Warunki występowania rędzin w terenie Karpat fliszowych

JÓZEF POM IAN

CO ND ITIO NS OF REN D ZIN A OCCURRENCE IN THE FLY SCH

C A R PA TH IA N M OU NTA IN S

D epartm ent of Soil Science, Faculty of Biology and Sciences of the Earth, Maria C urie-Skłodowska U niversity in Lublin Head — Prof. Dr. B. Dobrzański

In vestigatio n s on th e influ ence of field relief, erosion, deposition of

lay e rs and th e c h a ra c te r of p a re n t m a te ria l on th e occu rren ce of flysch

ren d zin as w ere c a rrie d o u t in th e y ears I960— 62 in th e follow ing C ar­

p a th ia n regions: Ciężkowice F oothills (environs of B rzostek), D ynów

F o o th ills (environs of Babice), R ym anów H ills (environs of Besko).

In th e reg io n of Babice w ere exam ined ren d zin as fo rm ed fro m th e

chalk la y e rs of inoceram ic series w hich a re com posed of sandstones, often

w ith a 'limy binder, arg illaceo u s-m arly shales, arg illaceous-sand y shales,

argillaceo us-alcareou s sandstones and h a rd m arls [7].

In th e environs of Besko and B rzostek th e flysch ren d zin as ex am ined

orig in a te fro m rocks of K rosno lay ers w hich cover in a com pact m ass

th e la rg e r p a rt of th e in v estig a ted a rea [

]. Beside sandstones an d

argillaceous shales w ith o u t carbonate, th e re occur in th ese lay ers also

fa irly n u m ero u s s tra ta containing considerable am o un ts of calcium c a r­

bonate.

D u rin g th e field investig ation s m a te ria l w as collected for lab o ra to ry

analysis and soil cross sections w ere p erform ed . In th e soil sam ples taken,

som e chem ical and physical p ro p ertie s an d m echanical com position w ere

d eterm in ed . The analysis re s u lts are given in tables I, II, III.

RESULTS

O u r in v estigatio ns m ak e it possible to conclude th a t th e argillaceous-

-m a rly shales, o fte n in te rs tra tifie d w ith sandstone silt, are th e p a re n t

rock from w hich ren d zin as are form ed. R endzinas form ed from calcareous

and m a rly sandstones w ere ra re ly found. F lysch ren d zin as occur in

î a b 1 e 1 Mechanical composition of F ljsch rendzinas*

I r . o f p r o file Horison Depth ca. P a r tic le s content ^ > 1 шт. P a r tic le s content < l m m . Diameter of p a r tic le s in m m ,

S o ils formed from: 1 -0 .1 Q.I-_{О. 05} 0 .0 5 -_{0.0 2 O}O O O o r o O M 0 , 006-0,002 < 0.002 < 0 .02 %

V _A1 2-8 0 .0 100 3 14 19 12 12 40 64 argillaceouem arly sh ales

В 12-20 0 ,0 100 1 9 14 15 17 44 76

С 50-60 - - 1 6 13 17 23 40 80

XI

_h

с

I _A1 5-15 0 ,0 100 17 31 25 10 3 14 27 argillaceouem arly sh ales

в

sandstones

в

с

I I

_h

с

sandstones

VII A l 5-15 4 .0 96 37 28 13 7 5 10 22 marly and calcareous

с

с

во

* CaCO^ was destroyed by 0 ,2 lï HCl, the r e s u lts »ere calcu lated on noncalcic sample

25 0 J. P o m ia n

Rendzina occurrence in the Flysch Carpathians 251

Chemical p ro p erties o f Flysch rendzinas

N r.of p r o f ile Horizon Depth cm. CaCO^ % Humus % рн in KCl mg./100 g . s o i l P2°5 K20 V _A1 2-8 2.8 7.9 7.5 11.0 30.0 В 12-20 6.6 1.7 7.5 10.0 27.4 С 50-60 9.6 - 7.6 9 .4 23.3 XI _A1 5-15 21.1 1.5 7.6 4.7 24.1 с 40-50 34.7 - 7.6 2.0 16.7 I _A1 5-15 8 .9 1.3 7.5 6.2 6 .6 в 17-27 14.4 о . з 7.7 4 .8 4 .2 в 46-55 13.1 0 .2 7.8 5 .2 5 .8 с 90-100 25.8 - 7 .6 3 .4 16.7 II _А1 5-15 5 .3 2 .1 7.5 9 .4 18.4 с 30-40 15.1 - 7.7 5 .2 12.4 VII _А1 5-15 20.1 1.5 7.8 6 .6 12.4 с 25-35 . 25.3 - 7.9 0 .6 2.5 VIII _А1 0-15 21.6 0 .9 8 .0 3 .4 6.6 с 30-40 23.1 - 8 .4 3 .0 5 .8 IV _А1 5-15 6.3 3 .2 7 .6 6 .6 12.4 AB 40-50 14.7 2 .6 7.7 2 .2 11.6 BG 100-130 11.3 1 .0 7.8 4 .0 9 .1 T a b l e 3

