BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
A.—PURE CHEMISTRY
JU N E, 1933.
G eneral, P h y sic a l, and
G low d isch a rg e in h ig h ly dried m olecu lar g a s e s . A. Gu n t h e r- Sc h u l z e and F. Ke l l e r (Z.
Physik, 1933, 81, 528—538).—-When, dried with P30 E, H2 gave a new highly coloured d ischarge;
N2 and 02 became chemically very active, attacking
even P t. A. B. D. C.
S p ectru m of H 2. B a n d s en d in g on 2 p 2lJ
le v e ls. II. 0 . W . Ri c h a r d s o n and P . M. Da v i d s o n (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 140, 25—58).—The band systems coming from 3(P'S, 3cPTlab, and 3(PA„(, and ending on 2p3ilaj levels, wliich have been p re viously described (A., 1931, 887), are reconstructed and extended. The properties of th e levels are discussed, and some of th e principal consts. d eter
mined. L. L. B.
T h eory of u n cou p lin g and formulae for th e S ta rk effect in h y d rogen . J . K . L . Ma cDo n a l d
(Proc. Roy. Soc., 1932, A, 138, 183—204).—M athe
m atical. L. L. B.
A node g lo w d isc h a r g e. A. Gu n t h e r- Sc h u l z e
and F. Ke l l e r (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 799—815).—
M easurements of th e anode fall in p otential show th a t the fast electrons from the cathode move much fa rth er from th e cathode th a n has hith erto been assumed.
The u n perturbed anode fall is 20-5 volts in H 2, 30 volts in N 2, and 14 volts in 0 2. Presence of dark spaces and" velocity distributions of electrons in th e
anode column are discussed. A. B. D. C.
C ontinuous electron affinity sp ectru m of hydrogen. C. K . Je n (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 540—547).—M athem atical. The intensity d istri
bution in th e continuous emission spectrum due to the capture of electrons by norm al H atom s and the absorption coeff. in th e corresponding absorption spectrum due to th e neutralisation of negative H ions are calc, by wave mechanics. N. M. B.
A bsolute p rob ab ility of excita tio n of h eliu m 2 lP at zero an g le. J . E . Ta y l o r and R . W hid-
d i n g t o n (Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc., 1933, 2, 383—
385).—The im pact of 40—400-volt electrons w ith He atom s has been investigated, th e inelastically scattered electrons a t zero angle being observed.
The probability of 2XP excitation is approx. a linear function of the energy of th e incident electrons.
The excitation probability is lower th a n th a t predicted
by recent theories. J . W, S.
S tru ctu re of th e e m is sio n lin e 6708 of lith iu m . L. Al l e g r e t t i ( A t t i R . A c c a d . Lincei, 1932, [ v i] , 16, 33— 35).—In th e arc spectrum of Li th e above line
o o 547
In organ ic C h em istry.
consists of two principal com ponents w ith a separ
ation of 0-155 Ä., and a th ird less intense line separ
ated by 0-149 Ä. from th e com ponent of greater
wave-length. 0 . J . W.
S ta rk effect. E. U. Co n d o n (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 648—654).— Discussions on the S tark effect in at. spectra are illu strated by d a ta on Ni,
Li, C , an d A. N. M. B.
Fine stru ctu re of th e m eta sta b le 2Jr>5/2l3,2 te r m s of n itro g en . V. Ts c h u l a n o v s k y (Z. Physik"
1933, 82, 134— 136). A. B. D. C.
O ptical p ro p erties of th e a lk a li m e ta ls . R . W .
Wo o d (Nature, 1933, 131, 582).—New observations w ith th in films are described. L. S. T.
A node sp o t in a n eon tu b e. T . Ta k a j h n e, T . Su g a, and A. Ya n a g i h a r a (N ature, 1933,1 3 1 ,584).—
The anode spot in a discharge tu b e filled w ith Ne is in term itte n t in its emission. L. S . T.
B a n d an d lin e flu orescen ce in so d iu m vap our ex cited b y ab sorp tion . A. Ja b e o n s k i, P . Pr i n g s- h e i m, and R . Ro m p e (Z. Physik, 1932, 77, 26— 34).—
Fluorescence was excited in N a vapour a t 300—
400° b y the continuous spectrum in th e blue-green and r e d ; a stu d y of th e relative intensities of th e bands an d lines on addition of He, A, an d N2 revealed th a t th e excited N a2 mol. is dissociated by collision.
A. B. D. C.
P ertu rb ed ser ie s of th e sp ectru m of ion ised a lu m in iu m . L. Pi n c h e r l e (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, 1932, [vi], 16, 35—40).—M athem atical. The calc, divergence of certain series in th e spectrum of A i n from th e R itz form agrees w ith th e theory of Shen- stone and Russell (A., 1932, 439). 0 . J. W.
A rc sp ectra of ch ro m iu m , m a n g a n ese, cobalt, and n ick el in th e red and n ear infra-red. H.
Sl e v o g t (Z. Physik, 1933, 82, 92—118).—The region studied was 6000—9000 Ä. A. B. D. C.
Isotop e d isp la cem en t and n u clear m o m e n t of zin c. H . Sc h ü l e r and H. We s t m e y e r (Z. Physik,
1933, 81, 565—570).—Hyperfine structures of some Zn n lines give isotopes 64, 6 6, 67, an d 6 8, an d th e nuclear m om ent of 67 as 3/2. A. B. D. C.
N u clea r m o m en t of a rsen ic. M. F . Cr a w e o r d
a n d A. M. Cr o o k e r (Nature, 1933,131, 655—656).—
The nuclear m om ent of As is 1JxA /2tt. D etails of th e hyperfine structure of th e spectrum of As rv are
recorded. L. S. T.
5 4 8 BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
In ten sity rela tio n s in th e ca d m iu m sp ectru m . J. L. Ve r h a e g h e (Proc. K . Akad. W etensch. A m ster
dam, 1933, 36, 71—73).—The in ten sity relations of certain Cd lines, exhibited by alloys of Ag an d Cd containing 4% and 1% Cd, are discussed.
W . R. A.
P a sch en -B a ck effect of h yperfin e stru ctu re and p olarisa tio n of reson an ce rad iation . C ad m iu m (6 1i >1—S1^ ) . N. P . H e y d e n b u r g (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 640—647).—E xperim ental d a ta for the polarisation of Cd X 2288 A. resonance radiation, changing from 76-7% in zero field to 100% in a strong field || electric vector of th e exciting light, are in good agreem ent w ith results calc, on th e G oudsm it- Darwin theory of th e Paschen-B ack effect, and give
1 2 - 6 x lO"3 cm.-1 for th e separation of th e tw o levels into which th e 6 1P1 level of Cd (odd isotopes) is split.
N. M. B S ign ifican ce of H g A b an d s at 2365 and 2285 A . and of th e H g 2 b and a t 1690 A . W . Fi n k e l n b u r g
(Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 781—784). A. B. D. C.
H igh -freq u en cy d isch a rg e in g a s e s . T. V.
