . R ., and Ghosh, N . L. Bull. Calcutta M ath.
Soc., 37, 141-52 (D ec., 1945).— R a n d e rs’ w o rk o n the ro ta tio n o f sta rs [A bstr. 2012 (1941)] is fu rth er developed. T h eo rem s a re p ro v ed lim iting the possible v ariatio n s o f th e a n g u la r velocity. T he in tern al circu latio n s req u ired to m ain tain c ertain in
tern a l d istrib u tio n s o f a n g u la r velocity arc d eterm ined.
t. g. c.
523.893 = 4 1787
Com parison o f photographic catalogues B ordeaux- P a ris. Semirot, M . P. Bull. A str., Paris, 12 (A’o.
8
)381- 9 (1946) In French.
523.991.2 1788
O ccultations, th eir prediction, observation and reduction. Bry do n, H . B. J. R. A str. Soc. Can., 38, 265-94 (Sept.); 321-36 (O ct.); 369-84 (Nov.); 417-30 (D ec., 1944).
193 7*
525.37 531.19
525.37 : 591.5 : 591.185.63 = 3 see A bstr. 2001 525.75 : 551.510.535 = 3 see A bstr. 1990 526.1 : 517.948 see A bstr. 1765
527 : 621.383 1789
A photo-electric sun com pass fo r tanks. Spilsbury, R. S. J., Felton, A ., and Preston, J. S. J. Sci.
lustrum.. 23, 128-31 {June, 1946).— T h e co m p ass is suitable fo r use on ta n k s in d e sert w arfare, a n d is free
fro m th e lim itations o f m agnetic com passes. T w o p h o to -v o ltaic cells, co n n ected in a b alanced circuit, arc a rra n g e d to form a 90° angle, w ith th e bisector po in tin g , th ro u g h an a p ertu re, a t th e sun. A tau t- su sp en sio n g alv a n o m eter gives a n indication, w hen th e ta n k is off course by > a b o u t i " . M eth o d s o f m echanical in su latio n are discussed, a n d a practical test a t th e highest speed o f a V alentine tan k is described.
PH Y SIC S 53
53.081
O n unities and dimensions. I—II. Dorgelo, H . B., and Schouten, J. A. Proc. K . Ned. A kad. IVet., 49 (No. 2) 123-31; (No. 3) 282-91 (1946).— T h e a b so lu te a n d relative d im ensions o f physical a n d geom etric objects are discussed a n d th e electrom agnetic eq u atio n s a re w ritten in a fo rm in d ep en d en t o f th e choice o f fu n d am en tal units. T h e general eq u atio n s are specialized fo r each o f th e 4 usu al system s, c.m .u., e .s.u ., c.g.s. a n d M .K .S . D im en sio n form ulae, in d ep en d en t o f th e choice o f the fu n d a m en tal units, a re given a n d fro m th ese it follow s th a t, using
8
fu n d am en tal units, it is alw ays possible to give d im ension form ulae valid fo r every system . T h e field e q u atio n s arc m ade in d ep e n d en t o f th e co -o rd in ate system a n d this leads to geom etric re p re se n ta tio n s o f th e vectors E, D , H , B an d to th e ir a b so lu te d im e n sions. E a n d H a re th e electric a n d m agnetic field
stren g th s. l. s. g.
53.081.5 ; 621.3.011 = 4 1791
E lectric and m agnetic m agnitudes. Brylinski, E.
Rev. Gen. ¿ le d ., 52, 121-5 (April, 1943) In French.—
O bjecting to fractio n al d im ensions (e.g. charge in the n o rm al electro static system features as L T ~ 's /(M L ), a new system is p ro p o se d avoiding m ass b u t bringing in Q as a fu n d am en tal dim ension. T he dim ensions o f m ass th u s becom e Q 2L ~ ' in th e electrostatic system . C o m p lete electro static a n d electrom agnetic d im ensions on these lines arc tab u la te d . o. f. f.
F U N D A M E N T A L S 530.1
530.12 ; 530.145 = 4 1792
A principle connecting the theory o f relativity and quantum theory. Stueckelberg, E . C . G . Helv.
