Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural elements

Research paper

30 © Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2011

2011 of Achievements in Materials

and Manufacturing Engineering of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural

elements

A. Baier, M. Majzner*

Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

* Corresponding author: E-mail address: michal.majzner@polsl.pl Received 16.01.2011; published in revised form 01.03.2011

Analysis and modelling

AbstrAct

Purpose: The paper describes the use of object-oriented methods in modelling and analysis of components made of fibre-based composites. Defined and specified the method for creating fibre primitives. An algorithm for the design of composite structures using object-oriented methods.

Design/methodology/approach: The basic tool is an algorithm to build fibre facilities. Material properties can be found in the previously created databases of material objects. The whole is linked to the relevant formulas and diagrams.

Findings: The basis for the introduction of object-oriented method was to systematize the processes of modelling and analysis of composite materials. Application issue features possible to determine the final form of composite structure.

Research limitations/implications: Research direction is to create tools to support the work of the constructor during the construction of composite components. Material created a database of individual components of laminates, allows to build optimal in terms of established criteria of composite elements.

Practical implications: The practical aspect of using object-oriented method is to use it to define the structure of the laminates. At the modelling stage it is possible to perform the parameterization formula of each phase of the composite. This recipe is especially important during the manufacture of composites.

Originality/value: The paper presents a new approach to modelling of composites by defining a new elementary objects forming the basis for during the composite design process. Algorithms used in the work are particularly important for designers of new technical components made on the basis of fibre composites.

Keywords: Composites; Engineering polymers; Mechanical properties; Computer assistance in the engineering tasks and scientific research; Numerical techniques; CAD/CAM; Materials design; Materials and engineering databases

Reference to this paper should be given in the following way:

A. Baier, M. Majzner, Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural elements, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 45/1 (2011) 30-38.

E dema sell. enab the c enter indep requi desig the p issue comp

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2. D

In meth comp

M on engin

MO

wher

w

M toget struc set o colle comp and p E mate mate

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wher wp ^–

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Evolution of the ands to shorten t Computer Integr les continuous m current needs a rprise software pendent applic irements for th gn and construct potential of usin es related to co posite componen Feature element work of exchange

zing the general problem of mo ure Based Mode nted design char use is as follow Design Features Machining Featu Assembly Featur Material Feature Tolerance Featur Functional Featu The study attem design of structur

Defining of

n order to ca hodology, the u ponents, it was n Material feature, mechanical, te neering material

 w i, OE

1

re:

– material proper Material feature ther with the stru tural element, c f MOE, has bee ection of mater posite materials physical. Elements of a erials used as r erial feature - rein

p , w OE

re:

– material proper eration of a set i

e CAx-class sof the preparation t ration various st monitoring and and to their gen

CAx, whose ind ations that ca e accomplishm tion. Software v ng the developm

omputer modelli nts [2, 3, 5, 6]. t is an entity es of messages,

objectives of th odelling objects elling, we defin racteristics. The ws:

- construction fe ures - technologi

res - assembly fe s - material featu res -.tolerance fe ures - functional mpts to determin ral components b

f features

arry out the p use of features

necessary to intro MOE, is called echnological an

s.

i, ! , 1 

rty.

e, functions as uctural, geometr creating a compl en specified subs

rials for use with varying ch subset of MOE reinforcement i nforcement and

, , ,

1 p

p  !

rty, N i  ^.

ftware is dictat time to introduc tages of product adjustment of t neration. The u dividual module an clarify the ent of tasks in vendors have lon ment of these sys

ing and strengt that stores data

performs some he system. Takin s using a graph ne them as 3D o e division of fe eature, ical feature, eature,

ure, eature,

feature. e the material o based on fibre c

process of for in the design oduce the releva as a collection o nd physical p

s a simple fe ric feature define lex feature . Insi set of MOE, wh as separate co hemical propertie E, and a set o in fibrous com marked with the

N , p 

ted by market ce a product to life cycle and the product to se of modern es function as e needs and n front of the ng recognized stems took the th analysis of a, establish a services, thus g into account hical-oriented, objects or 2D- eatures due to

of features for omposites.

rmalizing the of composite ant definitions. of information properties of (1)

ature, which, ed forms filled ide the master hich contains a omponents of es, mechanical of engineering mposite, called

e symbol: (2)

particles or x obtain a tempera x changes x used as more ex Elemen materials u material fea

MOE

where: wp ^{– mater}

i – iteration MOE^M x mainten x transfer x protecti from ot Relation to a set of M

MOE

š

ȂȅǼ Œǽ

In defin two compo improved p relation to material is between the

The us which is a c establishme Which form

fibres, entering a material with ature of the obje s deformability m s a filler, provi xpensive than th nts of a subset used as reinforc ature – matrix an

, p 1 , w

 

rial property, n of a set i N^.

fulfils the funct nance of the enti r load on reinfor ion reinforcing c ther negative inf

n of belonging s MOE are shown

M MOE



š

ȂȅǼȂ

Œ

Fig.

ning the compo onents with diffe properties and o the compone

externally mon e components.

e of such, the combination (su ent, a new comp m represents the

the matrix mate high yield or st ct,

matrix material, ded that the m he reinforcement of MOE, and cement in fibrou nd marked with t

, , p ! p  N



ions of: ire system in a co

cing component components aga fluences of surro subsets MOE ma

in Figure 1 and

MOE

1. Sets of MOE

osite as: materia erent properties (or) a new (ad nts used separ olithic, with cle definition lets um) of simple fea

plex feature, nam relationship (5)

erial in order to: trength at the op

matrix material i material. d a set of engi

us composite, c the symbol:

N ,

ompact form, ts,

ainst direct dama unding environm atrix and reinfor

using relations ( n

E

al formed from in such a way t ditional) proper rately. The com early visible bou

specify a new ature such as M med composite

COE:

perating

s much ineering c called

(3)

age and ment.

rcement (4).