Io n e s o u and (Mme.) I . Mihttl (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1292— 1294; cf. A., 1932, 554; this vol., 9).—
On applying a m agnetic field parallel to th e axis of a tube containing gas a t 0-001—0-1 mm. H g and perpendicular to th e field produced by a Mesny oscillator, if th e la tte r be m oderately heated bu t little light is em itted and th a t m ainly a t th e electrode.
This disappears a t th e stren g th of field for which the free electrons are in resonance w ith th e external electric field. A stronger m agnetic field greatly increases th e light, indicating th a t such a field reduces th e potential required to m aintain th e discharge, b u t it again dim inishes on fu rth e r increase of the
field. C. A. S.
F in e stru ctu re of th e arc lin e s of lead an d tin . S. B. L. Ma t h u r (Phil. M a g ., 1932, [vii], 1 4 , 270—
275). N , M . B.
U n ifo rm p o sitive co lu m n . F. L. Jo n e s (Phil.
Mag., 1933, [vii], 15, 958—968).—Theoretical.
H . J . E.
E vidence for a sp in n in g p hoton. I. In ten sity r e la tio n s in the R am an sp ectru m of h yd rogen . S. B h a g a v a n ta m (Indian J . Physics, 1932, 7, 107—
138).-—The intensity and polarisation of th e lines in th e R am an spectrum of H2 are com pared w ith the vals. calc, from wave mechanics (cf. Mannebaclc,
A ., 1931, 21). J . w . S.
V erification of C om p ton ’s arc th eory b y m e a s u rem en t of th e arc g a s tem p eratu re at d ifieren t p r e ssu r e s. L. S . O r n s t e i n, H . Br i n k m a n, and A. Be u n e s (Z. Physik, 1932, 77, 72—81).
A. B. D. C.
D isch a rg e delay in h o m ogen eo u s electric field s an d in a ir at atm o sp h eric p ressu re. R .
St r i g e l(Wiss. Veroff. Siemens-Konz., 1932,11, No. 2,
52—74). A. J . M.
V isib le p art of th e N orth ern L ig h t sp ectru m . L. Ve g a r d (Z. Physik, 1933, 8 1 , 556—559).—
Correction of wave-lengths already given (A., 1932,
1187)- A. B. D. C.
D eterm in a tio n of L an d e’s «/-factor b y m e a n s of th e E in ste in -d e H aa s effect w ith p yrrh otin e.
F . Co e t e r i e r (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 251—252).—
P yrrhotine, a com pound of F e and S, containing a slight excess of S, is easily m agnetised in one plane, b u t a t rig h t angles to th is is alm ost non-m agnetic.
The m agnetism depends p a rtly on o rbital m om ent, and n o t alone on spin m om ent (cf. ferromagnetism).
The relative presence of o rbital and spin m om ents can be determ ined by finding th e Lande (/-factor, which is 0-6, indicating b oth orbital an d spin m om ents in th e magnetism , th e tw o being in opposite directions.
A. J . M.
T ru e and apparent in te n sity d istrib u tio n in sp ectra l lin e s. II. H . C. Bu r g e r an d P . H . v a n
C i t t e r t (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 428—434).—The in te gral equation of I (this vol., 2 0 1) is applied to p a r
ticular cases. A. B. D. C.
P o ss ib le v a ria tio n in en ergy of a to m ic p ro c e s s e s occu rrin g in a s m a ll in terv a l of tim e . W. Ku h n and H . Ma r t i n (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 482—
490).—Association of spectral line w idth w ith life period leads to contradictions in th e energy range of a predissociated mol. ; therm odynam ics requires th a t this range be defined by th e w idth of th e illum in
ating line when th is line is narrow er th a n th e spectral line of th e mol., b u t introduction of an in te r
m ediate level requires th e range to be m easured b y th e life period in th e interm ediate level. The con
trad ictio n is n o t restricted to predissociation, b u t arises from th e wave and corpuscular descriptions of n atu re being com plem entary. A. B. D. C.
C orrespondence th eory of lin e w id th . H.
Ca s i m i r (Z. Physik, 1933, 8 1 , 496—506).—The relation of rad iatio n dam ping to line w idth is trea ted by Heisenberg’s m ethod, an d is applied to R am an
lines. A. B. D. C .
S tru ctu re of so m e u ltra -so ft X -ray lin e s . J . A.
P r i n s (Z. Physik, 1933,81, 507—515).—The structure of Ag M an d W N lines are given, and C K lines are dependent on experim ental conditions.
A. B. D. C.
S ca tterin g of h a rd X -rays by s o lid s. S.
Ci i y l i n s k i (Physical R ev., 1932, [ii], 42, 153— 166).
N . M. B.
W eak lin e s in K sp ectra of rh o d iu m and m o ly b d e n u m . H . Hu l u b e i and (Ml l e.) Y. Ca u- c h o i s (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1294— 1297).—
Re-exam ined w ith th e au th o r’s spectrograph (cf.
A., 1932, 902) th e K spectra of R h and M o are slightly corrected and e x te n d e d ; (30 a t 548-23 X for R h and 635-65 for M o are new (cf. Ross, Physical R ev., 1932,
ii, 3 9 , 536,748). C. A. S.
L a b so rp tion d isco n tin u ities of g o ld . F. M.
Ub e r and C. G. Pa t t e n (Physical R ev., 1932, [ii], 42, 229—232).—The vals. obtained agree w ith those obtained for H g (cf. A., 1931,1105). N. M. B.
F lu o rescen ce y ie ld fr o m th e Lux le v e l of u ra n iu m . R . J . St e p h e n s o n (Physical R ev., 1933, [ii], 43, 527—533).— The fluorescence yield for the L m level, or th e ra tio , ho. of fluorescence quanta em itted/no. of incident q u an ta absorbed, gave th e val.
0-67. The relative intensities of th e a to th e p lines
in th e K fluorescence spectra of Mo agree w ith th e val. from th e characteristic sp ec tru m ; sim ilar agreem ent is shown for th e a and ¡3 lines in the fluorescence spectrum from the L U1 level of U. The ratio of th e a t. absorption eoeffs. on th e short and long wave-length side of th e L n i discontinuity is
2-27. N. M. B.
E ffect of ch em ica l com b in ation on th e X -ray e m issio n sp ectru m of su lp h u r. J . Va l a s e k
(Physical R ev., 1933, [ii], 43, 612— 614).—W ith an improved m ethod elim inating effects of chemical reaction w ith the target, the wave-lengths of S Ka and ¡1 lines were measured for S, FeS, CoS, NiS, Cu2S, andZ nS . The iTp line in ZnS is a trip let. The Kfi lines of CoS and NiS are reported. N. M. B.
A b sorp tio n coefficien ts for X -r a y s in the n eighb ou rh ood of th e L ed g es for th e elem en ts go ld , p la tin u m , and silv er. M. Wo l e (Ann.