Phys. A cta, 16 (No. 2) 173-202 (1943) In French.—
It is show n th a t the tw o th eo ries m ay be con sid ered as a consequence o f a single relativistic principle w hich is m o re general th a n th a t involving L o ren tz covariance. T h e m ath em a tics necessary fo r the ap p licatio n s o f th is principle is set u p a n d th e fields o f M ajo ran a, de B roglie, D ira c an d S c h ro d in g er-
Y ukaw a are discussed. l. s. g.
530.14 : 535.14 = 4 see Abstr. 1837, 183?
530.14 : 537.122 1793
A discussion o f the exactness o f the L o ren tz-D irac classical equations. Eliezer, C . J. Bull. Calcutta M ath. Sac., 37, 125-30 (D ec., 1945).— T h e e q u atio n s [A bstr. 3660 (1938)] are u sed to investigate the m o tio n o f (
1
) a free electro n , (2
) an electro n d istu rb ed by a p ulse, (3) an electro n in th e field o f a ch arg ed th in infinite plate. T h e results all p o in t to the suggestion1790 th a t th e e q u atio n s are n o t exact. F o r in (I) th ere is a self-accelerating motion, in (2) the only allowable physical solution is artificial and in (3) there is no allowable physical solution. A suitable modification of the theory is briefly outlined. l. s. g. 530.145 : 517.22 = 4 see Abstr. 1762
530.145 : 530.12 = 4 see A bstr. 1792
530.145.6 = 4 1794
S tudy of the statistics associated with the operator i h f b q by means of its characteristic function. Arnous;
E. C.R. Soc. Phys. H ist. N at. Genève, 62, 64-6 (A pril-July, 1945) In French.— T h e ideas o f a prev io u s n o te [A bstr. 1795 (1946)] a re used to sh o w th a t th e statistics associated w ith ib[bq a t the p o in t X is th e sam e as for q at th e p o in t (2ti) ~ ( L X w here
L X = eix<tX(q)dit
T h e case w here q varies o v er a finite range is also
exam ined. l. s. g.
530.145.6 = 4 1795
U se o f the ch aracteristic function o f L aplace in wave- mechanics for combining the principle of proper values and the principle o f spectral decomposition into a single principle o f quantization. Arnous, E. C.R. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 218, 108-9 (Jan. 17, 1944) In French.—
T h e statistics asso ciated w ith an o p e ra to r A is defined by th e to ta lity o f possible values o f A a n d the c o rre sp o n d in g p ro b ab ilities. It m ay be represented by the d istrib u tio n o f u n it m ass o n a line, and the d istrib u tio n is rep resen ted by th e ch aracteristic fu n ctio n K(u) w here
m = ip*etuA>pdq
By e x p an d in g ip in term s o f the p ro p e r fu nctions (4>), so th a t ifi = th is m ay be w ritten in the fo rm 2 | c n|V '" V T o assert th a t th is is the ch aracteristic fu n ctio n o f A im plies (1) th a t th e p ro p e r values at are th e values A c an tak e, (2) th a t the c o rresp o n d in g pro b ab ilities a re |c„p . I t is possible to express the pro b ab ilities as fu nctions o f A an d >/i only, by solving c ertain integral e q u atio n s. l. s. g.
M E C H A N IC S O F S O L ID S 531 531.012 : 534.01 = 4 see A bstr. 1824
531.18 : 535.221 : 523.841.9 = 4 see A bstr. 1782
5 3 1 .1 9 :5 1 1 .2 1796
The analogy between the statistics o f num bers and statistical mechanics. Ornstein, L. S., and Milatz, 194
531.792.2
J. M . W . Proc. Neil. A kad. W et., 44 (No. 2) 163-72 (1941).— T h e th eo ry o f the G ib b s’ ensem ble is ap p lied to so m e statistical p roblem s in th e th eo ry o f nu m b ers, a n d a n u m b er o f results a re o b tain e d w hich w ere previously derived by B orel, u sin g a different m eth o d , e.g. it is sh o w n th a t the m ajo rity o f n u m b ers in the co n tin u u m fro m zero to o n e is no rm al. l. s. g. 531.19 : 536.48 see A bstr. 1879
5 3 1 .224.8:621.43.011 1797
D ynam ic loading and some indications o f its effect on internal combustion engines. Ch a p m a n, C . W . Proc.
