SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

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Quarterly of University of Finance and Management in Warsaw Volume 9 Issue 4

November 2015

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN POLAND

DIAGNOZA SPOŁECZNA 2015

WARUNKI I JAKOŚĆ ŻYCIA POLAKÓW

Edited by:

Janusz Czapiński Tomasz Panek

Raport Diagnoza Społeczna 2015 finansowany przez:

Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego listopad 2015

The Contemporary

Economics

WSPÓŁCZESNA

EKONOMIA

Contemporary

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Nur Adiana Hiau Abdullah (Malaysia) Ruth V. Aguilera (USA)

Icek Ajzen (USA) Hrabrin Bachev (Bulgaria) Richard P. Bagozzi (USA) Richard Blundell (Great Britain) Constantin A. Bob (Romania) Udo Broll (Germany) Willem K. M. Brauers (Belgium) Tanja Broz (Croatia) Jelena Budak (Croatia) Barbara Czarniawska (Sweden) Didar Erdinç (Bulgaria) József Fogarasi (Romania) Nicolai Juul Foss (Denmark) Bruno S. Frey (Switzerland) Masahiko Gemma (Japan) Srećko Goić (Croatia) Kjell Åge Gotvassli (Norway) Adriana Grigorescu (Romania) Oliver D. Hart (USA)

Roman Horvath (Czech Republic)

Shelby D. Hunt (USA) Zoran Ivanovic (Croatia) Søren Johansen (Denmark) Sten Jönsson (Sweden) Lutz Kilian (USA) Judit Karsai (Hungary) Elko Kleinschmidt (Canada) Monika Kostera (Sweden) Stephen F. LeRoy (USA) Csaba Lentner (Hungary) Lena Malešević Perović (Croatia) Victor Martinez Reyes (USA) Eric Maskin (USA) Igor Matunović (Croatia) Ieva Meidute (Lithuania) Garabed Minassian (Bulgaria) Alexandru Mircea Nedelea (Romania) Anayo Nkamnebe (Nigeria) Harald Oberhofer (Austria) Boris Podobnik (Croatia) Nina Pološki Vokić (Croatia) Rossitsa Rangelova (Bulgaria)

Assaf Razin (USA) Sanda Renko (Croatia)

Domingo Enrique Ribeiro Soriano (Spain) Richard Roll (USA)

Steven Rosefielde (USA) Yochanan Shachmurove (USA) Andrei Shleifer (USA) Eduardo Schwartz (USA) Mirosław Skibniewski (USA) Stanley F. Slater (USA) Lenka Slavíková (Czech Republic) Joel Sobel (USA)

Jasminka Sohinger (Croatia) Miemie Struwig (South Africa) Guido Tabellini (Italy) Masahiro Taguchi (Japan) Josip Tica (Croatia) Joachim Wagner (Germany) John Whalley (Canada) Gary Wong (China) Shaker A. Zahra (USA)

Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas (Lithuania)

CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS

Editor in Chief:

Marcin Staniewski Deputy Editor in Chief Tomasz Szopiński Stat Editor Henryk Rosłaniec Language Editor Kurt Spurlock

Technical Editors Monika Bandyszewska Karol Kowalczyk Associate Editors Zenon Biniek Wiesław Dębski Witold Jakóbik Witold Małecki

Danuta Mliczewska Robert Nowacki Włodzimierz Rembisz Grażyna Rytelewska Maria Sierpińska Piotr Szczepankowski Tadeusz Szumlicz Ryszard Wilczyński ABSTRACTED/INDEXED:

EDITORIAL BOARD:

ADDRESS OF EDITORS:

CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS, University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, 01 – 030 Warszawa, 55 Pawia Str., room 219, phone: (22) 536 54 73 | e-mail: editorial@ce.vizja.pl | www.ce.vizja.pl

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All articles published in the quarterly are subject to double-blind peer reviews ISSN: 2084-0845

The original version: on-line journal

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© Social Monitoring Council

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

THE OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN POLAND

REPORT

Edited by

Janusz Czapiński Tomasz Panek

Warsaw: The Council for Social Monitoring

2015

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THECOUNCILFORSOCIALMONITORING:

Dominik Batorski, Ph. D., University of Warsaw

Professor Janusz Czapiński, Ph. D., University of Warsaw and University of Finance and Management (chairman) Professor Janusz Grzelak, Ph. D., University of Warsaw

