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COJir AHMK(MocKea)
Ecmi: B Teopmi: ,[IJIXOTOMl1.SI «H3b!K - peąb» y no,uaBJUIIOll{ero 60JihlUHHCTBa JIHHrBHCTOB He Bhl3bIBaeT COMHeHHH, TO Ha npaKTHKe pa3rpaHHąeHHe H3bIKOBOro H peąeBoro conpH)l{eHO co 3HaąHTeJibHh!MH Tpy,uHOCTHMH. KaK COOTHeCeHbl H3b!K H peąb B KOHKpeTHOM TeKCTe? qTO B HeM OT H3b!Ka H ąTo OT peąH? KaK e,uHHHQhI H3hIK a TpaHccjlopMHPYIOTCH B peąeBb1e? KaK npOHCXO,ll;HT npoQecc o6pa30BaHHH peąH? 3TH BOnpOChl npe,ll;CTaBJIHIOTCH BeCbMa aKTyanbHhIMH, HO HenerKHMH. IlonhITaeMCH XOTH 6bI npH6JIH3HTbCH K HX pelUeHHIO.
JlHTepaTypa, nOCBHll{eHHaH npo6neMe «H3bIK - peąb», orpOMHa, npaKTHąeCKH He0603pHMa. KocHeMCH caMhIX o6ll{HX TeopeTHąeCKHX acneK TOB, Heo6xo,ll;HMhlX AJIH KOHKpeTHoro aHaJIH3a TeKCTOB, ąT06hI OTBe- THTh Ha nocTaBneHHhie Bhlllle BonpOCbl.
Ey,11;eM HCXO,UHTb H3 o6menpHHHThIX noJIO)KeHHW. Pe% - 3TO H3b!K B ,11;elłCTBHH, <PYHKQHOHHpyIOll{HH H3h!K. 5I3b!K H pe% npe,ll;CTaBJIHIOT co6olł QeJIOCTHOe HBJieHHe, Hepa3pbIBHOe e,ll;HHCTBO.
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3TOM e,ll;HHCTBe H3h!K (H3bIKOBaH CHCTeMa) 3aKJJIOąaeT B ce6e ecTeCTBeHHO CJIO)KHBlUHWCH KO.U o6memrn, peąb - peaJIH3aQHIO, npHMeHeHHe 3Toro Ko,ua B npoQecce 06ll{eHHH. POJib Ka)l{,ll;OH H3 COCTaBJIHIOll{HX peąeH3hIKOBOro e,ll;HHCTBa HeO,ll;H HaKOBa. Ilo3TOMY HapHAY c TpaAHQHOHHO H3yąaeMolł JIHHrBHCTHKolł H3hIKa cpopM.11pyeTCH He MeHee KpynHoe HanpaBJieH.He - JI.HHrB.HCT.HKa peąH, peąeBe,ueH.He (TepMHH, BBe,ueHHhIH Maprap.11Tolł HHKorraeBttolł Ko)l{HHOlł). Oco6oe 3HaąeH.He MH CTaHOBJieHHH 3TOW ,11;.HCQ.HTTJIHHhl, ,ll;OKa3aTeJihCTBa OTHOC.HTeJibHOH ee caMOCTOHTeJihHOCTH HMena H,ll;eH, BbICKa3aHHaH npocp .Stylistyka XIV
M.H. Ko)l(HHOH H pa3BHTaH B QerroM pH,ne cpyH,naMeHTaJibHbIX pa6oT (KO)l(HHa
1 969; 1 972; 2003):
«Pe'-!eBaSI CHCTeMH0CTb cpyHKQHOHaJibH0ro CTHJISI - 3T0 83QUMOC8Jl3b p83Hoyp0BHeBblX Sl3hrK0BhlX H TeKCT0BhlX e.D:HHHQ B KOHKpeTHOH pe'-!eBOH pa3H0BH.D:H0CTH, 0CH0BaHHaSI Ha BhlnOJlHeHHH e,nHHOH KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH QellH H 06w.e11 cpyHKQHH, o6ycnOBJleHHaH 3KCTpa JIHHrBHCTH'-leCKOH 683011 3TOH p83H0BHJl:H0CTH, npe)l(,ne Bcero H83Ha'-!eHHeM B o6w.ecTBe COOTBeTCTBYlOW.eH cpopMbl o6w.ecTBeHHOro C03HaHHH (HayKH, HCKYCCTBa, npaBa H T.Jl:.) (KO)l(HHa2003: 347).
l1TaK, pe'-!b He T0JlbK0 pearrHJyeT, B0nrrow.aeT Sl3bIK, HO J,! o6rra,naeT co6CTBeHHOH CHCTeMH0CTblO, OTJIH'-IHOH OT H3b!KOBOH, '-!TO Tpe6yeT oco6oro no,nxo,na K HCCJie,noBaHHlO pe'-IH, cneQHaJlbHhlX MeTO.D:0B H3y'-leHHH. O,nHaK0 TaK11e MeT0Jl:hl ell.\e He ccpopMHpOBaJlHCb, TaK KaK 0TCYTCTByeT 0T'-!eTllHB0e npe,ncTaBneHHe o TOM, '-!TO TaK0e pe'-lb B peanhH0CTH -B npoQecce nHCbMa, roBopeHHSI H T.Jl:.
