Pavel M. Dolukhanov
Lu yna Doma«ska
Ali e Marie Haeussler
LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5
•
199861-809Pozna«(Poland)
w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
Andrzej Rozwadowski
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
EASTERNINSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1998
Pavel M. Dolukhanov
Lu yna Doma«ska
Ali e Marie Haeussler
LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5
•
1998c
CopyrightbyB-PSandAuthors All rightsreserved
CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7
KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN
OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9
PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE
ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13
Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT
ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24
Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE
OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34
Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS
INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC
INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44
Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA
OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59
DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC
ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE
INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85
DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION
OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC
ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102
L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE
OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120
Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS
CRIMEA ... 146
Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN
DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160
Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:
DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195
InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON
THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC
POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:
THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226
L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS
(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL
MATERIAL) ... 232
ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL
ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248
This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a
onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inód¹,Poland.The onferen e was
organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of ód¹ and Departement
d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby
theUniversityofód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),
whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe
Universityofód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.
The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e
foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European
Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,
espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national
identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.
The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'
long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h
inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand
Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern
times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's
Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior
de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of
neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,
peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly
Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the
ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof
om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus
andtheAralo-Caspianregions.
Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture
ana-lyses.
Lu ynaDoma«ska
1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe
next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from
thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.
2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of
theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.
Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been
PLISSN1231-0344
VladimirI.Timofeev
THE EAST | WESTRELATIONS IN THE LATE
MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC IN THE BALTIC REGION
ThehugeterritoryoftheBalti regionin ludespartsoftwolargeareasde ning
inabroadsenseastheWesternandEasternEurope.Thismoderndivisionhasthe
histori alrootsbutthedivisionhasnotexisted allthetime.
Iwill allhere thearea aroundtheBalti as theCir umbalti ultural spa e.
The stru tureof this Cir umbalti area was di erent duringthe di erent periods
of prehistory andwas also dependent onthe broader pro esses of Pan-European
s ale.
During theMesolithi all overthearea ultureswith the similar e onomyof
hunters- shermen-gatherers existed, not uniform but of rather the same degree
of development. Many typologi al di eren es depend on the natural resour es,
rstofallthestonerawmaterials.The neighbouringMesolithi ultureshadbeen
inter onne ted. More lo al di eren es appeared in the L ate Mesolithi when a
number of lo al ultures ame into being, among them Kongemosen, groups of
Oldesloe, Chojni e-Pie«ki, Janisªawi e, Nemen,L ateKunda.Atthesame timethe
situationofintegrationexistedprobablyinmu hmore degreethanwe ansuggest
basingonthetypologi aldi eren esonly.Duringthese ondhalfoftheMesolithi
aroundtheBalti appearedanewtypeofthemonuments|thespe ial emeteries
witho hre- olouredgraves,situated losetothesettlements(Skateholm,Vedbaek,
Zvejnieki, Oleneostrovskiy andsome others).Most probably, the spread of these
large,long-timeused emeteriesre e tsratherrapidspreadofthesimilarritesover
thelarge areas.There isa numberof nds onne tedwith theproblemofdistant
linksintheL ateMesolithi ,forexampletheelk-headofOleneostrovskiytypefound
in Denmark, at Vedbaek site, onne ted with the well-known emetery (Fig.
