ROCZNIKI GLEBOZNAW CZE. T. X X X II, NR 3, W ARSZAW A 1981
A L IN A K A B A T A -P E N D IA S , PIOTR TA R ŁO W SK I
IM P A C T O F A C O P P E R S M E L T E R O N A G R IC U L T U R A L E N V IR O N M E N T S
P A R T II. C O N T A M IN A T IO N O F H E R B A G E
In stitu te of S oil S cien ce and C u ltiv a tio n of P la n ts at P u ła w y
The pilot investigations during 1974 year were conducted w ith several plants. The results and field observations showed th a t the most suitable plants for system atic studies were : orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). These plants were common and very resistant to unfavourable grow th conditions.
The plants were collected twice a year during 1975-1977 years from the sites as shown on Figure 1 in P a rt I. The time of sampling was always at about May 20th and Septem ber 20th. In addition, eight expe rim ental plots were located around the sm elter w ith fescue Festuca
rubra and later on, w ith clover (Trifolium pratense).
The plant samples were washed twice in deionized w ater rig h t after the transportation to the laboratory. In 1978 various plant samples were collected and analyzed w ithout and after washing.
R E SU L T S A N D D ISC U SSIO N
Mean levels for Cu nad Pb in two cust of plants are given in Tables 1 and 2. Chemical composition of plants including the content of Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe did not change very m uch from year to year. Therefore this is illustrated only for the first crop of 1976 in Table 3.
The results showed th a t the variability in heavy m etal distribution was not significant for plants collected at the same sites. However, a slow increase w ith time, especially of Cu, Pb and Zn was observed for the plants sampled a t different time from the I and II zones e.g. w ith in 8 km distance from the sm elter stack. These changes werei irregular w hat was also found by S z e r s z e ń et al. {7] w orking on the sim ilar project in the proxim ity of the copper sm elter. The second
T a b l e 1 A verage co p p er c o n te n ts o f o r c h a rd g r a s s / 0 / and d a n d e lio n /D^ - to p e , D2 - r o o t s /
from v a r io u s d i s t a n c e z o n es downwind from th e s m e l te r /p p m / / a r i t h m e t i c mean o f f i v e e a a p l e s / Zone P la n t 1975 1976 1977 I I I I I I I I I I 0 5 1 .2 8 8 .8 6 0 .9 1 7 7 .6 7 0 .4 11 5 .3 Dt 2 3 4 .0 2 7 4 .7 1 1 8 .7 5 0 3 .2 7 7 .9 7 2 .8 Dr 1Э9.9 9 8 .3 1 0 4 .7 7 6 .6 4 8 .8 2 2 .6 I I 0 9 .2 3 1 .8 1 0 .3 23*8 8 .1 a Dt 2 0 .6 7 6 .3 2 1 .7 3 5 .3 2 3 .9 2 1 .9 Dr 2 0 .2 18 .0 1 7 .3 2 0 .7 1 4 .3 1 7 .0 I I I 0 8 .2 2 1 .9 8 ,5 1 9 .9 12 p 2 1 3 .7 Dt 14.6 52.1 1 8 .4 2 1 .8 18.3 13.1 Dr 2 4 .7 15.6 19.1 1 5 .4 1 6 .9 7 ,3 IV 0 8 .2 14.6 7 .9 14 .6 11.3 10.2 Dt 1 9 .4 3 3 .2 1 4 .2 2 0 .4 1 5 .4 13.Ö Dr 19 .7 17.6 19.6 1 3 .7 16.6 10.1 V 0 7 .2 1 1 .3 7 .5 16.8 9.1 6 „4 Dt 1 5 .2 2 3 .2 1 2 .7 3 6 .3 12 .0 11 »0 Dr 15 .6 17 .9 18.1 14 .2 2 3 .0 13.4 I - 1 s t c u t , I I - 2nd c u t
j
crops of the plants contained usually ..a higher am ount of heavy m etals T h a t. phenomena has been well known not only for polluted areas.
Changes in Cu and P b concentrations in plants along the northeast transect indicated th a t the smelter, emissions affected plants w ithin about 10 km distance. The contents of these m etals increase in plants from the I Zone several times when compared to the plants from the V zone. Dandelion — tops had the highest ability to accum ulate Cu and Pb at the low -to-high ratio 13 and 11, respectively. An ability for Cu and Pb accum ulation by orchard grass was lower and sim ilar to th a t of dan- delion-roots (9 and 5 times for Cu and Pb, respectively).
