Designing for residents

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Designing for residents

Building monitoring and co-creation in social housing renovation in the Netherlands

Guerra-Santin, O.; Boess, S.; Konstantinou, T.; Romero Herrera, N.; Klein, T.; Silvester, S.

DOI

10.1016/j.erss.2017.03.009

Publication date

2017

Document Version

Final published version

Published in

Energy Research and Social Science

Citation (APA)

Guerra-Santin, O., Boess, S., Konstantinou, T., Romero Herrera, N., Klein, T., & Silvester, S. (2017).

Designing for residents: Building monitoring and co-creation in social housing renovation in the Netherlands.

Energy Research and Social Science, 32, 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.03.009

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ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

Energy

Research

&

Social

Science

j ou rn a l h o m epa g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e r s s

Original

research

article

Designing

for

residents:

Building

monitoring

and

co-creation

in

social

housing

renovation

in

the

Netherlands

O. Guerra-Santin

a,∗

_,

_S.

_Boess

a

_,

_T.

_Konstantinou

b

_,

_N.

_Romero

_Herrera

a

_,

T. Klein

b

_,

_S.

_Silvester

a

a_Faculty_of_Industrial_Design_Engineering,_Delft_University_of_Technology,_The_Netherlands

b_Faculty_of_{Architecture,}_Delft_University_of_Technology,_The_Netherlands

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received12August2016

Receivedinrevisedform19January2017

Accepted15March2017

Availableonline28March2017

Keywords: Design-inclusiveresearch Occupants’behaviour Buildingrenovation Buildingmonitoring Co-creation

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Largedifferencesbetweentheexpectedandactualenergyconsumptionhavebeenfoundinenergy effi-cientdwellings.Researchhasshownthatthesedifferencesarepartiallycausedbyoccupantbehaviour. Thefinancingandpaybackperiodsoflowcarbontechnologiesareoftenuncertainbecauseoftheimpact oftheoccupantsonbuildingperformance.Thistranslatesintoareluctancetoinvestindeeprenovation projects.Thegoalofthisdesign-inclusiveresearchprojectistodevelopasolutionforzeroenergy reno-vationthatreducestheuncertaintyonbuildingperformancecausebyoccupants’behaviourbyreducing theuncertaintyindesigndecisionsandenergycalculations.Thisinvestigationfocusesonthe identifica-tionofbuildingtypespecificoccupantsandtheircharacteristics,requirementsandlivingpractices.This paperpresentstheuserresearchapproachdevelopedfortherenovationprocess.Theapproachconsists ofstatisticalanalysisofDutchhouseholds,amonitoringcampaignintheareaofstudyandco-creation researchthroughmock-ups,enactmentsandinterviews.Casestudiesresultsarepresentedtohighlight theeffectofdifferenthouseholdtypesonenergyconsumptionandoccupants’requirements,andpointat theimportanceoftakingintoaccounthouseholdtypologyandsocio-economiccharacteristicsinenergy calculationsorbuildingsimulations,aswellasoccupantrequirementsinthedesignprocess.

1. Introduction

Renovationofthehousingstock isanimportantitem inthe agendaofEuropeancountries.IntheNetherlands,housing associa-tions,whichmanageapproximately1/3ofthebuildingstock,have setambitiousgoalstoimprovetheenergyperformanceoftheir propertiesby2020[1].Theyaimatachievinganaverageenergy labelBintheAtoGenergyperformanceratingscale,Abeingthe highest.Furthermore,somehousingassociationsare aimingfor renovationprojectswithhigherimpacts.Anumberofzero-energy renovationprojectshavebeenconductedinrecentyears[2]. Ren-ovationwithazeroenergyobjectivecanbeachievedthroughhigh envelopeinsulation,airtightness,tripleglazing,efﬁcientheating andventilationsystemsandrenewableenergyinstallations,suchas photovoltaicandgeothermic.However,recentresearchhasshown thatlowenergybuildingsdonotalwaysperformasexpected[3]. Largedifferencesbetweentheexpectedand actualenergy

con-∗ Correspondingauthorat:FacultyofIndustrialDesignEngineering,Delft

Univer-sityofTechnology,Building32,Landberstraat15,2628CE,Delft,TheNetherlands.

E-mailaddress:oguerrasantin@gmail.com(O.Guerra-Santin).

sumptionhavebeenfoundindwellingswithsimilarcharacteristics, somestudieshavereportedatwofolddifference[4].These differ-enceshavebeenattributedtodiversefactorssuchasrebound[5] andpre-boundeffects[6],aswellasontheinteractionbetween occupantsandbuildingtechnologies[7].Theseeffectsarepartially causedbythedifferenthouseholdtypologies,comfortpreferences andlifestylesofusers.Anin-depthliteraturereviewinthesetopics canbefoundin[8].Asaconsequenceoftheimpactofthe occu-pantonbuildingperformance,theﬁnancingandpaybackperiodsof lowcarbontechnologiesareoftenuncertain;theperiodsareoften longerthaninitiallycalculated.Thistranslatesintoareluctanceto investinfar-reachingrenovationprojectsbyhousingassociations. Toaddressthisissue,theresearchpresentedinthispaperaims atdevelopingarenovationconceptforsocialrentalmulti-family housing.Theconceptconsistsoffourmainelements:1) techni-calsolution,2)pre-andpost-renovationmonitoringcampaigns, 3)acceptability process, and 4) business modelling. Thesefour elementsareintegratedintotherenovationstrategywiththe inten-tionofdevelopingacompleteapproachtobuildingrenovation.This paperpresentsanddiscussestheuserresearchpartofthisstrategy, whichconsistsof2)buildingmonitoringand3)acceptability pro-cess.Thepaperpresentstheapproachesandsummarisestheresults http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.03.009

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Fig.1. Researchapproach.

obtainedfromcasestudiesinwhichtheapproachwastested.The aimofthisinvestigationistocontributewithacombinedapproach toreplicateinactualrenovationprocesses.Themethodsaswellas resultsarereportedinmoredepthelsewhere.Theoverall renova-tionstrategyisfurtherexplainedin[9],thetechnicalsolutionin [10],thebuildingperformancein[11],andthebusinessmodelling in[12].

The technical solution consists in the façade system to be manufacturedoff-siteandaddedtothebuildings.Although,the descriptionofthetechnicalsolutionisoutofthescopeofthispaper, itisimportanttomentionthatitpresentschallengesfortenant par-ticipation:standardizationofdesignandhomesystemswillcreate atechnicallyandfinanciallyfeasibledesign,butraisesthequestion aboutthechoicestenantswouldhavefortheirspecificbuilding.

Pre-andpost-renovationmonitoringcampaignsareintended toassessandimprovetheperformanceofthebuildings.The reno-vationperformancetargethasbeendefinedas‘zeroonthemeter’ (NOM). In the Netherlands, the concept of zero on the meter (nul-op-de-meter)isdefinedasabuilding(usuallysocialhousing renovationprojects)inwhichtheyearlybuilding-anduser-related energyconsumptionequalsthegeneratedrenewableenergyinthe buildingandsurroundingarea,forexamplewithPhotoVoltaic pan-elsontheroof[2].Theconceptisbasedonresidentialbuildingswith ‘standard’occupancydefinedinDutchnorms[2].However,actual occupancypatternsandtheireffectonenergyconsumptionare cur-rentlynotreflectedinthe‘standard’occupancypatternsdefinedin normsandsimulationtools.Therefore,theachievementofenergy targetsdefinedbytheconcept(NOM)isuncertain.Inaddition,there isstilluncertaintyaboutthecausesofreboundeffects[7].

Theacceptabilityprocessconsistsintheearlyinvolvementof thetenantsintherenovationprocesssothattheycangiveaninput thatcanrendertheprojectacceptabletothem.Inotherwords,this isaparticipationprocess.Partofacceptabilityisthattheprocess servestoenabletenantstounderstandandconsiderthenew sys-temsandsolutionsintheirhomes.IntheNetherlands,70%ofthe tenantsinabuildingmustagreeontherenovationprocess,forit tobeperformed.Thisisnotalwaysachieved[8].Additionally,if arenovationdoesgothrough,reboundeffectsoftenoccur after-wards,meaningthattheactualenergyconsumptionishigherthan predictedincalculations[13].Thereasonsarestillunclear,butare presumedtolieinresidents’post-renovationbehaviourand

inter-actionwiththeirhomesystems[14].Thecurrentliteratureongood communicationprocesseswithtenantspresentswell-developed processesemphasizingopenandtimelycommunication,ﬁnancial security,andareliablyscheduledandbriefrenovationprocess[15]. Breukersetal.[15]concurthatacarefulprocessofresident partici-pationaheadofrenovationwouldimproveacceptability.However, thecurrent literatureonprocesseslacksa focusondailyliving practicesoftenants,bothpre-andpost-renovation,althoughthese mayaffectenergyuse(pre-boundandre-bound).Theacceptability researchthereforeaddsthiselementbystartingfromthe mean-ingsthatpeopleattachtotheirhome[15],toenableresidentsto ﬁndtheirownmotivationfortherenovationandtobeopentothe newexperiencesitbrings.