Physik, 1933, [v], 16, 973— 984; cf. th is vol., 3).—
From th e absorption eoeffs. determ ined, th e no. of dispersion electrons in th e three L levels of Au, P t,
and Ag were obtained. A. J . M.
D iffu se sca tterin g of X -rays fr o m sylv in e. II.
G. G. H a r v e y (Physical R ev., 1933, [iij, 43, 591—
595; cf. A., 1931, 1205).—The average a t. structure factors of th e K* and Cl' ions were calc., takin g account of th e incoherence of p a r t of th e scattering, from abs.
intensity m easurem ents, of th e diffuse scattering of X -rays of wave-length 0-71 A. for the angle range 5— 110°. R esults are in good agreem ent w ith vals.
for A, and w ith theoretical vals. N. M. B.
A b solu te X -ray reflectiv itie s of sin g le cr y sta ls of ca lcite, ro c k -sa lt, R och elle s a lt, and barite.
P. Ki r k p a t r i c k and P . A. R oss (Physical Rev,, 1933, [ii], 43, 596—600).— Using Ag Ko. radiation, the integrated reflexion, % reflexion, and rocking-curve w idth were derived for each crystal and wave-length.
Scattering factors to show th e variation w ith wave
length in th e neighbourhood of th e B a K lim it were found for b arite. N. M. B.
Influence of o x y g en and su lp h u r on th e p h oto electric effect of a lk a lis (K and N a ). P . V.
T i m o f e e v a n d V. V. N a l i m o v (Z. P h y s i k , 1933, 81, 687—696).'—T h e m a x ' s e n s i t i v i t y , I j l 0 , f o r p h o t o - c e l ls i llu m in a t e d w i t h t h e f u l l s p e c t r u m f r o p i a f i la m e n t l a m p a t 2700° a b s . w a s o b t a i n e d w i t h 40 X10~5 g . p e r s q . cm . o f a d s o r b e d 0 2 f o r K , a n d w i t h 60 X10-8 f o r N a : T h e e f f e c t o f a d s o r b e d S a n d t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e n s it i v e s u r f a c e a r e d i s c u s s e d . A. B. D . C.
P o sitiv e electron s. (Mm e.) I. Cu r i e and F.
Jo l io t (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1105— 1107).—
T h a t positive electrons, and n o t negative ones brought to a focus by th e cham ber, are em itted when P b is subjected to th e neutrons and y-rays produced by P o + B e is rendered alm ost certain by placing th e source behind a P b p late closing an orifice in a cylindrical cham ber and subjecting th e em itted electrons to a m agnetic field. W ith a field of 1100 gauss and considering only electrons of energy > 1 0 6
ev. there were for 1 0 negative electrons from the P b 2-83 positive from th e P b an d 1-76 positive or negative distributed on th e walls of th e cham ber;
w ith 640 gauss corresponding figures for electrons of
energy > 0-5 X'10.® ev. are 4-5 an d 3-6; the positive electrons have a sm aller energy th a n th e negative.
W ith an A1 p late th e vals. are 0-53 and 1-3. In te r
position of 2 cm. of P b between source and cham ber reduces th e no. of positive ¡electrons issuing from th e Pb by 50%, im plying th a t th e emission of positive electrons is probably due to the y-rays (cf. th is vol.,
441). C. A. S.
R eflexion of electro n s fr o m sta n d in g lig h t w a v e s. P. L. Ka p i t s a (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1933, 29, 297—300).—Theoretical.
V ariation w ith a n gle of e m is s io n of th e ra d i
ation fro m m e ta ls b om b ard ed w ith slo w elec
tr o n s. C. Bo e c k n e r (Bur. Stand. J . Res., 1932, 9, 583—591).—P t, W, an d Ag cylinders were bom barded w ith electrons of energy 7 volts an d th e intensity of light em itted a t different angles 'was compared. The results indicate th a t th e rad iation is em itted uniform ly in all directions from a layer beneath the surface of the m etal. D. R. D.
V ariation of secon d ary e m issio n w ith h eat tr ea tm en t. P. L. Co p e l a n d (J. F ranklin Inst., 1933, 215, 435— 443).—T argets contam inated w ith grease give high secondary emission on electron bom bardm ent. W hen heated th ey recover to a val.
characteristic of th e m etal. H. J . E.
D iffraction of very rap id e le c tr o n s . M. Ko s m a n
and A. Al i c h a n i a n (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 250).—
A pparatus for producing very rapid electrons up to 520 kv., and for studying th eir diffraction a t Ag foil,
is described. A. J . M.
D iffraction of lo w -sp ee d electron s b y a tu n g ste n sin g le cr y sta l. W. T. Sp r o u l l (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 516—526).—Using a new m agnetic deflexion m ethod, th e inten sity of th e secondary beams was m easured when th e (1—1—2) and (1-—0—0) planes of a W crystal were bom barded norm ally by prim ary electrons. Strong beams in the A A ' azim uth of th e (1— I —2) plane were governed in every case by th e vol. equation and not, as theoretically required, by th e surface equation. Vals.
obtained are Wa 5-52, an d IF* 1 volt. N. M. B.
E lectron affinity sp ectru m . 0 . Ol d e n b e r g
(Physical R ev., 1933, [ii], 43, 534—539).—A ttem p ts to observe an electron affinity spectrum of a t. I, em itted by th e com bination of n eutral electro
negative atom s and electrons, using three m ethods : hollow cathode, positive column w ith a rare gas added, an d glowing filam ent, were unsuccessful.
The failure is probably due to th e capture of electrons by halogen atom s being unlikely as compared with th e com bination of positive ions and electrons.
N. M. B.
P h oto -electric in v e stig a tio n of th e influence of m a tter on s lo w electron s. G. L a n g (Ann. Physik, 1933, [v], 16, 781—792).—U sing m onochrom atic light of 2540 A. and a photo-electric cell, which incorporated a th in layer of P t spu ttered on a q uartz plate as cathode, th e emission of slow electrons was investigated under various conditions of pressure and cathode thickness. W . R. A.
S ca tterin g of electron s in th in f d m s . G . O . La n g s t r o t h (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1933, A, 1 4 0 , 159—
5 5 0 BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
178).—Measurements have been m ade of the angle distribution of electrons scattered between 65° and 160° by celluloid and A1 films of varying thickness, and of the to ta l no. of electrons scattered back from various thicknesses of A1 film w ith > 1 8 6 volts energy, for prim ary voltages of 8—24 kv. L. L. B.
E la stic and in e la stic sca tterin g w ith an gle in h eliu m . T. Em m e r s o n and R . Wh i d d i n g t o n
(Proc. Leeds P hil. Soc., 1933, 2, 386).—Prelim inary results are reported from experim ents on th e electron scattering by H e a t low pressure. A t zero scattering angle and low electron speed th e inelastic scattering is very small, b u t rises to a m ax. a t an angle < 1 0°, in disagreem ent with theory. J. W . S.