(4)

at least that has rties, in mposite undaries feature, OE and feature.

31 READING DIRECT: www.journalamme.org

1. I

E dema sell.

enab the c enter indep requi desig the p issue comp

F netw realiz the p Featu orien their x D x M x A x M x T x F T the d

2. D

In meth comp

M on engin

MO

wher

w

M toget struc set o colle comp and p E mate mate

MO

wher wp ^–

i – ite

Introducti

Evolution of the ands to shorten t Computer Integr les continuous m current needs a rprise software pendent applic irements for th gn and construct potential of usin es related to co posite componen Feature element work of exchange

zing the general problem of mo ure Based Mode nted design char use is as follow Design Features Machining Featu Assembly Featur Material Feature Tolerance Featur Functional Featu The study attem design of structur

Defining of

n order to ca hodology, the u ponents, it was n Material feature, mechanical, te neering material

 w i, OE

1

re:

– material proper Material feature ther with the stru tural element, c f MOE, has bee ection of mater

posite materials physical.

Elements of a erials used as r erial feature - rein

p , w OE

re:

– material proper eration of a set i

ion

e CAx-class sof the preparation t ration various st monitoring and and to their gen CAx, whose ind ations that ca e accomplishm tion. Software v ng the developm

omputer modelli nts [2, 3, 5, 6].

t is an entity es of messages,

objectives of th odelling objects elling, we defin racteristics. The ws:

- construction fe ures - technologi

res - assembly fe s - material featu res -.tolerance fe ures - functional mpts to determin ral components b

f features

arry out the p use of features necessary to intro

MOE, is called echnological an

s.

i, ! , 1 

rty.

e, functions as uctural, geometr creating a compl en specified subs rials for use

with varying ch subset of MOE reinforcement i nforcement and

, , ,

1 p

p  !

rty, N i  ^.

ftware is dictat time to introduc tages of product adjustment of t neration. The u

dividual module an clarify the

ent of tasks in vendors have lon ment of these sys

ing and strengt that stores data

performs some he system. Takin s using a graph ne them as 3D o e division of fe eature, ical feature, eature,

ure, eature,

feature.

e the material o based on fibre c

process of for in the design oduce the releva as a collection o nd physical p

s a simple fe ric feature define lex feature . Insi set of MOE, wh as separate co hemical propertie E, and a set o in fibrous com marked with the

N , p 

ted by market ce a product to life cycle and the product to se of modern es function as e needs and n front of the ng recognized stems took the th analysis of a, establish a services, thus g into account hical-oriented, objects or 2D- eatures due to

of features for omposites.

rmalizing the of composite ant definitions.

of information properties of (1)

ature, which, ed forms filled ide the master hich contains a omponents of es, mechanical of engineering mposite, called

e symbol:

(2)

Reinfor particles or x obtain a tempera x changes x used as more ex Elemen materials u material fea

MOE

where:

wp ^{– mater}

i – iteration MOE^M x mainten x transfer x protecti from ot Relation to a set of M

MOE

š

ȂȅǼ Œǽ

In defin two compo improved p relation to material is between the

The us which is a c establishme Which form

rcing componen fibres, entering a material with ature of the obje s deformability m s a filler, provi xpensive than th nts of a subset used as reinforc ature – matrix an

, p 1 , w

 

rial property, n of a set i N^.

fulfils the funct nance of the enti r load on reinfor ion reinforcing c ther negative inf

n of belonging s MOE are shown

M MOE



š

ȂȅǼȂ

Œ

Fig.

ning the compo onents with diffe properties and o the compone

externally mon e components.

e of such, the combination (su ent, a new comp m represents the

nts, the MOE^Z, the matrix mate high yield or st ct,

matrix material, ded that the m he reinforcement of MOE, and cement in fibrou

nd marked with t

, , p ! p  N



ions of:

ire system in a co cing component components aga fluences of surro subsets MOE ma

in Figure 1 and

MOE

1. Sets of MOE

osite as: materia erent properties (or) a new (ad nts used separ olithic, with cle definition lets um) of simple fea

plex feature, nam relationship (5)

can take the f erial in order to:

trength at the op

matrix material i material.

d a set of engi us composite, c the symbol:

N ,

ompact form, ts,

ainst direct dama unding environm atrix and reinfor

using relations ( n

E

al formed from in such a way t ditional) proper rately. The com early visible bou

specify a new ature such as M med composite

COE:

form of perating

s much ineering c called

(3)

age and ment.

rcement (4).

(4)

at least that has rties, in mposite undaries feature, OE and feature.

1. Introduction

2. Defining of features

Research paper

32 A. Baier, M. Majzner

COE

F infor the fo value

COE

whername value Param x T

r x M x M c x R x V r x T

Zj j

i

MOE

E

Feature COE i rmation on the c following conditi e of a parameteri

,

 name , E

re :

e – the name or s e – the value ass meters defining Type – the typ random short fibr Material Matrix – Matrix volume f composite, Reinforcement m Volume fraction reinforcement in The final thickne

iM

MOE

 ,

is called as a configuration of ions that must b ized object (6).