Anewbusinessmodelisrequiredforthisrenovationconcept inordertoimplementandupscalethesolution.Housing associa-tionshaveonlyalimitedbudgettoinvestontheirportfolio,and so,foradeeprenovation,extrainvestmentsareneeded.The busi-nessmodellingseekstoﬁndthebestsolutionfortheinvestmentin thenewtechnologies,takingintoaccountmarketandoccupancy uncertainties.

Thethirdelementoftheapproachistheacceptabilityprocess andconsistsoftwoparts:firstly,workingtowardsthego-ahead fromtenants,andsecondly, reducinguncertaintyabouttenants’ pre-andpost-renovationliveswiththeirhomeanditssystems.The firstpartrespondstoaregulationintheNetherlandsthatstatesthat arenovationprocesscannotstartunless70%ofthetenantswithin theprojectscopegiveitthego-ahead,inotherwords,acceptit. Thisgo-aheadisbynomeansalwaysachieved[8].Consequently, thereisDutchliteratureongoodcommunicationprocesseswith tenants,presentingwell-developedprocessesemphasizingopen andtimelycommunication,financialsecurity,andareliably sched-uledandbriefbuildingperiod[15].However,thewell-described processes [15] lack a focus on pre- and post-renovation daily livesoftenantsalthough,asmentionedabove,thesemayaffect energyuse(pre-boundandre-bound)andexpectedenergy sav-ingsarenotachieved[2,7,13].Thesecondpartofthisacceptability process therefore seeks toengagetenants in inquiryinto their pre-andpost-renovationinteractionwiththeirhomeandits sys-tems,ofwhichnotmuchisknown[14].AsStrengers[16]argues, suchpracticesarenotonlyeconomic-rational,butconsistof fine-grainednetworksofroutinesco-shapedandmanagedwithcertain

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Table1

Scales,topicsandinstrumentsusedinthedifferentresearchmethods.

Scale Topics Instruments

Casestudies (Studyoftarget householdsinsimilar neighbourhoods) Urban/ neighbourhood Acceptabilityofrenovation process

Targetuserpracticesand behaviourathome Interviews Questionnairesurveys Observation Iterativeinterventions Mock-ups (Prototypesofsystems andbuildingelements)

System/element Interactionuser-systemor

user-element Liveability Interviews Observation Iterativeinterventions Monitoringcase studies

Dwellingunit Thermalcomfortpreferences

Occupants’behaviour Heatingpractices Monitoringcampaigns Measurements Interviews Self-reporteddata

Statisticalanalysis Nationwide Occupants’behaviour

Householdtypology

StatisticalanalysisofDutchdataset

competencebydiversehouseholdersandthehomesystems.The complexityofthesepractices,combinedwiththetechnical com-plexityofabuilding,resultintheneedforanin-depthparticipation process.Itshouldstartfrompeople’sexperienceoftheirhomeand whattheydointhehomedailyandwhy[14,16].Inthisresearch project,seekingacceptabilityoftheconceptconsistsofa)seeking thetenants’go-aheadfortherenovation(thisprocessispresented elsewhere[9]),andb)establishingdesignchoiceswithtenants.The designchoices,tobeestablished,shouldlaterbeopentowards ten-ants’co-shapingoftheirhomeexperiencewiththebuildingandits systems.Manysourcesconcurbynowthatthisco-shapingshould resultinenergysavingsmorenaturallythanthroughself-discipline viafeedback systems[17,18].Boththemonitoringresearchand thedesignchoicespartoftheco-creationresearchareaboutthe dwellinganditssystems,sothisoverlapwillaidourlaterdiscussion ofhowtheyinformandenricheachother.

This paper presents the two parts of the user research to identifyandreducetheuncertaintyinbuildingperformance.The monitoring research focuses on the quantitative identification of buildingtype specific occupantsand ontheinvestigation of theircharacteristicsandrequirementstoinformthedesign and theenergycalculationprocess,combinedwithqualitative inter-viewstounderstandhouseholdpractices.Theco-creationresearch focuses on the qualitative elicitation of user requirements for designchoicesusingmock-upsandenactments.Thepaper sum-marisesthefindingsofthequantitativeandqualitativeanalyses. Thediscussionaddresseshowtheuserresearchunitesthe possi-bilitiesofautomateddatacollectionwiththeinsightsthattenants themselvesdevelopthroughengagementwitholdandnewhome systems,andhowthesetwowaysofgaininginsightcanstrengthen eachother.

2. Approach

Twoaspectsofoccupancyaretakenintoaccountandintegrated intotheproposedrenovationapproach:

APerformancegap.Theobjectiveofthisresearchistoidentifyand reduce theuncertainty relatedtothe effectof occupancy.By reducingtheuncertaintyoncalculatedenergysavings,created bydifferencesinoccupants’behaviourandhouseholdtypology, wecanalsoreducetheuncertaintyintheestimationofreturnof investments.

BUser-buildinginteraction.Thisresearchaimsatreducing uncer-taintiesbyintegratinguser-centredresearchasaninstrument tofeedbackrequirementstodesigners.Additionally,designers canimplementbetterinterfacesandsolutions,andhelpusersto understandandinteractwiththenewtechnologies.

Thus,thispaperpresentsauserresearchapproachusingdiverse methodsand servingtwo relatedgoals:todeterminetheeffect ofhouseholdtypologyonthezeroenergy concept,andto inte-grateuserpractisesandrequirementsintothedesignofsolutions. Threetypesofstudiesarepresented:1)quantitativeanalysisof nationwidestatisticaldatatodetermineoccupants’behaviourand householdtypologiesprevalentintheneighbourhoodstobe ren-ovated,andtocalculateenergydemand,2)mix-methodsanalyses ofpre-renovationmonitoringcampaignstodetermineoccupancy practicesandthermalpreferences,and3)qualitativeinvestigation onhowtenantsexperiencebuildingsinvolvinguserrequirements elicitationfromenactmentswithfull-sizemock-ups ofwindow areasandmechanicalventilation.

Fig.1 shows theapproach and researchtechniques used in this investigation. Statistical analyses were used to determine householdtypologies and thesocio-economiccharacteristics of householdsmorelikelytoinhabitthereferencebuilding[A]a typ-icalexampleofthepost-warindustrialbuildsocialhousingstock. Basedonthehouseholdtypology,monitoringcaseswerestudied todeterminethespecificbehaviouralpatternsofthemonitored households[B].Inaddition,basedonthereferencesocio-economic householdcharacteristics[C],qualitativestudieswerecarriedout todetermineuserrequirements[D].Occupancyprofileswere sta-tistically defined [E]to calculate energy demandwith building simulations[F].Theresultsfromtheenergycalculationsand house-holdrequirementswerefedbacktothedesignteam[G].Table1 showstheresearchmethods followedaccording tothescale in whichtheywerecarriedout,thetopicsstudied,andthe instru-mentsused.Thestatisticalanalysisofhouseholdtypologiesand occupants’characteristicsas wellasthemonitoringstudiesare introducedinSection4.Theco-creationstudieswithmock-upsto understandoccupants’practicesinthereferencebuildingare pre-sentedinSection5.Sections3–5summarisethefindingsfromthe quantitativeandqualitativestudies.Formoredetailedinformation abouttheindividualresearchapproaches,see[9–12,19–21].The integrationofthemethodsintothedesignprocessisexploredin Section6.AdiscussionandconclusionsarepresentedinSection7. Followingsectionsintroducethereferencebuildingandreference households,centralconceptsonthisstudy.

