ISSN 1509-1619
J ĉZYKOZNAWSTWO I GLOTTODYDAKTYKA
Alla Kamalova
Instytut SáowiaĔszczyzny Wschodniej
Uniwersytet WarmiĔsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
ɇȺɊɈȾɇȺə ɁȺȽȺȾɄȺ ɋɄȼɈɁɖ ɉɊɂɁɆɍ ɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ
Key words: national riddle, typology, onomasiology, figurative paradigms, cognitive structures
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɠɚɧɪ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜɲɟɣ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɬɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɤɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ- ɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ.
Ɉ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞ- ɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ: ɬɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹɯ Ɉ.ɇ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɤɨɜɨɣ Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ) [Ƚɨɜɨɪɤɨɜɚ 2004] ɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɇɚɫɵɛɭɥɥɢɧɨɣ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫ- ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ [ɇɚɫɵɛɭɥɥɢɧɚ 2008], ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɇ.Ƚ. Ɍɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ [Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ 2011]. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɋ.ə. ɋɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɢɱ,
Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟ- ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɫɬɚ ɥɟɬ – ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XIX ɩɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ XX ɜɟɤɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɸ ɭɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɰɟɧɧɵ [ɋɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɢɱ 2008].
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ- ɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ: ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ [ȼɨɥɨɰɤɚɹ 1995; Ɇɚɪɚɧɞɚ/Ʉɺɧɝɚɫ-Ɇɚɪɚɧɞɚ 1985; Ɇɟɱ- ɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1998; ɇɚɫɵɛɭɥɥɢɧɚ 2008; ɋɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɢɱ 2000, 2008; ɋɢɛɢɪɰɟɜɚ 2003].
Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ- ɤɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɢɤɚ: ɷɬɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ – ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ. ɂɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫ- ɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ – ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶ- ɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɇ.Ȼ. Ɇɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɢɲɟɬ:
Ɂɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɡɛɭɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɢ, «ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ» ɜɟɳɟɣ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ… ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɪɨɫɥɚ ɡɨɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ. ȼɚɠɟɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɧɨ ɢ «ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ» ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ «ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ», ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ [1998].
Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɟ (ɫɬɚ- ɪɵɟ, ɞɨɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ), ɧɨɜɵɟ (ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɢ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ (ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ). ȼ.Ƚ. ɋɢɛɢɪɰɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢ- ɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ (ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɢɸ [ɋɢɛɢɪɰɟɜɚ 2003]. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɨɩɨɪɨɜɚ Ʉ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɟɤɫɬɚ [Ɍɨɩɨɪɨɜ 1999]).
ɐɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɨɥɶ- ɤɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ) ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ- ɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɢɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ.
ɂɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ; ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɇ.ȼ. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨ- ɜɨɣ. ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ: ɤɧɢɝɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱦɚɥɟɦ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɉɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɇ.Ⱦ. ɋɚɞɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɹ, ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɏɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɸ ɩɨ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ [Ɇɚɤɚ- ɪɨɜɚ]. Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦɢ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɷɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɦ Ⱦɚɥɹ (628 ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɷɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɚɞɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟ- ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ Ⱦɚɥɹ (112), ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ (109); ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ 849 ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɫ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ (ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ) ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ I ɢ II ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɵ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: (ȼɟɬɟɪ) – Ȼɟɡ ɪɭɤ, ɛɟɡ ɧɨɝ, ɩɨɞ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɫɬɭɱɢɬ, ɜ ɢɡɛɭ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɫɹ (II, 5).
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɢɧɚɱɟ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ «ɝɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɦɚ», ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ) ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɝ- ɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɧɰɢɤ- ɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɤ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɦ, ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɫɥɨɜ-ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɨɣ;
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ «ɛɭɤɜɚ» ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ I ɞɜɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ: ɑɟɪɧɵɟ, ɤɪɢɜɵɟ, ɨɬ ɪɨɠ- ɞɟɧɶɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɦɵɟ. ɋɬɚɧɭɬ ɜ ɪɹɞ í ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ (I, 27); ɑɟɪɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɢɡɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɧɢɡɚɧɵ, ɡɚɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɫɹ Ɏɨɦɚ í ɩɨɧɚɛɪɚɥɫɹ ɭɦɚ (I, 28). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ í ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ í ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɢ- ɫɚɧɢɹ (ɋɥɨɜɚ? ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ? Ɋɟɚɥɢɢ?) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ.
Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ- ɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ; ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ «ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ» ɠɚɧɪ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ – ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɦɵɫɥɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚ- ɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ – ɪɚɡɝɚɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ – ɟɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ [Ʌɚɡɭɬɢɧ 1981].
ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ – ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɹɡɵ- ɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɩɟɥɥɹɰɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ- ɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ (ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ), ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ-ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ). ɉɨɞɪɨɛ- ɧɟɟ ɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɦ. ɜ [ɀɚɧɚɥɢɧɚ 1995]. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ» ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨ- ɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ. ɉɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸ- ɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ «ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ» ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ-ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ, ɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɞɢ- ɧɢɰɵ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ – ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ (ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɟɧɵ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ) ɢɥɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɢɪɚ; ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɞɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ [Ʉɚɦɚɥɨɜɚ 1997]. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ, ɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɛɵɬɶ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɧɨɫɟɨ- ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ (ɩɨɥɹɦ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ I ɢ II ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ɜɫɟɝɨ 740). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ I ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ 2 ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɭɛɵ: ɉɨɥɨɧ ɯɥɟɜɟɰ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɨɜɟɰ (I, 174), Ȼɢɫɟɪ, ɦɨɣ ɛɢɫɟɪ, ɛɨɪɨɱɤɨɦ ɫɧɢɡɚɧ, ɚɥɵɦ ɛɚɪɯɚɬɨɦ ɨɩɭɲɟɧ, ɩɨɞ ɡɚɜɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ (I, 175).
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɭɚ- ɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ, ɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɱɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɸ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ- ɠɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɭɛɵ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ: ɋɟɱɤɚ ɫɟɱɟɬ, ɞɟɪɟɜɹɲɤɚ ɜɟɡɟɬ, ɫɚɦ Ɇɚɪɬɵɧ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ – Ɂɭɛɵ, ɥɨɠɤɚ, ɹɡɵɤ (I, 176) .
ȼ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ I ɢ II ɤɧɢɝɢ Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ «ɜɵɲɟ 3-ɯ». ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɡ 38 ɢɦɟɧ-ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 19. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
1. Ȼɥɢɧɵ – 4 2. Ȼɨɪɨɧɚ – 7 3. ȼɨɞɚ – 6 4. Ƚɪɢɛ – 10 5. Ⱦɟɧɶɝɢ – 6 6. Ɂɚɹɰ – 6 7. Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ – 7*
8. Ɂɢɦɚ – 4 9. Ʉɨɦɚɪ – 7 10. Ʉɨɪɨɜɚ – 6 11. Ʉɨɫɚ – 5
12. Ʉɨɱɚɧ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ – 4 13. Ʌɨɲɚɞɶ – 8*
14. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ – 9 15. Ɇɨɪɨɡ – 7 16. Ɇɟɫɹɰ – 4*
17. ɇɟɛɨ – 19*
18. ɉɟɱɶ – 5 19. ɉɱɟɥɚ – 13*
20. Ɋɚɤɢ – 6 21. Ɋɟɤɚ – 7 22. Ɋɭɠɶɟ – 7 23. Ɋɵɛɚ – 6 24. ɋɜɟɱɚ – 7 25. ɋɜɢɧɶɹ – 4 26. ɋɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɚ – 4 27. ɋɦɟɪɬɶ – 5 28. ɋɧɟɝ – 9 29. ɋɧɨɩ – 7 30. ɋɨɥɧɰɟ ɟ – 10*
31. ɋɨɯɚ – 5*
32. Ɍɟɧɶ – 6 33. ɏɥɟɛ – 6 34. ɏɦɟɥɶ – 4 35. ɐɟɩɵ – 5*
36. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ – 5 37. əɣɰɨ – 6 38. əɡɵɤ – 4
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɹ, ɚ ɞɜɟ / ɬɪɢ / ɱɟɬɵɪɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ, ɫɰɟɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨɛ- ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɨɣ: Ɉɞɢɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ:
«ɉɨɛɟɠɢɦ, ɩɨɛɟɠɢɦ»; ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ: «ɉɨɫɬɨɢɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨɢɦ»; ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ:
«ɉɨɲɚɬɚɟɦɫɹ, ɩɨɲɚɬɚɟɦɫɹ» – ɪɟɤɚ, ɛɟɪɟɝɚ, ɬɪɚɜɚ (ɤɚɦɵɲ) (I, 432), Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ ɟɥɨɜɨ, ɜ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɹɝɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɵɣ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɤɨɤ – ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɶɧɢɤ, ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɹɝɨ- ɞɵ, ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɤɚ (I, 287). Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟ- ɚɥɢɸ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɩɪɨ ɭɞɢɥɚ ɜɨ ɪɬɭ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ, ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ «ɥɨɲɚɞɶ», ɢɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɩɪɨ ɩɱɟɥɢɧɵɣ ɭɥɟɣ, ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ «ɩɱɟɥɚ». Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɤ- ɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ-ɨɬɝɚɞɤɨɣ (ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɥɨɲɚɞɶ, ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɧɟɛɨ, ɩɱɟɥɚ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɫɨɯɚ) ɢ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɨɣ (*).