1--3) or antler-toolof thea erami Erteb lle type originated from theL ateKunda
TyrvalasiteinSankt-Petersburgdistri t losetotheEstonianborder(Fig.1:5).The
gravewithKongemosentyperhomboidalmi rolithswasfoundatSpiginas,Lithuania
[Butrimas1989℄.Thesituationofintegrationhasbeenexistedalsoduringtheperiod
of the rst pottery- ultures formation.The materials of the earliest S andinavian
pottery- ulture | Erteb lle | in general are lose to the Early Neolithi nds
of the Nemen and Narva ultures and in the Narva ulture assemblages of the
ndsof lamps verysimilar to the Erteb lle onesare numerous. The traitsof the
distin tiveNemen Neolithi in uen esarere ognisable,inmymind,inthepottery
assemblageofthemosteasternsiteoftheErteb lle-Ellerbektype|siteD¡bki9in
NorthernPoland[Ilkiewi z1989℄.Theornamentationinformof\pearles"(Fig.2:8,
9)representedinseriesinD¡bki9assemblageisverytypi alfortheNemenpottery
andthistypeisnottheoldestintheNeolithi Nemen ulture.Theshapesandsome
otherdetailsoftheearliestvessels aresimilarintheareaoftheErteb lle-Ellerbek,
Nemen andNarva ultures and at thesame time int andbone-antler industries
obviouslyhavethelo alroots,theyoriginatedfromthepre ededlo alnon-pottery
industries.ThesamesituationwehaveinalmostallregionsoftheEasternEuropean
forestzone|theEarliestNeolithi ulturesoftheneighbouringregionshavemany
similaritiesintheoldestpotteryassemblagesanddi een essintheindustries.Many
fa tual data ame to light during thelast de ades for the explanation of the rst
potteryappearan e intheEarlyNeolithi forestzonebythepro esses ofdi usion.
The hronologyof theEarlyNeolithi in theforest zone israther developed
nowandisbasedonthenumerousC-14datings[Timofeev,Zaitseva1996a,b℄.The
rstpotteryappearan eisdatedtotheperiodnotlaterthan7000-6800BP
∗
andin
someeasternregionsthereareevenearlierdatings.The rstpotteryintheeastern
Balti area andin theforest zone as a whole isdated to theearlier time thanin
S andinavia and the southern Balti area. The modern data are in on ordan e
withtheideaofthesouth-easternrootsoftheErteb lle ulturepotteryexpressed
forthe rsttime bytheprominentresear heroftheEasternEuropeanantiquities
V.N. Danilenko [1969℄. Possible dire tions of thedi usion ofthe pottery-making
te hnologytotheBalti regionarerepresentedin Fig.3:A.Thetypesofshapes of
Erteb lle-Ellerbek ulturepotshavetheir prototypesin theEarly Neolithi ofthe
Dnieperbasin(Fig.3:B).
TherealdivisionoftheCir umbalti ulturalspa e,akindoftheWest|East
demar ation, happenedafter the formationand thespread of the Funnel Beaker
ulture. The Funnel Beaker ulture brought forthe rst time to S andinavia the
produ tioninge onomyandthenewso ialstru tureofso iety.
Thes hemeoftheCir umbalti ulturalspa edevelopmentisrepresentedina
plate(Fig.4).Thereare twodi erente onomi al and ulturalworldsintheBalti
regionfromabout5300BP.
Akindofintegrationhadbeendevelopedintheeastern Balti area and
adja- entforestzoneregionsand on erningtheMiddleNeolithi thesystemofex hange
onne tions ouldbere onstru ted.Therearerepresented(Fig.5): intresour es,
ndsofamber ornaments,thedistri twheretheNeolithi sitesgavefaunal
assem-blages with large amountsof furanimals bones. Con erning the int sour esthe
pointat Selizharovka intheUpperVolgabasin isofspe ial interest.The int
ori-ginated from this pointis de ned at a numberof sites in theeastern Balti area
[Galibin, Timofeev 1993℄. This rather ompli ated two-stage system of ex hange
Fig.1.Obje tsofartoftheEasternEuropeforestzoneandS andinavia[afterTimofeev1998℄.
1,4- Oleneostrovskiy emetery [Karelia, afterN.N. Gurina 1956℄,2 -
Sventoji 3B[after Rimantiene
Fig.2.TheErteb lle ultureofSWBalti areaandMesolithi -Neolithi oftheforestzoneofEastern
onne tions was used by the populations of the Comb and Pitted Ware ulture,
MiddleNeolithi groupsofNarva ulture,Valdai ultureofMiddle-L ateNeolithi
andVolosovo ulture.