The highest concentration of C u — 1240 ppm, was found in dandelion — tops sampled in the fall of 1976. At the same time was also the highest content of Pb — 510 ppm, Zn — 535 ppm and Cd — 2.5 ppm in dandelion tops. A lower content of Cu and Pb in the roots than in dandelion tops (Table 2) was a good evidence for aerial sources of those pollutants.
The young plants exposed for a relatively short time to the sm elter emissions retained a great am ount of Cu and Pb (Table 4). A high proportion of these m etals (from 30 to 60% depending on the kind of
Contamination of herbage by copper smelter 217
T a b l e 2 A verage l e a d c o n t e n t s o f o rc h a rd g r a s s / 0 / and d a n d e lio n /D^ - t o p s , Dr - r o o t s /
fro m v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e zo n es downwind from th e s m e l t e r /ppm / / a r i t h m e t i c mean o f f i v e s a m p le s / Zone 1975 1976 1977 I I I I I I I I I I 0 1 2.5 2G.2 3 3 .0 6 5 .0 131.3 7 3 .4 Dt 7 4 .4 6 5 .3 6 2 .0 19 0 .5 7 4 .4 5 5 .3 Dr 1 9 .7 19.5 1 4 .0 10.1 11.6 7 .3 I I 0 2 .4 7 .5 3.1 8 . 3 3 .1 1 8.2 Dt 6 ,0 1 7 .3 4.1 2 4 .0 1 5 .0 18.7 Dr 3 .5 3 .0 0 .7 3 .5 4 .4 11.4 I I I 0 1-5 4 .9 2 .7 8 ,5 7 .0 16.8 Dt 4 .6 6 .5 5 .7 5 .2 1 0 .4 16.6 Dr 3.1 3o9 3 .3 3 .3 4 .3 6 .6 17 0 2 ,0 4 .2 3 .1 6 .3 4 .0 11.4 Dt 4 .3 9 .2 4 . В 5 .5 9 .6 14.0 Dr 3 .2 3 .3 2 .4 2 .3 3 .6 5 .7 V 0 2 .2 3 .2 3 .0 6 .3 4 .5 7 .8 Dt 4 .3 6 .6 6 .3 1 3 .4 6 .1 10 .2 Dr 3 .0 2 .3 1 .5 1 .7 7 .3 9 .8 I - 13t c u t , I i - 2nd c u t T a b l e 3 C hem ical c o m p o sitio n and Cd, Zn and Mn c o n te n ts o f o r c h a r d g r a s s / 0 /
and d a n d e lio n /D^. - t o p s , Dr - r o o t s / Average l e v e l s f o r th e f i r s t c u t o f 1976 Zone P la n t zn Cd Mn Ре Ca Mg К P 1 р р ш % I 0 49 0.2 3 92 124 0 ,3 2 0 .1 3 2 .7 4 0 .2 7 2 .4 6 83 0.Ö3 51 166 1 .3 3 О .зб 3.71 0 .3 4 3.51 Dr 86 0 .8 3 45 256 0 .4 9 0 .1 3 1.21 0 .2 1 1 . 1 6 I I 0 41 0.1 6 113 132 0 .2 9 0 .1 3 2 .5 4 0 ,2 8 2 .1 4 Dt 53 0 .6 5 84 355 1.27 0 .4 0 3 .2 4 0 .2 9 3 .5 4 Dr 36 0 .5 3 y j 303 0 .4 9 0 .1 3 1.33 0 .2 3 1.30 I I I 0 44 0 ,1 7 90 1?5 0 .2 5 0 .1 1 2 .5 5 0 .2 7 2 ,0 4 D 4. 40 0-46 71 .735 1 .0 4 0 .2 3 4 .4 7 0 .3 1 3.1 8 Dr 32 0 .3 * 30 203 0 .6 4 0 .1 0 1.72 Оо25 1.2 0 IV 0 39 0 .2 2 80 168 0 .3 4 0 .1 3 2 .7 3 0 ,3 2 2 .6 7 Dt 46 0 .4 4 55 279 1 .1 0 0 .2 2 4 .3 2 0 .3 4 3 .2 5 Dr 38 0 .J 9 32 214 0 .6 4 0 .1 0 1 .7 9 0 ,2 9 1 .13 V 0 49 0 .2 7 83 287 0 .2 6 0 .1 2 2 .7 0 0 .3 2 2 .3 6 Dt 75 0 .0 4 117 168 1 .0 0 0 .2 1 5 .4 9 0 .3 3 2 .8 5 Dr 50 0.91 54 184 0 .5 7 0 .0 9 1.53 0 .2 5 1.11
T a b l e 4 Heavy m e ta la I d h e rb a c é naæ p lsd on Uay 1973 i n th e v i c i r i t y c f Głoećw Copper S m e lte r
/ р р э /
T a b 1 о 5
’ « v o l a r h or>vy »-у; ч'д.1г- J v f л^си** г г . “ с lo r er c'-tapl-z p. i-ikcn f t o j r t h e e x p e r im e n ta l
!>Лс.-1 г? d ’. i r. l .r ^ t h e р зrJ.o'.l o ï f o u r уэа.тз / г pro/ /"r^.v. &:*,i d e v ia tio n s i g n i f i c a n t n l V ^ 0*^ 5/
W ith in 2 .5 Xa o f p r- e lt e r W ith in 2 .5 -5 Km o f s m e lto r