Kor.na Mhl roB0pHM O pe'-111, Ba)l(HQ BhlHCHHTb Te ee CBOHCTBa, K0T0pb!e ,nerraIOT ee 0TH0CHTeJlbH0 caM0CT0SITeJTbHblM HBJTeHHeM. O6bitfHO B Ka'-!eCTBe Ba)l(Hei1rnero cneQHq>H'-leCKoro npH3HaKa pe'-IH Ha3h!Bal0T HH.D:HBH.D:Y arrhH0CTb . .D:ei-1:CTBHTellbHO, Ka)l(Jl:hlH H0Cl1Tellb H3h!Ka, Bbipa)l(aH CBOH Mh1Clll1 H '-IYBCTBa, HHJl:HBH,nyarrhHO HCn0JTb3yeT Sl3h!K0BYIO CHCTeMy. CTPeMJTeHHe K HH.D:HBH,nyanl138QHH pe'-!H - rny6HHHaH noTpe6HOCTb o6w.ecTBa H 0T ,neJlbH0ro '-!enoBeKa. I1oKa cyll.\ecrnyeT '-!enoBetfecrno, 6y,neT )l(HTh H MHp HBneHHH 11 '-IYBCTB, K0T0pble 0CTalOTCSI He Bblpa)l(eHHblMH B CJl0Be, ecITH BepH0e CIT0B0 He Hai-1:,neHO» (MaHH
1 960: t. 9, 48).
O,nHaKO HHJl:HBH,nyanhH0CTh pe'-IH no,npa3yMeBaeT He T0IThK0 CBoeo-6pa3He, HO H THnM3aQHlO.
BepHO, '-!TO '-!eIT0BeK HHJl:11B11.D:YaJibH0 Hcn0ITh3yeT CHCTeMy Sl3h!Ka. Ho Mepa 3TOH HHJl:HBH,nyanbHOCTH BeCbMa 0TH0CHTeITbHa, 3aBHCHT OT MH0rHX cpaKTOpOB. Be,nh H caMH Mh!CITl1, '-IYBCTBa JIIO.D:eH CX0)1(11 HMelOT MH0ro 061.J..\ero (a6conroTHOe CBOeo6pa3He BPSl.!l: ITH B03M0)1(H0). I103TOMY caM0 HH.D:HBH,nyanhH0e co,nep)l(HT B ce6e o6w.ee, MaCCOBHJl:H0e. Ha ,nonro HHJl:HBH,nyanhH0ro np11XOJl:SITCSI OTTeHKH '-IYBCTB, aKQeHTbl B H3ITO)l(eHHH Mh!Cnei-1: H T.n.
KoMMYHHKaQHH ycneurno ocyw.ecTBnHeTcH npe)l(,ne Bcero 6naro.napH TOMY, '-!TO y rOBOpHW.ero (nmuy�ero) 11 a.npecaTa eCTb He T0IThKO q>OHJl: 061.J..\HX 3HaHHH H npe,ncTaBJleHHH o HeKOTOpOM cpparMeHTe ,neMCTBHTenb H0CTH, o K0TOp0M ,nenaeTCH coo6w.eHHe, HO H 061.J..\HH q>OH.D: Bblpa)l(eHHM, KOTOpb!M TT0ITh3yeTCH roBOPHW.HH H KOTOpb!H Jl:OIT)l(eH 6h!Th TT0HSITeH
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a,lij)eCaTy (crryrnaIOI..QeMy). Pe'-łh cpyHI<l(HOHHpyeT B K0JIJieKTHBe H cne,uyeT ero Tpa,D;HIJ;HlIM. llo3TOMY Mepa HH)];HBH,D;yaJibH0CTH, BO BClIJ<0M crrriae .llJllI MH0rHX BH.U0B peą11, ,U0B0JibH0 HH3Ka.