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɦɟɧ-ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ-ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶ (ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ (ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɦ). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɢ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɛɵɬɢɹ; ɫɪɟɞɢ 740 ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ, ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɡɚɤɚɬ ɫɨɥ- ɧɰɚ, ɥɨɲɚɞɶ ɩɟɝɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɤɢ ɜɚɪɟɧɵɟ, ɪɵɛɚɤɢ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɪɵɛɭ ɢɡ ɧɟɜɨɞɚ, ɯɥɟɛ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɝɪɭɞɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ. Ȼɚɡɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɨɧɨ- ɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɢɪɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫ- ɬɤɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɧɨɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɰɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞ- ɤɚɯ ɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɧɟɛɟ, ɚ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɯ ɨ ɧɟɛɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ (ɌɄ); ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɌɄ: «ɇɟɛɨɫɜɨɞ», «Ⱦɨɦɚɲ- ɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ», «Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ», «ɉɢɳɚ» ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɌɄ
«ɇɟɛɨɫɜɨɞ» ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 40 ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ (ɧɟɛɨ, ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ), «Ʉɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɛɵɬ ɢ ɬɪɭɞ» – 37 (ɛɨɪɨɧɚ, ɤɨɫɚ, ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ, ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɧɨɩ, ɫɨɯɚ), «Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ» – 20 (ɡɢɦɚ, ɦɨɪɨɡ, ɫɧɟɝ), «ɇɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ» – 20 (ɤɨɦɚɪ, ɩɱɟɥɚ), «Ⱦɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ» – 18 (ɤɨɪɨɜɚ, ɥɨɲɚɞɶ, ɫɜɢɧɶɹ), «ɉɢɳɚ» – 10 (ɛɥɢɧɵ, ɯɥɟɛ) ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ-ɨɬɝɚɞɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
ɝɪɢɛ, ɪɟɤɚ, ɪɭɠɶɟ, ɫɜɟɱɚ, ɬɟɧɶ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɌɄ «ɇɟɛɨɫɜɨɞ». Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɨɬɝɚɞɤɢ: ɧɟɛɨ, ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɦɟɫɹɰ.
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ «ɋ ɱɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɧɟɛɨ?».
Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɯ, ɩɪɨɫɨ ɢ ɩɨɞ.: ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɚ ɪɨɫɫɵɩɶ ɩɨ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɸ (I, 162);
Ɋɚɫɤɢɧɭ ɹ ɪɨɝɨɠɤɭ, ɧɚɫɵɩɥɸ ɝɨɪɨɲɤɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɸ ɤɜɚɫɭ ɤɚɞɭɲɤɭ, ɩɨɥɨɠɭ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɭ (I, 163); ɉɨ ɫɢɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɝɭ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɨ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɧɨ (I, 166); Ɋɚɫɫɵɩɚɥɫɹ ɤɨɜɺɪ (ɝɨɪɨɯ) ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ: ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ – ɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɦ, ɧɢ ɞɶɹɤɚɦ, ɧɢ ɫɟ- ɪɟɛɪɹɧɢɤɚɦ (I, 164). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɯ, ɥɟɝɥɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɢ- ɦɵɯ ɡɜɟɡɞ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟ ɩɨɞ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ, ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɹɣɰɟɧɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɪ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɪɢɩɥɨɞ ɫɤɨɬɚ. ɇɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ- ɞɢɝɦɚ <ɡɜɟɡɞɚ – ɫɬɚɞɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɹ>: ɒɥɢ ɤɨɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɨɫɬɭ, ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɡɚɪɸ, ɩɨɩɪɹɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ (I, 161).