Teresa Kamińska, M. Sc., PRO PUBLICO BONO Institute

Professor Irena E. Kotowska, Ph. D., Warsaw School of Economics Wiesław Łagodziński, M. Sc., Central Statistical Office (secretary)

Professor Tomasz Panek, Ph. D., Warsaw School of Economics (vice-chairman) Professor Antoni Sulek, Ph. D., University of Warsaw

Professor Tadeusz Szumlicz, Ph. D., Warsaw School of Economics

Authors of the report:

Dominik Batorski Piotr Białowolski Janusz Czapiński Izabela Grabowska Irena E. Kotowska Tomasz Panek Katarzyna Pawlak Justyna Pytkowska Katarzyna Saczuk Paweł Strzelecki Tadeusz Szumlicz Aleksandra Wilczyńska

Main sponsors of the project

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy National Bank of Poland

PKO Bank Polski

Media sponsorship weekly Gazeta prawna journal Radio TOK FM

Research carried out by: the Polish Statistical Association

Organisational and financial project management:

Office for Statistical Analyses and Research of the Polish Statistical Association and the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw

Interviewers: Central Statistical Office

Although financed from both private and public resources the Social Diagnosis study is an entirely public undertaking.

The database of cumulated data from eight waves (of 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015) is available free of charge at the website www.diagnoza.com.

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Acknowledgements

The present study is a continuation of a project initiated in 2000 (Czapiński, Panek, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013). The idea of Social Diagnosis originated with Wiesław Łagodziński in 1999. Without his commitment the studies would not have been conducted either in previous years or at present.

We would like to thank all our colleagues from the Council for Social Monitoring and the experts invited to join us for their substantial contribution towards preparing the concept, constructing questionnaires and analysing data.

It is obvious that such a large research project requires considerable funding. In 2000, the initiative of the Council for Social Monitoring coincided with the government’s need for independent evaluation of the results of the reforms. Thanks to Minister Teresa Kamińska, the Chancellery of the Prime Minister commissioned us with the first edition of Social Diagnosis and covered a greater part of the project costs. Together with the Pro Publico Bono Institute, Teresa Kamińska also joined the search for funds for the subsequent three editions of Social Diagnosis.

This year, most project costs were covered by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, the Human Resources Development Centre from ESF funds under the Human Capital Operational Programme (the “2009-2013 Social Diagnosis ’’project) and by the National Bank of Poland. We also received financial support from The National Science Centre (research grant No.

4433/B/H03/2011/40), PKO Bank Polski, BRE Bank SA and the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw. In 201,5 the study was funded with the funds of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy as well as a grant received from the National Bank of Poland and PKO Bank Polski.

We would like to thank Ms Barbara Belok from the Office for Statistical Analyses and Research of the Polish Statistical Association for administrative support for the project.

We would like to thank the President of the Central Statistical Office Professor Janusz Witkowski for allowing us to use the most professional network of interviewers in Poland for the purposes of field research..

Janusz Czapiński

Tomasz Panek

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About the authors

Dominik Batorski

A sociologist who is assistant professor at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling at the University of Warsaw. Works on the social and psychological determinants and consequences of computer and internet use, and more broadly on social change related to the increased availability of information and communication technologies.

He also specialises in the methodology of social research carried out via the internet and in social network analysis (SNA), as well as in the social processes that take place in networks.

He is a member of the Polish Sociological Association, the International Network for Social Network Analysis and the Association of Internet Researchers.

Piotr Białowolski

PhD in Economics. Assistant professor at the Department of Economics I of the Warsaw School of Economics, he co-operates with the Research Institute for Economic Development of the Warsaw School of Economics. At present, he is a scholarship holder at the University of Turin where he has been implementing his own grant on household behaviours on the credit market in the European perspective. His research interests focus on the issues of household behaviour with respect to consumption and demand for credit within their life cycle, as well as on the determinants of the current economic situation in the household sector. Since 2004, he has participated in conducting research on the condition of households in Poland, and since 2006 has been a co-author of a quarterly Consumer Finance Market Barometer study. He is the author or co-author of more than 20 scientific publications, as well as of many reports on the issues concerning the Polish financial market.

Janusz Czapiński

Professor at the Faculty of Psychology and at the Institute of Social Studies of the University of Warsaw and the deputy rector of the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw.