f
naBHalI )l(e TeH,n;eHL(Hll pe'łH 3aKmoąaeTCll B THnH3al(HH pe'łeBb!X llBJieHHH )];Jill 0Tpa)l(eHHll Tex HJIH HHblX cpparMeHTOB .uettCTBHTeJibHOCTH, )J.Jlll Bbin0JIHeHHll Tex HJIH HHbIX cpyHI<l(HH, )J.Jl ll cp o p M H p O B a H H ll CTHJi e H . Ii M eH H O cn a 6 a ll TH TT H 3 a l( H ll p e 'ł H no.upa3yMeBaeTCll B Hepe)J.KHX ceTOBaHHllX n03TOB, nHCaTeJieH H a Hepa3pa-6oTaHHOCTb ll3bIJ<a, HanpHMep:[ . . . ] HO y'łeHOCTb, ITOJil1T11Ka 11qi11nocoqim1 eme no-pyCCKH He H3b.HCH.HJil1Cb; MeTaQJ11311'IecKoro H3bIKa y Hac BOBce He cymecrnyeT; npo3a Hawa T_ai< eme Mano o6pa6oTaHa, 'łTO .u.a)l(e B npOCTOH nepen11cKe Mbl npHHY)l(,!1.eHbl CO3,!l.aBaTb o6opOTbl CJIOB ,li.Jl.ff 113b.HCHeHml ITOH.HTl1H caMblX 06bJKHOBeHHbIX; 11 neHOCTb Hawa OXOTHO Bblpa)l(aeTC.H Ha .H3bJKe 'łY)l(OM, KOero MeXaHH'łeCKHe Q)OpMbl .u.aBHO y)l(e roTOBbJ 11 BCeM H3BeCTHbJ (llywKHH
1955: XI, 21).
Peqb COL(HaJibHa no CBOett npHpo.ue, KaK H ll3bIK. IiH,UHBH)J.YaJibHOCTb xapaKTep113yeT cnoco6, xapaKTep HCTTOJih30BaHHll pe'łH, CJIY)l(HT Ba)l(HblM CTHMYJIOM ee pa3BHTHll, HO He COCTaBmieT ee CYI..QHOCTb. llocne)J.Hllll )l(e npe.un onar aeT HCKOTOpo e e,!I.HHCTBO Bhlpa)l(CHHH AJill KOJIJICKTH B a roBOpllI..QHX. OTCIO,Ua H BbITeKaeT TCH)J.eHL(Hll K THTTH3al(HH.
B Ka)K)J.0M BH)J.e peq11 eCTb KOMTTOHeHTbl 061.QHe, Tpa,UHL(HOHHhle .llJIJI OTHOClll.QHXCll TeKCTOB, H KOMTTOHeHTbl, H3JiaraIOI..QHe H0BYIO MbICJib, H0BYIO HH<pOpMal(HIO, KOTOpb!e He M0ryT 6b!Tb ocpopMrreHbl CTaH)J.apTHO. THnH-3al(Hll oxBaThrnaeT npe)l(.ue Bcero ccpepb1 peą11, oTpa)KaIOI..QHe 06m11e, perynllpHbie, qacTOTHbIC, TTOBT0plllOI..QHeCll CHTyal(HH.
TaKHM o6pa30M, pe'łh B 11.uearre )J.OJI)l(Ha co.uep)KaTb THTTH3HpOBaHHbie 3JieMeHTbl, 0THOCllll.\HCCll K caMblM pa3H006pa3HbIM o6naCTllM COL(HaJibHOH )l(H3HH. EcnH 6paTb acneKT pa3BHTHll, cpopMHpOBaHHll peąH, TO rnaBHall ee TeH,UeHL(Hll - TeH)J.eHL(Hll K THTTH3al(HH, KOTOpOtt npOTHBOCT0HT TeH)J.eHL(HSI K HH)J.HBH)J.yanH3al(HH, YHHKaJibHOCTH. B3aHMO)J.ettCTBHe 3THX TeH)J.eHJ.J;HH H onpe.uerrSieT xapaKTep cpyHKUHOHHpOBaHHSI, pa3BHTHSI pe'łH. O.uttaKO rnaBHOH B 3T0M npouecce SIBJISieTCSI TeH)J.CHUHSI K THTTH3aQHH, YHH<pHKal(HH. B H0pMe TeKCT COCTOHT 113 CAHHHU, KOTOpble BOTTJIOII.\alOT B ce6e H SI3bJK, H peąb. O.uH aKO SI3bIKOBOe OKa3bIBaeTCSI Ba)l(Hbl M , HO H MTTJIHL(HTHbI M KOMTTOHeHTOM, a Bee TQ, ąTo HaXO)J.HTCSI Ha noBepXHOCTH, 3TO peąb, pe'łeBaSI
Stylistyka XIV
MaTep1-u1. KaK )l(e np011CXO,Al1T npeBpal.l.\eH11e 5l3bIKOBOH e,nl1Hl1l\bl B peąeByIO? KaKOB CTaTyc peąeBOH e,n:11Hl1�bl? KaKOBbl B11.D:bl peąeBblX e,nl1Hl1l(?
