ɋɂɇɌȺȽɆȺ
„ɇȺɁȼȺɇɂȿ ɉɌɂɐɕ” + „ɁȼɍɄɂ, ɄɈɌɈɊɕȿ ɈɇȺ ɂɁȾȺȿɌ” ȼ ɉȿɊȿȼɈȾȺɏ ɋɅɈȼȺ Ɉ ɉɈɅɄɍ ɂȽɈɊȿȼȿ ɇȺ ɊɍɋɋɄɂɃ əɁɕɄ
(ɉɈ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺɆ ɉȺɊȺɅɅȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɄɈɊɉɍɋȺ ɉȿɊȿȼɈȾɈȼ ɋɅɈȼȺ Ɉ ɉɈɅɄɍ ɂȽɈɊȿȼȿ)
THE SYNTAGMA “NAME OF A BIRD + SOUNDS EMITTED BY A BIRD” IN TRANSLATIONS OF THE SONG OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN INTO RUSSIAN
(ON THE MATERIAL OF PARALLEL CORPUS OF TRANSLATIONS OF THE SONG OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN)
ȿɅȿɇȺ ɋɅɈȻɈȾəɇ
ABSTRACT. In the multilingual Parallel corpus of translations of The Song of Igor's Campaign several translations of the literary monument into the same language are presented. The similar language material allows to solve many linguistic problems, in particular, allows to answer such questions as: which means of the given language (syntactical, morphological, lexical, figurative) can reflect the typical situation (for example, a situation of aural perception, a fight picture etc.); what lexicon is used to translate this or that concept; in what way lexemes function in the language and combine with each other; how the initial text influences language features of translation. The article consists an attempt to answer a part of these questions, concentrating on names of the sounds making by birds, and combination of these lexemes with names of birds on a material of Russian translations of The Song of Igor's Campaign.
ȿɥɟɧɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɹɧ, Ȼɚɲɤɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. Ɇ. Ⱥɤ-ɦɭɥɥɵ, ɍɮɚ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ (http://nevmenandr.net/slovo/) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɋɉɂ) ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨ-ɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɛɨɹ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.); ɤɚɤɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɹ; ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ; ɤɚɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɨɫɪɟ-ɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɬɢɰ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɋɉɂ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ „ɝɨɥɨɫɚ” ɩɬɢɰ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɮɚɭɧɵ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɫɨɥɨɜɟɣ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ: 1) ‘ɩɬɢɰɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸ-ɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɟɧɢɟɦ’; 2) ‘ɢɫɤɭɫɧɵɣ ɩɟɜɟɰ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ȼɨɹɧɚ’. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɟɣ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɬɢɰɟɣ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚ-ɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ: ɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ 35: ɳɟɤɨɬɴ ɫɥɚɜɿɣ ɭɫɩɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɴ ɝɚɥɢɱɶ ɭɛɭɞɢ; ɢ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ 202: Ⱦɹɬɥɨɜɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɦɴ ɩɭɬɶ ɤɴ ɪɰ ɤɚɠɭɬɴ, ɫɨɥɨɜɿɢ ɜɟɫɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɫɶɦɢ ɫɜɬɴ ɩɨɜɞɚɸɬɴ. Ɉɛɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɧɚ-ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɪɚ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɦ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚ ɳɟɤɨɬ (ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɳɟ-ɤɨɬɚɬɶ ‘ɩɟɬɶ [ɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɬɢɰɚɯ]’). ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɳɟɳɟ-ɤɨɬɚɬɶ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɉ.ə.ɑɟɪɧɵɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɦ1 , ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦ, ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɧɟɬ ɟɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɋ.ɂ. Ɉɠɟɝɨ-ɜɚ2 ). ɇɄɊə ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɳɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɟɬɶ (ɨ ɩɬɢɰɚɯ)’. Ɇ. Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ ɩɨ-ɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɳɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɟɬɶ’ ɢ ɳɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ’ – ɷɬɨ ɞɜɟ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ ɡɚ-ɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ3 . ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ Ⱥ. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ: „ɡɚɬɪɭɞ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ titillare ɢ ɳɟɥɤɚɬɶ, ɫɬɪɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ (ɨ ɩɬɢɰɚɯ)”4 . ɋɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɠɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɳɟɤɨɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɟɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰ’, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ (ɫɪ. cɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ɍ.Ɏ. ȿɮɪɟɦɨɜɨɣ5, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨ-________________ 1ɉ.ə. ɑ ɟ ɪ ɧ ɵ ɯ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵ-ɤɚ: ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1999, ɫ. 431. 2ɋ.ɂ. Ɉ ɠ ɟ ɝ ɨ ɜ, ɇ.ɘ. ɒ ɜ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1992. 3Ɇ. Ɏ ɚ ɫ ɦ ɟ ɪ, ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɜ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 4, Ɇɨɫ-ɤɜɚ 1986. 4Ⱥ. ɉ ɪ ɟ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɚ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1910–1914, ɫ. 116. 5 Ɍ.Ɏ. ȿ ɮ ɪ ɟ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɜ 3-ɯ ɬɨ-ɦɚɯ, ɬ. 3, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005.