TheWest-East onne tionsduringthisperiodarere e tedbyanumberofthe
ases ofinrera tionbetween theFunnelBeaker ultureand theNeolithi ultures
oftheforestzonethatare knownnowadays.
Certain types of the Neolithi \hybrid" ware appeared in the Balti region.
Theyare ombiningthefeatures ofFunnelBeaker ulturepotteryandtraitsofthe
EasternEuropean origin.Atthe rsttime examples of su h\hybridization" were
determined by A. Europeus-Ayrapaa in his ex ellent studies on the Finnish and
Balti Neolithi hronologydonein1920s-1950s[Europeus1930;1955℄.
The rstdeterminationofthe\hybrid"typeoftheNeolithi pottery onne ted
with the problem in question, was done by E. Kempisty, when she de ned the
potteryoftheLinintype,whi h ombinedingthetraitsofwaresofFunnelBeaker
ultureandtheNemen Neolithi ulture[Kempisty1986℄.Thelarge groupofsites
with theLinin type potteryisknown fromEasternPoland.The sites of theLinin
type (in my mind, theLinin variant of the Nemen ulture) re e ts thelong-time
oexisten e ofFunnelBeaker ultureandtheNemen Neolithi ulture.
Theothertypeofthe\hybrid"warewasde nedbyS.Kukawkaatthesitesof
FunnelBeaker ultureinCheªmnoL and[Kukawka1987;1991℄.ThisNeolithi ware,
judging byte hnologyand some elements ofornamentation, appeared as a result
of the eastern in uen es from areas of the Narva ulture and Comb and Pitted
Ware ulture. This type of Neolithi pottery (probably it ould be alled \Weª z
Wielkitype",afterthemostrepresentative olle tion)appearedinframesofFunnel
Beaker ulture and re e ts probably mixed hara ter of the population of N-E
groupofthe ulture.Oneoftheearliest asesoftheeasternlinksofFunnelBeaker
ulturewas onne tedwithaformationoftheZedmarNeolithi ulture.Four
peat--bog sites of this ulture were ex avated, three of them in Kaliningrad distri t of
Russia bythe author[Timofeev 1990; 1997℄ andone in North-EasternPoland by
W.Gumi«skiandJ.Fiedor zuk[1988;1990℄.The ulturehasanumberoffeatures
whi hare ommonwiththeotherforestzoneNeolithi ultures, rstofalltheNarva
and Nemen ultures. At thesame time some elements appeared as resultsof the
in uen esfromthewestorsouth-westarere ognisable.The at-bottommedvessels
are hara teristi forthe ulture.Itistheearliesttypeof at-bottommedpotteryin
theeastBalti area.The at-bottoms,somedetailsofthepro leandornamentation,
themineraltemperingofthepartofZedmartype vesselsaswell assome typesof
the antler tools ould be onsidered as features whi h appeared be ause of the
in uen es from the Funnel Beaker ulture area. The hronology of the Zedmar
ultureisnowworkedoutratherwellbythenumerousC-14determinationsas
5500--4800 BP un alibrated [Timofeev, et al. 1994℄.The ulture ould be syn hronised
with the early stages of Funnel Beaker ulture of Kujavia and evenwith thelate
L engyelassemblages (Fig.6).