f'rraBHOe, ąTO npeBpa l.l.\aeT H3bIKOB YlO e,nl1Hl1l\Y B peąeByIO, - 3TO rreKc11ąecKoe HanorrHeH11e, pearr113y101.l.\ee B TOM 11rr11 11HO M TeKcTe oco6b1e, cnel(l1aJibHbie MH 3Toro TeKCTa noTeHL(l111 5l3bIKOBOH MO,nerr11. B03bMeM, K np11Mepy, cnoBocoąeTaH11e 3eJ1eHb1u Kycm, n ocTpoeHHoe no MO,Aen11 «Cyl.l.\eCTBl1TeJibHOe
+
cornacoBaHHOe C HHM np11naraTeJibHOe». 3Ta MO,neilb 11 MeeT TeopeT11ą eCKl1 6eCKOHeąHoe ( orp aH11 ą eHHOe Ill1Wb 3aKOHaM11 coąeTaeMOCT11) K On11ąeCTBO B ap11aHTOB neKc11ąeCKOro HanonHeHl15l (n). Jho6oe 3anorrHeH11e MO,nerr11 - 3TO BbI6op 113 n Bap11aHTOB. 5I3bTKOBaH 11 peąeBaH CTOpOHbl 3,D;eCh TeCHO nepenrreTeHbl, B3al1M03aB11Cl1Mbl. 5I3bIKOBaH e,Al1H11l(a (Mo,nenb) He MO)l(eT cyl.l.\eCTBOBaTb 6e3 neKCI1'-IeCKOrO HanonHeHl15l.11
QJYHKL(l10H11pOBaH11e rreKCl1Kl1 B CBOIO O'łepe,nb HeB03MO)l(H0 6e3 513bJKOBOH MO,nen11.Mo,n;enb OTKpbIBaeT MHoroo6pa3Hbie B03MO)l(HOCTl1 ee 3anonHeHl15l, HO pean113yeTcH n11U1b o,n:Ha . Tipo11cxo,n11T cn11HH11e, coe.n1rneH11e H3hIKOBOH cpopMbI 11 co.nep)l(aH11H (neKmąecKoro HanonHeH11H).
11
TaKl1M o6pa3oM ' nOHBil5leTCH e,n11HJ1l(a , B KOTOpOH 5l3blKOBOe Ha'łano yxo,n11T Brny6b, a Ha noBepxHOCTl1 ocTaeTCH neKc11ąecKoe HanonHeH11e. Bb16op nocne,n:Hero, 3aBl1C5ll.l.\11H OT MHOrl1X cpaKTOpOB, 11 eCTb np0113B0.D:CTBO pe'łeBOH e,n11Hl1�bl. Peąb CTpeMl1TC51 K 11.n110MaT113al(l111 CBOl1X 3BeHbeB, T.e. K npeBpal.l.\eHl1lO 11X B roTOBbie cpe,nCTBa Bbipa)l(eHl151. OHa CTpeMl1TC51 3aKpenl1Tb BbI6paHHOe neKc11ąecKoe HanonHeH11e Mo,u.en11, T11n11311poBaTb ero (np11cnoco611Tb K ynoTp e6neH11IO B O MHor11 x aHanor 11 '-I HbIX cny ą a H x ) . T eH,u.eHl\ 11 51 K orpaH11ąeH11IO KOn11ąeCTBa peąeBblX e,U.11Hl1l( MH TOH 11Jil1 11HOH c11Tyal(1111, Ha11MeHOBaHJ151 npe,u.MeTa 11 T.n . , IlO-B11,lJ.11MOMY, CBH3aHa C orpaH11ąeHHbI Ml1 B03MO)l(HOCTHMl1 onepaTl1BHOH naM5lTl1 ąenoBeKa. K.11. qyKOBCKl1H ceTOBan Ha TO , ąTo y nepeBo,u.ą11KOB «HJ11.l.\eHcK11 y6or1111 cnoBapb». Xy.noro ąenoBeKa 0Hl1 Ha30BYT TOilbKO XY.lJ.blM, HO He xy.u.ol.l.\aBbIM, cyxonapbIM , Tl.l.\e.nywHhIM , w.ynilhIM , TOW.HM (qyKOBCKl1H1964: 88).
MO)l(HO nonaraTb, ąTo O.U.Ha 113 np11ą1,rn TaKOro Il0il0)l(eHl15l - ,neHCTBl1e 3aKOHa Tl1TTl13al(l111, CTpeMnett11e orpaH11ą11Tb KOJrnqecTBO Bap11aHT0B e,U.11HCTBeHHbIM.qTO )l(e npe,u.cTaBnHeT co6oi1 Tl1TTl1311pOBaHHblH 3IleMeHT' rOT0B0e cpe.u. CTB0, e,U.11Hl1l(a peą11?
TaK, 113BeCTH0e 113 KaKoro-n1160 TeKCTa Bbipa)l(eH11e, Hanp11Mep 3e/le/iblU Kycm, 6y,neT TeCH0 np11BH3aHO K 3T0MY TeKCTY 11 K OT06pa)l(aeMOH M M Cl1Tyal(l111.