Works in the field of social psychology and the psychology of social change (macropsychology). Since 1991 he has cooperated with economists, sociologists, demographers and statisticians on surveys of the quality of life in Poland in times of social change. Author of several concepts of emotional and cognitive mechanisms of adaptation, including the onion theory of happiness, the commitment theory, the theory of positive- negative asymmetry (in cooperation with Guido Peeters from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium), and the theory of social ingratitude. Member of several editorial boards of scientific journals and international scientific associations, author, co-author or editor of several dozen scientific and popular science publications (including Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects, 1990; Psychologia szczęścia [The Psychology of Happiness], 1992; Makropsychologia czyli psychologia zmiany społecznej [Societal Psychology, or the Psychology of Social Change], 2001; Quo vadis homo?, 2002; Dlaczego reformatorzy tracą poparcie społeczne [Why Reformers Lose Social Support], 2002; Psychologia pozytywna [Positive Psychology], 2004; The adaptation to social change: for whom the third republic of Poland is mother, for whom it is a step-mother, 2006, Miękkie kapitały a dobrobyt materialny: wyzwania dla Polski [Soft capitals and material affluence: challenges for Poland], 2011; Dynamika dobrostanupsychicznego: rola "atraktora szczęścia" i wydarzeń życiowych [Dynamics of psychological well-being: the role of the “happiness attractor” and life events], 2011). He often comments on current social developments on television, the radio and in the press. Member of various advisory bodies, consultant to three Prime Ministers of Poland.

Izabela Grabowska

Doctor of Economics and Assistant Professor at the Collegium of Economic Analysis of the Warsaw School of Economics. Her research interests focus on issues related to the situation of the elderly on the labour market, in particular on the issues of life-long learning, working conditions in the context of population ageing and the labour force.

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Irena E. Kotowska

Professor at the Institute of Statistics and Demography of the Warsaw School of Economics, head of the Demography Unit. Vice Chairperson of the Board at Foundation for Science in Poland, chairperson of the Demographic Science Committee at the Polish Academy of Science.

She is a member of the team of experts at the President’s Office working on the family policy programme.

Author of numerous works published both in Poland and abroad on the interdependence of demographic and economic processes and particularly on the transformation of families and of population structure in relation to changes in the labour market as well as on issues related to population and social policy. She cooperates with the Central Statistical Office in respect of research into demography, the labour market and household living conditions, as well as the Educational Research Institute and UNDP. She is a national expert in population processes, the labour market and social statistics, as well as in research within social sciences and the humanities. Member of Scientific Statystical Board, the Government Population Board and the Science Committee for Labour and Social Policy at the Polish Academy of Science and of the Interdisciplinary Team for International Cooperation at the MSHE (2008-2012). She represents Poland in the European Statistical Advisory Committee, an advisory body to the Eurostat, for the 2009-2013 term of office. She is a member of the Consortium Board of an international programme of demographic studies called „Generations and Gender Programme” and she is the president of Council of Partners of this programme.

Tomasz Panek

Professor at the Institute of Statistics and Demography of the Warsaw School of Economics, where he is Vice-Director and head of the Applied Statistics Unit. He works on statistical methods and their application to the study of social and economic phenomena and processes. His research interests focus primarily on the issues of household living conditions, including the poverty sphere and social inequalities. He is the author, co-author or editor of over 100 studies published both in Poland and abroad. The most recent books include Statystyka społeczna [Social statistics] (2014) as co-author and editor, Statystyczne metody wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej [Statistic methods of multidimensional comparative analysis] (2009), Ubóstwo, wykluczenie społeczne i nierówności. Teoria i praktyka pomiaru [Poverty, social exclusion and inequalities. Theory and practice of measurement] (2011). He has participated in several dozen national and international research projects.

Co-author of the first panel studies of social living conditions conducted in Poland. Closely cooperates with the Central Statistical Office on research into household living conditions. He has prepared a number of expert opinions and carried out research for national and international institutions and organisations (including the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, the Ministry of Economy, the Office of the Council of Ministers, the National Bank of Poland, the United Nations Development Programme, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Full member, inter alia, of the International Statistical Institute and the CSO Scientific Statistical Council. Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Statistics in Transition between 1992 and 2007 and member of its Editorial Board since 2008.