E n ergy of th e b ea m s in electron d iffra ctio n . F . C. Po u l t n e y and R . Wh i d d i n g t o n (Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc., 1933, 2, 387—390).—Investigation of the velocities of electrons diffracted by passage through a th in film has been repeated, greater resolution being obtained by deviating th e rays through 90° in the field. The velocities are the same to ± 0 -3 % and no trace of electrons th e energy of which is < th a t of the m ain beam by th e am ount lost in X -ray excitation
is found. J . W. S.
Q uan tu m th eory of in ela stic electron c o llisio n s.
L. Go l d s t e i n (Ann. Physique, 1933, [x], 19, 305—
420).—M athem atical. Following a general survey, calculations m ade for various series of levels are applied to ionisation stages, an d com pared w ith
experim ental results. N. M. B.
S ca tterin g of electron s b y io n s and th e m o b ility of electron s in a c æ siu m d isch a rg e. C. Bo e c k n e r
and F . L. Mo h l e r (Bur. S tand. J. Res., 1933, 10, 357—363).—From m easurem ents of th e electrical gradient and th e electron tem p, an d concn. the mobilities of electrons in th e positive column of a Cs discharge are calc. The cross-section of th e Cs atom deduced from the m obilities a t low electronic concn.
is 3-3 X10' 11 sq. cm. for electron energies of about 0-33 volt, and appears to increase linearly w ith ionic concn. in the discharge, th e v ariation being due to scattering of electrons by ions. This variation gives a val. 75 X lO' 14 sq. cm. for th e ionic cross-section of 0-33-volt electrons, a m agnitude explicable by electrostatic interaction between ions and electrons.
J . W. S.
D iffu sio n of electron s b y a to m s. J . Wi n t e r
(Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1299— 1301).—M athe
m atical; The effect of a sphere of spherically sym m etrical po tential on a de Broglie wave is considered.
C. A. S.
W idth of th e d isch a rg e in th e electron counter.
E. Gr e i n e r (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 543—555).—In th e Geiger-Müller counter th e discharge spreads through the whole tube by means of ultra-violet radiation.
A. B. D. C.
Cathodic d isin teg r a tio n of p la tin u m b y m e r cu ry io n s. J . E . He n d e r s o n and (Miss) E . Gi d e o n
(Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 601—604).—D isin
tegration per positive ion increased linearly w ith the energy of the ion up to 2000 volts. Approx. two atom s of P t are ejected per incident ion of 1000 volts energy.
ÙST: M. B.
P o la r isa b ilitie s of io n s fr o m sp ectra . J . E .
Ma y e ran d (Miss) M. G. Ma y e r (Physical R ev., 1933, [ii], 43, 605—611).—D a ta corrected for penetration effect and for higher order disto rtion of the ion are calc, for Li, Be++, Bt++, C++t +, Na+, Mg++, Al+t t , K +, Ca++, R b +, Sr++, and Cs+ from th e corresponding
spectra. N. M . B.
A t; w t. of io d in e. Gu i c h a r d (Compt. rend., 1933,196, 1024— 1025).—B axter and B u tler’s doubts as to the p u rity of I20 5 and its suitab ility for a t. w t. determ inations are criticised, and 126-91 is recommended as th e at. w t. of I (cf. A., 1914, ii, 723;
1931, 543; this vol., 203). C. A. S.
A t. w t. of lea d fr o m B ed ford cy rto lite. G. P.
Ba x t e r and C. M. Al t e r (J. A m e r . Chem. Soc..
1933, 55, 1445— 1448).—The a t. w t. is 205-92+
0-02 from determ inations of th e ratio PbCl2: 2 A g .
The result is discussed. J . G. A. G.
A ttem p t to sep arate iso to p e s b y rev ersib le fraction al d istilla tio n . H . J . He n r i q u e s and R. E. Co r n i s h (J. Physical Chem., 1933, 37, 397—
399).—Fractional distillation of CH2C12 in a column 6-09 m. long gave no separation of C P 5 and Cl37.
H. J . E.
P h o to ch em ic a l sep a ra tio n of iso to p e s. W .
Ku h n an d H. Ma r t i n (Z. physikal. Chem., 1933, B, 21, 93— 137).—A more detailed account of th e p artia l separation of the isotopes of Cl previously reported (A., 1932, 1186) is given. The fact th a t separation has been achieved indicates th a t th e probability of decomp, of excited mols. which absorb strictly discontinuously in th e region of sh arp absorption bands m ay be finite. I t is estim ated th a t of mols.
which have passed to th e quantum s ta te p ' —i , q'— 1 by absorption of th e line 2816-179 Ä. about one fifth decompose and th e rem ainder re tu rn to the norm al state. Since th e photochem ical m ethod employed is purely chemical, th e isotopes of an elem ent cannot be identical in chemical properties.
I t seems possible th a t there m ay be cases where, using such a m ethod, practically complete separation can be achieved by a single irradiation. R. C.
O rigin of th e v a rio u s k in d s of lead . O. Ha h n
and L. Me i t n e r (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 237—238).—
P b207 has th e same origin as P b206 an d P b 208. The various forms arose a t different periods of th e cosmic era. I t is doubtful w hether th e larger p a r t of ordinary Pb arose from U isotopes or from T h. A. J . M .
W ave m e ch a n ica l m o d el of th e n eu tron . S.
Fl ü g g e (Z. Physik, 1933,8 1 , 491— 495).—Theoretical.
A. B. D. C.
O rb its of electro n s relea sed by n eu tron e x c it
ation . L. Me i t n e r an d K . Ph i l i p p (Naturwiss., 1933, 2 1, 286—287).—The no. an d energy of electrons from a P o + B e source are m uch > those from a P o
source alone. In a m agnetic field, th e m ajo rity of these electrons were deflected in a direction opposite to th a t expected of negatively-charged particles.
T hey m ay be “ positive ” electrons (cf. th is vol., 549).
A. J . M.
N eu tro n s in th e n u cleu s. I, II. A. La n d jC:
(Physical R ev., 1933, [ii], 4 3, 620— 623, 624— 626).—
I. Mass defects show th a t th e isotopes of a n element
differ only by the no. of neutrons incorporated by them .
II . The no. of neutrons in th e nuclei is illustrated by a model showing th e building up of successive
shells of neutrons. N. M. B.
C ondensation ch am b er p hotograp h s of atom ic d isin teg ra tio n b y rap id p roton s. F. Ki r c h n e r
(Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 250—251).—The a t. disinte
gration of B by rapid protons gives rise to a con
siderable no. of nuclear particles of range b o th > and
< (1-5— 6 cm.) th a t noted by Cockcroft and W alton (3 cm.) (cf. this vol., 111). A. J . M.
A to m ic d isin teg ra tio n by u ltra-rad iation . W.
Me s s e r s c h m i d t (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 285—286).—
The a t. nucleus of a substance absorbing u ltra radiation can be com pletely disintegrated b y it. A bundle of very rapid corpuscular rays, having a range of 20 cm. in Pb, is th en released. A. J . M.