Instn Mech: Engrs, Land., 153 (W ar Emerg. Issue No. 7) 221-36 (1945).— [A bstr. 1683 B (1946)].
531.259.2 1798
S om e explicit form ulae, o f use in the calculation o f a rb itrarily loaded, thin-w alled cylinders. B iezen o , C. B ., a n d K o c h , J. J. P roc. Ned. A kad. W et., 44 (No. 5) 505-11 (1941).— T h e differential eq u atio n s satisfied by th e displacem ents o f th e m iddle-surface o f th e cy lin d er a re w ritten d o w n a n d solved a p p ro x i
m ately. E x pressions are th e n d ed u ce d fo r th e in tern al forces a n d m o m en ts cau sed by th e rad ia l, tan g en tial
a n d axial loads. l. s. g.
531.261 : 521.12 = 4 see A bstr. 1775
M E C H A N IC A L M E A S U R E M E N T S 531.7
531.713 = 4 1799
C om parison o f étalons o f length. Vo l e t, C . Pci'.
Opt. (Theor. lustrum.) 21, 168-75 (1942) In French.—
A nalyses th e system atic e rro rs liable to be e n co u n tere d in the c o m p ariso n o f s ta n d a rd m etres, etc., w hen o b serv atio n s a re m ad e o n grooves o r scratches.
T h e effects o f th e sh ap e o f th e groove a n d o f th e illu m in atio n a re discussed. T h e m eth o d o fc o m p a riso n by m eans o f reversible m icroscopes is ad v o cated ân d a S ociété G enèvoise in stru m en t o f this type is
described. a. h.
531.715.27 1800
T he m easurem ent o f sm all linear m otions by optical methods. Hu n t, R . W. G . J. Sci. Instrum., 23, 119-21 (June, 1946).— T w o o p tical m eth o d s fo r m easu rin g sm all lin e a r m o tio n s have been used, an d som e results o b tain e d th ereb y are re p ro d u ced . T he first m ak es use o f tw o m icroscope objectives a n d dep en d s o n len ticu lar m agnification fo r high sensi
tivity; th e seco n d uses a concave m irro r a n d tw o p rism system s, h ig h sensitivity bein g o b tain ed by m eans o f p rism atic m agnification.
5 3 1 .7 1 7 :5 3 7 .5 3 1 1801
Thickness m easurem ent o f thin coatings by X -ray absorption. Fr i e d m a n, H ., a n d B îrk s , L. S. Rev.
Sci. Instrum., 17, 99—101 (M arch, 1946).— T h e m eth o d is ap p licab le to c o atin g thicknesses in th e range 10_
5
- 1 0 _ 2 cm o n crystalline bases. A n X -ray so u rce a n d a G eig er c o u n te r a re b o th situ ate d o n the sam e side o f th e coatin g . T h e X -rays pass th ro u g h th e co atin g a n d a re reflected a t a B ragg diffractio n an g le fro m th e b ase, b a c k to th e c o u n te r, th eir intensity being red u ced b y a b so rp tio n d u e to the d o u b le tran sm issio n th ro u g h th e coating. T he th ick n ess o f th e c o atin g is co m p u ted from the m easured ab so rp tio n .5 3 1 .7 1 7 :5 4 5 .8 1 1802
A m ethod for determ ining sm all am ounts o f gold, and its use in ascertaining the thickness o f electro - deposited gold coatings. Cl a b a u g h, W . S. J. Res.