11
MH ,u.aHHoro TeKCTa 3TO Bblpa)l(eH11e HBnHeTCH YHl1KanbHb! M .O munU3atfuu KaK Ba:JICHeuweM
. . .
rPHfOPHH 51.COJJrAHHK Otto ,n:aeT TO•rnoe, paC'-!JieHeHHOe Ha11MeHOBatt11e .SIBJieHl1.H 11 B 3TOM CMbICJie He3aMeHl1MO. BblpBaHHOe )l(e 113 KOHTeKCTa, OHO Tep.HeT ceMaHTl1'-!eCKl1e CB.H311, np11cyw.11e eMy B TeKCTe, H OKa3bIBaeTC.H HecaMOCTO.HTeJibHbIM, 1130JI11pOBaHHblM B CMblCJIOBOM OTHOWeHl111.
CpaBHl1M, c ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, Bb1pa)l(em1e 3eneHb1e Haca:>1Ci:Jemm, KOTopoe He Hy)l(,n;aeTC.H B pacKpbITl111 CBoero 3Ha'-leHl1.H B KOHTeKCTe, 11MeeT TO'-IHO onpe,n;errettttoe 3Ha'-!ett11e 11 MO)l(eT 6bITh ynoTpe6netto B mo6oM TeKcTe. Otto caMOJ:(OCTaTO'-IHO B OTJil1'-111e OT Bbipa)l(eHl1.H 3eneHblU Kycm. Ecn11 nocrre,n;Hee Bblpa)l(ett11e 3aKpenrreHO 3a TeKCTOM, B KOTOpOM OHO ynoTpe6rreHO, TO nepBoe (3eneHble HaCa:JICOemm) He HMeeT 3aKpenJieHHOCTl1, He 3aBHCl1T OT TeKCTa. 3To Bocnp0113BOJ:(11Mbl H, rOTOBbIH o6opOT pe'-111. CrroBOCO'-leTaHl1e 3eneHblU Kycm np0113BOJ:(11MO, ITOTOMY '-!TO Mbl Bb1611paeM B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT 3KCTpaJIMHrBMCTl1'-leCKHX npM'-111H (c1,nyaQ1rn) 11 cyw.ecTBl1TeJibHOe (Kycm, 3a6op, MOCm M T.n.), M npMrraraTeJibHOe (3eJleHblU, MOnoi:Jou M T.n.).
A
CJIOBOC0'-1eTaH11e 3eneHble HaCa:JICOeHUJl BocnpOM3BOJ:(MMO, TaK KaK peryrr.HpHO MCTTOJTb3yeTC.H J:(JI.H HaMMeHOBaHM.H COOTBeTCTBYIOI.Qero .HBJieHM.H. EcTb cyw.ecTBeHHOe pa3Jil1'-1Me Me)l(,n;y Bb!pa)l(eHl1.HMM 3eJleHblU Kycm M 3eneH.ble HaCa:JICOeH.UR M C TO'-IKM 3peH1rn CB.H311 .H3b!KOBOH qiopMbl (Mo,n;err11) M co,n;ep)l(aHM.H (rreKc11'-!eCKoro ttanorrHett11.H). B Bb1pa)l(eH11.Hx nepBoro THna CB.H3b ITOJ:(BM)l(Ha, npo3pa'-1Ha, T.e. OITMpaeTC.H Ha onpe,n;erreHHYIO CMTyaQMIO (HanpMMep, 3erreHbIH KYCT cpe,n:11 )l(eJITbIX). Bo BTOpOM crry'-!ae CB.H3b HaCTOJibKO TeCHa, '-!TO Bbipa)l(eHJ,le BOCTTp11HMMaeTC.H KaK e,n;irnoe, HepaC'-!Jie HeHHOe.TaKMM o6pa30M, Heo6xo,n;MMO BbIJ:(eJI.HTb B pe'111 J:(Ba Tl1na e)J.MHMQ -TMITM3MpOBaHHbie BOCITp0113 BO)J.11Mble (KaK 3eJleH.ble H.aca:JICOeHUR) M TMTTM3MpoBaHHbie npOM3BOJ:(MMbie (KaK 3eneHblU Kycm).