P hysical p rop erties o f Flysch rendzinas

Nr.of p r o file Horizon Depth cm. S p e c ific g ravity Volume weigth

C apillary capacity _Air

capacity Perm eability

m l./s e c . Porosity by weigth by volume % V _A1 2-8 2.58 1.11 56.97 48.76 53.96 3.0 1 0.0000413 В 12-20 2.69 1.41 47.58 31.92 44.96 2.64 0.0000396 I _A1 6-12 2.67 1.55 41.94 25.52 39.62 2.32 0.0000719 В 20-26 2.71 1.39 45.02 26.24 38.90 6.12 0.0000466 VII _A1 6-12 2.65 1.38 47.92 30.01 42.74 5.18 0.0005688 IV _A1 6-12 2.62 1.43 45.42 30.67 44.08 1.34 0.0000045 AB 42-48 2.67 1.23 54.96 43.28 53.30 1.66 0.0000007

252 J. Pomian

com plexes w ith b ro w n soils and cover sm all areas, from a few areas

to a few h ectares. (Fig. 1, 2).

C arb o nate soils are m o stly fo u nd in regions w ith stro n g relief exposed

to h eav y erosion w hich o fte n is in te n sifie d by m echanical cu ltiv atio n [

].

T hey occur m ost fre q u e n tly on hill tops a n d steep slopes w h ic h a re

u su a lly u n d e r cu ltiv ation . S m all areas of rend zin as covered w ith fo rests

occur sporadically.

C onsiderable in flu en ce on th e o ccu rrence of flysch ren d zin as e x e rts

also th e deposition of th e rock 'layers [

]. In regions w h ere flysch re n d z i­

nas occur th e la y e r deposition is o fte n close to v e rtica l o r inclin ed a t

a steep angle. The pelitic c h a ra c te r of th e rocks, and th e steep dip of th e

flysch s tr a ta in th is te r r a in cut by deep valley s fav o u r th e fo rm atio n of

fa irly ex ten siv e lan d slip s w hich expose those rock lay ers from w hich th e

calcium carb o n ate has not y et been leached out.

W ith la y e r deposition n e a r v ertical, th e rendzinas occur o n rocks

w hich are m ore resistiv e to w eath erin g , rich in calcium carb o n ate and

m ost fre q u e n tly cover h ill tops (Fig.

).

C arb on ate soils fo rm ed from C a rp a th ian flysch w ere classified as th e

bro w n ren d zin a ty p e [4] according to th e accepted P olish Soil Science

Society classification. Basing on th e p é tro g rap h ie classification of flysch

fo rm ation s and th e m ode of deposition of th e s tra ta th e follow ing flysch

ren dzin as w ere distinguished:

I. R endzinas fo rm ed in situ

a) from arg illaceo u s-m arly shales,

b) from arg illaceo u s-m arly shales in te rstra tifie d w ith sandstones,

c) fro m calcareous and m a rly sandstones.

II. D eluv ial ren d zin as (accum ulated).

It is w o rth rem em b erin g th a t th e te rm “flysch re n d z in a s” w as in stro d u ced

by D o b r z a ń s k i [1] into Polish soil science lite ra tu re . H e also p ro ­

posed th e classification of flysch ren d zin as based on th e geological age

of th e rock s tra ta a n d th e ir p étro g rap h ie ch aracter.

In g en eral it m ay be sta te d th a t carb o n ate soils form ed from a rg illace­

o u s-m a rly shales possess m ostly a w ell developed soil profile. T hey form

deep o r m ed ium deep soils, shallow ones o nly ex cep tio n ally on v e ry

steep slopes u n d e r cu ltiv ation . C h a ra cte ristic fe a tu re s of th ese soils are

th e ir h ea v y m echanical com position, high gen eral porosity, low air

capacity and v e ry sm all tra n sm issiv ity for w a te r.

T he flysch ren d zin as form ed fro m m a rly and calcareous sandstones

possess m ost fre q u e n tly a w eakly developed soil profile; th e y are u su ally

.shallow and contain considerable a m o u n t of sk eletal fraction . The m echa­

\5

2ß

1\

Fig. 1. Soil cross section in R uszelczyce

r _ r e n d z i n a s s o i l s , R D — d e l u v i a l r e n d z i n a s , В — b r o w n s o i l s Re nd zina occurre nce in th e F ly sc h C a r p a th ia n s

Z

P

>

Fig. 2. Soil cross section in Brzostek

R — r e n d z i n a s s o i l s , В — b r o w n s o i l s 25 4 J . P o m ia n

Rendzina occurrence in the Flysch Carpathians 255

ones) or of clayey sands. T h ey are d istinguished by a considerable a ir

capacity and re la tiv e ly good p erm eab ility . The deluvial ren d zin as on th e

o th e r han d show m o stly fa irly h e av y m ech anical com position, high g e­

n e ra l porosity, v e ry low a ir cap acity and v e ry sm all perm eab ility .

