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Materials: On their way to equilibrium

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26 mei 2010

Materials: on their way to equilibrium

The materials scientist as equilibrist

prof.dr.ir. Jilt Sietsma

(2)

26 mei 2010

Equilibrium,

a positive notion

Rest

Stability

Resistant to disturbance

Balanced

(3)

26 mei 2010

labile

stable

Equilibrium:

net force zero

(4)

26 mei 2010

In a material:

binding energy between atoms

binding

energy

(5)

26 mei 2010

structure

atomic

METALS

STRUCTURE

0,5 nm

(6)

26 mei 2010

PROCESS

PROPER-TIES

STRUCTURE

(7)

26 mei 2010

TS

H

G

1

2

H

(enthalpy)  ORDER

S

(entropy)  DISORDER

temperature

Gibbs free energy

(8)

26 mei 2010

Equilibrium in materials

=

minimum Gibbs free energy

G

TS

H

(9)

26 mei 2010

G

T

water

ice

0ºC

273 K

H

2

O

TS

H

G

(10)

26 mei 2010

G

T

austenite

ferrite

912ºC

1185 K

Fe

(11)

26 mei 2010

G

T

austenite

ferrite

730-912ºC

Fe-C

G

ST

EE

L

(12)

26 mei 2010

G

T

austenite

ferrite

730-912ºC

G

ST

EE

L

Fe-C

austenite

Fe

3

C

carbon content

ferrite

(13)

26 mei 2010

G

austenite

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

Fe-C

G

ST

EE

L

T

(14)

26 mei 2010

KINETICS: reaching equilibrium requires time

(and that is a good thing too)

(15)

26 mei 2010

ijs

water

Atoms must change

their position in order

to change the

structure

(16)
(17)

26 mei 2010

T

austenite

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

G

ST

EE

L

(18)

26 mei 2010

austenite

G

ST

EE

L

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

(19)

26 mei 2010

T

austenite

G

ST

EE

L

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

(20)

26 mei 2010

austenite

G

ST

EE

L

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

(21)

26 mei 2010

martensite

bainite

1 m

1 m

Microstructures

1 m

40 m

ferrite

+Fe

3

C

(22)

26 mei 2010

equili-brium

kine-tics

(23)

26 mei 2010

Quenching & Partitioning

TM

UM

RA

1

m

2

m

Maria Santofimia, Lie Zhao

temperature

time

800ºC

200ºC

(24)
(25)

26 mei 2010

Roumen Petrov, Leo Kestens

Texture:

(26)

26 mei 2010

Titanium

4,3% Fe

6,7% Mo

(27)

26 mei 2010

Diffraction experiments at the ESRF synchrotron, Grenoble

(28)

26 mei 2010

Hemant Sharma, Gözde Dere, Erik Offerman

Experimental

(29)

26 mei 2010

(30)
(31)

26 mei 2010

G

Q

au

st

en

ite

fe

rrit

e

(32)

26 mei 2010

PROCESS

(33)

26 mei 2010

MATERIALS SCIENCE

DESIGN

1893

Thomas Edison Company

m

ak

(34)

26 mei 2010

materials science

design

(35)

26 mei 2010

materials science

design

understanding

applying

(36)

26 mei 2010

under-standing

make

applicable

(37)
(38)

26 mei 2010

radiation

high

corrosion

fatigue

low temperature

Extreme conditions

(39)
(40)
(41)

26 mei 2010

metals that are becoming scarcer

(42)

26 mei 2010

A.M. Diederen (TNO)

Metal minerals scarcity: a call for managed austerity and the elements of

hope, 2009

ye

ar

s

(43)

26 mei 2010

A.M. Diederen (TNO), 2009

nickel

tin

zinc

ye

ar

s

(44)
(45)

26 mei 2010

A.M. Diederen (TNO), 2009

• Increase of world population

• increase of prosperity (China, India, …)

• mining: economics

• mining: energy

ye

ar

s

elements

(46)

26 mei 2010

energy use and materials use

(47)

26 mei 2010

There’s no reason to panic, but

there’s every reason to be smart

and serious

David Sandalow

assistant secretary, Dept. of Energy

(USA)

(48)

26 mei 2010

Optimalise the use of materials

Design

for

materials use

Increase

durability

Use of

alloying

elements

Use

less

(49)

26 mei 2010

use

availa-bility

(50)

26 mei 2010

Arie van den Beukel

Sieb Radelaar

Barend Thijsse

(51)

Cytaty

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