TMTTM3MpOBaHHbie pe'-leBhie e)J.MHMQbl TTO.HBJI.HIOTC.H no.n; BJIM.HHMeM BHellIHMX _o6CTO.HTeJibCTB J:(JI.H Ha11MeHOBaHirn, OT06pa)l(eHM.H peryrr.HpHO ITOBTOp.HIOUJ.11XC.H, '-!aCTOTHbIX CMTyaQMH MJIM MX qiparMeHTOB. HeKOTOpble pe'-leBbie e,n;MHMQbl, HaM6orree 3q>q>eKTMBHO Bb!ITOJIH.HIOW.Me npMCYW.YIO MM q>yHKQMIO, npowe,n;wMe COOTBeTCTBYIOUJ.MH OT6op, Ha'-IMHaIOT ynoTpe-6JI.HTbC.H B e)J.MHCTBeHHOM BapMaHTe (c onpe.n.erreHHhlM rreKCM'-leCKMM HanorrHeHMeM) KaK rOTOBbIH 3JieMeHT, <<KMpITM'-IMK» pe'-111.
H
B 3TOM crry'-!ae npOMCXO)J.MT cpacTaHMe rreKCl1'-!eCKOro HanorrHeHMSI C Sl3b!KOBOH MO,n;eJiblO, npOM3BO)J.MMaSI e.n;MHMQa CTaHOBMTCSI BOCnpOM3BOJ:(MMOH. TaKMM o6pa30M, CTaTyc pe'-!eBOH e,n;MHMQbl onpe.n.errsieTC.H CTeneHblO CJTMTHOCTM Sl3b!KOBOH MO)J.eJIM C rreKCM'-leCKMM HanorrHeH11eM.-Stylistyka XIV
B
38BHCHMOCTJ,f OT B11)].8 pe'-łH H ee H83H8'-łeHH.SI nocne}].H.SI.SI HY)K}].8eTC.SI B p83HOro pO}].a pe'-łeBbIX e}].HHHU,ax.B
xy}].O)KeCTBeHHbIX TeKCTax, HeKOTOpbIX )K8Hpax ny6nHQHCTHKH HY)KHbl no npeHMymecrny np0113BO}].HMbie pe'-łeBbie e}].HHHU,bl , npHB.Sl38HHb!e K }].8HHOMY, KOHKpeTHOMY TeKCTY, 0Tp8)1(8l01.l\He HH}].HBH}].yanbHOe, KOHKpeTHOe, e}].HHH'-łHOe. Ha30BeM TaKHe e}].HHHU,blpe'łeBLIMH CO'łeTaHHRMH.
TeKCTbl , 0Tp8)K8l01.l\He CHTyau,HH nOBTOpsnomHeC.SI, peryn.SipHbie, '-ł8CTO THble, Hy)K}].8lOTC.SI B THTIH3Hp0B8HHblX e}].HHHU,ax, 38KpenneHHblX He 38 KOHKpeTHbIM TeKCTOM, a 38 COBOKYTIHOCTblO 0}].HOTHTIHbIX TeKCTOB, Hepe}].KO 38 )K8Hp O M . Ha30BeM T8 KHe e}].H HH U,bl peąeBhlMH o6opoTaMH. OHH CT8HOB.SITC.SI nocTO.SIHHb!MJ,f cnaraeMb!MJ,f }].n.SI pe'-łeBoro ocpopMneHH.SI 0}].HOTHTIHblX CHTyau,HH. rnaBHOe HX Ha3H8'-łeHHe - nOCTpOeHHe pe'-łH.
Jil}].eanhHbIM npe}].CT8BHTeneM pe'-łeBbIX o6opOTOB .SIBmllOTC.SI cppa3eono rH3Mbl (BKJilO'-ł8.SI CIO}].a acpop113Mbl, nocnOBHU,bl, noroBOpKH, Kpbi- naTbie CITOBa), M8HHcpecT11pyromHe Ha116onee xapaKTepHbie npH3HaKH pe'-łeBblX o6opOTOB - ycTOH'-łHBOCTb, BocnpOH3B0}].HMOCTb. qTO KacaeTC.SI o6pa3-HOCTH, TO :no He06.SI3aTenhHbIH npH3HaK cpp83eonorH3MOB. TaKHM o6pa30M, cpp83eonorH3Mbl opraHH'-łHO BKJilO'-ł8lOTC.SI B COCTaB pe'-łeBblX o6opOTOB KaK HX '-ł8CTb, BH}]..
O}].HaKo B .Sl3b!KOBOH peanbHOCTH, B pe'-łeBOH npaKTHKe cpp83eonorH3Mbl 3aHHMaIOT He CTOnb 6onhwoe MeCTO. Me)K}].y TeM pe'-łeBa.SI THTIH3aU,H.SI OXBaTbrnaeT Bee .Sl3blKOBOe npOCTp8HCTBO, He TOnbKO ero cppa3eonorHIO. Ecn11 oqepTHTb OCHOBHble ccpepbl 11 HanpaBneHH.SI THTIH38U,HH, TO OHH pacnpOCTpaH.SilOTC.SI npe)K}].e BCero Ha BblCKa3blB8HHe -OCH0BHYIO e,n;HHHU,Y pe'-łH. KaK noKa3brnaeT aHan113, (np11 3TOM Mhl on11paeMc.SI rnaBHhIM o6pa3oM Ha MaTep11an K H HrH (ConraHHK 2004), THTIH3HpyIOTC.SI npe)K}].e BCero CTpYKTYPHhie 3BeHb.SI BblCKa3b!BaHH.SI: cy6oeKT, npe}].HKaT, o6'beKT (}].onon HeHHe, o6CTO.SITenbCTBO). 11 3TO ecTeCTBeHHO: pe'-łb COCTOHT 113 BblCKa-3 blBaHHH. THnHBblCKa-3aU,H.SI HX COCTaBHbIX '-łaCTeH 11 COCTaBn.SieT npou,ecc peąeo6p83oBaHH.SI, o6nerqaeT 06mett11e 6naro}].ap.SI no.SisneHHIO roTOBhIX cpopM pe'-łH.