N at. Bur. Stand., Wash., 36, 119-27 (Feb., 1946). — A p u n ch a n d die is used to o b tain sam ples o f k now n sm all area. A m o u n ts o f gold u p to 10 m icro- g ram s (
0-010
mg), c o rresp o n d in g to a th ickness o f 0-00050 m m o r less o n 1 m m2
o f surface, a re determ ined directly by m eans o f th e c o lo u r p ro d u ced w ith o-tolidine.
5 3 1 .7 5 1 .1 :5 3 8 .2 2 1803
T ests on highly non-m agnetic stainless steels for use in the construction o f w eights. Go u l d, F. A. J. Sci.
Instrum., 23, 124-7 (June, 1946).—T ests have been m ad e a t th e N a tio n a l Physical L ab o ra to ry on different types o f stainless au stenitic steel to ascertain to w h at extent they a re non-m agnetic. Several w eights o f the type (18% C r,
8
% N i) u sed in B ritain proved to be app reciab ly m agnetic an d a few w ere even found to be p erm an en tly m agnetized to an a ppreciable extent u p o n receipt. Som e o th e r types o f a u sten itic steel ex hibited low p erm eability a n d reten tiv ity , an d rig o ro u s tests, including severe c o ld rolling, were m ad e o n th ree p ro m isin g types. So fa r as n o n m agnetic req u irem en ts are concerned, au sten itic steel is available w hich is fa r su p erio r to th e 18/8 type and is even b e tte r th an m u ch com m ercial b rass. D etails o f p erm eability an d reten tiv ity values are given.531.764.5 : 621.317.39 1804
Q u a rtz c rystal clocks. Sm it h, H . M . Elect. Times, 109, 448-51 (M arch 28, 1946).— [A bstr. 1588 B (1946)].
531.782 : 620.172.087.45 1805
A fa st stress-strain m achine. Da r t, S. L., An t h o n y, R . L., a n d Wa c k, P . E . Rev. Sci. lustrum ., 17, 106-8 (M arch, 1946).— [A bstr. 1488 B (1946)].
531.787.9 1806
An instrum ent fo r determ ining the p a rtial pressure o f oxygen in a gas. Pa u l i n g, L., Wo o d, R . E ., a n d St u r d i v a n t, J. H. Science, 103, 338 (M arch 15, 1946).— T h e o p e ratio n dep en d s o n th e fact th at oxygen has a m u ch h igher m agnetic susceptibility th an an y o th e r gas. T h e force o n a test bo d y su rro u n d e d by th e gas in an inhom ogeneous field is m easured by m eans o f a to rsio n b alance. T h e precision depends o n th e range o f pressures fo r w hich it is to b e used, e.g. it is ± 1 m m o f H g fo r a range 0-1 8 0 m m o f H g.
531.788.7 1807
A P ira n i gauge for use a t pressures up to 15 mm.
Rit t n e r, E . S. Rev. Sci. lustrum., 17. 113-14 (M arch 1946).
531.788.7 : 621.396.615.029.3 : 533.5 see A bstr. 1821
531.792.2 1808
Equipm ent for producing divided circles a t the Z eiss plant. C IO S R ep., X X IX — 59 (H .M . Station. Off.;
U .S. Dep. Conun.) 5 pp (1946).— D escribes the dividing m achines in u se; th e m ain w orm is d riven by a g e ar sh a p e d like a n hou r-g lass, so th a t c o n ta c t is m ad e w ith several tee th a t once, th u s red u cin g the effect o f irregularities in pitch. T w o lines a re traced w ith e ach ru lin g , so th a t eac h line on th e finished p ro d u c t co n sists o f a p air, very close to g eth er, th u s elim in atin g som e system atic e rro rs. P h o to g ra p h ic 195
532.517 532.582.7
m eth o d s w ere in the developm ent stage. T h e capacity is 300-400 circles p e r m o n th , w ith an e rro r rarely exceeding 1 • 5 seconds o f arc. n. c.
M E C H A N IC S O F L IQ U ID S 532
532.517 1809
Som e considerations on the development o f boundary layers in the case o f flows having a ro tatio n al com ponent. Burgers, J. M . Proc. Ned. A kad. W et., 44 (No. 1) 13-25 (1941).— T h e influence o f centrifugal forces u p o n th e flow in b o u n d a ry layers form ed in p a rts o f ro ta tin g p u m p s o r ven tilato rs is discussed
m athem atically. j. s. g. t.