, , value !

symbol paramete umed by name.

the variables CO pe of composite

re, woven), – part of a set of fraction – the to material – part of

n of reinforcem the composite, ess – the thickne

a set of eleme f the composite be entered as the

er, OE:

e (unidirectiona f MOE^M,

otal volume of f a set of MOE^Z, ment – the tota

ss of a single CO

(5) ents, carrying . Highlighting name and the (6)

al, particulate,

the matrix in

al volume of OE.

Fig. 2. Com

The mo addition to parameters:

x warp – materia x weft –

thread, x balance

weft, x angle –

weft.

Single structural circuits use stage confi geometric f extent beco the constr identificatio Generalized

mposite model

ost complicated o the previousl

:

– element of th al,

element of the e factor – determ – the angle dete

COE has aniso engineering is ed in order to re igures the appro form. The result omes isotropic.

ruction of the on of strains d form the layere

COE, is a type o ly mentioned p he set of MOE set of MOE, s mine the volume rmine the arran otropic propertie undesirable.

educe this phen opriate arrangem

is a structural m The complexity e composites

and stresses ed composite is

of woven compo parameters, it h E, specifying th

specifying the m e ratio of the w ngement of warp es, this phenome Therefore, mu omenon. At the ment of the lay material, which t y and great dive greatly hampe at the design shown in Fig. 2.

osite. In has the he warp material arp and p to the enon in ultilayer e design ers and to some ersity in ers the stage.

.

Another level of complexity of composite materials is the building of the individual layers, COE-type items, composite laminate. Creates a new object that is submitting several elementary COE and the master made the element of an elementary COE.

Laminar feature, WOE – called the structure of the interaction between the individual COE.

,

1

¦

k

COE

LOE

where:

LOE – laminar feature, COE – composite feature, k – iteration of the further layers, l – finite number of COE layers.

The contention particular feature elements had no links with the geometric form of the surface on which a composite was built.

In defining the boundary conditions and the relationship between a composite element, and interacting objects, creating structural feature . It is a complex object, built with composite feature elements and composite structural feature (8).

), ( LOE GOE KOE FOE

SOE     

where:

SOE – composite structural feature, GOE – geometrical feature, KOE – construction feature, FOE – functional feature.

The algorithm of the layer composite construction was started by defining a database of materials features used to build a COE.

From a database of engineering materials drawn materials used in the manufacture of fibrous composites, thus created sub-bases of matrix and reinforcement materials. The basis for carrying out the process of designing the composite structures is to create a record, in the form of drawings depicting the geometrical form. Clearly defined area of a 3D model of the component which has been created from the functional features, is the basis for the construction of a layered composite. The thickness of single layer spacing ranges from 0.03 to several mm, the diversity of values results from the used materials and manufacturing technology.

Obtain a final thickness of the model derives from the sum of the thickness of each layer, the dependence (8) shows the resulting thickness dimension of the stack.

, ) (

1

¦

k

kj

COE

g

G

where:

G – total thickness of LOE,

kj

COEi, – composite feature, )

(COE_i^k_,j

g – the value of a single layer thickness.

3. Multilevel and multiscale modelling

In literature multiscale modelling in physics is used to calculation of material properties or system behaviour on one level using information or models and properties from different levels. Following levels are usually distinguished: level of quantum mechanical models (information about phenomena occurring between the electrons), level of micro models (information about phenomena occurring between the atoms), mesoscale or nano level (information about phenomena occurring between molecules and group of atoms), micro level models (information about the phenomena occurring in the structural objects). Multiscale modelling is particularly important in integrated computational materials engineering since it allows to predict material properties or system behaviour based on knowledge of the atomistic structure and properties of elementary processes [1].

In regard to the design of composite materials attempt to define multilevel and multiscale components of structural element. When quantum level is defined as the basic unit of the composite material which components exist as two separate phases, then the analysis of matrix and reinforcement are made independently. In the process of combining independent phase of the quantum level (MOE^m and MOE^z), created a layer called the micro level. At this level has been previously created object called composite feature (COE). In the process of combining individual layers of COE, which is in the level of meso (nano) obtains ownership of WOE. The combination of layers creates a Laminar Composite. If we superimpose a WOE ties and boundary conditions and define a geometric figure, the object will receive the structure, this layer is known as macro level (Fig. 3).

Multiscale analysis is defined as a feedback loop in the design of composite structures. It is possible to analyse particular components in terms of set conditions. Defines the primary loop, which is a fundamental feature of the proposed composite. In this loop you can use these conditions for endurance:

x stress, x deformation, x displacement, x rotation.

Simultaneously, an additional condition may be a primary condition related to the property of the layer:

x angle arrangement of fibres, x weight,

x layer thickness, x type of matrix material, x type of material reinforcement; or all of the composite:

x weight, x total thickness.

Specific conditions may be applied from the basic material of a particular phase, through the layer to the total composition. In the process of optimization of the composite can be applied to the same conditions, further clarification of their weight values. The feedback was presented as a secondary loop design.

33 Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural elements

COE

F infor the fo value

COE

whername value Param x T

r x M x M c x R x V r x T

Zj j

i

MOE

E

Feature COE i rmation on the c following conditi e of a parameteri

,

 name , E

re :

e – the name or s e – the value ass meters defining Type – the typ random short fibr Material Matrix – Matrix volume f composite, Reinforcement m Volume fraction reinforcement in The final thickne

iM

MOE

 ,

is called as a configuration of ions that must b ized object (6).