R an ge of p articles from a to m ic d isin tegration at lo w v o lta g e s. R . Do p e l (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 821—823).—Li and B disintegrated w ith 40-kv. canal rays gave particles of range in agreem ent w ith those observed on disintegration w ith several hundred kv.
A. B. D. C.
C ollision s b etw een n eu tron s an d p roton s.
P . Au g e r an d G. Mo n o d- He r z e n (Com pt.rend., 1933, 196, 1102— 1104; cf. th is vol., 205).—The dis
trib u tio n of th e rapid and slow protons ejected from H by neutrons produced by P o + B e as regards direction, and for th e slow protons also length of p ath , determ ined by means of a Wilson expansion chamber, confirm th e distinction between them . The probability of emission between 0 and O-fdO
(0 being m easured from th e direction of incident neutron, assum ed to be direct from th e source) is, for th e swift protons, a1 sin 0 cos 0 (¿0, and for th e slow ones approx. a2 sin 0 do (av a2 being co n sts.); the length of p a th of th e la tte r is 1— 14 mm., w ith a max.
for abou t 5 mm. These results indicate as regards the swift protons elastic frictionless collisions between the neutrons and protons, as regards th e slow ones the existence of slow neutrons diffused by th e m aterial of th e expansion cham ber. C. A . S.
D iffu sion of r e co il a to m s in air. (Ml l e.) C.
Ch a m i e (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1107— 1109).—
A collecting plate was placed a t varying distances, x > 0T3 mm., from active deposit of Th (path in air a t 760 mm. and 15°, 0-13 mm.), and th e intensity of ionisation measured. The intensity decreases ex
ponentially, l==I0erkx for x > 0-13 < 0 - 5 mm., and linearly for x > 0-5 mm., indicating diffusion of the
recoil atom s in air. C. A. S.
E ntry of th e d isin teg r a tin g a-particle in to the n itrogen n u cleu s and a gen era l relation b etw een h eig h ts of n u clear b a rriers and a to m ic n u m b er.
E. C. Po l l a r d (Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc., 1933, 2, 357—358).—Previous results (cf. A., 1932, 894) are amplified. The height of th e barrier is, except for th e ligh test elements, approx. proportional to the
at. no. N. M. B.
A to m ic ra d iation s of sh o rt ra n g e fro m h eavy elem en ts. H. Pe t t e r s s o n and J . J . Sc h i n t l- m e i s t e r (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 222—223).—S u b -
stances in th in layers in th e gaseous sta te were bom barded w ith a beam of a-rays from Po. W ith a special app aratu s th e presence of short-range ra d i
ations from X e mixed w ith H e was shown, th e p ro portion of new particles to to tal no. scattered being 0-66. The particles m ust be either scattered a-par- ticles w ith greatly reduced range due to inelastic collisions, or else products of th e disintegration of the X e nucleus. A m ixture of 40% K r an d 60%
H e yielded a sim ilar group of particles w ith even
sm aller range. A. J . M.
F u n d am en tal sta te of n u clea r a-p articles. G . Ga m o w (Nature, 1933, 131, 618—619). L. S. T.
T h eoretical d ecay cu rves for v ario u s ra tio s of r a d iu m -# to rad ium -C , and of th o r iu m -U to th oriu m -C . J . A. Cr a n s t o n and C. Be n s o n (J.
Roy. Tech. C o ll., 1933, 3, 47—51). A. R . P.
R a d ioa ctivity of sa m a r iu m and the form a tion of h ib e r n iu m h a lo e s. J . H. J . Po o l e (Nature, 1933, 131, 654).—A discussion (cf. th is vol., 442).
L. S..T.
C h em ical d etection of a rtificial tran sm u ta tio n of elem en ts. F . A. Pa n e t h and P . L. Gü n t h e r
(N ature, 1933, 131, 652—653).—In th e bom bard
m ent of 02 by a-rays such Ne as m ay be formed falls below the ratio 1 atom Ne to 105 a-particles, th e present lim it of detection of Ne in He. B om bard
m ent of N aF an d K F also gave indefinite results.
No form ation of H e has been observed afte r the bom bardm ent of substances by ß-rays or by neutrons.
W hen H20 , C, K , Sn, or H g is bom barded by the unfiltered rays of Tli-i? an d -C, the H e formed, w ithin a 1 0% lim it of error, corresponds w ith th e no. of a-particles sh ot into the su b stan ce; w ith compounds such as paraffin, palm itic acid, and P h 3, surpluses of up to 100% have been obtained. L. S. T.
E arly h isto ry of the d eterm in a tion of a to m ic ch arge. An o n. (Nature, 1933, 131, 569— 570).
L. S. T.
E vaporation p h en om en a w ith m ercu ry drop
le ts and th eir influence on th e m e a su r e m e n t of th e elem en ta ry q u an tu m of electricity . R.
Ne s t l e, K . Sc h ä f e r, an d E . Re g e n e r (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 700—702).—Polemical against Lustig and R eiss (this vol., 111). A. B. D. C.
T ran sp ort p h en om en a in E in ste in -B o se and F er m i-D ira c g a s e s . I . E. A. Ue h l i n g and G . E.
Uh l e n b e c k (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 552—561).
—M athem atical. N. M. B.
S ign ifican ce of e x p er im en ta l d eterm in atio n s of th e m e a n sp ecific io n isa tio n b y co sm ic rays fr o m co m p a riso n m e a su r em en ts w ith an io n is ation ch am b er and cou n ter. W. Ko l h ö r s t e r and L. Tu w im (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 435—439).—R ecent applications of quantum mechanics explain th e high sp. ionisation (135 ions per cm.) previously observed (ibid., 1931, 73, 130); th e criticism of Locher (this vol., 556) is discounted. A. B. D. C.
O rigin of co sm ic ra d ia tio n . H. Al f v ü n (Nature, 1933, 131, 619—620).—The origin of cosmic rays can be explained w ithout new hypotheses by applying th e kinetic theory of gases to th e conditions of space.
L. S. T.
6 52 BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
A b sorp tion cu rves of u ltra-rad iation and th eir exp lan ation . E . Re g e ne r (Physikal. Z., 1933, 34, 306—323).—R esults of determ inations of th e intensity of ultra-radiation in th e sea and in th e stratosphere are given, and th e absorption curves arc analysed.
The nature of u ltra-radiation is discussed.
A. J . M.
D ependence of io n isa tio n b y c o sm ic rad iation on p ressu re. B. Gr o s z (Z. Physik, 1932, 78, 271—278).—An equation is given. A. B. D. C.
T he n eu tron , a to m b u ild in g , and a n uclear e x clu sio n p rin cip le. W . D. Ha r k i n s (Proc. N at.
Acad. Sei., 1933, 19, 307—318).—T he neutron is held to constitute a new elem ent of zero a t. no. The emission of y-rays by nuclei excited by neutrons is discussed. The no. of neutrons (neutronic no.) is even for alm ost every know n at. nucleus. A nuclear exclusion principle and pairing of neutrons
are deduced. N. M. B.