532.517 : 591.112.3 see A bstr. 2000
532.517.4 1810
T heory o f homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Mil- lionshtchjkov, M, D . C.R. Acad. Sci., U R SS, 32 (N o. 9) 615-18 (1941).— W h at is essential in the ap p ro x im ate m eth o d ap p lied to the th eo ry o f h o m o geneous iso tro p ic tu rb u len ce is th a t, a t th e sta g e w hen th ird m om ents are sm all a n d th e law s o f d istrib u tio n ap p ro a c h n o rm al, the fo u rth m om ents a re connected ap p ro x im ately w ith th e second by the sam e c o rrela
tio n s th a t are strictly fulfilled for th e n o rm al law . T h ese c o rrelatio n s, as w ell as K â rm â n ’s eq u atio n s for th e second a n d th ird m o m en ts, an d the eq u atio n fo r th e th ird a n d fo u rth m o m en ts, now o b tain e d , fo rm a closed system fro m w hich th e th ird m o m en ts can be
calcu lated . j. s. g. t.
532.517.4 1811
O n the rôle o f third moments in isotropic turbulence.
Millionshtchikov, M. D . C.R. Acad. Sci., URSS, 32 (No. 9) 619-21 (1941).— T he d evelopm ent o f the th eo ry o f iso tro p ic tu rb u le n ce due to K â rm â n , M illio n sh tch ik o v a n d o th ers is briefly traced. F o llo w ing a previous p a p e r [see A bstr. 1810 (1946)], it is show n th a t th e larger th e viscosity o f a liquid, th e w ider the sco p e o f a th eo ry w hich neglects in ertia term s, w hereas a n increase o f th e in tensity o f initial p e rtu rb a tio n s lim its th e app licab ility o f su ch a theory.
j. s. G. T.
532.517.4 , 1812
O n velocity correlations and the solutions o f the equations o f turbulent fluctuation. Ch o u, P . Y.
Quart. Appl. M ath., 3, 38-54 (April, 1945).—T h ree difficulties in th e a u th o r’s previous th eo ry [A bstr. 1318 (1945)] are overcom e. T h e pressu re flu ctu atio n is derived fro m th e eq u atio n s o f tu rb u le n t fluctuation a n d is expressed as a fu n ctio n o f th e velocity fluctua
tio n , th e m ean velocity inside th e fluid v o lu m e a n d the pressure fluctu atio n o n th e b o u n d ary . T h e decay term s are also p u t in to sim pler form s. A general e q u atio n o f vorticity decay fo r th e d e te rm in atio n o f T ay lo r’s scale o f m icro -tu rb u len ce is derived [A bstr.
4101 (1935)]. T h e tu rb u len ce p ro b lem m ay be reduced to a set o f n o n -lin ear partial integro-diflerential equ atio n s. T h e difficulties arising in a n a tte m p t to solve these a re discussed. T h e alternative m eth o d a d o p te d is to solve th e eq u atio n s o f tu rb u le n t fluctua
tio n by setting u p th e differential e q u atio n s satisfied by th e velocity co rre latio n fu nctions o f different orders. T h is m eth o d was initiated b y K â rm â n an d H o w arth [A bstr. 457 (1938)]. V arious a pplications
o f th e th eo ry o f tu rb u len ce have been m ad e [A bstr.
1813 (1946)]. l.s.g.
532.517.4 1813
P ressure flow o f a turbulent fluid between two infinite parallel planes. Ch o u, P. Y . Quart. Appl.
M ath., 3, 198-209 (O ct., 1945).— A c o n tin u a tio n o f previous w o rk [A bstr. 1812 (1946), 1318 (1945)].