mate-Fig.3.[AfterTimofeev1997℄.A-Possibledire tionsofthedi usionofthepottery-makingte hnology
totheBalti region.(a -the Erteb llesites;b-theNarva ulturesites; -areaof theLinear Band
Pottery ulture;d-theNemen ulture;e-theDnieper-Donets ulture;f-possibledire tionsofthe
Fig.4. Thes hemeof the Cir umbalti ultural spa edevelopment duringthe Mesolithi andthe
Neolithi [AfterTimofeev1997℄.1-Mesolithi ,2-Neolithi withfood-produ inge onomy,3-Neolithi
withfood-gatheringe onomy,4- ulturalgeneti al ontinuity,5-absen eofdistin t ultural-geneti al
ontinuitg,6-linksofregionso upiedbypopulationsofsimilarlevelsofe onomi aldevelopment, 7
Fig.5.Theex hange onne tionsintheMiddle-L ateNeolithi oftheeasternBalti areaandthe
adja- entterritories[Timofeev1994℄.1- ndsofamberornamentsatNeolithi -EarlyMetalAgesites[after
L oze1980℄,2-areaof intdeposits[afterKovnurko1963℄,3-pointof intdepositsatSelizharovka,
Valdaiarea,4-dire tionsofspreadof intraw-materialfromSelizharovka (afterthedataofspe tral
analysisdonebyV.A.Galibin).
basedonhuntinga tivity ombinedwith shingandgathering.Theamountof
do-mesti atedanimalsbones(sheep/goatand attle)infaunal olle tionsisverysmall
(less than5%).The food-produ inge onomywasnotborrowedtogetherwiththe
elements re ognisable in thematerial ulture.The situationmostprobably is
or-responding to the ooperation of the foraging so iety with the area inhabited by
thefood-produ ingpopulationsat theavailability phase of the\agri ultural
fron-tier"developmentusingthes hemesuggestedbyM.ZvelebilandP.Rowley-Conwy
[1986℄.
Thespe ial aseoftheappearan eofFunnelBeaker ultureelementsisknown
inNorth-WesternRussiainPskovandSmolenskdistri ts.Thelo alUsvyaty
Neoli-thi ultureoftheMiddleNeolithi (datedtoabout5-4.5mill.BP)wasdis overed
therein1960s-1970sbyA.M.Miklyaev[1995℄.Theassemblagesofthe ulturehave
anumberoffeaturesderivedfromthepre ededNarvaEarlyNeolithi ulture.At
Fig.6.Theradio arbondatingsoftheZedmar ulture,theL ateL engyelandtheEarlyFunnelBeaker
from the beginning of the Usvyaty ulture (Fig. 7). The Usvyaty ulture showsa
distant(forabout500 kmat least) penetrationof theFunnel Beaker ulture
ele-mentsintotheforestzone.The ndat theZvidzeNeolithi sitein South-Eastern
L atvia, not far from the area of theUsvyaty ulture, must also be mentionedin
this onne tion. Sherdsof thetwo funnel beakers of Wiórek style ornamentation
werefoundintheMiddleNeolithi layer[L oze1988a℄.Itistheonly aseofsu han
importintheNeolithi oftheeasternBalti area.Thesedatare e talong-distan e
onne tionswhi hhadhappenedabout5000BP(un alibrated).
We onsideredthesituationontheeasternborderoftheFunnelBeaker ulture,
butthesimilarmanifestations ofthe\hybrid"pottery ould bere ognised alsoon
the northern border. The formation of the Pitted Ware ulture of S andinavian
Neolithi ouldbe onsidered,inmyopinion,inframesofthesimilarpro ess,too.
TheproblemoftheS andinavianPittedWare ultureoriginhasbeendis ussed
fora long time.C-J. Be ker[1950℄expressed theidea of theeastern rootsofthe
ulture.Hebased itonthe ndsoftangedpoints,whi hareunusual fortheother
DanishNeolithi ulturesbuthave ertaineasternparallels.A ordingtoopinionof
M.P.Malmer [1969℄theformationofthe ulturein questionhadhappenedonthe
basisoftheMesolithi ulturesinparti ularErteb lleandalso FosnaandN stvet
groups.AfterM.P.MalmerideatheMesolithi groupssurvivedduringtheNeolithi
in some e ologi al ni hes and the pro essof Pitted Ware ulture formation had
beenunder Funnel Beaker ulturein uen es. J. Skaarup[1973℄raised a question
ofmore substantial ontributionofFunnelBeaker ultureto thispro ess. Onthe
otherside B.Wyszomirska [1984℄marks theelements ofthe spiritual ulture and
of thee onomy ommonforthePittedWare ultureand fortheNeolithi ofthe
Eastern Europe forest zone. The links of the late developed populationsof the
PittedWare ultureof Gotlandwith theL ateNeolithi oftheeastern Balti area
were shownbyM. Stenberger[1960℄and espe iallybyL. Jaanits[1985℄.From my
point of view the problemof the astern elements parti ipation in the pro ess of
PittedWare ultureformationneedsspe ialinvestigation.