, , value !

symbol paramete umed by name.

the variables CO pe of composite

re, woven), – part of a set of fraction – the to material – part of

n of reinforcem the composite, ess – the thickne

a set of eleme f the composite be entered as the

er, OE:

e (unidirectiona f MOE^M,

otal volume of f a set of MOE^Z, ment – the tota

ss of a single CO

(5) ents, carrying . Highlighting name and the (6)

al, particulate,

the matrix in

al volume of OE.

Fig. 2. Com

The mo addition to parameters:

x warp – materia x weft –

thread, x balance

weft, x angle –

weft.

Single structural circuits use stage confi geometric f extent beco the constr identificatio Generalized

mposite model

ost complicated o the previousl

:

– element of th al,

element of the e factor – determ – the angle dete

COE has aniso engineering is ed in order to re igures the appro form. The result omes isotropic.

ruction of the on of strains d form the layere

COE, is a type o ly mentioned p he set of MOE

set of MOE, s mine the volume rmine the arran otropic propertie undesirable.

educe this phen opriate arrangem

is a structural m The complexity e composites

and stresses ed composite is

of woven compo parameters, it h E, specifying th

specifying the m e ratio of the w ngement of warp es, this phenome Therefore, mu omenon. At the ment of the lay material, which t y and great dive greatly hampe at the design shown in Fig. 2.

osite. In has the he warp material arp and p to the enon in ultilayer e design ers and to some ersity in ers the stage.

.

Another level of complexity of composite materials is the building of the individual layers, COE-type items, composite laminate. Creates a new object that is submitting several elementary COE and the master made the element of an elementary COE.

Laminar feature, WOE – called the structure of the interaction between the individual COE.

,

1

¦

l k

COE

LOE

where:

LOE – laminar feature, COE – composite feature, k – iteration of the further layers, l – finite number of COE layers.

The contention particular feature elements had no links with the geometric form of the surface on which a composite was built.

In defining the boundary conditions and the relationship between a composite element, and interacting objects, creating structural feature . It is a complex object, built with composite feature elements and composite structural feature (8).

), ( LOE GOE KOE FOE

SOE     

where:

SOE – composite structural feature, GOE – geometrical feature, KOE – construction feature, FOE – functional feature.

The algorithm of the layer composite construction was started by defining a database of materials features used to build a COE.

From a database of engineering materials drawn materials used in the manufacture of fibrous composites, thus created sub-bases of matrix and reinforcement materials. The basis for carrying out the process of designing the composite structures is to create a record, in the form of drawings depicting the geometrical form. Clearly defined area of a 3D model of the component which has been created from the functional features, is the basis for the construction of a layered composite. The thickness of single layer spacing ranges from 0.03 to several mm, the diversity of values results from the used materials and manufacturing technology.

Obtain a final thickness of the model derives from the sum of the thickness of each layer, the dependence (8) shows the resulting thickness dimension of the stack.

, ) (

1

¦

k

kj

COE

g

G

where:

G – total thickness of LOE,

kj

COEi, – composite feature, )

(COE_i^k_,j

g – the value of a single layer thickness.

3. Multilevel and multiscale modelling

In literature multiscale modelling in physics is used to calculation of material properties or system behaviour on one level using information or models and properties from different levels. Following levels are usually distinguished: level of quantum mechanical models (information about phenomena occurring between the electrons), level of micro models (information about phenomena occurring between the atoms), mesoscale or nano level (information about phenomena occurring between molecules and group of atoms), micro level models (information about the phenomena occurring in the structural objects). Multiscale modelling is particularly important in integrated computational materials engineering since it allows to predict material properties or system behaviour based on knowledge of the atomistic structure and properties of elementary processes [1].

In regard to the design of composite materials attempt to define multilevel and multiscale components of structural element. When quantum level is defined as the basic unit of the composite material which components exist as two separate phases, then the analysis of matrix and reinforcement are made independently. In the process of combining independent phase of the quantum level (MOE^m and MOE^z), created a layer called the micro level. At this level has been previously created object called composite feature (COE). In the process of combining individual layers of COE, which is in the level of meso (nano) obtains ownership of WOE. The combination of layers creates a Laminar Composite. If we superimpose a WOE ties and boundary conditions and define a geometric figure, the object will receive the structure, this layer is known as macro level (Fig. 3).

Multiscale analysis is defined as a feedback loop in the design of composite structures. It is possible to analyse particular components in terms of set conditions. Defines the primary loop, which is a fundamental feature of the proposed composite. In this loop you can use these conditions for endurance:

x stress, x deformation, x displacement, x rotation.

Simultaneously, an additional condition may be a primary condition related to the property of the layer:

x angle arrangement of fibres, x weight,

x layer thickness, x type of matrix material, x type of material reinforcement;

or all of the composite:

x weight, x total thickness.

Specific conditions may be applied from the basic material of a particular phase, through the layer to the total composition. In the process of optimization of the composite can be applied to the same conditions, further clarification of their weight values. The feedback was presented as a secondary loop design.

3. Multilevel and multiscale

modelling

Research paper

34 A. Baier, M. Majzner

4. A

D by sh of fib x s x d x m x m S the p techn proce based elem x O x A x A T the fo x G x E x T x M

ty In direc

Algorithm

Direct use of the hape and materia brous composite strictly defined fu determine the sha material selection manufacturing te Scope design pro

product. Design nological proces eedings in the d on accepted cr ments particularly

Original, Adaptive – mostl Alternative.