T h e m ean velocity d istrib u tio n is fou n d by tw o m ethods. T h e first is based u p o n the e q u atio n s o f m ean m o tio n a n d o f d o u b le c o rrelatio n . G o o d results are o b tain e d in th e th eo ry o f the sp read o f tu rb u le n t je ts an d w akes. T h e seco n d m eth o d uses the e q u atio n s o f m ean m o tio n a n d b o th the eq u atio n s o f d o u b le a n d % trip le co rre latio n by neglecting term s involving q u a d ru p le co rrelatio n s. T h is is perm issible to a first ap p ro x im atio n in trea tin g tu rb u le n t flow problem s even th o u g h th ere is a wall present. T he re la tio n o f th e p resen t th eo ry to som e k now n experi
m en tal d a ta is discussed. l. s. g.
532.52 9 :5 4 1 .1 8 2 .2 .0 5 3 1814
A tom ization. H a r tm a n n , J. IiigeuVideiisk. Skr.
(No. 1) 35 pp. (1942).— T h e m o d e o f actio n o f the A n d erso n paraffin ato m izer a n d tw o m odifications (H arag , H jo rth ) used in c o n n ec tio n w ith th e P rim us stove is investigated. T h e n u m b e r a n d size o f liquid particles w as determ in ed by collecting th em o n a falling lam p-blacked glass plate, a “ sp ectru m ” being p roduced by a transverse a ir blast. A t a n excess pressure o f 0 -5 a tm a b o u t 25 000 d ro p s o f 0-11 m m dia. a n d 900 000 d ro p s o f 0-033 m m dia. w ere d is
ch arg ed p e r sec besides so m e extrem ely fine particles (7-5% o f th e w hole m ass o f liquid). A series o f p h o to g rap h s w ere tak en o f th e liq u id stream in a plexi-glass m odel, first w ith co n tin u o u s a n d th en w ith sp a rk illum ination. T h e la tte r show s th a t th e liq u id form s a surface layer on th e w alls o f th e tube, a n d the friction o f th e a ir stream against this layer g enerates waves w hich a t h igher pressure a re lashed in to spray.
I t seem s th a t th e m ain process o f a to m iza tio n th u s occurs inside the m ixing tube, alth o u g h th e a ctio n o f th e a ir o n the em erging je t m ay c o n trib u te a p erh ap s u n d esirab le p o rtio n , as show n by a fu rth e r scries o f p h o to g rap h s . T h e h y d ro d y n am ic pressu re d istrib u tio n is analysed a n d th e calcu latio n s are checked experim entally. A series o f d iag ram s show good agreem ent betw een observed a n d calcu lated ra te o f air flux, fo r th e A n d erso n a n d th e H jo rth types.
T h e hydro d y n am ical efficiency is defined as the m ass o f liquid ato m ized by u n it m ass o f air. T h is ra tio is 3 fo r the A n d erso n , 2 fo r the H jo rth type. J. a. w .
532.582.7 : 541.18 1815
Influence o f the concentration o f a suspension upon the sedim entation velocity (in p articu lar for a suspension o f spherical p articles). Burgers, J . M . Proc. Ned.
A kad. W et., 44 (No. 9) 1045-51; (No, 10) 1177-84 (1941); 45 (N o. 1) 9-16; (No. 2) 126-8 (1942).—
T h e sed im e n tatio n velocity o f a susp en sio n is d is
cussed m athem atically, tak in g in to a cco u n t b o th the direct influence o f gravity, a n d the velocity im p arted to th e liquid b y fields o f flow p ro d u ced by all o th er sedim enting particles. D ifficulties o f the p ro b lem are associated w ith the fact th a t a ccording to S tokes’s eq u atio n s,.v elo c ities p ro d u ced at a p o in t in an un -"
lim ited field by a m oving p article decrease pro
p o rtio n ally to th e inverse first pow er o f th e distance 196
o f th e p o in t; th ese difficulties a re rem oved w hen a re tu rn flow in m o re d ista n t p a rts o f th e flow field is a u to m atically c o m b in ed w ith th e o rd in ary S tokes flow in th e im m ed iate n eig h b o u rh o o d o f th e particle.