Ɇɟɫɹɰ. ȿɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ (ɤɪɚɸɲɤɚ, ɛɚɪɚɧ), ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɥɭɧɵ (ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɭɛɵɜɚɬɶ). (Ɉɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɦ. ɜ [ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢɱ 1995]). ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɨɣ ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɫ ɛɚɪɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢ- ɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɫɹɰ – ɪɨɝɚɬɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɛɚɪɚɧ: Ȼɚɪɚɧ ɜ ɯɥɟɜɟ, ɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɟ (I, 283). ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɨɣ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɟɦ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦ ɯɥɟɛɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɩɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɭ (ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɤɢ), ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɫɚɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɹ
«ɤɚɪɚɜɚɣ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɦɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɭ- ɫɨɤ ɫ ɤɪɚɟɦ (ɤɪɚɸɯɨɣ) ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɥɭɧɭ: ɇɚɞ ɛɚɛɭɲɤɢɧɨɣ
ɢɡɛɭɲɤɨɣ ɜɢɫɢɬ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɚ. ɋɨɛɚɤɢ ɥɚɸɬ, ɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ (I, 281).
(Ɉ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɣ, ɤɪɚɸɲɤɚ ɫɦ. ɜ [Ɉɠɟɝɨɜ/ ɒɜɟɞɨɜɚ 1997]). ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɚɤ- ɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞɭ – ɂɞɺɬ ɥɟɫɨɦ – ɧɟ ɬɪɟɫɧɟɬ, ɢɞɺɬ ɩɥɺɫɨɦ – ɧɟ ɩɥɟɫɧɺɬ (I, 280), ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ – Ȼɟɡ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ ɥɟɬɢɬ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɟɧɶɟɜ ɪɚɫɬɺɬ (I, 282), ɰɜɟɬ – Ɂɨɥɨɬ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧ ɩɚɫɬɭɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɹ (I, 530),.
ɋɨɥɧɰɟ. ȿɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ: ɨɧɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬ – ɉɨ ɡɚɪɟ ɡɚɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɲɚɪ ɜɟɪɬɥɹɧɫɤɢɣ; ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɧɢ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ, ɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɯɚɬɶ (I, 526), ɋɢɬɨ ɫɜɢɬɨ, ɡɨɥɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ, ɤɬɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɟɬ, ɜɫɹɤ ɡɚɩɥɚɱɟɬ (I, 527), Ɂɨɥɨɬ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧ ɩɚɫɬɭɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɹ (I, 530), ɬɨɩɨɫɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ- ɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɑɬɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɫɭ? (I, 529), ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨ – Ȼɟɡ ɨɝɧɹ ɝɨɪɢɬ, ɛɟɡ ɤɪɵɥ ɥɟɬɢɬ, ɛɟɡ ɧɨɝ ɛɟɠɢɬ (I, 531), ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ – Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɛɭ ɯɨɞɢɬ (I, 528). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɢ- ɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɨɛɪɚɡ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, ɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɞɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɝɧɟɜɚ, ɹɪɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɧɹ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɚ, ɦɚɝɢɢ, ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɡɥɵɯ ɞɭɯɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [Ɇɢɪɨɧɨɜɚ 1984; Ɏɨɥɢ 1997]; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ «ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ», ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟ- ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɟ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɬɚ [ȿɮɪɟɦɨɜɚ 2000]. Ɉɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ <ɫɨɥɧɰɟ – ɨɝɨɧɶ> ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ⱥ. Ȼɥɨɤɚ ɂɧɨɤ ɲɟɥ ɢ ɧɟɫ ɫɜɹɬɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ: Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɜɟɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɧɹ / Ɋɚɡɝɨɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɪɡɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɢ, / ɉɨɛɟɠɞɚɥɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ Ⱦɧɹ.
ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɇ.ɂ. Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧɨɣ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɨɣ: ɀɟɥɬɚɹ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟ ɜɢɫɢɬ. ɀɟɥɬɚɹ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɞɚɪɢɬ – ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɋ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɫɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ – ɫɨɥɧɰɟ [Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜ, Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧɚ 1987, 108]. ɗɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ:
<ɫɨɥɧɰɟ – ɛɥɸɞɨ> ɢ <ɫɜɟɬ – ɫɚɥɨ>. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɠɢɪ’ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɨ ɧɟɛɟ, ɡɜɟɡɞɚɯ ɢ ɥɭɧɟ – ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɟ ɨɥɚɞɶɢ, ɩɨɫɟɪɺɞɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫ- ɧɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɫɚɥɨɦ (ɠɢɪɨɦ)?
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɚɺɬ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɥɭɧɚ (ɜ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɭɧɚ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ). ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɠɢɪ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ (ɫɪ. ɠɢ- ɪɨɜɚɬɶ ‘ɫɵɬɧɨ ɠɢɬɶ’). ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ȼ. Ⱦɚɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ: «ɀɢɪ – ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ, ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶ», «Ɉɧ ɠɢɪɺɧ, ɛɨɝɚɬ», «ɀɢɪɨɜɨɣ – ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɦ, ɡɚɠɢɬɨɱ- ɧɨɦ», «ɀɢɪɹɤ – ɛɨɝɚɱ» [Ⱦɚɥɶ 1979, 543]. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨɥɚɞɶɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ɇ. Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ,
«ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɥɢɜɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɟɥɟɹ» (ɫɦ. ɜ [ɑɟɪɧɵɯ 1993, 596]). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ‘ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ĺ ɠɢɪ (ɦɚɫɥɨ)’. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɫɜɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɥɨɦ (ɠɢɪɨɦ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ.
ɇɟɛɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ; ɧɟɛɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɟɦ: Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɭɫɵɩɚɧɨ (I, 307), ɉɨɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɪɹɧɨ, ɨɜɰɵ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ, ɩɚɫɬɭɯ ɪɨɝɚɬɵɣ (I, 309), ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɤɨɥɵɛɚɧɫɤɨɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɚɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɫɬɭɯ, ɤɚɤ ɹɫɟɧɟɰ (I, 310); ɫ ɲɚɬɪɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɦ: Ɋɚɫɤɢɧɭɬ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ ɲɚɬɪɨɦ, ɧɢ ɫɪɭɛɭ, ɧɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɧɢ ɦɚɬɢɰɵ (I, 312), ɫ ɲɭɛɟɧɤɨɣ: ɋɢɧɟɧɶɤɚ ɲɭɛɟɧɤɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɩɨɤɪɵɥɚ (I, 313).
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɨ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɫɶ ɤ ɤɨɦ- ɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɉɪɟ- ɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ: Ⱦɜɚ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ, ɞɜɚ ɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɦɢɧɭɸɳɢɯ – ɧɟɛɨ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɹ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɢ ɥɭɧɚ, ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɧɨɱɶ (I, 315) ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɬɨɤ: ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɤɨɥɵɛɚɧɫɤɨɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɚɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɫɬɭɯ, ɤɚɤ ɹɫɟɧɟɰ – ɧɟɛɨ, ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɦɟɫɹɰ (I, 310). Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɯ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɦɟɫɹɰɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɮ- ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
Ɉɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫ- ɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ, ɲɢɪɨ- ɤɢɣ, ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɯ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɫ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɬɜɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ [ɑɭɩɪɢɤɨɜɚ 1999, 30–32].
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ. Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ (ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬɫɹ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ: ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫ- ɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɸ (ɜɟɪɯ/ ɧɢɡ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ/ ɩɨɤɨɣ). ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ.
Ɇɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɦɢɮɚ ɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɥ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɦ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ: ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ [Ɇɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1998].
Ȼɚɡɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ- ɥɢɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ ɫ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɨɣ, ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɫ ɛɚɪɚɧɨɦ, ɡɜɟɡɞ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɯɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɟ ɞɜɨɹɤɚɹ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ: Ɋɚɫɤɢ- ɧɭɬ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ ɲɚɬɪɨɦ, ɧɢ ɫɪɭɛɭ, ɧɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɧɢ ɦɚɬɢɰɵ (I, 312), ɋɢɧɟɧɶɤɚ ɲɭɛɟɧɤɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɩɨɤɪɵɥɚ (I, 313), ɇɚɞ ɛɚɛɭɲɤɢɧɨɣ ɢɡɛɭɲɤɨɣ ɜɢɫɢɬ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɚ. ɋɨɛɚɤɢ ɥɚɸɬ, ɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ (I, 281), ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ- ɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ – Ɋɚɫɤɢɧɭ ɹ ɪɨɝɨɠɤɭ, ɧɚɫɵɩɥɸ ɝɨɪɨɲɤɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɸ ɤɜɚɫɭ ɤɚɞɭɲɤɭ, ɩɨɥɨɠɭ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɤɪɚɸɲɤɭ (I, 163). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ/ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ/ ɩɨɤɨɟ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫ- ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ.
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɨɦɨɦ, ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɢ ɥɭɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ (ɢɞɭɬ).
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɢ
«ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ», ɩɨ Ɇ. ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɭ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɥɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ» [ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪ 1997, 52]. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɢɞɟɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɨ ɧɟɛɨɫɤɥɨɧɟ?
Ɍɟɤɫɬɵ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨɥɟ, ɪɨɝɨɠɤɚ, ɩɨɥɨɝ) ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɲɚɬɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ – ɡɟɦɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨ-ɤɨɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɚɧɬɢɨɯɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ Ʉɨɡɶɦɨɣ ɂɧ- ɞɢɤɨɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (VI ɜ.). ȿɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɞɨɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɞɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. «Ʉɨɡɶɦɚ ɂɧɞɢɤɨɩɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɦɢɪɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɪɨɣ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ» [Ɇɢɥɶɤɨɜ 2009, 30]. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ Ʉɨɡɶɦɵ ɂɧɞɢɤɨɩɥɚ, ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɞɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɥɨɜ-ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ, ɧɚ ɫɬɢɥɢɫ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ – «ɇɟ- ɛɨɫɜɨɞ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫ- ɬɧɨ-ɤɚɦɨɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɨ ɧɟɛɨɫɜɨɞɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɚ: ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɞɪɟɜɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɭɫ-
ɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɢɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɭɛɴ- ɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɧɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɝɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Ƚɨɜɨɪɤɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɇ., 2004, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ) // Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɶ ȼ., 1979, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɍɨɦ 1–2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
ȿɮɪɟɦɨɜɚ Ɍ.ȿ., 2000, ɇɨɜɵɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
ɀɚɧɚɥɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ., 1995, ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ (ɩɪɟɞ- ɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ), Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ʋ 2, 71–79.
Ʉɚɦɚɥɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., 1997, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɢɞɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, Nordlyd, No 25, Tromsø, 7–19.
Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜ ɇ.ɂ., Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧɚ Ⱥ.ȼ., 1987, ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ʌɚɡɭɬɢɧ ɋ.Ƚ., 1981, ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, http://www.infoliolib.info/ philol/
lazutin/2_1.html [28.10.2014].
Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ ɇ.ȼ., Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ [28.10.2014].
Ɇɚɪɚɧɞɚ ɉ., Ʉɺɧɝɚɫ-Ɇɚɪɚɧɞɚ ɗ., 1985, ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɟ // Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢɫ- ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɤɟ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 194–260.
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Summary
THE LOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL IDEAS
This article provides the logical description of a folklore riddle (737 riddles). Research problems are solved with the help of the static, semantic and stylistic analyses. The figurative system of riddles about a firmament is discussed and cognitive structures are studied. The author additionally comments on the national ideas on cosmism.