Katarzyna Pawlak

Katarzyna Pawlak is a Deputy President and a Member of the Board of the Microfinance Centre Foundation (www.mfc.org.pl) – a regional network gathering almost 100 leading microfinance institutions, national professional associations, international social investors and other organisations supporting development of microfinancing in Europe and Central Asia. She supervises programmes of financial integration of excluded groups as well as advocacy concerning international practice of responsible financing. Between 2005-2014 she was a President of the Supervision Board of a professional organisation (Social Performance Task Force - www.sptf.info) for creation and implementation of Universal Standards for Social Performance. Since 2000 she has taken part in advocacy concerning establishment of the standards and then she took part in creation of the standards for the financial sector. Since 2009, she has been a leader of the global fund funded by the Ford Foundation supporting almost 50 national microfinance associations in their local actions promoting the standards of responsible financing.

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Justyna Pytkowska

Justyna Pytkowska is a manager of the research department of the Microfinance Centre Foundation. Since 2002, she has been conducting analyses and research concerning the microfinance market, demand for microfinance products (microcredit, microinsurance) as well as over-indebtedness in Poland and in other countries of Europe and Central Asia. Since 2002.

She has written many publications and papers on development of microfinance institutions, the extent of using loans by customers of those institutions and reasons for excessive debt occurrence. For several years she has been dealing with analysis of financial inclusion and conditions of access to various financial products for natural persons/households and small and medium enterprises.

Katarzyna Saczuk

PhD in Economics. She is economics expert at the Economics Institute at the National Bank of Poland and an associate of the Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw. She is an analyst of the labour market, in particular of labour supply, migrants and economic modelling.

Paweł Strzelecki

PhD in Economics. He works at Institute of Statistics and Demography at the Warsaw School of Economics as well as at National Bank of Poland (Economic Institute). He is an analyst of the labour market, in particular on the verification of its functioning based on household and business microdata. Also, he specializes in population prognosis (multistate and microsymulation models) as well as research on the effect of demographic processes on the economy and public finance.

He is an expert at the European Commission work group that predicts the influence population aging on EU public spending.

Tadeusz Szumlicz

Professor in Economics, head of the Department of Social Insurance at the Warsaw School of Economics, head of doctoral studies in insurance, head of post-graduate studies in insurance. He is head of the Health Insurance Department at the Medical University of Łódź and lecturer at the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw. His interests include anticipatory (insurance) model of social policy and social aspects of insurance protection. Participant of a number of studies and research projects concerning the theory and practice of social policy (especially retirement security and health security) as well as the application of the insurance method and the development of the insurance market. Author of over 350 publications on social policy and insurance (Modele polityki społecznej [Social Policy Models] - 1994, Ubezpieczenie społeczne.

Teoria dla praktyki [Social Insurance. Theory for Practice] - 2005, Podmiotowość w zarządzaniu zmianą systemu ochrony zdrowia [Subjectivity in Managing Change in the Healthcare System\ - 2007, Społeczne aspekty rozwoju rynku ubezpieczeniowego [Social Aspects of the Development of the Insurance Market - 2010, ed.).

He is Vice-President of the Polish Society for Social Policy and member of the Council of Good Practices of the Polish Insurance Association.

Aleksandra Wilczyńska

A graduate of the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the University of Warsaw. A doctoral student of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) as part of the interdisciplinary Information and Knowledge Society Doctoral Programme. Her scientific interests include knowledge society in the context of the labour market, the influence of time and conditions of work on mental well-being, new forms of employment and safety of work, situation of young people on the labour market, especially of young people without education, employment or training (NEET).

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4.2.EQUIVALENCE SCALES ... BŁĄD!NIE ZDEFINIOWANO ZAKŁADKI. 4.2.1. Objective approach ... Błąd! Nie zdefiniowano zakładki. 4.2.2. Subjective approach ... Błąd! Nie zdefiniowano zakładki. 4.3.POVERTY MEASUREMENT ... BŁĄD!NIE ZDEFINIOWANO ZAKŁADKI. 4.3.1. Unidimensional (monetary) approach. ... Błąd! Nie zdefiniowano zakładki. 4.3.2. Non-monetary poverty (material deprivation) ... Błąd! Nie zdefiniowano zakładki. 4.3.3. Measurement of co-incidence of monetary and non-monetary poverty (material deprivation) ... Błąd! Nie zdefiniowano zakładki. 4.4.ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POVERTY ... BŁĄD!NIE ZDEFINIOWANO ZAKŁADKI. 4.5.DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY... BŁĄD!NIE ZDEFINIOWANO ZAKŁADKI. ANNEX 5. RANK OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND PROFESSIONAL GROUPS IN RELATION TO EIGHT DIMENSIONS OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN 2015. ... 518

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Social Diagnosis 2015 13

1. INTRODUCTION

Janusz Czapiński, Tomasz Panek

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

Our project is a comprehensive attempt at complementing diagnosis based on institutional indicators with comprehensive data on households and the attitudes, state of mind and behaviours of their dwellers; it is a diagnosis of Poles’ living conditions and quality of life as they report it themselves. We therefore study households and all their available members aged 16 and above with the aid of two separate questionnaires.