The design algor following topics

Geometric – geo Endurance – end Technological – Material – mater

ype of material.

n the algorithm ction and the r

m design of

e composition of al. In the process es distinguished s function and dest ape of the produ n,

echnology.

ovides a greater n covers the de ss of production.

design process riteria. For the d y the roles of the

ly implemented, rithm uses objec and types of obj metrical feature durance feature (W

technological fe rial feature (MO m (Fig. 4) has

return flow of

Fig.

f composit

f the composite f s of designing a several stages:

tiny, uct,

r part of the req sign and constr . Fig. 4 presents of the optimiz design of compo e types of project

,

ct-oriented appro ects:

(GOE), WOE), eature (TOE), OE), singling ou

been taken into information fr

3. Multiscale an

te

fulfils features product made

quired form of ruction as the the algorithm zation process osite structural

ts:

oach, covering

ut a particular o account the om particular

nd multilevel mo

facilities w algorithm i feature (SO composite i Simultaneo required ex iterations requiremen

5. Prac orien

Process shown in t layers of fib epoxy resin sixteen of t process beg to the actu drawing a transverse d on the dim 12, 13, 14, In the n the plane fo correspondi bare areas,

odelling

with detailed de s a collection of OE). Use the r in accordance w ously, the algor xperimental stu in the design nts and the functi

ctical ap nted meth

s of modelling the example of berglass fabric w n. The laminate the blind rivets [ gan by creating a ual dimensions

line (Sketch-Lin dimension of the mension of the lo

15, 16].

next stage, set u for dividing the ing splitting plan and load the act

sign subprocess f information co recipe will allo with the expectat

ithm allows red udies on real o

process depen ion is to fulfil tar

pplication ods

composite struc modelling a sa with a weight of was combined 8], diameter of 4 a plane with dim of the sample.

ne) with a lengt e sample, and th ongitudinal samp up additional ske

sample with a t ne must take int ual sample (Fig.

ses. The results ontained in the c ow you to pro tions of the cons ducing the num bject. The num nds on from t

rget of SOE.

of ob

ctural componen ample made fro 450 g/m², in the with a steel pla 4.8 mm. The mo mensions corresp Plane was crea th corresponding hen dragged it (E

ple (Fig. 5) [9, etches and insert tool to divide fa o account the ho . 6)

of the complex oduce a structor.

mber of mber of the set

bject-

nts was om four e matrix ate with odelling ponding ated by g to the Extrude) 10, 11, ted into ace. The oles and

4. Algorithm design of composite

5. Practical application of

object-oriented methods

Fig. 6. P

the stages of cre

Plate with all the

Fig. 4.

eating a numerica

reference objec

. Multiscale and

al model

ts

multilevel mode

All the primitive o becomes th The lib implementa MOE, relat (Fig. 7). I elements c structures. heterogeneo

For hom classified, r reinforceme x woven, x unidirec x random x particul Depend two or th reinforceme requiring to reinforceme object and 12, 13, 14, The ma as MOE ob Basic infor modulus, P

elling [4]

functions belon objects, which c he base for furthe brary NX 7.5 ha

ation of the samp ted to the mate n the process can distinguish

Composite mat ous.

mogeneous mat reinforced fibres ent:

ctional, m short fibre,

late.

ding on the type hree. MOE obj ent: unidirection o define MOE^m a ent of type wov

two objects MO 15, 16]. aterials used as r bjects defining t rmation describi oisson's ratio an

ng to the structu reates a set of er modelling and as no predefined ple. It was neces rial used as rein

of modelling c h between two

terials formed terials, composit

s. Distinguishes

e of reinforceme jects. In the e nal, random sho and MOE^z objec en, it is necessa OE^z for warp and

reinforcement w the information ing the new obj nd modulus of Ki

ural features. T complex object d analysis proces d materials used ssary to create a nforcement and construction com o types of com from homogene te materials hav the following t

ent is required to event of the t ort fibre, particu cts. However, the ary to define the

d weft (Fig. 8) were put to the d

on material pro ect MOE are: Y irchoff.

hey are , which sses.

for the base of d matrix mposite mposite eous or ve been types of

o define type of ulate are e use of MOE^m [10, 11, database operties. Young's

35 Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural elements

4. A

D by sh of fib x s x d x m x m S the p techn proce based elem x O x A x A T the fo x G x E x T x M

ty In direc

Algorithm

Direct use of the hape and materia brous composite strictly defined fu determine the sha material selection manufacturing te Scope design pro

product. Design nological proces eedings in the d on accepted cr ments particularly

Original, Adaptive – mostl Alternative.

The design algor following topics Geometric – geo Endurance – end Technological – Material – mater

ype of material.

n the algorithm ction and the r

m design of

e composition of al. In the process es distinguished s function and dest ape of the produ n,

echnology.

ovides a greater n covers the de ss of production.

design process riteria. For the d y the roles of the ly implemented, rithm uses objec and types of obj metrical feature durance feature (W

technological fe rial feature (MO m (Fig. 4) has

return flow of

Fig.

f composit

f the composite f s of designing a several stages:

tiny, uct,

r part of the req sign and constr . Fig. 4 presents of the optimiz design of compo e types of project

,

ct-oriented appro ects:

(GOE), WOE), eature (TOE), OE), singling ou

been taken into information fr

3. Multiscale an

te

fulfils features product made

quired form of ruction as the the algorithm zation process osite structural

ts:

oach, covering

ut a particular o account the om particular

nd multilevel mo

facilities w algorithm i feature (SO composite i Simultaneo required ex iterations requiremen