3. Effectofhouseholdtypologiesonperformance

Theproposedapproachhasbeendevelopedtobeappliedto spe-ciﬁcrenovationprojects,sinceeverybuildingisdifferent,bothin termsofconstructionandoccupants.Todeveloptheapproach,the researchwasbasedonareferencebuildingandreference house-holds.Theselectionwastheresultofbuildingstockandhousehold’s typologyresearch,asdescribedbelow.

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Fig.2.Thereferencebuilding.

3.1. Thereferencebuilding

Thetargetgroupforthepresentinvestigationarethemassively builtpost-war,porch apartmentblocks(portieketagewoning)in

the Netherlands. Dueto thecircumstances of its development, thepost-warhousingstockhasspeciﬁccharacteristicsinterms ofneighbourhooddesign,constructionandproblems.Duringthe period1946–1974morethan2milliondwellingswereconstructed

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Fig.3. Percentageofincrease/decreaseonenergyconsumptioninthereferencebuildingincomparisontothetotalDutchbuildingstock.

Table2

Energyconsumptionperhouseholdtype(inkWh)forthebuildingstockandforthe

referencebuilding.

Gaskwh Electricitykwh

Reference All Reference All

Singlesenior 10874 14858 1724 2162 Singleadult 10450 12800 1837 2341 Adultscouple 11583 16437 2338 3479 Seniorscouple 12131 18335 2342 3358 Threeadults 13037 18704 2726 4681 Single-parent 12976 15362 2405 3194 Nuclearfamily 13183 18166 2773 4309

intheNetherlands,whichaccountforapproximatelyonethirdof theresidentialstock.Thesebuildingsweregenerallypoorly insu-latedatthetimeofconstructionandtheyareinneedforrenovation [22].

About15%ofthepost-warconstructionwascarriedoutin a preciselydeﬁned,modularsystemthatwasreplicatedfor thou-sandsofbuildings.Thesystemischaracterisedasnon-traditional andindustrialised,becauseprefabrication,newmaterialsandways ofconstructionswerepredominant[23].However,dwellingsthat werenotconstructedwithindustrialisedsystemsstillshowahigh degreeofsimilarityintermsofmaterial,techniquesandlayout[24]. Themostimportantbuildingcharacteristicsthatcandeterminethe refurbishmentstrategyincludeﬂoorplanlayout,locationof utili-tiesspaces,balconytype,wallconstruction,connectionwiththe slabs,andwindow-to-wallratio.

Nexttoliteratureresearch,anon-siteinvestigationwas car-riedoutintheareaofRotterdam-Zuid.Throughobservationand documentation,differentbuildingtypeswerecategorisedinterms ofwall, window, rooftype, balconylocation, theexistence and constructiontypeoftheparapet,andstaircaselocation.Basedon thebuildingstockliteratureresearchandon-siteanalysis,a refer-encebuildingtypewasdetermined,whichisconsideredthemost commontypeintheareaofinvestigationandhavetypical charac-teristicsfoundinthebuildingstockanalysis.

Thefeaturesofthereferencebuildingare:amid-riseapartment blockwithcentralstaircaseandaccessinthefrontfaçadeleadingto twoapartmentsperfloor.Theconstructionischaracterisedby mas-sivewallswithreinforcedconcreteslabs,brickcladdingwithcavity and no/little/out-dated insulation, largewindows incorporating lightweightparapetandcontinuousfloorslabsin thebalconies.

Theﬂoorplanandpicturesofthereferencebuildingareshownin Fig.2.

3.2. Householdtypologies

Energy consumption in dwellings is affected by household demographics (age, gender, household composition), socio-economiclevel(educationlevel,income),andlifestyle(retirement, full-time work, unemployment) [7,20]. For example, two one-personhouseholdswithsimilarincomecanstillhaveverydifferent energyconsumptionlevelsbecauseofage,background, employ-mentstatusandhealthcondition.

Therefore, household typologies have been defined through analysisoftheDutchbuildingstock.Thedefinitionofthe house-holdmorelikelytoresideinthereferencebuildingisparticularly importantinrenovationsaimedatsocialhousing,whereitislikely thattheoccupantsholdspecialsocio-economiccharacteristicsin comparison toa nationalsample. Thesecharacteristics,suchas income,employmentstatusandbackgroundcouldhaveaneffect onenergyconsumptionandoccupantbehaviour.Inaddition, tar-getingaspecificsolutiontoaspecifictypeofusercanincreasethe acceptabilityoftheproject,becauseitwillfitresidents’needs.For example,thedesignofwindowareascouldbevarieddepending onhowmuchviewofthestreetresidentsprefer.Additionally,it wouldhelpdesignerstomakechoicesregardingthemostsuited solutionfortherenovation,andregardingwhichbuildingchoices tooffertotheresidents.

Theinformation onhouseholdtypeswill allowus to1) cal-culatemoreaccuratelytheexpectedenergyconsumptioninthe building,and2)directdesigndecisions(forexample,user-building interactionbasedonlifestyle).

Forthedeterminationofthereferencehouseholds,theWoON datasetwasused.Thisdatasetisbasedonanationwidesurvey car-riedoutbytheDutchMinistryoftheInteriorandKingdomRelations (BZK)andincludesinformationregardinghouseholdcomposition, housingneeds,energyconsumptionandbuildingoperation.The datasetcontainsthecompilationof4800dwellingauditsandover 69,000householdquestionnaires,whicharealsolinkedtoexternal data[25].

Themostcommonhouseholdtypesonanationallevelwere ﬁrstdeﬁnedaccordingtohouseholdsizeandageofthehousehold members,speciallytakingintoaccountthepresenceofchildren andelderlypeople,groupsthathaveshowntohaveaneffecton energyconsumption[26].Thesehouseholdsare:singlesenior,

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sin-Table3

Referencehouseholds–socialeconomicvariablesandresultschi-squareandt-tests.

Chi-squareandT-testresults Educationlevel

(highestinhousehold, includingcurrentlevel)

Loweducation LBO MAVO-MULO-VMBO HAVO-VWO-MBO HBO-University ␹2₍₅₎₌_493.6,_p_<_.001 Ethnicity Autochthone Atleast1western Atleast1non-western ␹2₍₂₎₌_990.5,_p_<_.001

Religionsandbeliefs (Roman-catholic,Protestant,Reformedchurch,

Islam,Hindu)

␹2₍₉₎₌_675.7,_p_<_.001

Healthcondition Poorhealthcondition

Goodhealth

␹2₍₄₎₌_427.8,_p_<_.001

Healthlong-term illness,disease, disability

Poorhealthcondition Goodhealth

␹2₍₁₎₌_107.8,_p_<_.001

Income Continuousvariable−Euro t(3487.7)=68.48,p<.001

allM=55842,SD=44825 referenceM=29256, SD=16466

Workingathome Intervalvariable−frequency ␹2₍₁₎₌_153.1,_p_<_.001

Lifestyle−frequency contactwithfriend

Intervalvariable−frequency ␹2₍₄₎₌_47.9,_p_<_.001

Lifestyle−frequency contactwithfamily

Lifestyle−frequency participationinclubs

Lifestyle−hoursTV perweek

Continuousvariable−hours t(2341)=12.26,p<.001

allM=15.44,SD=11.4 referenceM=19.17,SD=14.2 Lifestyle−hourssports

perweek

Continuousvariable−hours t(2375.6)=2.66,p<.01

allM=4.60,SD=5.9 referenceM=4.23,SD=6.4

gleadult,seniorscouple,adultscouple,threeadults,single-parent household,andnuclearfamily[20].

Toinvestigatehouseholdtypologiesandtheireffectonenergy consumptioninthereferencebuilding,theWoONdatasetwassplit intoasub-datasetcontainingonlythecasesofbuildingssimilarto thereferencebuilding.Thesub-datasetcontains2194cases.

Twoanalysisofvariancetestswerecarriedouttodetermine thedifferencesonenergyconsumptionfordifferenthouseholds. TheﬁrsttestwascarriedoutinthecompleteWoONsample,and thesecondtestonthereferencebuildingsub-sample.

The results of the national sample test showed that gas consumption (F(6,16080)=659.1, p<0.001 welch statistic), and electricity consumption (F(6,16059)=3054.8, p<0.001 welch statistic) are statistically signiﬁcantly different for all types of households. Posthoc tests showed that there were differences betweenallhouseholdtypesforelectricity,andbetweenallbut thefollowingforgas:singleseniorandsingleparent,seniorscouple andthreeadults,andseniorscoupleandnuclearfamily.