F escu c C lo v e r F escu e C lo v e r Coppe r 196.7 + 6 5 .9 156.3 + 115.1 2 7 . 3 + 7.1 2 6 .3 + 1 0 .7 Lend 5 3 .9 + 13,6 5 7 .3 + 3 7 .7 1 5 .5 + 4 .2 11.5 + 5 .9 Z inc 6 4 .7 + 1 2 .9 117.3 + 3 4 .6 4 2 .9 + 8 .5 7 2 .5 + 2 8 .2 Cadmium 0 .5 0 + 0 .0 3 0 .7 3 + 0 .2 9 0 .3 4 + 0 .0 8 0 .3 9 + 0 .11 M anganese 126.1 + 2 2 .3 101.2 + 2 2 .7 1 7 2 .9 + 4 9 .9 7 5 .8 + 3 6 .5 I r o n 2 0 7 .6 + 5 1 .3 1 99.3 + 4 7 .8 1 9 2 .3 + 3 5 .5 14 5 .2 + 2 3 .8
plant surface) was easily washable in water. There are several evidences however, that a great proportions of heavy metals accumulated by tops of plants were fixed within cuticle tissues and not transported into the plant body '[6, 9].
All herbage grown in the vicinity up to 2.5 km from the smelter stacks were very polluted by Cu, Pb, but always the highest content
Contamination of herbage by copper smelter 219
of these m etals was found in dandelion or thistle. Concentrations of these m etals in plants were higher than those reported for other copper sm elters [1, 3, 8], but not exceeding values reported by the other author [2] for lead in foliage sampled in 1976 near this smelter.
A high pollution of grass and clover by Cu and Pb was observed for the area w ithin 2.5 km of the sm elter (Table 5). Cu content of these plants was about 7 times higher than of plants at fu rth er distance from the sm elter and about 20 times higher than country background value [5]. An increase in Pb content was only about 5 times for both fu rth er plants and for country background. However, some herbage at fu rth er distance from the sm elter were also contam inated by lead [2, 4]. This indicates th a t the patterns of Cu and Pb deposition on vegetation are functions of both the distance from the emission source and of dust size fraction.
A lthough aerial sources of m etallic pollutants influenced to a great extent plants grown in the proxim ity of the sm elter, there was quite a close correlation between copper content of plants and soils (Fig. 1). This correlation was low er for lead in dandelion tops w hat clearly reflected a low bioavailability of th a t m etal from soils. No significant relation was found for Zn and Cd distributions in the plant and soil samples [4]. This correlation does not necessarily indicate the bioavai lability of these m etals from the contam inated soils b u t is apparently an effect of airborne pollutants.
Pollution of herbage by Cu and Pb along the northeast transect from the copper sm elter shows th a t emissions affect chemical composition of plants w ithin about 10 km distance. Concentrations of these m etals in
Cu in soils - ppm Pb in soils —ppm
C on cen tration s of Cu and P b in n a tiv e v a g e ta tio n v ersu s th eir c o n ten ts of soil
herbage grown w ithin 3 km downwind distance from the copper sm elter should be of the environm ental concern.
R EFEREN CES
[1] B e a v i n g t o n F. : S om e a sp ects of co n ta m in a tio n of h erb age w ith copper, zinc and iron. E nvir. P o ll. 8, 1975, 65-71.
[2] G ł o w i a k В. J., P a ł c z y ń s k i R. S., P a c y n a J. N. : E n v iro n m en ta l lead and m ercu ry in th e area of a copper sm elter. U SE R D A E nvir. Q uart. Rep. 321, 1977, 1-18.