ɜɚɪɶ Ⱦ.ɇ. ɍɲɚɤɨɜɚ6 ). ȼ ɇɄɊə ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɳɟɤɨɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɹɬɢ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɪɯɚɢɡɦ, ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚ ɳɟɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨɬɴ, ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɋɉɂ, ɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ *ɳɟɤɨɬɚɬɢ ɜ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ… ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ7 . Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚ ɳɟɛɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ Ⱥ.ɘ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜ, Ȼ.Ⱦ. Ȼɵɱɟɧɤɨ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɳɟɛɟɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɢɫɬ/ɩɨɫɜɢɫɬ, ɬɪɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɯ (ɉɟɫɧɶ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɹ ɭɫɧɭɥɚ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɚɩɧɢɫɬ, ɉɟɧɶɟ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ȼ.ɉ. Ȼɭɣɧɚɱɟɜ, ɉɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ ɡɚɦɨɥɤɥɨ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɍɢɧɶɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). ȼɨ ɮɪɚɝ-ɦɟɧɬɟ 202 ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟ-ɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɫɧɹ, ɬɪɟɥɶ (ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ: ɫɨɥɨɜɿɢ ɜɟɫɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɫɶɦɢ ɫɜɬɴ ɩɨɜɞɚɸɬɴ), ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɝɞɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɇɄɊə8 , ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚ-ɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɨɜɶɟɦ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ ɫɜɢɫɬɟɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɬɶ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɨɥɨɜɟɣ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɨɹɧɚ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɵ „ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ” + „ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɡ-ɞɚɟɬ” ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ; ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɚɯ ɫɨɥɨ-ɜɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ (Ɉ Ȼɨɹɧɟ, ɫɨɥɨɜɿɸ ɫɬɚɪɚɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ! ɮɪ. 14) ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɩɬɢɰɚ – ɝɚɥɤɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬó ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɝɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɷɬɚ ɩɬɢɰɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɋɉɂ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ „ɋɥɨ-ɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ”: ɝɚɥɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ„ɋɥɨ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɰɟɜ (ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥ-ɥɟɪ, Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ), ɧɟɤɚɹ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ (ɋ. ɉɭɲɢɤ), ɬɨɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɰɟɜ (Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɭ-ɦɚɪɭɤɨɜ), ɜɨɢɧɵ-ɝɚɥɢɱɚɧɟ (Ⱥ.Ʉ. ɘɝɨɜ)9 . Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ Ⱥ.Ʉ. ɘɝɨɜɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ „ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ” + „ɢɡ-________________ 6 ɓɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ2, [ɜ:] Ⱦ.ɇ. ɍ ɲ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɜ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. Ɍ. 4: ɋ–əɳɭɪɧɵɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1940, ɫɬɛ. 1383. 7ɂ.ɂ. ɋ ɪ ɟ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɢɫɶ-ɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ: ɜ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1890–1912; ɬ. 3, 1912. 8 http://search.ruscorpora.ru/search.xml?mycorp=&mysent=&mysize=&dpp=&spp=&spd =&text=lexgramm&mode=main&sort=gr_tagging&lang=ru&parent1=0&level1=0&lex1=% F1%EE%EB%EE%E2%E5%E9&gramm1=S&sem1=r%3Aconcr+%26+t%3Aanimal&flags 1=&parent2=0&level2=0&min2=1&max2=10&lex2=&gramm2=V&sem2=t%3Asound&fla gs2= 9Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍ ɜ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɜ, Ƚɚɥɢɰɚ, [ɜ:] ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ „ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ”: ɜ 5-ɬɢ ɬɨ-ɦɚɯ. Ɍ. 2: Ƚ–ɂ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1995, ɫ. 6–7.
ɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɟɸ ɡɜɭɤɢ”, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɝɚɥɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɬɢɰɚ’. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɚɥɤɚɦɢ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɭ ɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ: ɝɨɜɨɪ ɝɚɥɨɤ, ɝɚɥɢ-ɱɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ 35), ɝɚɥɤɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɟɱɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɝɚɥɤɢ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɝɚɥɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ 65), ɝɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɥɤɥɢ/ɩɨɦɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɢ (ɮɪɚɝ-ɦɟɧɬ 201). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɚɥɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɇɄɊə ɷɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɬɶ: Ƚɚɥɤɢ ɤɪɢ-ɱɚɬ, ɢ ɤɚɩɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɚ [Ⱥɫɚɪ ɗɩɩɟɥɶ, ɒɚɦɩɢɧɶɨɧ ɦɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (1992)]; Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɹ ɝɚɥɨɤ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ, ɤɚɪɤɚɹ ɢ ɲɭɦɹ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɤɪɵɥ, ɡɚɤɪɭ-ɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ[Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɦɢɪ, ɬ. 3, 1867–1869]). ɑɚɫɬɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜóɪɨɧɚɦɢ. ȼɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ: ɜɨɪɨɧ/ɜɪɚɧ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɷɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ; ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɴ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɨ ɫ XI ɜɟɤɚ, ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɧɴ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɸ-ɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɍ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɜ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɬɶ, ɝɪɚɹɬɶ, ɜ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɪɨ-ɧɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɝɪɚɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ, ɨɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɬɢɰɵ, „ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɶɟɦ” (ȼ.ɂ. Ⱦɚɥɶ) – ɝɚɥɤɚɦɢ, ɫɨɪɨɤɚ-ɦɢ, ɜɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ; ɫɪ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ: ɝɪɚɱ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɝɪɚɹɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɧɚɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱦɚɥɟɦ ɤ „ɜɨɪɨɧɶɸ”, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɨɛɭ-ɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ (ɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɬɶ, ɢ ɝɪɚɹɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ), ɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ (ɜ ɨɪɢ-ɝɢɧɚɥɟ ɝɪɚɹɬɢ). ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɬɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɉɂ, – ɫɨɪɨɤɚ (ɫɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɪ. 200: Ⱥ ɧɟ ɫɨɪɨɤɵ ɜɬɪɨɫɤɨɬɚɲɚ – ɧɚ ɫɥɞɭ ɂɝɨ-ɪɟɜ ɡɞɢɬɴ Ƚɡɚɤɴ ɫɴ Ʉɨɧɱɚɤɨɦɴ). Ɂɜɭɤɢ, ɟɸ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟ-ɜɨɞɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɤɨɬɚɬɶ, ɬɪɟɳɚɬɶ, ɬɪɨɫɤɨɬɚɬɶ. ɉɨ-ɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ XIX, ɧɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ. ȼɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɫɹ ɨɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ – Ƚ. Ʉɚɪɩɭɧɢɧɚ ɢ Ⱥ. Ȼ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɚ (ɨɛɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ), ɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟ-ɧɢɸ, ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɬɢɰ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɭ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɨɪɟɥ ɢ ɞɹɬɥɵ. Ɉɛɟɢɯ ɩɬɢɰ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ „ɛɨɥɬɥɢɜɵɦɢ” ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟ-ɪɟɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ 31, ɝɞɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɥɵ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɪɥɨɦ, ɤɥɟɤɨɬɨɦ, ɤɥɟɤɨɬɚ-ɧɢɟɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɤ, ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ. ɂ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ „ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ”, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɭ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ: Ɉɪɥɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɨɱɶɸ Ɂɜɟɪɟɣ ɫɨɡɵɜɚɸɬ: | ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɢ – ɩɨɛɟɞɭ – ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ ɫɤɥɢɤɚɸɬ (Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɭɦɚɪɭɤɨɜ), | Ɂɧɚɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɫɤɥɢɤɚɸɬ | Ɂɜɟɪɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɠɚɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɥɵ (ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɂɚɛɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ), Ɉɪɥɵ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɡɜɪɟɣ ɡɨɜɭɬɴ | Ɍɪɭɩɵ ɩɨɠɢɪɚɬɶ Ɋɨɫɫʀɣɫɤʀɟ (ɂ. ɋɢɪɹɤɨɜ). ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɹɬɥɨɜ, ɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ „ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ” + „ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɜɭ-ɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧa ɢɡɞɚɟɬ” ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ „ɝɨɥɨɫ” ɞɹɬɥɚ, ɚ ɬɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɢɡɞɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɛɢɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɪ.-ɪ. ɬɟɤɬɴ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɱɚɫɬɨ. ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɟɞɢɧ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɋɉɂ10 . ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɜɚɬɢ ‘ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɤɪɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɤɭ’, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ XVIII–XIX ɜɜ. ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɯɨɬ-ɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɢɡɛɪɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟ-ɜɨɞɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɜɭɤ’: ɞɨɥɛɢɬɶ (ɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ), ɫɬɭɱɚɬɶ (ɫɬɭɤ), ɯɨɬɹ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɸ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɬɟɤɬ, ɬɟɤɨɬ. ɇɟɹɫɧɚ ɜ ɋɉɂ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ Ⱦɢɜɴ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɡɥɨɜɟɳɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ. ȼ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɛɟɞ-ɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɟɬɟɬɶ (ɧɢɡɪɢɧɭɬɶɫɹ) ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɜɴ – ɷɬɨ ɩɬɢ-ɰɚ (ɮɢɥɢɧ, ɭɞɨɞ, ɧɟɤɚɹ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɬɢɩɬɢ-ɰɚ); ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɥɟɲɢɣ (ɇ.Ɏ. ɋɭɦɰɨɜ, ɉ.ȼ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜ, ȼ.Ɏ. Ɋɠɢɝɚ, ȼ.ȼ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɨɩɨɪɨɜ), ɩɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɤ-ɞɨɡɨɪɧɵɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɢɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɟ (ɇ.Ɇ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ)11. ɗɬɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɟ-ɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ: ɋ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɡɨɪ | ɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɟɦɨɣ ȼɨɥɝɟ-ɡɟɦɥɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨ-ɤɟ (Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɭɦɚɪɭɤɨɜ), Ʌɟɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɥɢɱɟɬ,|ȼɫɟɦ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɞɚɥ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɭɠ (Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜ), ɤɪɢɱɢɬ ɮɢɥɢɧ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɱɬɨɛ ɫɥɵɲɚɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɟɦɨɣ (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɉɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɂɡɞɚɧɢɹ). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨ, ɫɥɨɜɨ Ⱦɢɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɬɢɰɚ’. ȼ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ ɞɢɜɴ ɤɥɢɱɟɬɴ ɜɪɴɯɭ ɞɪɟɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɢɞɬɢ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ: ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, – ɷɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɪɟɱɢ: 1) ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɧɟɲ-ɧɸɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɱɢ: ɤɥɢɤɚɬɶ, ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ, 2) ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ-ɱɥɟɧɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ’: ɜɨɩɢɬɶ, ɡɚɜɵɜɚɬɶ (ɫɨɜɚ), ɫɜɢɫɬɟɬɶ, ɜɵɬɶ, ɡɚɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ________________ 10ɂ.ɂ. ɋ ɪ ɟ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɢɫɶ-ɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ: ɜ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1890–1912; ɬ. 2, 1902. 11 Ʌ.ȼ. ɋ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ⱦɢɜ, [ɜ:] ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ „ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ...”, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 110–114.
ɜɨɟɦ, ɡɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɝ, 3) ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ: ɩɪɨɛɭɪɱɚɬɶ/ɩɪɨɦɨɥɜɢɬɶ (ȿ. ȿɜɬɭɲɟɧ-ɤɨ), ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɫɬɶ, ɜɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɡɜɚɬɶ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ: ɫɪ. ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ 31 ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɨɪɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɚ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ wołaü/przywoływaü; ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɟ ɨ ɞɹɬɥɚɯ, ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɪ.-ɪ. ɬɟɤɬɴ, ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚ-ɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɹɬɥɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɜɭɤ’: kuü, stukaü, wystukiwaü, kucie. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɭɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ ɬɭɤɨɬ, ɫɬɭɤɨɬ, ɫɬɭɤiɬ; ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ Ⱦɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɦ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪ-ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɮɨɪ-ɦɵɥɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ? ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ. ȼɨ--ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦ (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɬɟɤɨɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ „ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦ” ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɝɢɩɟɪɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ (ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ, ɩɟɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟ-ɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ „ɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ” (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ Ⱦɢɜɨɦ), ɬɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɚɤ-ɬɨɜɨɤ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ.