Theresultsofthereferencebuildingsub-setshowedthatgas consumption(F(6,538)=10.7,p<0.001welchstatistic)and elec-tricityconsumption(F(6,536)=39.5,p<0.001welchstatistic),are alsostatisticallysigniﬁcantlydifferentfordifferenttypesof house-holds.Posthoctestsshowedthatthereweredifferencesbetween allhouseholdtypesforelectricitybutthefollowing:adults cou-pleand seniors couple/single parent, seniorscouple and single parent, and 3 adults and nuclear family. Posthoc tests for gas consumptionshoweddifferencesforallbutthefollowing:single senior andsingle adult/adultscouple, senior’ coupleand adults couple/3adults/single parent,3 adultsand adults couple/single parent/nuclearfamily,andsingleparentandadultscouple/nuclear family.Table2showstheenergyconsumptionperhouseholdtype (inkWh/m2)forthebuildingstockandforthereferencebuilding. Fig.3 shows thedifferences (in percentage)on energy con-sumptionbetweenhouseholdslivinginthereferencebuildingin

comparisontoallDutchhouseholds.Thedifferencesonenergy con-sumptionamongthehouseholdtypesinthereferencebuildingare notaslargeasinthenationalsample,andtheenergyusetends tobelowerinthereferencebuilding(withtwoexceptions: sin-glehouseholdsandthreeadulthouseholds).Theseresultssuggest thattheeffectofhouseholdtypemaybesmallerinthereference buildingthaninotherbuildingtypes.Thereasonsmightbethatthe householdsintheseapartmentstendtohavelowerincomes.

Todeterminetheprevalenceofspeciﬁctypesofhouseholdsin thereferencebuilding,aChi-squaretestwasused.TheChi-square testshowedthatthehouseholdsmorelikelytoinhabitthe refer-encebuildingsare:‘singlesenior’,‘singleadult’and‘single-parent household’;whilethehouseholdslesslikelytoinhabitthe refer-encebuildingsare‘threeadults’,‘nuclearfamily,“twoadults”and ‘twoseniors’(␹2(6)=1231.97,p<0.001).Inthefollowingsections, we furtherexplore theeffect of householdtypology onenergy demand.

4. Effectofoccupantsonbuildingperformance

Inthissection,wepresenttheresultsoftheinvestigationonthe effectsofhouseholdtypologyandoccupants’behaviouronenergy performance.Firstly,weinvestigatethesocio-economical charac-teristicsandlifestylesofthereferencehouseholds.Basedonthese characteristics,thecasestudiesoffurthersectionswereselected.As asecondstep,webrieflyintroducethehouseholdprofilesdefined statisticallyfortheDutchpopulation,andusetheresultingheating andoccupancypatternsasinputforbuildingsimulations.Further, aoccupancymonitoringcampaignwascarriedoutintheareaof study(Rotterdam)tofurtherunderstandoccupants’behaviourand heatingpracticesonhouseholdswithdeterminedcharacteristics. Fromthemonitoringcampaign,heating andoccupancyprofiles weredefinedforeachhousehold,andcomparedtothestatistical

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Fig.4.Heatingdemandperhousehold(kWh/m2_).

Table4

Socio-economicalcharacteristicsofhouseholdsinthereferencebuilding.

Morelikely Lesslikely

EDUCATION Lowereducation Highereducation

LANDANDETNICITY Non-western

background

Dutchbackground

LIFESTYLE Towatchmorehours

TVperweek

Toworkathome

TospendtimedoingsportsLesslikely Tohavefrequentcontactwithfamilyand friends

Tobepartofaclub

HEALTHCONDITION Tohavepoorhealth

condition Tosufferadisability

RELIGION Islamic,Hindu Roman-catholic,Protestant,ReformedChurch

Table5

Dutchhouseholdproﬁles.

Comfort(evening) temperature(◦_C) Setback(night/absence) temperature (◦C) Averageday temperature (◦C)

Radiatorsbedroom Radiatorsothers

Singlesenior 24 21 22 Semi-open Semi-open

Singleadult 17 10 13 Semi-open Closed

Adultscouple 20 15 18 Semi-open Semi-open

Seniorscouple 23 19 20.5 Semi-open Open

Threeadults 20 16 18.5 Closed Open

Single-parent 20 15 18 Open Closed

Nuclearfamily 20 16 18.5 Open Semi-open

proﬁles.Theintegrationoftheseresultsandtheirfeedbacktothe designteamispresentedinSection6.

4.1. Referencehouseholdcharacteristics

To identify the characteristics of the reference households beyondcomposition(householdsize,ageandpresenceofchildren andseniors),Chi-squaretestswereperformedtoidentifyother socio-economiccharacteristics.TheWoONsamplewassplitinto referencebuildingandnon-referencebuildingwiththepreviously mentionedbuildingcharacteristics.WiththeChi-squaretestswe investigatedwhethercertainsocialandeconomiccharacteristics wouldbemorelikelytoappearinthehouseholdslivinginthe ref-erencebuilding.Chi-squaretestswerealsousedtodeterminethe lifestyleofthehouseholdslivinginthereferencetypebuildingand todeterminethepresenceathomeandotherhabitsthatmight beusefultodeﬁneoccupants’proﬁles.Thevariablesusedinthe statisticalanalysisareshowninTable3.

Theresultsofthestatistical testsareshown in Table3.The householdsinthereferencebuildingaremorelikelytohavelower education,a foreignbackground,havecontact withfriendsless often,participatelessofteninactivitiesoutsidethehome,sport lessoften,haveanon-Christianreligion,havealowerhealth condi-tion,andbelesslikelytoworkathomecomparedtohouseholdsin othertypeofbuildings.Wecanthereforeconcludethatwearemore likelytoﬁndminoritiesandelderlypeopleinthereference build-ing(Table4).Thesecharacteristicsshouldbeconsideredforenergy calculationsaswellasintheselectionoflowcarbontechnologies suchasventilationsystemsandtheirinterfaces.

4.2. Effectofhouseholdtypologyonenergydemand

Buildingsimulations areused, duringthe design process,to calculatetheenergydemandofabuilding,andtosizethe installa-tions.Buildingsimulationshavehowever,shownlargedifferences incomparisontoobservedenergyconsumption[27].Oneofthe

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Table6

Maincharacteristicsmonitoredhouseholds.

Dwelling37 Dwelling38 Dwelling39

Typeofdwelling Semi-detached Semi-detached Semi-detached/conversion(old

church)

Size 88m2 ₉₆_m2 ₁₁₇_m2

Systems Centralheating,room

radiators,

programmablethermostat

Centralheating,room radiators,

programmablethermostat

Centralheating,room radiators,

smartthermostat

Typeoffuel Heating,cookinganddomestic

hotwaterongas.

Heating,cookinganddomestic hotwaterongas.

Otherfeatures Individualmeter

Ventsabovewindows Doubleglazing Floorinsulation

Individualmeter Ventsabovewindows Doubleglazing Floorinsulation

Individualmeter Ventsabovewindows Partialdoubleglazing Floorinsulation

Householdsize,ages 3

54,46,19

2 53,15

3 54,47,15

Occupation Employed,unemployed,

student

Employed,student Employed,unemployed,

student

Attitudes Environmentovercomfortor

cost

Comfortoverenvironmentor cost

Costandcomfortover environment

Table7

Maincharacteristicsofparticipantsinventilationstudy.

Participant Age Gender Important

aspects Background Household size Building characteristics 1 50+ Female Environment, costs,control

NL 1 Porchbuilding Centralheating

2 60+ Male Health NL 1 Porchbuilding Centralheating

3 50+ Male NL 1 Porchbuilding Centralheating

4 50+ Female,male HealthComfort Indonesian-NL 2 Porchbuilding Centralheating

5 ±25 Male Safety NL 3 Porchbuilding(previously) Centralheating

6 ±25 Male,female Habits,

usability, safety,ease

Moroccan 2 Two-under-one-roofdwelling Centralheating

7 ±25 Female Different

requirements

Turkish(raisedinNL) 5 Gallerybuilding(fourlevels) Centralheating

8 ±25 Female Ease,value NL 2 Porchbuilding(owner) Centralheating

reasonsfor thedifferences hasbeenattributedtothe standard occupancyproﬁlesusuallyemployedinpractice[28].