C arbo nate soils form ed fro m C a rp a th ian F lysch contain m u ch m o re

availab le phosp h o rus a n d po tassiu m for p lan ts th a n bro w n soils form ed

fro m th e sam e rocks [3]. H um us c o n te n t in flysch ren d zin as is conside­

ra b le an d u su ally h ig h er th a n in b ro w n soils. F lysch rendzinas contain

fa irly high am o unts of calcium carbonate, reach in g fre q u e n tly 40% , on

an av erage

% . R eaction of flysch ren d zinas is in m ost cases slig h tly

basic, w h e re as b ro w n soils occuring in a com plex w ith ren d zinas show

acid or slig h tly acid reactio n. C arb o nate soils have good g ra n u la r stru c tu re ,

th e y are re s is ta n t to p u lv eriza tio n an d th u s are exposed to a con siderably

w eak er erosion th a n b ro w n soils u n d e r th e sam e physio grap h ic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

T he field in vestigation s an d an a ly tic a l d ata allow to d raw follow ing

conclusions:

1. A rg illaceo u s-m arly shales are m ost fre q u e n tly , and m a rly and

calcareous sandstones m o re ra re ly , th e p a re n t m a te ria l from w hich flysch

ren d zin as a re form ed.

2

. F lysch ren d zin as on th e te r r a in in v estig a ted occur in com plexes

w ith b ro w n soils.

3. R endzinas a p p e ar as a ru le on steep slopes o r hill tops, m ost of

th em u n d e r cultivation.

4. M ajor areas of ren d zin a soils w ere found in regions of lan d slide

o ccurrence, p a rtic u la rly on slopes.

REFERENCES

[1] D o b r z a ń s k i В.: The occurrence of rendzinas on Carpathian Flysch rocks. Ann. Univ. Maria C urie-Skłodow ska, sec. E. vol. V, Lublin 1950.

[2] D o b r z a ń s k i В.: Influence of rock deposition of the Carpathian Flysch on soil properties. Roczn. Glebozn. vol. II, Warszawa 1952.

[3] D o b r z a ń s k i В., P o m i a n J.: The content of phosphorus and potassium easily available to plants in the soils of the Rzeszów D istrict. Ann. Univ. Maria C urie-Skłodowska, sec. E, vol. XII, Lublin 1958.

[4] G enetic C lassification of Soils in Poland. I l l Ed. Roczn. Glebozn., vol. VIII, Nr. 2, Warszawa 1959.

[5] R e n i g e r A.: Soil surface run off on cultivated slopes. Erosion types. Roczn. Nauk Roln., vol. LXXI, W arszawa 1955.

[6] § w i d z i ń s k i H.: Geological investigations in the region of Rymanów. Spra­ wozdanie PIG, vol. V, Warszawa 1929.

[7] W d o w i a r z J.: Geological structure of the Carpathians in the region of D u ­ biecko and Krzywcza near Przem yśl. PIG, B iuletyn 33, Warszawa 1948.

256 J. Pomian

J. P O M I A N

ERSCHEINUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE VON RENDSINABÖDEN IM GEBIET DER FLYSCHKARPATEN

L e h r s t u h l f ü r B o d e n k u n d e U n i v e r s i t ä t M a r ie C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k a in L u b l i n

Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g

Es wurden Untersuchungen über den E influss von Reliefform en, Erosion, Sch ich ­ tenverlagerung und Natur des M uttexgesteins selbst auf die Erscheinung von F lys- chrendsinen im östlichen Gebiet des K arpatenvorlandes (Pogórze Karpackie) durch­ geführt.

Auf Grund der Forschungen im Gelände und der Laborbefunde wird festgestellt, dass vor allem Ton- und M ergelschiefer, seltener M ergel- und Kalkasandstein, als M uttergestein zur E ntstehung von Karbonatböden befunden worden sind.

Flyschrendsinaböden treten in Verbindung m it Braunerden auf, an Steilhängen oder Terrainkulm inationen, die oft unter Ackerbau stehen. D ies steigert die Erosion und trägt som it in hohem Grade zur Entstehung von Rendsinaböden bei.

In Gebieten wo Erdrutsche auftreten, insbesondere an Hängen, werden auch bedeutende R endsinaflächen festgestellt. V ereinzelt befand man kleine R endsina- flecken auch unter Forstkulturen.