I wish to tou h theproblem basing ontheresear h I had an opportunity to
doin theMuseums of Sweden, Denmark, the EasternBalti Statesand in some
degreeFinland in1980s-1990s.
ThematerialsofthePittedWare ultureofthenorthenmostSwedishsitesare
pe uliar bythe traits absent in the olle tions from the otherparts of thePitted
Ware ulture area. The ndsfromMartsbosite,Gostriklanddistri t areespe ially
remar able. There is the great olle tion rea hed by ex avations of A. Ernquist,
M.Lindquist, L.Eriksson,J. Norrman[Jonsson1958℄,storedsin Sto kholm
(Sta-tens Historiska Museum, NN 18784, 32113)and in the Uppsala University. The
mineral tempering is hara teristi for Pitted Ware ulture of the site. The traits
untypi al for the lassi al pitted-ware and for the whole style of Funnel Beaker
ulture tradition but ommon for theComb and Pitted Ware ulture of Finland,
EasternBalti andKarelia o ur ratheroftenin ornamentation.Amongthemare
dia-de oration togetherwith thetypi al elementsof theFunnel Beaker ulture
orna-mentaltradition.Thedetailsofrim'spro leareofparti ularinterest.Therimswith
thethi kenededgebevelledinside thevesselprevail,they onsistmorethan50%.
Thispro leof therim's edge isun hara teristi forthe\normal" pittedware and
funnelbeaker ulturealso anditisverytypi alforthevessels ofCombandPitted
Ware ulture.Isuggestthat,theMartsbopotteryshows learly theintrodu tionof
CombandPittedWarestylisti alelementsintothearea ofPittedWare ulture.
Thea quitan ewiththepittedware olle tionsinnumberofmuseumsgavean
opportunityto de ne the similar pottery in some assemblages in luding Sotmyra,
Satergroup,Overada,Fagervik,Aleppoandsomeothers.Allthesesitesaresituated
inthenorthernpartofPittedWare ultureareainMiddleEasternSweden.Inthe
olle tionsofpittedwarefrommoresouthernareasofSweden,alsofromGotland,
western oastandDenmark we didnot nd therimsof above-mentionedtype or
found learly o assionalisolatedexamples.
When did the eastern traits appear in the Neolithi of the Middle Eastern
Sweden?
The materials of Fagervik are of spe ial importan e for the problem. Sin e
1950s[Bagge 1951℄it has been thekey-assemblage for the hronologi al division
of theMiddle Eastern Sweden Neolithi and forPitted Ware ulture as a whole.
A.Baggede nedthe lassi aldivisionintoperiods.Thepotterywith mineral
tem-pering(Feste Pottery)is hara teristi fortheearlier stagesofPittedWare ulture
and is the most importantfor theproblem in onsideration. This group of ware
hasbeenstudied( olle tioninStatensHistoriskaMuseum, Sto kholm,NN21049,
21526). A. Bagge [1951℄ usedforhis lassi ation features typi al for theFunnel
Beaker ulture pottery andfeatures typi al for the lassi al pittedware. Four
ty-pes of vessels pro les were de ned [Bagge 1951:Fig. 8℄. It was a very important
lassi ation, but some more detailed division ould be suggested if use also the
pe uliaritiesoftheupperpartoftherimandin ludefeaturestypi alforComband
PittedWare ulture.Nolessthan16typesofrim'sedge ouldbede ned(Fig.8:A).