Inthissection,wedefinestatisticallyDutchoccupancyand heat-ingprofilesthatbetterreflecttheuseofbuildingsystems.

Occupancy and heatingprofiles perhousehold weredefined usingfactoranalysisandANOVAtests[20].Thestatisticallydefined householdprofilescanbeusedininitialstagesoftherenovation designprocess,orwheninformationaboutprospectresidentsis notavailable.

BuildingsimulationswithBinksoftware[29]werecarriedout basedonthereferencebuildingforeachofthesevenhousehold typologiesdeﬁnedinSection3.2:singlesenior,singleadult,adults couple,seniorscouple,threeadults,single-parenthouseholdand nuclearfamily.Themaininformationfromeachhouseholdproﬁle usedinthebuildingsimulationsoftwarecanbefoundinTable5. TheresultsfromthebuildingsimulationscanbeseeninFig.4. Theresultsshowlargedifferencesontheheatingdemandof dif-ferenthouseholds.Forexample,singleadults’heatingdemandis onefourthoftheheatingdemandofsingleseniors,whilethe heat-ingdemandofasingle-parenthouseholdishalfthedemandofa nuclearfamily.

4.3. Effectofsocio-economicalcharacteristicsonheating practices

Thestatisticallydefinedprofilesfromtheprevioussectionwere basedonanationalsample,andthus,theymightdifferfromthe patternsoccurringinthereferencebuildingcausedby the spe-cific situation of the household. In this section we investigate theeffectofsocio-economicalcharacteristicsand thermal

com-fortpreferencesonheatingpatterns.Wedefineheatingpatterns asthethermostatandradiatorssettingsforeveryhourona stan-dard week,as wellas thespecificpractices that theoccupants follow toeithersaveenergy ormanage indoortemperaturesat home.Forthisanalysis,weemployedmonitoringdatafroma cam-paigncarriedoutintheregionofstudy(Rotterdam).Inaddition, withthis analysis,we seekto determinetowhatextent moni-toringactualoccupancypatternsinsocialrentedhousinginthe Netherlandsdifferfromthosedefinedstatisticallyfromanational sample. The investigation focused on the study of households’ occupancypatternsof1)anuclearfamilywithchildren,2)a single-parenthousehold,and3)athree-adultnuclearfamily.

Sevenhouseholdswereinvitedtoparticipate.Theirmain socio-economiccharacteristicswere:partiallyemployedorunemployed, andlivinginsocialhousing(lowincome).Theircontactinformation wasobtainedfromaUniversitydatabasecontaininginformation onpossible participantsfor research projects.While all house-holdswerewillingtoparticipateintheproject,onlythreewere monitoredduetoschedulingproblems(somewereleavingforthe Christmasholidays,whileothersweretoobusyatthetime).Table6 showsthemaincharacteristicsofthethreemonitoredhouseholds anddwellings.Detailedanalysisandresultsfromthemonitoring campaign,basedonthemonitoringdatacollectionandanalysisin [30,31]arereportedin[21].

For themonitoringprocess,a mixedmethods approach was used,whichconsistedintheuseofquantitativedatafrombuilding monitoring,and qualitativedatafrominterviews withthe resi-dents.

TheMixedApproachforSustainabilityLabs[32]isusedto inves-tigatepragmatically,thetechnicalandsocialaspectsofpractices

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Fig.5.OccupancyproﬁleforDwelling37andstatisticalproﬁleforthree-adults-household.

inqualitativeandquantitativemanners[33–36].Themethodscan beintegratedatdifferentstagesintheresearchprocessincluding datacollection,dataanalysisanddatainterpretation.Qualitative andquantitativedatacanbemixedinthreedifferentways:by con-necting(havingonedatatypebuildontheother),bymerging(to compareorrelateresultsfrombothdatatypes),orbyembedding (toexplainonedatatyperesultsbytheother)[32].Inthebuilding monitoringprocess,thequalitativeanalysisisembeddedwithin thequantitativeanalysistoexplainandvalidatetheoccupancyand heatingpatternsderived.

Forthemonitoringcampaign,sensorsweredeployedtocollect indoorclimatedata(temperature,relativehumidity,CO2level)as wellas contextualdatasuchas sound,lightand movement.To collectpersonalinformationaboutthermalcomfort,theComfort Dial(CD) wasused [21], withwhich the occupants could self-reporttheirthermalcomfortontheseven-levelASHRAEcomfort scale.Thetemperatureofroomradiatorswasmonitoredtofurther investigatetheuseoftheheatingsystem.Duringinterviews,the residentswereaskedforawalkthroughoftheirhomesproviding descriptionsandre-enactmentsonthewaytheyusuallycontrol theirindoorenvironment andontheirdailypracticesrelatedto energyconsumption.Thistechniqueisasituatedand embodied

‘telling’activitythatenablesuserstoparticipateinunderstanding andcommunicatingtheirdailypractices[37].

Occupancy and heating patterns werecreated for the three households.Thesepatternsshowthethermostatsetting,the ther-mostatsetbacksetting,theradiators’settingindifferentrooms,and thepresenceoftheresidentsandhome.Thepatternsareshownin Figs.5–7(top).

Theresultsfromtheanalysisoftheself-reportedthermal com-fortvotesshowedthattheoccupants’thermalcomfortdoesnot alwayscorrespondtoactualindoorparameters(indoor temper-ature and relative humidity). Theaveragecomfort votes inthe houseswere: 4.1(father) and 3.7(mother)for a mean tempera-tureof18◦CinDwelling37;3.3(father)and3.3(daughter) fora meantemperatureof21.6◦CinDwelling38and4.7(father)and 4.8(mother)for amean temperatureof 18◦C inDwelling39. A meanvoteof4wouldindicateaneutralcomfortfeeling;comfort votesbetween3and5wouldindicatethermalcomfort(slightly cooltoslightlywarm).Theresultsshowedthattheoccupantsinthe dwellingswereonaveragecomfortable.Thecontrastsisonthe dif-ferenceintheaveragetemperatureinDwelling38(21.6◦C)when comparedtoDwelling37andDwelling39(18◦C).Thisindicated thattheoccupantsinDwelling38 preferwarmer temperatures.

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Fig.6. OccupancyproﬁleforDwelling38andstatisticalproﬁleforsingle-parenthousehold.

Acorrelationbetweenindoortemperatureandthermal comfort voteswasonlyfoundinDwelling39(person1:r=0.67,p<.001; person2:r=0.64,p<.001).ThelackofcorrelationinDwelling37 andDwelling38couldbepartiallyattributedtotheactivityand clothingoftheoccupants.InDwelling37theresidentsreported usingextraclothingandsofathrowstokeepwarm.

Theseresultshighlighttheimportanceoftakingintoaccount actualhousehold characteristicsand behaviours onenergy cal-culations. Theanalysis showedthat the three households have differentoccupancy,heatingpatternsandthermalcomfort pref-erences.NuclearhouseholdsinDwelling37andDwelling39have similarcomfortpreferencesbuttheiroccupancypatternsare dif-ferentgiventhedifferencesondailyschedules.Thesingle-parent householdDwelling38showeddifferentthermalcomfort prefer-encesthantheothertwohouseholds.

4.4. Averagehouseholdproﬁlesvs.monitoringproﬁles

Theoccupancyandheatingproﬁlesobtainedfromthe moni-toringcampaignswereexaminednexttothehouseholdproﬁles

previouslydeﬁnedthroughstatisticanalysisofaDutchnational sample.ThecomparisonsareshowninFigs.5–7.

The analysisof the three monitoredhouseholds highlighted somedifferencesbetweenthemonitoreddataandthestatistical data.Thesedifferencesaremostlyseenincomparisonbetweenthe Single-parenthouseholdprofileandtheDwelling38.Althoughthe presenceathomeissimilar,thetemperaturepreferencesaremuch higherinthemonitoredhousehold.Smalldifferenceswerefound inthecomparisonbetweenDwelling37andthe3Adultshousehold profile.Themonitoringprofileshowsslightlyhighertemperatures (1◦C),buttheradiatorsinkitchenandhallswereonlyhalfopen.The comparisonbetweenDwelling39andtheNuclearhouseholdprofile showedsimilaritiesinpresence,thermostatsetting(temperature inlivingroom)anduseofradiators.

ThedifferencesobservedinDwelling38couldhaveasigniﬁcant effectonenergydemand.Theseresultshighlighttheimportanceof takingintoaccountthermal comfortpreferencesinthebuilding simulations.