D ie aus K arpatenflysch gebildeten Karbonatböden sind als braune Rendsina bezeichnet worden. D ie w eitere Einteilung der R endsinaböden beruht auf den petro- graphischen Charakter des G esteins und der Verlagerungsart dieser Böden.

Die aus Ton- und M ergelschiefern gebildeten Rendsinaböden sind m itteltief und haben eine m echanische Struktur, die jener der leichten Lehmböden ähnelt. D iese Böden sind durch ihre stabile körnige Struktur, ihren bedeutenden H um us­ gehalt sow ie ihren für Pflanzen leicht assim ilierbaren Phosphor- und K aligehalt gekennzeichnet.

J . P O M I A N

CONDITIONS DE LA PRÉSENCE DE SOLS DE RENDZINE SUR LES TERRAINS DÉ FLYSCH DES KARPATES

L a C h a i r d e P e d o l o g i e d e l ’U n i v e r s i t é d e M a r ie C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k a à L u b l i n

R é s u m é

Des études sur l ’influence du relief du terrain, de l’érosion ainsi que de la stratification et du caractère de la roche-m ère elle-m êm e, sur la présence de sols de rendzine de flysch, ont été effectuées sur les terrains de la partie Est du Pogórze Karpackie (avant-m onts des Karpates).

Sur la base de ces recherches sur le terrain et d’analyses faites en laboratoire, on est am ené à constater que la roche-m ère qui produit des sols carbonates se com ­ pose le plus souvent de schistes argileux et m arneux, plus rarem ent de grès m ar­ neux et calcaires.

Les rendzines de flysch apparaissent en com plexe avec des sols bruns sur des versants raides ou sur les points culm inants du terrain qui se trouvent souvent en

Rendzina occurrence in the Flysch Carpathians 257

exploitation agricole. De ce fait, l ’érosion s ’accroît, ce qui contribue en une m esure considérable à la form ation de sols de rendzine.

D ’im portantes superficies de rendzine ont été observées dans les régions où il y a des éboulem ents et en particulier, des éboulem ents de versants. Parfois, des plaques peu im portantes de rendzines ont été trouvées portant une couverture fo ­ restière exploitée.

Les sols carbonates produits du flysch karpatique ont été classifiés comme sols de rendzine bruns. La classification suivante des rendzines repose sur les caractères pétrographiques des roches et sur les types de la position de ces sols.

Les rendzines form ées de schistes argileux et m arneux sont le plus souvent des sols à structure m écanique argileuse, d’une profondeur moyenne. Les sols carbonates produits de grès m arneux et calcaires sont d’ordinaire des sols peu épais à structure m écanique d’argiles légères. Ces sols sont caractérisés par leur structure granulaire stable ainsi que par leur teneur im portante en humus et en phosphore et potasse facilem ent assim ilables par la végétation.

J . P O M I A N

WARUNKI WYSTĘPOWANIA RĘDZIN W TERENIE KARPAT FLISZOWYCH

K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a , W y d z i a ł B i o l o g i i i N a u k o Z i e m i U n i w e r s y t e t u M . C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k i e j , L u b l i n

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Badania nad w pływ em rzeźby terenu, erozji, układu w arstw oraz charakteru samej skały m acierzystej, na w ystępow anie rędzin fliszowych, przeprowadzono na terenie w schodniej części Pogórza Karpackiego.

Na podstaw ie badań terenow ych i laboratoryjnych należy stwierdzić, że skałą m acierzystą, z której powstają gleby w ęglanow e, są najczęściej łupki ilasto m argliste, rzadziej piaskow ce m argliste i w apniste.

Rędziny fliszow e w ystępują w kom pleksie z glebam i brunatnym i na stromych zboczach lub kulm inacjach terenow ych, znajdujących się często pod uprawą, która zw iększa erozję, a tym sam ym w dużym stopniu przyczynia się do powstaw ania rędzin.

Znaczne powierzchnie rędzin spotykano w rejonach w ystępow ania osuwisk, szczególnie osuwisk zboczowych. Sporadycznie spotykano n iew ielkie płaty rędzin pod użytkam i leśnym i.

Gleby w ęglanow e wytw orzone z fliszu karpackiego zaliczono do rędzin brunat­ nych. Dalszy podział rędzin oparto na petrograficznym charakterze skał oraz spo­ sobie zalegania tych gleb.

Rędziny w ytw orzone z łupków ilasto-m arglistych. to najczęściej gleby średnio głębokie, o składzie m echanicznym ilastym . Gleby w ęglanow e w ytw orzone z piasków m arglistych i w apnistych są z reguły glebam i płytkim i, o składzie mechanicznym lekkich glin. Rędziny fliszow e charakteryzują się trwałą strukturą ziarnistą, znaczną zawartością próchnicy oraz łatw o dostępnego dla roślin fosforu i potasu.

258 J. Pomian

ю. помян