Thetypes5-7areof\eastern" ombandpittedstyle:5) staightrimwiththeedge
thi kenedandbeveledinsidethevessel; 6)thesame,butthethi kenedpartofthe
rimhas a kindof proje ted orni e inside thevessel;7)thesame, buttheedge is
massiveandthe orni eisproje tedsharply.Followingthedistributionoftherims
types5-7withreferen etosealevelmarkedbyA.Bagge[1951℄the\eastern"
featu-resappearedinseriesinframesoftheFagervik-Istage(theearliest)fromthelevel
of29,5m|themidstage.Thentheamountofthemisin reasingandrea hingthe
maximum(about 25%ofall rimspie es)atlevel of28m |theEarly Fagervik-II
stage (Fig. 8:B,C). Inthesmall olle tionsof theearliest (the highest) Fagervik-I,
levels31-30malmostallrimsarerepresentedbytypeswhi hare hara teristi for
theFunnelBeaker ultureassemblages.AnornamentationoftheFagervik-Ivessels
ouldbe onsidered asa kindofadmixture oftheelements typi alforFunnel
Be-aker ulture andCombandPittedWare ultureelements. Thelast group onsists
Fig.8.A-TypologyofFagervikNeolithi warerims(FesteKeramik).B,C-Distributionoftherims
of di erenttypes following theniveaus above sealevel marked byA. Bagge [1951℄.B- amountof
Fig.9.Theareasof\hybrid"types ofNeolithi ware ombining thefeaturesoftheFunnel Beaker
ultureandForestNeolithi ultures[afterTimofeev1997℄.1-zoneoftheEarlyPittedWare ulture
formation,2-areaofsiteswiththeLinintypeofthepottery,3-areaofdistributionoftheWeª zWielki
typeofthepottery,4-areaoftheZedmar ulture,5-areaoftheUsvyaty ulture,a-bordersofthe
FunnelBeaker ulture,b-bordersoftheareasdes ritedin1-5items.
half of thestage. Probably this trait ould be onsidered as a foundationfor the
divisionoftheFagervik-Istageintotwoperiods(FI/1andFI/2).The arlierperiod
isrepresentedbytheEarlyNeolithi FunnelBeaker ultureassemblagewithsome
elements of ombandpittedornamentationand laterone |bythepottery
assemblage onne tedstri tlywithsu eededFagervik-IImaterials |theearly
pit-tedwarewithsome re ognisableelementsofCombandPittedWare ultureorigin.
The Sater-IIsite potteryassemblage, followingrims lassi ation, showsa pi ture
similar to theFagervik-II olle tion with some small pe uliarities. The early part
of theFagervik-Istage (F1/1) judging bythis lassi ation is omparablewith the
otherassemblages ofwhatwastermedastheVro ulture byS.Florin[1958℄.The
rimsof\eastern" pro lesareabsentinthese olle tionsorrepresentedbyisolated
and most probably o assional pie es. We an on lude thatthe elements of the
easternoriginare learlyrepresentedinthelateFagervik-Iandtheamountofthem
isin reasingtotheFagervik-IIstage,whentheEarlyPittedWare ultureappeared,
with a style ofornamentation ombining elements ofFunnel Beaker ulture style
and\eastern" ones.Thesituation orrespondsmostprobablytothepro essofthe
pitted-warestyleformation.Thispro ess ouldbe onsidered asan appearan e of
\hybrid"typeofNeolithi ware.Thematerials oftheL ateStoneAgeoftheBalti
region show the variety of on rete onne tions between the populations of the
western and eastern parts of thearea. The intera tions ofFunnel Beaker ulture
withtheForestNeolithi ulturesgavelifetothenewtypesoftheNeolithi pottery
andthenewNeolithi ultures(Fig.9).
AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.
AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.
AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.
CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.
KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii
NaukUSSR,Moskva.
KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii
NaukUSSR,Kiev.
KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego
Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.
MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,
Kiev.
MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.
SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.
SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.
SE { SovetskayaEtnogra ya, Moskva.
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