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Fig.7.OccupancyproﬁleforDwelling39andstatisticalproﬁlefornuclearhousehold.

Fig.8.Mockupofaﬂatinanexperimentspace.

5. Co-creationresearch

Householdpracticesanduserinteractionwiththebuildingand itssystemsaffectenergyconsumption[14,38].Balconyand win-dowareasandmechanicalventilationweretakenastwoexamples toexploreinadaptingthebuildingdesigntousers’needs,basedon earlierindicationsoftheirimportancefortheusers’wellbeing[19]. Forexample,windowsprovidelight,socialcontact,noise protec-tionetc.,whilemechanicalventilationprovidesmanagementofair quality,butitsinterfacesandfunctioningaresometimes incompre-hensibletousers[19].Thesetwobuildingelementsareexplored viaenactment-baseduserexperienceresearchwithcontextualised elementsofthehomedesigninafull-sizemock-up.Theresearch investigatestenants’expectationoftheirhomelifeexperience.The researchfurtherseeksindicationsofhowtenantsdeﬁnetheirhome experience,whichcouldbeformalisedandfacilitatedina renova-tionprocess.Theoutcomesofthisresearchareintendedtosupport tenantsinlivingpleasantlyathomewhilealsosavingenergy.The lifequalitynotionof‘pleasantly’wasadoptedasabasicquality.It servedtobeattentivetotheparticipants’experienceandtoanalyse thedataatadeeperlevelthanafunctionaluser-systeminteraction perspective[16].Theresearchwasaco-creationstudy,speciﬁcally

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Fig.9. Airinletsimulatedwithafanhiddeninacrate.

Fig.10. Approachtointegrateuserresearchresultstodesignprocess.

aco-designstudy,whichinthiscontextmeans‘thecreativityof designersandpeople,nottrainedindesign,workingtogetherin thedesigndevelopmentprocess’[39].Toenableparticipantsto takepartfromtheirownexperienceand perspective,thestudy tooktheformofaroleplayenactmentsstudy[37,40–42].Inthis method,participantsareaskedtoenactandexploretheir exist-ingandpossiblepracticesinscenarioswhilebeingaskedto‘think outloud’forcommunicationwiththeresearchers.Thistechnique enablesresearcherstoobserveandreacttoparticipants’actions andreasoningwhilesupportingparticipantsinimmersingin

sce-nariosthatarerealisticforthem.Lifeexperiencesshouldbestudied inasrealisticacontextaspossiblebecauseproductuseissituated: itunfoldsinwaysthatpeoplecannotfullyanalyseorre-telloutside ofcontext[43].

5.1. Mock-upandenactments

Amock-upﬂatwascreatedatDelftUniversityofTechnology, consistingofaninteriorspacefurnishedasaﬂatandinwhichparts ofanewwindowsituationandventilationsystemweresimulated

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(Fig.8).Amongtheelementsusedtosimulatethesituationwere: akitchensimulatedwithobjectsandpaperprint-outs represent-ingappliances,alivingroomsettingwithfurnitureandcurtains, ashowersimulatedwithpanelsandpaperprint-outs,a custom-madewindowtobeopenedlikeanormal sidehungwindow,a widewindowsill,aventilationcontrolpanelsimulatedonatablet, airinletsindicatedwithprint-outsonthesidewallsandunderand behindtheradiator,withairﬂowsimulatedusinga fanhidden insideacrate(Fig.9),airoutletindicatedwithprintsinbathroom andkitchen,andathermostatindicatedwithpaperprint-outson thewall.

Theparticipants(Table7)wererecruited froma neighbour-hoodclosetoDelftUniversityofTechnology.Thebuildingsinthis neighbourhoodcorrespondtothereferencebuildingtype(porch apartment building, mostly social rental). The participants vol-unteeredto takepart by respondingto a leaﬂetdistributed in thisneighbourhood.Theeightparticipantssharedsocio-economic characteristicswiththosemostlikelytoinhabitthereference build-ingintermsofage,familystatus,background,religion,likelihood toworkoutofhomeandhealthcondition(Table7,seealso Sec-tion4.1,above).Allparticipantslivedinthereferencebuildingtype (porchapartmentbuilding),exceptforoneparticipantwholivedin agallerybuilding,allintheNetherlands.Alloftheirhomeswerein non-renovatedtoonlymoderatelyrenovatedsuchaswithdouble glazingandcentralheating.Theparticipantsreﬂectedthevariation ofresidentsofthereferencebuilding.

Ineach study session theparticipant(s)was/wereinvited to experience the simulated home. Each study session consisted roughlyofthreepartstaking1.5–2hperparticipant:introduction, actingoutscenarios andin-depthinterview.In theintroduction theparticipantwaswelcomedandafterthecourseofthestudywas explained,agreementsweresigned.Basicinformationontheir cur-renthomesituationwasobtained.Theyreceivedanintroduction totherenovatedbuildingdesign,thesystemsandtherenovation process,andasmallinterviewconductedtoelicittheparticipant’s initialreaction.Theconsequencesoftherenovationwerealso out-lined,for example theenergy payment systemand thedeeper windowsill.Theresearcherthenexplainedtheventilationsystem intheroleof‘ventilationsystemcontractor’.

Inordertosupporttheparticipantsinthehome experience-oriented co-creation, they were provided with 16 everyday scenariostochoosefromasrelevanttothemselvesandtoenact suchas,forexample,justbeingathome,cookingforvisitor,goingto sleep,paintingsomethinginthehouseorsmoking.Theparticipants werefreetochangeandadaptthescenarios−theyprimarilyserved toenableparticipantstostepintotheframeofmindoffocusingon theirownlifeexperience.Nomoreinformationwasgivenbutthe researchassistantsupportedparticipantsinstartingtoenactthem bydemonstratingit.Theresearcheroccasionallyprompted elabo-rationwithquestionssuchas:“whatwouldyoudointhiscase? “canyouportrayit?“canyousayoutloudwhatyou’rethinking? “whatdoyouexpecttohappennow?“whatdoyouthinkofthis?

Last,asemi-structuredin-depthinterviewwasconductedabout theiropinionsonarenovationprocessthatwouldintroducesuch newfeaturesoftheirapartment.Itusedaprintedvisualisationofsix generalsteps:Initiation,Exploration,Preliminarydesign, Deﬁni-tivedesign,Execution,Evaluation,butthesewerenotdiscussed in-depthandexhaustively,sincemostparticipantsonlyhad gen-eralandglobalremarksontheprocess.Datacollectiontookthree daysoveraperiodofthreeweeks,with8separatesessionsintotal (mostwithoneparticipantduetolivingalone,somewithtwo).For eachsessiontherewasoneparticipant(ortwo),oneinterviewer, andoneobserverinthesameroomandoneobserverinaseparate roomthathadcameraaccess,whichtheparticipantsknew.

5.2. Analysis

Theanalysistook asa starting pointStrengers’ [44] critique thathomesystemsandinterfacesshouldnotbedesignedforthe userwhofitsthesystemmodel,butratherbedesignedinview oflivingpractices[18]withdynamicmutualshapingofpractices amongresidentsandtheirhomeenvironment([17],basedon[45]). Thedatawasanalysedusingqualitativecontentanalysis[46].As unitofanalysis,thehomeexperienceratherthanspecificpractices wasadopted.Keyconceptsofself-determinationtheory (auton-omy,relatedness,competence[47])andmeaningofhome(privacy, safety,control,intimacyetc.[48])servedasstartingpointsfora themeanalysisof life qualitiesaround a corethemewe estab-lished:expectationofpleasantlivingathome(inviewofpotential change).Thedatawasfirstcondensedbycreatingadatabaseof salientstatementsandobservationsfromthevideorecordingsand assigningcodestothestatements, inorder toprevent inadver-tentlyexcludingdata.Thiswasfollowedbyanabstractionstagein whichthreeresearchersrepeatedlyengagedwiththedata,creating variousthemecategorisations.