T h e resu lts o b ta in e d a re ap p lie d to d ed u ce the effect u p o n a p article d u e to all su rro u n d in g particles in a field ex ten d in g to infinity in all d irectio n s an d h av in g everyw here th e sam e average c o n c e n tra tio n o f particles. T h e effect o f enclosure o f th e su s
p e n sio n betw een fixed p lan e p a ralle l w alls, o r in a vessel o f a rb itra ry form , is discussed. T h e la tte r case p resen ts in tra cta b le difficulties. j. s. g. t .
532.583 1816
T he pressure distribution on a body in shear flow.
Richardson, M . Quart. A ppl. M ath., 3 , 175-8 CJuly, 1945).— A m eth o d is given fo r calcu latin g th e pressu re d istrib u tio n o n a n infinite cylindrical bo d y im m ersed in a tw o-dim ensional sh e a r flow. I t is an in teg ral e q u a tio n m eth o d a n d a d irect a tta c k o n th e b o u n d a ry value p ro b lem fo r th e stream fu n c tio n is av o id ed [see A b str. 123, 146 (1945)]. A n exam ple is given, in w hich th e c o n to u r o f th e cro ss sectio n o f th e
b o d y is a circle. l. s. g.
532.694.1 1817
O n the shape o f fro th cham bers. B o k , S. T . Proc.
N ed. A kad. W et., 43 {No. 9) 1180-90 (1940).— O b serv a
tio n o f fro th show s th a t (a) th re e films m eet in slightly curved lines a t angles o f a b o u t
120
° to o n e an o th e r, (h) fo u r lines m eet a t a p o in t a t angles o f a b o u t 109°to o n e a n o th e r, a n d (c) th e slightly c u rv ed faces o f th e fro th cells u sually have five edges, b u t occasionally fo u r o r six. (W here th e fro th is in c o n ta ct w ith glass o r w ater, th e glass o r w a ter face o f th e cell is usually six-edged.) T hese observ atio n s sh o w th a t fro th cells c a n n o t ap p ro x im ate to cu b o -o c tah e d ra (K elvin) o r rh o m b ic dodccah'edra (Buffin), a n d p o in t to th e p e n ta g o n al d o d e ca h ed ro n a s th e id eal cell sh ap e. T h is so lid is a p p ro x im ately space-filling, a n d w ith the occasio n al ap p ea ran c e o f faces w ith fo u r o r six edges c an bu ild up a fro th o f fairly re g u la r cell size. C o n sid e ratio n s o f su rface ten sio n sh o w th a t fro th w ith p erfectly flat faces c a n n o t exist. a. j. c. w.
532.72 1818
A theory o f m em brane perm eability. II. Diffusion in th e presence o f w ater-flow . Bloch, I. Bull. M ath.
B iophys.,
8
, 2 1 -8 {M arch, 1946).— T h e tre a tm e n t o f diffusion stu d ied in a prev io u s p a p e r [A bstr. 517 (1945)] is ex ten d ed to th e case w here w a ter flows th ro u g h th e m em b ran e in th e d irectio n fro m low er to h ig h er c o n ce n tra tio n s o f th e solute. T h is w a ter carries p a rt o f th e so lu te by convection. I f th e n e t resu lt is a flow o f so lu te fro m low er to h ig h er c o n ce n tra tio n s th ere is a negative value fo r th e p erm eability. T h e effect o f h y d ro static p ressu re is considered. l. s. g.532.72 : 533.15 1819
D istinction between irreg u lar and system atic motion in diffusion problem s. Burgers, J. M . Proc. N ed.