[3] H u t c h i n s o n Т. C., W h i t b y L. M. : A stu d y of airb orn e co n ta m in a tio n of v e g e ta tio n and soils b y h ea v y m eta ls from th e S u d b u ry O ntario cop p er-n ick el sm elters. T race Subst. E nvir. H ea lth 7, 1973, 179-189.
[4] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A. : T he im p act of copper m in in g and in d u stria l a c tiv ity of L ow er S ile sia on the ch em ica l com p osition of p lan ts. IU N G P u ła w y , 1978, pp. 172.
[5] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A., P e n d i a n s H. : T race e le m e n ts in b io lo g ica l en v iro n m en t (in P olish ). W yd. G eol. W arszaw a 1979, pp. 300.
[6] К o n i n g de H. W. : Lead and cadm ium con tam in ation in the area im m e d ia te ly su rrounding a lead sm elter. W ater, A ir, S o il P oll. 3, 1974, 63-70. [7] S z e r s z e ń L. et al . : S tu d ie s otn so ils o f th e b u ffer zone of th e copper
sm elter “G ło g ó w ” (in P olish ). R aport, W rocław , 1971, pp. 50.
[8] W o o d C. W., N a s h T. N. : Copper sm elter efflu en t effects on Sonoran d esert v eg eta tio n . E cology 57, 1976, 11-1316.
[9] Z i m d a h l R. L., К о e p p e D. E. : C hapter in : Lead in th e E n viron m en t. N at. Sei. Found. 1977, W ashington, D. C., 99-104.
A. K A B A T A -PE N D IA S, P. TARŁOW SKI
O D D ZIA Ł Y W A N IE H U T Y M IEDZI N A PRZY R O D N IC ZE W A R U N K I RO LNICTW A
CZĘŚĆ II. Z A N IEC ZY SZC ZEN IE R O ŚL IN ZIELN Y CH In sty tu t U p raw y, N a w o żen ia i G leb o zn a w stw a
w P u ła w a ch S t r e s z c z e n i e
B ad an ia zm ian ch em iczn ego sk ład u ro ślin zieln y ch w rejo n ie o d d zia ły w a n ia h u ty m ied zi m ia ły na celu przed e w sz y stk im o k reślen ie stop n ia i zak resu ich za n iecz y szczen ia m eta la m i ciężk im i. Po w stęp n ej se le k c ji różn ych ro ślin w y b ra n o jako ro ślin y w sk a źn ik o w e: m lecz T a ra x a c u m o ffic in a le — liśc ie i k orzen ie, k u p k ó w k ę D a c ty lic g lo m e ra ta , k o strzew ę F estu ca ru b r a i k o n iczy n ę T r ifo liu m p ra-
ten se.
Stw ierd zo n o zm ian y g łó w n ie w za w a rto ści n a stęp u ją cy ch m etali: Cu, Pb, Zn i Cd, przy czym jed y n ie stężen ia Cu i P b w ro ślin a ch w y k a z y w a ły b ezp ośred n ią zależność od od leg ło ści źródła em isji. M im o zn aczn ego u d ziału p y łó w a tm o sfe ryczn ych w b ezp ośred n im za n iecz y szczen iu ro ślin za w a rto ści Cu i Pb w r o śli n ach w y k a z y w a ły tak że isto tn ą zależn ość od w y stę p o w a n ia ty ch m eta li w g leb a ch (rys. 1 ).
Contamination of herbage by copper smelter 221 P rzeciętn a w a rto ść w sk a źn ik a a k u m u la cji (stosu n ek za w a rto ści n a jw ięk szej do n a jm n iejszej) b yła zw y k le n a jw y ższa dla liśc i m lecza i w y n o siła dla Cu — 13, a dla P b — 11. N a jy ię k sz e stężen ie m e ta li stw ierd zo n o w liśc ia c h m lecza zeb ra n y ch je sie n ią 1976 r.: Cu — 1240, P b — 510, Zn — 535, Cd — 2,5 ppm .
Z m ian y za w a rto ści Cu i P b w ro ślin a ch w y stę p u ją w y r a ź n ie w od ległości do 10 km w kierun ku półn ocn o-w schod nim od huty. S tężen ia tych m etali w tk an k ach ro ślin zieln y ch , rosn ących w o d leg ło ści do 3 k m od źródła em isji, sta n o w ią istotn e zagrożen ie w łą cza n ia ich do łań cu ch a p okarm ow ego.
Prof. d r A lina K a b a t a - P e n d i a s
I n s t y t u t U p r a w y , N a w o ż e n ia i G l e b o z n a w s t w a w P u ł a w a c h