5.3. Co-creationenactmentresearchresults

Afullreportoftheresultsisoutsidethescopeofthispaper,since thepaperpresentsanddiscussestheintegrationoftheapproaches andresultsratherthaneachone initself.Thispaperonly sum-marisesresults,insofarastheyaidthepaper’saim.Theresults arepresentedaccordingtotherequirementsforrenovationprocess andrenovationoutcomes.Thesethemesresultedfromtheanalysis: 5.3.1. Griponthefuture

Expectedexperience:Residentswanttogetanideaofwhatthe renovationwillbelike.Theywanttobeabletoestimatewhatthe consequencesaresothattheycanmakeawell-consideredchoice. Renovationprocess:Theparticipantsdidnotﬁnditeasytotrust suchaprojectandwouldliketoseeexamples.Recommendations aretocreateasetoftrustworthystakeholders,inviteparticipation earlyanddifferentiatebetweentenants’situations.

5.3.2. Fairness,freefromworriesandthreats

Expectedexperience:Regardingfairness,tenantsalreadyliving frugallyfelttheyshouldequallybeneﬁt,notjust currentlyhigh energyusers.Participantsalsofearedunwelcomesurprisesafter therenovation:participantswantedtobeassuredoffreshairbut alsoabletocloseitofftoavertdanger(blockdangerousair,prevent theft).Theydidnottrustnewventilationssystemstobeabletodo this.

Renovationprocess:Theparticipantsofthis researchwereall adamantthatarenovationshouldnotcostthemmoneyintheform ofarentincrease,andwantedassurancesonpaperaboutthis. How-ever,inapreviouscasestudyofalongertermparticipationprocess itwasfoundthatupontransparent,clearnegotiation,amoderate riseincostwasacceptableandisprobablymostoftenpossible. Thereshouldalsobeminimumdisruptionduringbuildingprocess, preferablywithoutrelocation.

5.3.3. Homesshouldreﬂectideals

Expectedexperience:Thehomeisaverypersonaland private environment, as some of the participants emphasised. Privacy indoorsshouldbeguaranteed(windows),whilebeingabletoseek socialcontactoutside.Forsomeseniorparticipantsitwas impor-tantthatnowindowbeamsobstructtheviewofthestreetwhen theysatbythewindow.Theyalsowantedtonotbeconspicuously visible.Itiskeythatarenovatedhomefacilitatestreasuredlow involvementhabits,whichshouldnotconﬂictwithsustainability.

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Theresidents’senseoffamiliaritywiththeirhomeshouldbe facilitatedandsupported,especiallywhenitcomestospatial qual-itiestheynowvalue,likeaspotatawindowfromwhichtogaze outside.Preservingthislightenstheburdenofadjustingtoa reno-vatedsituation.

Renovation process: Several participants view a sustainable renovationasanimportantchancetorealiseidealisticgoals. Partic-ipantswanttobeabletofeelliketheycaninﬂuencetheirpersonal environmentandlifeasautonomouslyaspossible.

Becausesustainablerenovationmeshesinvariousways with participants’ownidealsandvalues,itshouldbeaddressedearlyin arenovationprocess,notasideologybutconnectedtoactualliving practices.Itisalsokeytodesignandtestausable,transparentand faircoststructure.

5.3.4. Supportofactivities&lifestyle

Thehomesupportsagreatportionofpeople’severydaylife. Peo-plehavedifferentlifestylesbetweenhomesbutalsowithinhomes. Expectedexperience:Thehomeshouldsupportactivitiesforthe specifichousehold.Itshouldcaterfordifferencesinclimateneeds withinthehome,andalsowithindifferentroomsandtimeofthe dayandnight.Participantsalsodonotdistinguishclearlybetween ventilationandheatingsystemandexpectthemtoworktogether. Thereshouldbesufficientairextractionfromkitchenand bath-room, with low noise emission. Participants express the need toexperienceand beableto regulatedaylight.Participants are adamantthatroomsshouldnotgetsmaller,exceptifanactivity canbefulfilledinanotherway.Especiallyforolderpeople,exterior orsemi-exteriorspaceisimportant.

Renovationprocess:Itrequiresnegotiationandagoodprocessof matchingpersonalpreferencestospaces.Addedspaces,e.g.anew deeperwindowsill,couldmakeupforotherchanges.Asseeninthe previoustheme,provisionsforlifestylepreferencesarekey,such asthepossibilityofhangingupcurtains.

5.3.5. Supportcontroloverhealthandcomfort

Expected experience: Perceived temperature is an important indicatorfor comfort for participants.Aconstant, determinable temperatureisanimportantplusinarenovation,warminwinter andcoolinsummer.Inaddition,participantsmakeaconnection betweenventilationandtemperaturecontrolandexpectthemto worktogether.Seniorsneedhighertemperatures,andhandlelarge temperaturedifferenceslesswell.

Renovation process: Participants prefer minimized inﬂuence fromneighbours(smell,noise,temperature),andnosharingof sys-temsifpossible.Thiswillnotalwaysbepossibleinarenovation, soexpectationsshouldbemanagedcarefullyand transparently. Achievableeffects shouldbeemphasized,forexamplethatnew systemspresentnoaddedeffortandsupportexistinghabits.Habits andpossiblechangesshouldbeaddressednon-prescriptivelybut throughdesignandco-creationinrelationtocomfortandhealth.A desirableeffecttoemphasize(andguarantee)isthattherenovation contributestoanoptimallyhealthyindoorclimateandcaneven reducehealthissues,whichiswhatsomeparticipantshoped.Some (e.g.someolderparticipants) thoughtaheadtopotentialfuture healthissuesmorethanothers.

5.3.6. Supportcontroloverandeasewithhomesystems

Participantswanttobein controlandhaveinﬂuenceonthe indoorclimate.

Expectedexperience:Inthelightofpreviousliterature(seestart of Section 5), an obviousrecommendation is:integrate system designwithhouseholdpractices.Forexample,supportuseofown sensestoassessventilation.Participantsalsohadroutinesand rea-sonsfor openingof windows,forexample when cleaning with

strongdetergents.Apartfromthis,theytrustedventstobe suf-ﬁcient.

Renovationprocess:Currentventilationinterfaces,includingthe oneinvestigated,arenotasdirectandeasytouseastheonesthe referenceresidentsknow.Thisisbecausethenewsystemstendto hidefunctionalitiesfromusersandconﬁneoperationintoboxes withbuttonsorscreens.

6. Fromuserresearchtodesignprocess

Theobjective of theuserresearchistoincrease the accept-abilityofrenovationprojectsandreduceuncertaintiesrelatedto occupants’behaviour.Inthissection,wefocusonthefeedbackof theresultsoftheinvestigationstothedesignprocess.Themain questionwas:howtotranslatetheuserresearchintoinformation valuableforthedesignteam?

Duringthedesignprocessoftherenovationsolutionpresented inthis paper,a numberofquestionsraisedbythedesignteam. Thesewere:

1)Whatistheeffectofdifferenthouseholdtypologiesonthesizing ofPVpanels?

2)Whatcouldbetheeffectoftheoccupantsonthepaybackperiods oftherenovationandbuildingtechnology?

3)Whatistheuncertaintycreatedbythetypeofoccupancy? 4)Howtotestthedesigndecisionsthatcouldpotentiallyaffectthe

acceptabilityoftherenovation(forexamplethesolutionsforthe balconyandwindows)?

5)Howtotestthedesign decisionsthatcouldpotentiallyaffect theenergyperformanceofthebuilding(systems’control, ven-tilationsystem)?

Fig.10showstheapproachusedtointegratetheresultsfromthe userresearchpresentedinthispaperintotheconceptualdesign process(e.g.beforethedetaileddesign).Asaﬁrststep,the ref-erence buildingwasdeﬁned[A] basedontheintentions of the renovation,themarketneeds(housingassociationsportfolio)and relevantpoliciesand regulationssuchasthezero-on-the-meter concept(NOM)andtheEnergyPerformanceCompensation(EPV) [49].

Asasecondstepofthedesignprocess,technologiesanddesign solutionswereselectedbasedontechnicalconstrainsofthe refer-encebuildingandcoststhatcouldbecoveredbytheinvestmentof housingassociationsintheirportfolio[B].Inaddition,inorderto sizetheinstallations(heatingsystem,energygenerating technolo-gies)anddeterminethefinancialfeasibilityofthesolutions,the designteamneededtoknowtheenergydemandoftherenovated solution,aswellastheeffectthatdifferenthouseholdtypologies couldhaveontheenergyperformance.Therefore,energydemand wascalculatedbasedonenergysimulationsforthesevendifferent Dutchhouseholdprofilesstatisticallydefined[C].Theresultsfrom thesimulationswereusedtoroughlycalculatethenumberofPVs panelsrequiredtomeetthedemand,andtocalculatethepayback periodsoftherenovationcosts[D].