The comprehensive character of the project means that a single study takes into account all the important aspects of life of individual households and their members - both economic (income, material affluence, savings, loans) and non-economic (e.g. education, medical treatment, ways of tackling problems, stress, mental well-being, lifestyle, pathological behaviour, cultural participation, use of modern communication technologies and many other). In this sense, the project is also multi-disciplinary in nature. This reflects the composition of the Council for Social Monitoring, i.e. of the main authors of the report and the team of experts invited by the Council. These bodies comprise economists, demographers, psychologists, sociologists, an insurance specialist and statisticians.

In line with the original idea, Social Diagnosis research takes the form of a panel study - we return to the same households and individuals every few years. The first wave took place in 2000 and the next three years later. The next five studies took place every second year. The study is always conducted in March in order to remove seasonal effects.

From 2009 the wave was extended into April due to a marked increase in sample size.

Not only does this report show Polish society as it is today, but it also enables us to track how it has changed over the past thirteen years almost from the very beginning of the process of transition if we take into account earlier studies of the quality of life in Poland (Czapiński, 1998), similarly extended over a longer period of time.

Social Diagnosis focuses on discovering more fundamental facts, behaviours, attitudes and experiences; it is not just an ordinary descriptive opinion poll, it is a scientific project. This is not only because the authors include scientists, university employees and professors. The deciding factor is the professional technique based on the research experience of the members of the Council for Social Monitoring and the team of experts, and - above all - the theoretical context of the particular thematic modules. A majority of variables taken into account follow from scientifically grounded knowledge of the phenomena under consideration, rather than from intuition, common observations or sponsors’ commission. Apart from describing Polish society, an important goal of the Diagnosis is to verify scientific hypotheses. In this report, addressed to the “universal” reader, any theoretical background is of necessity extremely limited. Instead, we seek to reveal what Polish society is like 26 years after system change, 15 years after the first study within the project and 11 years after Poland's accession to the European Union.

We hope that the project results will provide useful information to politicians and social and local government workers responsible for preparing, implementing and adjusting the reforms that affect the conditions of citizens’ lives.

We would also like to provide the public with reliable information about their everyday life and the changes they are subject to, as the notions individuals may have about their situation as compared to the situation of other people generally tend to be based on selective observations, stereotypes or theses broadcast by the media, not infrequently false or exaggerated (e.g. those about the deteriorating mental health of society, about a total paralysis of health care services, about retirees and the elderly in general as the social group most adversely affected by the process of transition in economic terms, to name but a few examples). We all deserve a relatively accurate, comprehensive and objective diagnosis of the main sources of our problems in life, of the sense of mental discomfort, uncertainty of the future or difficulties adapting to new circumstances, as well as a demonstration of the advantages brought about by subsequent system changes, the educational boom and lifestyle changes. Private diagnoses are all too often illusory, defensive, simplified, and. generally speaking, wrong

The differences between the present study and the previous concern sample size and thematic scope, reflected in the content of questionnaires (see Annex 1). The sample of households was extended from the original 3005 in 2000 to 12,355 in 2013 and 11 700 in 2015 r. (with a resulting increase in the sample of individual respondents from 6625 to 26,307 in 2013 and 22200 in 2015). Several thematic modules were altered in the questionnaires in subsequent study waves (cf. questionnaires at www.diagnoza.com ).

Please use the following citation when referring to this chapter: Czapiński, J., Panek, T. (2015). Introduction. Social Diagnosis 2015, The Objective and Subjective Quality Of Life In Poland. Contemporary Economics, 9/4, 13-15. DOI:10.5709/ce.1897-9254.176

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1 ²

1 University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology; ²Warsaw School of Economics, Institute of Statistics and Demography

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

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1.2. Research issues

The project covers a broad range of aspects related to the situation of households and their individual members.

The social factors it considers may be divided into three general categories:

 household demographic and social structure

household living conditions in terms of their material situation, access to health care services, culture and leisure, education and modern communication technologies,

 citizens' quality of life, lifestyle and individual characteristics.