5. Prac orien

Process shown in t layers of fib epoxy resin sixteen of t process beg to the actu drawing a transverse d on the dim 12, 13, 14, In the n the plane fo correspondi bare areas,

odelling

with detailed de s a collection of OE). Use the r

in accordance w ously, the algor xperimental stu in the design nts and the functi

ctical ap nted meth

s of modelling the example of berglass fabric w n. The laminate the blind rivets [ gan by creating a ual dimensions

line (Sketch-Lin dimension of the mension of the lo

15, 16].

next stage, set u for dividing the ing splitting plan and load the act

sign subprocess f information co recipe will allo with the expectat

ithm allows red udies on real o

process depen ion is to fulfil tar

pplication ods

composite struc modelling a sa with a weight of was combined 8], diameter of 4 a plane with dim of the sample.

ne) with a lengt e sample, and th ongitudinal samp up additional ske

sample with a t ne must take int ual sample (Fig.

ses. The results ontained in the c ow you to pro tions of the cons ducing the num bject. The num nds on from t

rget of SOE.

of ob

ctural componen ample made fro 450 g/m², in the with a steel pla 4.8 mm. The mo mensions corresp Plane was crea th corresponding hen dragged it (E ple (Fig. 5) [9, etches and insert tool to divide fa

o account the ho . 6)

of the complex oduce a structor.

mber of mber of the set

bject-

nts was om four e matrix ate with odelling ponding ated by g to the Extrude) 10, 11, ted into ace. The oles and

Fig. 5. One of t

Fig. 6. P

the stages of cre

Plate with all the

Fig. 4.

eating a numerica

reference objec

. Multiscale and

al model

ts

multilevel mode

All the primitive o becomes th The lib implementa MOE, relat (Fig. 7). I elements c structures.

heterogeneo For hom classified, r reinforceme x woven, x unidirec x random x particul Depend two or th reinforceme requiring to reinforceme object and 12, 13, 14, The ma as MOE ob Basic infor modulus, P

elling [4]

functions belon objects, which c he base for furthe brary NX 7.5 ha

ation of the samp ted to the mate n the process can distinguish

Composite mat ous.

mogeneous mat reinforced fibres ent:

ctional, m short fibre,

late.

ding on the type hree. MOE obj ent: unidirection o define MOE^m a ent of type wov

two objects MO 15, 16].

aterials used as r bjects defining t rmation describi oisson's ratio an

ng to the structu reates a set of er modelling and as no predefined

ple. It was neces rial used as rein of modelling c h between two

terials formed terials, composit s. Distinguishes

e of reinforceme jects. In the e nal, random sho and MOE^z objec en, it is necessa OE^z for warp and

reinforcement w the information ing the new obj nd modulus of Ki

ural features. T complex object d analysis proces d materials used ssary to create a nforcement and construction com o types of com from homogene te materials hav the following t

ent is required to event of the t ort fibre, particu cts. However, the ary to define the

d weft (Fig. 8) were put to the d

on material pro ect MOE are: Y irchoff.

hey are , which sses.

for the base of d matrix mposite mposite eous or ve been types of

o define type of ulate are e use of MOE^m [10, 11, database operties.

Young's

Research paper

36 A. Baier, M. Majzner

F indiv

Fig. 7 Function Lamina vidual objects pre

7. COE configur ate Modeller (F eviously created

ration window Fig. 9), enables

COE – which a

processing of are single plys,

Fig. 9. La

to the type feature. Str reviewed. B unit of whi on the rec variables in increase or

aminate Modeller

of the object LO rength propertie Basic material p ich is the MOE, cipe used, the v n the object ty

decrease.

Fig. 8. Basi

r

OE, which is the es are at each s properties are ch through the CO values associate ype COE, mech

c configuration o

e overarching, c stage of modell hanging from th OE, to LOE. Dep ed with the ad hanical properti

of MOE

complex ling are he basic pending dditional es may

A optim (Fig.

B boun WOE x c x c x e T mesh

T prelim mate indiv cond whic

6. C

T the a struc resea selec to in featu proce

A helps prope T carrie analy comp the a were objec micro – the corre

At the same tim mal properties fo 9) [9, 10, 11, 12 Before starting t ndary conditions

E: constraints, contact pressure exciting force. Thus prepared M h, a division of an

Fig. 10. Pre

Thus prepared, minary stress an erials in individu vidual layers w ditions on the obj

h was defined as

Conclusion

This paper attem acceleration of tural elements i arch was to int ction of the opti ntegrate the proc ure. This method ess of building a Application of m

s build composi erty from differe The process un

ed out using a ysis and modifi posite takes plac analysis of the va e divided into l

cts – correspond o scale, corresp e basic version esponding to stru

me it is possible or the given pro 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 the simulation, s. For this purp

from the rivet, Model has been

nalysed object of

epared model to

the model ca nalysis (Fig. 10 ual layers and t were prepared. T

bjects COE, at th s structural featu

n

mpts to develop a work related t in modelling and egrate the mod mization compo cesses described d allowed the pe a composite usin

multiscale analy ites in the proc ent angles. nderlying the in

a previously de cation of the un ce in the feedba arious stages of levels. Compare ds to material fea onds to compos n of the lamina uctural feature S

e to obtain a co oblem of the use

].

it is necessary pose, uses obje

undergone to t f finite elements

perform the ana

an be used to 0), verification

the materials fro The imposition his stage creates ure of SOE.