L aw of force b etw een n eu tron and p roton . E. C. Po l l a r d (Proc. Leeds P hil. Soc., 1933, 2, 397—
400).—The relation between height of th e nuclear barrier and tho nuclear charge is used to determ ine vals. for the polarisability of a neutron. J . W . S.
T etra h ed ra l field of action of a to m s. III.
P rob ab le cau se. R. Re i n i c k e (Ann. Guebhard- Sevcrine, 1932, 8, 217— 244; cf. A ., 1932, 563, 901).—
The au th o r’s theory is discussed from th e viewpoint of electronic configurations. J , W. S.
T h r e e -d im e n sio n a l p eriod ic o rb its in th e field of a n on -n eu tral a to m . M. A. El- Sh e r b i n i (Phil.
Mag., 1932, [vii], 14, 304—310).—M athem atical.
N. M. B.
V ector m o d e l and th e P a u li p rin cip le. M. H.
Jo h n s o n, jun. (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 627—
631; cf. A., 1932, 315).—M athem atical. N. M. B.
A lm o st clo sed sh e lls. M. H . Jo h n s o n, jun- (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 632—635).—M athe
m atical. Shortley’s results (cf. A., 1932, 668) are extended, by a developm ent of Heisenberg’s tr e a t
m ent, to several alm ost closed shells w ith other electrons not in th e shells. N. M. B.
N u clear m a g n etic m o m e n ts. S. Go u d s m i t
(Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 43, 636—639).—M athe
m atical. Formulas for th e calculation of nuclear m agnetic m om ents from observed hyperfine stru ctu re separations are deduced. " N. M. B.
T h eory of m e ta ls. R. Pe i e r l s (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 697—699).—A th eo ry different from th a t of W ilson (this vol., 116) is preferred. A. B. D. C.
Q uan tu m m e ch a n ics of d iatom ic s y ste m s . M. B o rn and S. Fl ü g g e (Ami. Physik, 1933, [v], 16,
768—780).—M athem atical. W. R. A.
E vaporation of in ca n d escen t w ire s in a vacu u m . III. L. Pr ä s n i k (Z. Physik, 1932, 77, 127— 132; cf. A., 1932, 565).—■Theoretical: The effect of heat conductivity is taken into account.
. ; ' A. B. D. 0.
O ptics in th e serv ice of ch em istry . B. K.
Sin g h (J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1933, 10, 7— 26).—
A lecture.
O ptical p ro p erties of p h otograp h ic la y ers.
E. Laxj and J . Jo h a n n e s s o n (Z. Physik, 1933, 82, 37—47).—A stu d y of th e scattering of lig ht by photographic plates revealed th a t for low intensity scattering b y th e gelatin predom inates, Ag particle- scattering reaching a m ax. a t 50% image intensity.
M icrophotom eter records are b est obtained w ith diffuse light w ith dense images, an d co n trast can be increased b y rubbing m agnesia on th e film surface Of th e p late and examining w ith light incident on the
glass surface. A. B . D . C.
L ig h t filter for th e m id d le u ltra -v io let. H . J . Ba c k s t r ö m (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 251).—3 cm.
thickness of a solution containing l-75.M-(pure)NiS04 and 0-5Jf-CoS04 is recommonded for transm ission of light of wave-lengths in the neighbourhood of 300 mjx.
O ther filters are described’. A. J . M.
In v estig a tio n s in the S ch u m an n re g io n . H . He s e, A. Ro s e, and R . Gr ä f i n zu Do h n a. I.
S ch u m an n sp ectro gra p h for p rec isio n m e a su r e
m e n ts. H . He s e. II. S im p le flu orite sp ectro grap h an d its ap p lication to ab sorp tion p h oto
g ra p h s. A. Ro s e (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 745— 751, 751—-763).—I. The spectrograph is designed for absorption spectra of org. com pounds.
II . The ultra-violet transm ission of B20 3, and absorption of 0 2, CH4, C2H 2, and CGH G were investig
ated between 2050 and 1250 Ä. A. B. D. C.
N e w band in the w a ter vap our d isch arge.
W . H . Ro d e b u s h and M. H . Wa h l ( J . Amer. Chem.
Soc., 1933, 55, 1742).—T he spectrum of th e electrodc- less discharge in H2On vapour contains a band, with th e head a t X 3564 A., which is attrib u te d to the
presence of OH+. J . G. A. G.
B a n d s y ste m of SrO in th e n ear infra-red . K . Ma h l a (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 625—646).—R o ta
tional an d band analyses of bands near 8000 Ä. arc
recorded. A. B. D. C.
B a n d sp ectra of th e m o n o x id e s S cO , YO, and LaO . G. Pi c c a r d i (Gazzetta, 1933, 63, 127— 138;
cf. A., 1932, 1074).— Analysis of th e oscillation bands in th e emission sp ectra of th e vapour of th e oxides shows th a t th e bands are due in each case to th e d iat. n eu tral mol. The fine stru ctu re of th e bands could n o t be investigated. 0 . J. W .
R o ta tio n -v ib ra tio n sp ectru m of w a te r vapour.
II. W . Ba u m a n n and R. Me c k e. III. K. Fr e u- d e n b e r g and R. Me c k e (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 445—
404, 465—481).—I I . R o tation lines in bands a t 9420, 9060, 8227, an d 7227 A. are interpreted according to Mecke’s schcme (this vol., 445).
II I . R o tation lines in bands a t 6994, 6524, 5952, 5924, and 5722 Ä. are interpreted according to Mecke’s scheme, and formulaj are given expressing th e m om ents of in ertia in term s of th e vibrational qu antum nos.
A .B .D . C.
O ptical in v e stig a tio n of p erylen e and its d eriv ativ es. IV. U ltr a -v io le t a b so rp tion sp ec
tr u m of 1 : 12-d erivatives an d iso m e r id e s. C.
Hu a-c h i h and H . Co n r a d- Bi l l r o t h (Z. physikal.
Chem., 1933, B , 20, 333—339; cf. A., 1932, 107).—
1 : 12-Perylene peroxide h a s an absorption curve quite different from th a t of 1 : 1 2-perylenequinone, and
seems to have a cyclic peroxide structure. The curves of 3 : 1 0-dihydroxyperylene and -perylene- quinone are sim ilar, w hilst th e curve of 1 : 1 2-di- hydroxyperylene is unlike th a t of 1 : 1 2-perylene- quinone. The absoiption of hexahydroperylene sup
p o rts Zinke and Schniderschitsch’s structure (A., 1929, 803), n o t Zinke and B enndorf’s (A,, 1932, 507).
R . C.
A b sorp tio n of h a lo g en d eriv a tiv es of m eth a n e in n ea r u ltra -v io let, and th eir d isso c ia tio n e n er g ie s. T. Ir e d a l e (Z. physikal. Chem., 1933, B , 20, 340—344).—A discussion of th e absorption spectra of CH3I, CH2I 2, and CHT3 and th e m ethods of determ ining th e energy of th e halogen-C linking shows th a t th e spectroscopic vals. of th is energy are as y et
uncertain. R . C.