Indicators that describe household demographic and social structure are not analysed separately in this report;

they are only used for stratifying the groups of households and population to allow comparison of living conditions and quality of life across various social categories like gender, age, education, place of residence, social and professional status, main source of income, marital status, household type (established on the basis of the number of families and biological family type) and other criteria. The analysis and description refer to the living conditions of households and the quality of life of individual citizens in relation to social change that defines the global context and the general principles regulating the functioning of society. One of the major problems and questions that accompany any programme of social change is the distribution of the costs and benefits that arise from their implementation for particular social groups along a varied time horizon. Also, we were interested to see which categories of households and citizens are able to cope with the new circumstances and take advantage of system transformation and which social groups are unable to do so, objectively or subjectively experiencing failure.

Within the project, the division of social indicators into living conditions and the quality of life roughly corresponds to the distinction between the objective description of the living circumstances (conditions) and their psychological significance as expressed by the respondent's subjective assessment (the quality of life)¹. This substantial distinction is roughly matched by entity type examined and the method of measurement. The examined entity is the household for living conditions, while for the quality of life, we considered its individual members. Living conditions were measured by direct interview with one best-informed household representative. Quality of life was measured using a self-completion questionnaire to be filled in by the respondent, i.e. by all available members of the examined households aged 16 and above.

The measurement of household living conditions included:

 household income and income management,

 nutrition,

 household material affluence, including modern communication technology equipment (mobile phone, computer, internet access),

 housing conditions,

 welfare received by the household,

 children's education,

 cultural participation and leisure,

 use of health care system services,

 the household's and its members' labour market situation,

 poverty, unemployment, disability and other aspects of social exclusion.

Individual respondents' quality of life and lifestyle indicators included:

 general psychological well-being (including the will to live, sense of happiness, satisfaction with life, symptoms of mental depression),

 satisfaction with particular areas and aspects of life,

 subjective assessment of material standard of living,

 various types of life stress (including the Kafkaesque administrative stress related to contacts with public administration, health-related stress, parental stress, financial stress, work-related stress, environmental stress, marital stress and random stressful occurrences such as assault, burglary, arrest),

 somatic symptoms (a measure of distress, treated as a general measure of health condition),

 strategies for dealing with stress,

 use of the health service,

 personal finance (including personal income and trust in financial institutions),

 system of values, lifestyle and individual behaviours and habits (including smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use, religious practices, crime),

 social attitudes and behaviours, including social capital,

 social support,

1 This distinction is not entirely sharp or disjunctive. We also used the scales of subjective assessments when describing living conditions, and in the part devoted to the quality of life we asked not just about assessments, but also about behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol abuse) and objective events (e.g. arrest, death of a loved one, home renovation)

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 use of modem communication technologies - computer, internet, mobile phone,

 situation on the labour market and professional career,

 unemployment, disability and other aspects of social exclusion,

References

Czapiński J. (1998). Jakość życia Polaków w czasie zmiany społecznej. Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Społecznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. http://www.diagnoza.com/pliki/archiwum/Jakosc_zycia_1991_1997_raport.pdf.

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN POLAND

DIAGNOZA SPOŁECZNA 2015

WARUNKI I JAKOŚĆ ŻYCIA POLAKÓW

Edited by:

Janusz Czapiński Tomasz Panek

Raport Diagnoza Społeczna 2015 finansowany przez:

The Contemporary

Economics

WSPÓŁCZESNA

EKONOMIA

Contemporary

Economics

open acces

open acces open

acces

open access

open acces open

acces Contemporary

Economics

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS 2015

THE OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN POLAND

REPORT

Edited by

Janusz Czapiński Tomasz Panek

Warsaw: The Council for Social Monitoring

2015

Main sponsors of the project

Research carried out by: the Polish Statistical Association

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all our colleagues from the Council for Social Monitoring and the experts invited to join us for their substantial contribution towards preparing the concept, constructing questionnaires and analysing data.

4433/B/H03/2011/40), PKO Bank Polski, BRE Bank SA and the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw. In 201,5 the study was funded with the funds of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy as well as a grant received from the National Bank of Poland and PKO Bank Polski.

We would like to thank Ms Barbara Belok from the Office for Statistical Analyses and Research of the Polish Statistical Association for administrative support for the project.

We would like to thank the President of the Central Statistical Office Professor Janusz Witkowski for allowing us to use the most professional network of interviewers in Poland for the purposes of field research..

Janusz Czapiński

Tomasz Panek

About the authors

Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims and general project assumptions

1.2. Research issues

References