Inthethirdstepofthedesignprocess,anumberofquestions wereraisedbythedesignteamregarding theusers’ acceptabil-ityof thedesign solutionsfromthepreviousphase.Inorder to answerthesequestions,thereferencehouseholdsweredeﬁned[E]. Thecharacteristicsofthereferencehouseholdsservedtodeﬁne thesocio-economicalcharacteristicsoftheprospectiveresidents. Thesesocio-economicalcharacteristicswereusedtoselectthecase studies.Twotypesofstudieswerecarriedoutinparallelduring this phase: 1) monitoringof three households living in rental-socialdwellings,and2)mock-upventilationand windowstudy withyoung,elderlyandminorityhouseholds.Themonitoringstudy

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wascarriedouttoinvestigatetheinfluenceofthesocio-economical characteristicsandthermalcomfortpreferencesofthehousehold intheperformanceofthebuilding[F].Themock-upbalconystudy wascarriedouttotestaspecificdesignsolutionestimatedtobea sensitiveissueforuseracceptanceoftherenovationprocess[G]. Themock-upventilationstudywascarriedouttotestaspecific solutiondeemedimportantbecauseofitsinfluenceonenergy con-sumptionandduetothehighimpactthattheuserhasonit[H]. Themock-up ventilation andwindow studywascarried outto elicitoccupants’expectedhomeexperienceinrelationtosolutions deemedimportantbecauseoftheirinfluenceonenergy consump-tionandduetothehighimpactthattheuserhasonitandvice versa,totestthissolutionandtoco-createdesignchoices[G,H]. Userrequirementsanduser-specificenergydemandweredefined basedontheuserinvestigations.A numberofdesign iterations wascarriedouttakingintoaccountthefeedbackprovidedbythese investigations[I].

Asafinalstepoftheprocess,afinalsolutionwasselected,and newenergydemandcalculationsandpaybackperiodsspecificfor arenovationcasestudywerecarriedout[J].

7. Discussionandconclusions

Theinvestigationsreportedinthispaperhighlighttheeffectof differenthouseholdtypesonenergyconsumptionandoccupants’ requirements.Threetypesofinvestigationswerepresentedinthis paper:statisticalanalysisofa nationalDutchhouseholdsurvey, monitoringdataofthreecasestudiesintheNetherlands,and enact-mentresearchwithmock-upsofpartsoftherenovationdesign. Thestatistical analysisaimedat investigatingtrends onenergy consumptionandoccupants’behaviour,thustheseresultscanbe generalisedtotheDutchpopulation.Theanalysisofthemonitoring dataofthethreecasestudiesandtheenactmentresearch,aimed toinvestigateinmoredepththerelationshipbetweenhousehold typologyandoccupants’behaviour,aswellasuserrequirements. Theseresults,especiallytheresultsofthemonitoringcampaign (e.g.thermalcomfortpreferences)aretiedtothespeciﬁcmonitored casesandshouldnotbegeneralisedtothepopulation.However, theapproachdevelopedinthisstudycanbeappliedtorenovation processesinanyothercountry.Furthermore,theresultsprovide insightintoreasonsthatasetofusershavefortheirresponseto systemsandchanges,andthesereasonscaninformthereasoning andunderstandinginthisandotherdesignprojects.

Thisresearchshowedthat:

• differenthouseholdshavestatisticallydifferentenergy consump-tion,evenwhencorrectedforbuildingtype(referencebuilding); • therearesigniﬁcantdifferencesbetweentheenergy consump-tionofaverageDutchhouseholdsandDutchhouseholdslivingin thereferencebuildings;

• thelowerthanexpectedenergyconsumptionoftheoccupantsof thereferencebuildingcouldchallengethereturnofinvestments duringthelife-timeofthebuildings;

• occupantsofaspeciﬁctypeofbuilding(thereferencebuilding) havedifferentsocio-economiccharacteristicsthanthenational average;

• similarhouseholdtypesmighthavedifferentbehavioural pat-terns based ontheir speciﬁc situation,attitudes and thermal comfortpreferences;

• thedifferencesinlifestyle,attitudesandpreferencesdependnot onlyonhouseholdtypologybutalsoonsocio-economic charac-teristics;

• theacceptabilityresearchledtorecommendationsforthe reno-vationprocess;

• the four elements of the renovation strategy (technological design,businessmodel,monitoringandacceptability)leadtoa ﬁnaldesignconceptforthebuilding,and

• trustand variation in preferencesarelikely toaffectresident willingnesstoagreetorenovationandtoengageinlowenergy consumption,whichisanidealisticgoalformanyofthem.

Theseresultshighlighttheimportanceoftakingintoaccount householdtypologyandsocio-economiccharacteristicsinenergy calculationsorbuildingsimulationsaswellasuserrequirements inthedesignandrenovationprocess.

Thisresearchalsohighlightedthedifferencesbetween occu-pancyprofilesfrommonitoringdata,statisticallydefined house-holdprofilesandrequirementselicitation.Inordertodeterminethe mosteffectivemethodtodefineoccupancy,itisimportantto con-sidertheaimoftheevaluation.Monitoredoccupancyprofilescan providedetailinformationontheoccupantbehaviourofspecific households(i.e.theprospecttenantof thebuildingtobe reno-vated).However,thebehaviourwillbehighlydeterminedbythe buildingcharacteristics.Inrenovationprojectswhenitisexpected thatthebuildingpropertiesimprove,thebehaviourofthe occu-pantswillcertainlychange.Thus, insomeinstances,theuseof statisticallydefinedheatingpatternsmightbemoreappropriate. Theenactmentstudydidnotresultinprofilescorrespondingto theoccupancyprofiles,eventhoughtwogroupswerespecifically investigated:seniorsandhouseholdswithforeignbackground.For example,userrequirementsfor safetyand controlwere shared acrossparticipantswithdifferentsocio-economicprofiles. Quan-titative and qualitative research methods are therefore equally necessaryinoccupancyresearch,andtheirintegrationcanhelpto determinetheoccupantpreferencesandrequirementsinbuilding renovationprojects.

Animportantobjective oftheresearchwastoestablishhow topreservethepossibilityforparticipationandopennesswithin astreamlinedfinancialandtechnicalprocess,whichisnecessary forthemanufacturingandinstallationofthepre-fabricatedfaçade elements. Theresearchshowthat allparticipants,regardlessof theircharacteristics(householdprofiles)hadconcernsandneeds− althoughthesevariedinthemselves−inrelationtofairness, free-domfromworriesandthreats,supportofactivitiesandlifestyle, supportofcontroloverhealthandcomfort,andsupportofcontrol overhomesystems.Ontheotherhand,differencesonrequirements wereseenbetweentheseniorparticipantsandtheyounger par-ticipantsregardingthebalcony,typeofwindowsandwindowsill solutions. These results indicate the type of building elements thatcouldbeupfordiscussionwiththeresidentsinarenovation process.Thefullrangeofpossibilitiesforthetenantswithin tech-nicalandfinancialconstrainswithineachprojectshouldbefurther investigated.

Theco-creationenactment researchaddedinsightsinto phe-nomenaestablishedthroughthemonitoringcampaignthatshape furthersteps.Ratherthanbeingblamedwhenenergysavingsare notachieved,theresidentswillbedisappointedabouttheprocess andresults,whichwouldbealong-termriskfortheacceptability ofthistypeofprojects.Theco-creationenactmentresearchalso showedthatpeoplehatetobeforcedintohabitchangeiftheyfeel itisbeingpushedontothem.Thisimpliesthataparticipation pro-cessshouldpresenttheimplicationsforhabitstransparentlyand openlyforco-shapingbyparticipants.Thisinsightprovidesways forwardforrenovationprocessconcepts[15].

Theuserresearchpresentedinthispaperunitesthe possibili-tiesofintegratingqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectionand analysisaroundbuildingrenovationprojects.Theparticipationof thetenantscouldenableresidentstoﬁndtheirownmotivationfor therenovationandtobeopentothenewexperiencesitbrings,in

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awaythatalsoprovidesdesignteamsandinvestorswithrealistic expectationsforenergyusepost-renovation.

Wewouldliketothanktothe2ndSkinteamandtothe case-study households for participating in this study. The 2ndSkin projecthasbeenﬁnancedbytheBuildingTechnology Accelera-tor/ClimateKic.

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