a method that wo to the process d stress analysis delling and anal osition of compo d above using t

erform systemat ng computer meth

ysis of compos ess of analysing nitial choice of efined function. nderlying comp ack loop. In orde construction of ed them up to atures MOE. Sub site features CO ate LOE, the m

OE.

omposite with e of the object to define the cts endurance

the process of (Fig. 10) [7].

alysis

carry out a of application om which the of boundary a new object,

ould allow for of designing s. Direction of lysis with the osite. In order the method of tization of the hods. site materials, g iterative his f materials is Verification, ponents of the er to facilitate the composite the quantum bsequently the E, meso-scale micro scale –

Acknow

This wo R03 0072 Higher Edu

Referen

[1] Y.W. and S Spring [2] J. ĝw

suppo Silesia Gliwi [3] A. Ba proces featur Techn [4] I. Hy eleme House [5] G. W conten in M 187-1 [6] W. H A. Cz compo Achie 20 (20 [7] G. Wr model ageing Manu [8] L. Kr proof Achie 39/1 ( [9] A. Ba

eleme Manu [10] A. Ba fiber, 22-28 [11] M. M

Proce Studen develo transp [12] M. M delam Minin [13] M. M eleme [14] M. M

param (2010

wledgeme

ork has been con 06/2009 suppo ucation in 2009-2

nces

Kwon, D.H. A Simulation of ger, 2009. wider, K. Herbu

ort the modeling an University ce, 2006. aier, Method of i

sses of functiona re, Scientific P nology, Gliwice, yla, J. ĝleziona, ents, Silesian U

e, Gliwice, 2004 Wróbel, S. Pawla

nt in glass/epoxy Materials and M

90.

Hufenbach, L.A. zulak, Optimisat osite material evements in Mat

007) 119-122. róbel, J. Kaczma ls of polymeric g processes, Jou ufacturing Engine

roll, P. Kostka, of fibre-reinfor evements in Mat

(2009) 41-46. aier, M. Majzn ents, Journal o ufacturing Engine aier, M. Majzne

Design and C .

Majzner, A. Bai edings of the I nts and Young opment of mach port”, Sewastopo Majzner, A. Baie mination of com

ng 4 (2010) 14-1 Majzner, A. Baie ents, Opencast M Majzner, K. Jam meters of glass

0) 263-267.

nts

nducted as a par rted by the Mi 2011.

Allen, R. Talreja Composite Mat uĞ, The use of g of machine-ori of Technolog ntegration of de al groups of mac Papers of the S

2006.

, Composites. M University of T 4.

ak, Ultrasonic e y composites, Jo Manufacturing E DobrzaĔski, M tion of the rive and aluminiu terials and Man arczyk, J. Stabik c composite to urnal of Achieve eering 34/1 (200 M. Lepper, W. rced laminates terials and Man ner, Analysis o of Achievemen

eering 43/2 (201 er, Modelling an Construction En er, Modeling o International Sc Scientists „Pro hine-instrument- ol, 2010, 198-200 er, T. Koprowsk mposite materi

8.

r, Modeling of Mining 4 (2010) 2 mroziak, Identifi

fiber laminates

rt of research pr inistry of Scien

a, Multiscale M terials and Stru

functional feat iented motion a gy Publishing

sign and manufa chines using a c Silesian Univer Mechanics and Technology Pub evaluation of th ournal of Achiev Engineering 18 M. Gude, J. Kon

et joints of the m alloy, Jour nufacturing Engi k, M. Rojek, Nu simulate fatig ements in Materi 09) 31-38.

. Hufenbach, Ex with holes, Jou nufacturing Engi f composite str nts in Materia 10) 577-585. nd testing of com ngineering 9/39

f composite ma cientific Confere ogressive direct -building branch 0.

ki, The position als studies, O the selected com 218-221. ication of the s s, Opencast Mi

roject N nce and

Modeling uctures, tures to analysis, House, acturing complex rsity of design blishing he fibre vements (2006) nieczny, e CFRP rnal of ineering umerical gue and ials and xtended urnal of ineering ructural als and mposite (2010) aterials, ence of tions of hes and n of the Opencast mposite strength ining 4

37 Application of feature method to the modelling of composite structural elements

F indiv

Fig. 7 Function Lamina vidual objects pre

7. COE configur ate Modeller (F eviously created

ration window Fig. 9), enables

COE – which a

processing of are single plys,

Fig. 9. La

to the type feature. Str reviewed. B unit of whi on the rec variables in increase or

aminate Modeller

of the object LO rength propertie Basic material p ich is the MOE, cipe used, the v

n the object ty decrease.

Fig. 8. Basi

r

OE, which is the es are at each s properties are ch through the CO values associate ype COE, mech

c configuration o

e overarching, c stage of modell hanging from th OE, to LOE. Dep ed with the ad hanical properti

of MOE

complex ling are he basic pending dditional es may

A optim (Fig.

B boun WOE x c x c x e T mesh

T prelim mate indiv cond whic

6. C

T the a struc resea selec to in featu proce

A helps prope T carrie analy comp the a were objec micro – the corre

At the same tim mal properties fo 9) [9, 10, 11, 12 Before starting t ndary conditions

E:

constraints, contact pressure exciting force.