A kad. W et., 44 {No. 4) 344-53 (1941).— Irreg u la r m o tio n is m o tio n sho w in g n o preference fo r an y p a rtic u la r d irectio n ; system atic m o tio n is m o tio n in w hich forces te n d to driv e th e particles in a definite d irectio n . T h e process o f diffusion, involving as it d o es th e tran s fer o f m a tte r fro m regions o f h ig h c o n ce n tra tio n to regions o f low , is a statistical effect,
v o l. xlix.—a.—1946. July.
c o n d itio n ed by b o th types o f m o tio n . T h e d istin ctio n betw een irreg u la r a n d system atic m o tio n s is o f im p o rtan c e in p ro b lem s su ch as th e diffusion o f liquids u n d e r gravity. O nly w h en system atic m o tio n is rem oved is it possible to c o rre late diffusion, irreg u lar m o tio n a n d c o n ce n tra tio n g ra d ie n t in diffusion pro b lem s. A statistical th eo ry o f th e diffusion process a lo n g th ese lines leads to th e d e d u ctio n o f a diffusion e q u atio n in w hich n o assu m p tio n is m ad e co n cern in g a m ean free p a th o f the m oving particles. ). s. g. t, 532.72 ; 533.15 ; 536.2.02 see A bstr. 1876
532.72 = 3 _ > _ 182(5
T he theory o f diffusion o f binary m ixtures and the in terp retatio n o f diffusion m easurem ents. Lamm, O.
A rk. K em i M in. Geol., 17 A {No. 3) Paper 9, 21 p p . (1943) In German.— T h e th eo ry is re stricted to o n e
dim en sio n al diffusion w ith o u t v o lu m e change o n m ixing. I f c o n ce n tra tio n is m easu red in m o les/cm 3' th e flow is rep resen ted b y th e differential e q u atio n b n j b t = 'b{D'bn2fbx)[bx w here n2 is th e co n ce n tra tio n o f th e seco n d co m p o n en t, a n d D = R T N l B l2lil>2 is th e diffusion coefficient. H ere N t is th e m o le fractio n o f th e first co m p o n en t, <I
>2
is th e “ m u tu a l frictio n ” p e r u n it volum e, a n d B 12 is a n activity facto r, defined as i) log a j b log N t, w here a 2 is th e activity o f th e first co m p o n en t. D iffusion experim ents fo rm a m ean s o f ev alu atin g <J>2
if th e activities are otherw ise m easu rable. a. j. c. w.
M E C H A N IC S O F G A S E S 533 533.15 : 532.72 see A bstr. 1819
533.15 ; 532.72 ; 536.2.02 see A bstr. 1876
533.5 : 531.788.7 : 621.396.615.029.3 1821 Frequency m odulated oscillator for leak hunting.
Brubaker, W . M ., and Wouk, V. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 17, 97-8 {M arch, 1946).— A circuit fo r c o n v ertin g a v ariab le d.c. voltage signal in to a frequency m o d u la tio n o f a n au d io -o scillatio n is described. T h e circuit c an be u sed fo r general m o n ito rin g p u rp o ses, b u t this a r tic le ' confines th e d escrip tio n to its u se in c o n ju n c tio n w ith a n io n izatio n gauge fo r lea k h u n tin g in v acu u m system s. T h e o scillato r en ab les o n e o p c ra to f to h u n t leaks m o re ra p id ly a n d effectively th a n tw o m en calling o u t m ete r readings. L eaks rep resen tin g p ressu re rises o f less th a n 4 x 10
“8
m m o f H g h av e b een fo u n d w ith a n io n izatio n gauge a n d th is o scillator.533.5 = 4 1822
L arg e a p ertu re vacuum -cock. Grivet, P ., and Blattmann, H . L e Vide, 1, 47 {M arch, 1946) In French.
533.6.013.4 : 512.52 see A bstr. 1757
533.6.071 1823
A m ethod o f calculating the wall correction fo r elliptic tunnels. Ghatage, V. M . Proc. Indian A cad.
Sci. A , 21, 81-9 {Feb., 1945).
A C O U S T IC S . V IB R A T IO N S 534
5 3 4 .0 1 :5 3 1 .0 1 2 = 4 1824
K inem atic definition o f re lax atio n oscillations.
Abele, J. C.R. A cad. Sci., Paris, 2 2 0 ,5 1 1 -1 3 (A pril'));
221, 656-8 {Nov. 26, 1945) In French.— A d efinition is given w hich is a n alo g o u s to th e w ell-know n definition
197 • 7**