A b sorp tio n sp ectra [of th e N a s a lt of tetra- iod op h en olp h th alein an d p h en oltetraiod op h th al- ein ]. E . H . Ha r v e y (Amer, J . P harm ., 1933, 105, 199—200).—Curves are given for solutions in E tO H . The la tte r salt is more sensitive to p a changes.
R . S. C.
Infra-red ab sorp tion sp ectra of h a lo g e n d eriv
a tiv es of m e th a n e. J . Le c o m t e (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1011—-1013).—- Using a special spectro
graph w ith ro tatin g prism s of NaCl or KOI th e absorp
tio n spectra of th e liquid halogen, X , derivatives of CH4 have been determ ined for X 6-9—20 |i. I n m ost cases there are two m ax., in good agreem ent w ith the R am an lines. X of b o th max. increases as X changes in th e order Cl, B r, I ; increase in th e no. of X atom s causes th e X of th e m ax. of greater X to increase, th a t of the m ax. of sm aller X to decrease. Secondary zones of absorption are explicable b y com bination frequen
cies in th e cases of CX4 and CHX3. C. A. S.
R o ta tio n -v ib ra tio n sp ectru m of eth y len e in the n ear infra-red . W . Sc h e i b and P. Lü e g (Z.
Physik, 1933, 81, 764—775).—The band a t 8715 Ä.
was investigated, and gives th e interm ediate m om ent of in ertia as 28-85 X10*40 g.-cm.2 Taking th e C -H distance as 1-08 Ä., th e C-C distancb is 1-34 Ä. C-C separations arc 1-54, 1-34, and 1-19 A. for single, double, and trip le linkings, respectively.
A. B. D. C.
In terp retatio n of p o ly a to m ic sp ectra . L. Tis z a
(Z. Physik, 1933, 82, 48—72).—Selection rules for R am an and infra-red spectra arc deduced by th e group theory for harm onic and com bination tones, and for
rotational stru ctu re. A. B. D. C.
R am an effect in X -ray re g io n . II. W . Kast
and F . WÜRSTLLN (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 581—583).—
Two examples of a supposed R am an effect are due to known X -ray spectral lines. A. B. D. C.
R a m a n effect of g ly cero l. R . Bär (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 785—789).— 15 lines were obtained in th e R am an spectrum , b u t the continuous spectrum can be due only to fluorescence (cf. Carrelli and W ent, this
vol., 337). A. B. D. C.
R am an sp ectru m of silic o n trich lorob rom id e.
M . d e He m p t i n n e, J . Wo u t e r s, and (Ml l e.) M . Fa y t
(Bull. Acad. roy. Belg., 1933, [v], 19, 318—324).— On excitation w ith th e H g 4358-34 Ä. line SiBrCl3 shows R am an frequencies of 410, 362, 325, 201, 183, and
123 cm.-1, th e 362 cm.-1 frequency being very strong.
The fundam ental frequencies for th is mol. are calc, and com pared w ith th e d a ta for SiHCl3. J . W. S.
[R am an effect an d] eth y len ic lin k in g : h ex en es.
(Ml l e.) H. v a n Ri s s e g h e m, (Ml l e.) B. Gr e d y, and L. Pi a u x (Compt. rend., 1933,196, 938—940; cf. A., 1932, 897).—The R am an spectra between 1250 and 1700 cm.-1 (om itting th e b an d near 1450) of Au- and AP-(cis and ir<ms)hexene, S-(cis an d trans)- and y-methyl-A^- and 8-methyl-Av-pentene, and Py- d ¡methyl-A^-butene include lines a t 1252— 1262, 1296— 1306,1350— 1416, and 1642—1676. M ethods of prep., b.p., an d some f .p. and d are given. C. A. S.
[R am an effect and] acetylen ic lin k in g : d i
su b stitu ted a ce ty len es. (Ml l e.) B. Gr e d y (Compt.
rend., 1933, 196, 1119— 1122; cf. A., 1931, 284).—
T h e R am an spectra of 11 hydrocarbons RC:CR', where R is P h , C5H U, or C?H 13, and R ' M e, E t, P r, Bu, or CjHj, are tabulated. All show two unequal lines between 2200 and 2300 cm r 1; P h lowers th e frequency.
I n its absence th e strongest line is a t 2234 ; if R ' is M e th ere are strong lines a t 378 and 1380. All have a doublet a t 1300— 1330. There is some ground for supposing th e presence of two characteristic lines to indicate a new form of isomerism. C. A. S.
D ep o la risa tio n of lig h t b y liq u id s h old in g cr y sta llin e p a rticle s in su sp e n sio n in rela tio n to th e b irefrin gen ce of th ese p a rticle s. S. Pr o c o p i u
(Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy , 1933, 17, 111— 117).—The depolarisation is due to th e m agnetic birefringence of th e particles. A proportionality relation between the depolarisation and th e no. of particles an d th e ir bire
fringence has been developed theoretically and con
firmed b y experim ent. This m ethod m ay be used for the determ ination of th e m agnetic birefringence of
colloid particles. J . W. S.
D ep o la risa tion of lig h t d iffu sed b y a u n ia x ia l c r y sta l w ith op tic a x is p a ra llel to d iffu sed lig h t.
J . Ca b a n n e s (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 977—979).—
If a uniaxial crystal be exam ined w ith its axis in the direction of th e diffused ra y all th e R am an lines are com pletely depolarised. This is inconsistent w ith the Langevin mol. model and th e ellipsoid of refractivity.
An explanation is based on th e K ram ers-H eisenberg th eory (cf. A., 1932, 212; th is vol., 113, 208).
C. A. S.
D iffu sion of lig h t in h ig h ly tu rb id m ed ia . V. A. Fa b r i k a n t, V. L. Gi n s b u r g, and V. L. Pu l v e r
(Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 79i>—798).—Theoretical.
T h eory of flu ctu ation s an d cr itica l op alescen ce.
Y. Ro c a r d (J. Phys. R adium , 1933, [vii], 4, 165—
185).—M athem atical (cf. this vol., 113).
M ech a n ism of p h o to ch em ica l d isso c ia tio n . L.
Go l d s t e i n (J. Phys. R adium , 1933, [vii], 4, 123—
131).—M athem atical. The nature of th e in tensity of continuous absorption bands for a mol. having .an electric m om ent in its fundam ental electronic state, and th e bands accompanying dissociation processes
are calc. N. M. B.
T o ta l reflex ion of X -rays at liq u id s. H.
St e p s (Ann. Physik, 1933, [v], 16, 949—972).—The reflexion of X -rays a t free liquid surfaces has been investigated. The properties of surfaces as regards
554 BRITISH ' CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
image form ation were compared. Those of glycerol and HoO were specially good. A. J . M.
P h y sic a l proof of G u rw itsch rad iatio n . B.
Ra j e w s k y (Naturwfss., 1933, 21, 299).—N otes on the work of Siebert and Seifert (cf. th is vol., 335).