Thus prepared M h, a division of an

Fig. 10. Pre

Thus prepared, minary stress an erials in individu vidual layers w ditions on the obj

h was defined as

Conclusion

This paper attem acceleration of tural elements i arch was to int ction of the opti ntegrate the proc ure. This method ess of building a Application of m

s build composi erty from differe The process un ed out using a ysis and modifi posite takes plac analysis of the va e divided into l cts – correspond o scale, corresp e basic version esponding to stru

me it is possible or the given pro 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 the simulation, s. For this purp

from the rivet, Model has been

nalysed object of

epared model to

the model ca nalysis (Fig. 10 ual layers and t were prepared. T

bjects COE, at th s structural featu

n

mpts to develop a work related t in modelling and egrate the mod mization compo cesses described d allowed the pe a composite usin

multiscale analy ites in the proc ent angles.

nderlying the in a previously de cation of the un ce in the feedba arious stages of levels. Compare ds to material fea onds to compos n of the lamina uctural feature S

e to obtain a co oblem of the use

].

it is necessary pose, uses obje

undergone to t f finite elements

perform the ana

an be used to 0), verification the materials fro The imposition his stage creates ure of SOE.

a method that wo to the process d stress analysis delling and anal osition of compo d above using t

erform systemat ng computer meth

ysis of compos ess of analysing nitial choice of efined function.

nderlying comp ack loop. In orde

construction of ed them up to atures MOE. Sub site features CO ate LOE, the m

OE.

omposite with e of the object to define the cts endurance

the process of (Fig. 10) [7].

alysis

carry out a of application om which the of boundary a new object,

ould allow for of designing s. Direction of lysis with the osite. In order the method of tization of the hods.

site materials, g iterative his f materials is Verification, ponents of the er to facilitate the composite the quantum bsequently the E, meso-scale micro scale –

Acknow

This wo R03 0072 Higher Edu

Referen

[1] Y.W.

and S Spring [2] J. ĝw

suppo Silesia Gliwi [3] A. Ba proces featur Techn [4] I. Hy eleme House [5] G. W conten in M 187-1 [6] W. H A. Cz compo Achie 20 (20 [7] G. Wr model ageing Manu [8] L. Kr proof Achie 39/1 ( [9] A. Ba

eleme Manu [10] A. Ba fiber, 22-28 [11] M. M

Proce Studen develo transp [12] M. M delam Minin [13] M. M eleme [14] M. M

param (2010

wledgeme

ork has been con 06/2009 suppo ucation in 2009-2

nces

Kwon, D.H. A Simulation of ger, 2009.

wider, K. Herbu ort the modeling an University ce, 2006.

aier, Method of i sses of functiona re, Scientific P nology, Gliwice, yla, J. ĝleziona, ents, Silesian U

e, Gliwice, 2004 Wróbel, S. Pawla

nt in glass/epoxy Materials and M

90.

Hufenbach, L.A.

zulak, Optimisat osite material evements in Mat

007) 119-122.

róbel, J. Kaczma ls of polymeric g processes, Jou ufacturing Engine

roll, P. Kostka, of fibre-reinfor evements in Mat (2009) 41-46.

aier, M. Majzn ents, Journal o ufacturing Engine aier, M. Majzne

Design and C .

Majzner, A. Bai edings of the I nts and Young opment of mach port”, Sewastopo Majzner, A. Baie mination of com

ng 4 (2010) 14-1 Majzner, A. Baie ents, Opencast M Majzner, K. Jam meters of glass 0) 263-267.

nts

nducted as a par rted by the Mi 2011.

Allen, R. Talreja Composite Mat uĞ, The use of g of machine-ori of Technolog ntegration of de al groups of mac Papers of the S

2006.

, Composites. M University of T 4.

ak, Ultrasonic e y composites, Jo Manufacturing E DobrzaĔski, M tion of the rive and aluminiu terials and Man arczyk, J. Stabik c composite to urnal of Achieve eering 34/1 (200 M. Lepper, W.

rced laminates terials and Man ner, Analysis o of Achievemen eering 43/2 (201 er, Modelling an Construction En er, Modeling o International Sc Scientists „Pro hine-instrument- ol, 2010, 198-200 er, T. Koprowsk

mposite materi 8.

r, Modeling of Mining 4 (2010) 2 mroziak, Identifi

fiber laminates

rt of research pr inistry of Scien

a, Multiscale M terials and Stru

functional feat iented motion a gy Publishing

sign and manufa chines using a c Silesian Univer Mechanics and Technology Pub evaluation of th ournal of Achiev Engineering 18 M. Gude, J. Kon

et joints of the m alloy, Jour nufacturing Engi k, M. Rojek, Nu simulate fatig ements in Materi 09) 31-38.

. Hufenbach, Ex with holes, Jou nufacturing Engi f composite str nts in Materia 10) 577-585.

nd testing of com ngineering 9/39

f composite ma cientific Confere ogressive direct -building branch 0.

ki, The position als studies, O the selected com 218-221.

ication of the s s, Opencast Mi

roject N nce and

Modeling uctures, tures to analysis, House, acturing complex rsity of design blishing he fibre vements (2006) nieczny, e CFRP rnal of ineering umerical gue and ials and xtended urnal of ineering ructural als and mposite (2010) aterials, ence of tions of hes and n of the Opencast mposite strength ining 4

6. conclusions

references

Acknowledgements

Research paper

38 READING DIRECT: www.journalamme.org

[15] A. Baier, M. Majzner, K. Jamroziak, Analysis of the movement of a wagon train on curved track, Scientific Papers Gen. Tadeusz KoĞciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces 4/158 (2010).

[16] A. Baier, J. ĝwider, M. Majzner, Research and analysis of the properties of composites for the construction of wagons, Design and Construction Engineering 11/38 (2010) 20-29.