THnH3aU,H.SI cy6oeKTa BbICKa3b!BaHHSI BeCbMa np0AYKTHBHa B ny6n11-U,HCTHKe, ttanpHMep: aBmop (noeecmu, cUMqJOHuu, npoeKma, cmambu, neu-3a:m:eu, naMRmHUKa, nUCbMa, KOHCmpyK11uu). B CO'-łeTaHHH C Ha3BaHHeM npOH3Be}].eHH.SI HCnOnb3yeTC.SI KaK OTIHCaTenbHOe Bbipa)KeHHe BMeCTO HMeHH TIHCaTen.SI, KOTOpOMY npHHa}].ne)KHT npOH3Be}].eHHe (aemop Ee2eHUR 0He2uHa, aemop EpambeB KapaMa30BblX, aemop jJoH Kuxoma). Cp. TaK)Ke pe'-łeBoH
0 muml3G1,f,UU KaK 8Q:>łCHeULUeM
. . .
fPlffOPl111 51.COJlfAHl1K
o6opoT aemop 3mux cmpoK, np113B8HHhIH 3aMemITb ;rnąHoe MecT011MeH11e Jl.
Ao6oKam (aoe0Kamb1 UMnepuMUJMa, aoeoKambl XOJIOOHOU BOUHbl, aoeoKambt
MOHOnOJlUU). AKyllbl (611p)KeBbie aKyJibl, aKyJibl nepa, aKyJibl 6113Heca,
onaCHbie yronoBHhie aKyJibI). Anocmoll (anocmoll Mupa, anocmoll oo6pa,
anocmoll ucmuHbl, anocmo/l HeJaeucUMocmu, anocmo/l pacUJMa). A
peonaz
(apeona2 npo</Jeccopoe, apeona2 KpumuKoe, J1umepamypHblU apeona2). Eella.JI.
60
poua. Bo
poua 6 1lll6llUHbUX ne
pbHX. Bnepei'JcM.om
pHw,uu (enepeocMompRUfUU
mexuu'ł.ecK020 npo2pecca). Om'laJl.llHaJI. zolloea. CeemllaH. zoll06a. 3eeJoa
(38e30bl 3CmpaObl, 38e30bl 60JlbLUOU nOllUmUKU, 38e30bl :>1cypHOJ1UCmUKU, 38e30a
3KpaHa, 38e30bl 60J1ema, waXMamHbte JeeJObz; cp. maK:>1ee: eocxoOJlUfaR. JeeJoa,
38e30a nep80U 8e/lU'ł.UHbl).
KaK noKa3bIBaeT aHaJil13 MaTep11ana (3TO B11.D;HO 11 113 np11Be,n;eHHblX
np11-Mep0B), cnel..(118JlbHOe peYeBoe ocpopMJieH11e TOJibKO cy6'beKTa BbIC
K83bIBaHl15l 38Hl1MaeT ,n;arreKO He caMoe Ba)KHOe MeCTO B npol..(ecce Tl1TTl1381..(1111
peą11. EbIJIO 6bI He3KOHOMHO Tl1TTl1311pOBaTb TOJibKO cy6'heKT peą11. MO)KHQ
T8K)Ke nonaraTb, YTO cy6'heKT - He caMaH rJiaBH85l 'I8CTb BbICK83bIB8Hl15l,
KOTOpoe MO)KeT o6XO,IJ;l1TbC5l 11 6e3 cy6'beKTa. Eonee xapaKTepHbl ,IJ;JIH
npol..(ecca T11n113al..(1111 ymrnepcaJibHbie peąesbre o6opoThI, KOTOpb1e MoryT
BbinOJIHHTb cpyHKl..(1111 11 cy6'beKTa, 11 npe,n;11KaTa, 11 urnpoKO nOHl1MaeMoro
06'beKTa, Hanp11Mep:
A
peua (apeHa 6opb6bz, apeHa co6b1muu, ape,w cxeamoK; J1umepamypHaR.