A. J . M.
In ten sity of flu orescen ce of so d iu m sa licy la te.
P. Du b o u l o z (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1221— 1222;
cf. A., 1932, 319).—Using th e m ethod previously described, save th a t dex trin was absent, curves re la t
ing in ten sity of fluorescence to wave-length of incident light have been obtained w ith a 0 arc and a W- filam ent lam p, confirming previous resu lts (cf. A.,
1927, 497). C. A. S.
In h ib itive a ction of orga n ic su b sta n ce s on flu orescen ce of u ran in e. J . Bo u c h a r d (Compt.
rend., 1933, 196, 1317— 1318; cf. this; vol., 337).—
For a giVen concn., s, of 14 org. substances (chiefly amines or phenols) th e fluorescent power of uranine in O-lJV-NaOH decreases exponentially w ith its concn.; and sim ilarly for a fixed concn. of uranine and variable concn. of org. substance. F o r 18 others (chiefly sugars, amines, or amides) th e result
is independent of s. C. A. S.
E m issio n of p h osp h ors. III. B eh aviou r of sa m a r iu m in th e o x id es of grou p II. R . T o m a -
s c h e k and 0 . De u t s c h b e i n (Ann. Physilc, 1933, [v], 16, 930—948; cf. A., 1932, 1076).—The emission spectra of Sm phosphors w ith CaO, SrO, BaO, MgO, and BeO were obtained. The stru ctu re s of these spectra depend on th e previous history of th e prep, and on th e cryst. structure. A. J . M.
S p a tia l stru ctu re of p h osp h o rescen t m ix tu r e s.
A. Sc h l o e m e r (J. pr. Chem., 1933, [ii], 137, 40—
46),—The m iddle point of a phosphorescent centre is occupied by an active ion or an electrically differenti
ated group of atom s. I t is surrounded by mols. or groups thereof, th e arrangem ent of which is either th a t of a crystal lattice in which th e orientation is disturbed by th e active m iddle point, or th a t which m aintains w ithin a solvate. The active ion plays the p a rt of the dissolved substance and th e fun da
m ental m ass th a t of th e solvent. H . W.
C onstitution of p hosp h orescen ce cen tres in flu orite. S. Ii m o r i (Sci. Pap. In st. Phys. Chcm.
Res., Tokyo, 1933, 20, 189—200; cf. A., 1931,
1 1 1 1).—The natu re of the prim ary m atter, previously denoted P v in th e lum ino-transform ation of fluorite is fu rth e r discussed. J . W. S.
L u m in escen ce of alk alin e-earth tu n g sta tes con tain in g lea d . F . E. Sw i n d e l l s (J. Opt. Soc.
Amer., 1933, 23, 129— 132).—P b is an ac tiv ato r for th e phosphorescence of Ca and Sr tungstates, th e optim um concn. being about 0-01 g.-mol. P b W 04 p er g.-mol. of alkaline-earth tungstate. Higher concns. of Pb produce a very great increase in fluorescent and phosphorescent power of S rW 04, optim um P b concn. being 0-2 and 0-4 g.-mol. for th e respective effects, whereas high P b concn. in C aW 04
decreases the lum inescent power. N. M. B.
T ran sform ation of tr a n sla tio n a l in to vib ra tio n a l en ergy in m o lec u la r c o llisio n p r o c e sse s.
J. Fr a n c k and A. Eu c k e n (Z. physikal. Cliem., 1933,
B, 20, 460-—466):—-In determ ining th e frequency of th is transform ation th e m utual p ertu rb atio n of th e -potential curves of th e colliding individuals plays an im p ortant p a r t ; it is probably th is effect, ra th e r th an th e purely m echanical transfer of energy, which is th e decisive factor. This affords a qual. explanation of th e differences in yield. R. C.
In v estig a tio n of tra n sfo rm a tion of tr a n s
la tio n a l in to v ib ra tio n a l en ergy on co llisio n of v ariou s m o lec u le s b y m e a n s of so u n d d isp ersio n m e a su r e m e n ts. A. Eu c k e n and R . Be c k e r (Z.
physikal. Chem., 1933, B , 20, 467—474).—M easure
m ents of th e velocity of sound of frequency 3.x 105
hertz have shown th a t H e, H 2, HC1, and CH4 prom ote th e transform ation of tran slatio nal into intram ol.
vibrational energy of Cl2 and C 02; A has no effect.
These observations support th e theory previously advocated (cf. preceding ab stract). " R . C.
In ner p h o to -electric effect in cu p rou s o xid e.
D. Na s l e d o v and L . Ne m e n o v (Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 584—604).—C onductivity m easurem ents were m ade for Cu20 in th e d ark and when illum inated a t room and a t liquid a ir te m p .; th e inner photo-electric effcct is very sm all, being inappreciable for layers of resistance 1 0 4 ohms per cm., bu t giving a 600-fold increase in conductivity of layers of 1 0 7 ohms per cm.
a t liquid air tem p. A. B. D. C.
P h oto -electric effect in sin g le cr y sta ls of cu p rite.
R . De a o l i o (Compt. rend., 1933,196, 1303— 1305).—
(a) W hen ligh t falls perpendicularly on one gilt surface of a parallelepiped cut from a single crystal of cuprite tw o opposite surfaces of which are covered w ith a film of Au, a cu rren t passes externally from the illum inated to th e d ark surface—abo ut 10 ~ 7 amp.
for light of 25 candles, (b) If th e light fall on two opposite ungilt surfaces a current still passes, the direction of which changes when th e light falls close to th e gilt surface which, except when it falls there, is th e negative pole. If a cu rrent is passed through th e cuprite arranged as (a), th e photo-electric effect gradually disappears through deposition of Cu below th e Au cutting off th e light. These facts po int to th e cuprite becoming electrolytically conducting when exposed to light, and give a more satisfacto ry explan
ation of D em ber’s effect (cf. A., 1931, 999; Physikal.
Z., 1932, 33, 207). C. A. S.
N on -a d d itive effect of ra d ia tio n s of different w a v e -len g th s on cu p rou s o x id e p h o to -cells.
C. La p i c q u e (Compt. rend., 1933, 196, 1301— 1303;
cf. A., 1931, 1112). C. A. S.
P h o to-effects in sem i-co n d u cto rs. B . La n g e
(Trans. Electrochem . Soc., 1933, 63, 69—81).—
C urrent theories are critically reviewed an d a new theo ry is advanced. The close parallelism between th e spectral sensitivity of the photo-electric response of a Cu20 cell of th e “ fron t wall ” ty pe an d th a t of th e photo-electric change in its resistance indicates th e id en tity of th e electrons of th e “ barrier ” film photo-effect and those of th e internal photo-effect.
H. J . T. E.
P roo f of a lim itin g la y er in th e cu p rou s oxide b arrier lay er cell. F . Ro t h e r and H. Bo m k e
(Z. Physik, 1933, 81, 771—775).—Diffusion occurs