apeHa, Hay'ł.HaR. apeHa, ucmopu'ł.ecKaR. apeHa, MupoeaR. apeHa; Bbzumu Ha apeHy,
noReumbcJl Ha apeHe, yumu c apeHbl, ebzcmynumb Ha apeHe; apeHou KaKux-J1u60
oeucmeuu emalio KaKoe-J1u60 Mecmo, npeepamumb 1Jmo-nu60 e apeHy
KaKou-J1u60 oeJ1meJ1bHocmu). Apceullll (apceHOJl JHaHuu, apceHOJl omKpbzmuu,
apceHOJl ooKaJamellbcme, apceHOJl YllUK, apceHOJl 6opb6bz, apceHOJl npo2pecca,
apceHOJl nooaelleHUJl; uoeiiHbtu apceuOJI, no3mu1JecKuu apceHOJl, mexHu'ł.ecKuu
apceHOJl, aKmepcKuu apceHOJl, :J1CypHOJ1ucmcKuu apceHM; apceHOJl l/e20-J1u60
pacwupullcR; e ap ce Halle 1Je20-J1u60 ea:>1eHoe Me emo JaHuMaem . . . ;
ucnollb30Bamb 1Jmo-nu60 UJ ap ceHa/la . . . ) . Ea
po,ltemp (6ap oMemp
06U{ecmeeHH020 MHeHUR, 6apoMemp oceo6ooumellbHOU 6opb6bt; noJ1umu1JecKuu
6apoMemp, 3KOHOMU'ł.eCKUU 6apoMemp; cmpellKa noJ1umu'ł.ecK020 6apoMempa
CKJlOHJlemCJl K KaKOU-Jlu6o OmMemKe; cmoJ16UK 3KOHOMU'łeCK020 6apoMempa
npOOOJl:>łCaem naoamb; l/yecmeo xyoo:>łCHUKa
-
CaMblU eepHblU 6apoMemp).
Ellllaza11 (noJ1umu'ł.ecKuu 60J1a2aH, MunumapucmcKuu 6MazaH; 60J1azaH c
Bbz6opaMu; ycmpoumb 6aJ1a2aH). Eou (Knaccoebze 6ou, mpyoHbze 6ou;
6pocambCJl 8 6ou, 8800Umb 8 6ou, eecmu 6ou, ecmynamb 8 6ou, 8blOep:>1eamb
Stylistyka XIV
6ou, 8blU2pb18amb 6ou, OaBamb 6ou, 3ameBamb 6ou, 3a8J/.3bl8amb 6ou,
npuHUMamb 6ou, YKllOHRmbrn om 6oR; none 60J1., 6e3 6oR). E
peMR (6peMR
UHqJJlJ/.1,f.UU, 6peMR CJla8bl, 6peMR KOHKypeHLf.UU, 6peMR 3a6om; Ha.Jl02080e 6peMR,
qJUHaHCOBOe 6peMR, 3KOHOMU'-leCKOe 6peMR; 838a.JlUmb 6peMR '-le20-JlU6o Ha
K020-JlU6o, 803Jla2amb 6peM.R '-le20-nu60 Ha K020-Jlu6o, JlO:>ICUmbCR mR:>!CeJlblM
6peMeHeM Ha nne'-lu Ko20-nu60, Hecmu 6peMR T.Je20-nu60, nepeK11aob1Bamb 6peMR
'łe20-nu60 Ha (nne'-lu), c6pacb1Bamb 6pe.MR T.Je20-nu60 c nne'-l; noiJ 6peMeHeM
'-le20-nu60; 6peMR 1le20-nu60 CBaJIUJl'OCb Ha . . . ). E
yMe
pan2 (nonumu'-lecKuu
6yMepaH2; 3qJqJeKm 6yMepaHza; OKa3ambCR 6yMepaH20M, 8038paL4ambCR
6yMepaH20M; ('-Lmo-nu6o) iJeucmByem cnoBHO 6yMepaH2 (nooo6Ho
6yMepaH2y) ; 6umb 6yMepaH20M no KOMY-, '-leMy-nu6o). E
yp11
(
nonumu'łeCKGR
6ypR, co14uanb HaJ1. 6ypR, O'-lUCmumellbHGR 6ypR, BamomHaJ/. 6ypR,
peBOJl/01,f.UOHHafl. 6ypR; 6ypR 803MYU{eHUR, 6ypR He20008aHUfl., 6ypR
BocnoMUHaHuu, 6ypR annooucMeHmoe, 6ypR Bocmop20B, 6ypR npomecmoB, 6ypu
ucmopuu, 6ypR '-lyBcmB; Bbl3Bamb 6yp10 He2000Ba1-1UR; cp. maK:>1Ce: 6ypR B
CmaKal-le 800bl," 3GmUW.be nepeO 6ypeu).
Ha THm13au,mo cy6beKTa pe'-IH, KaK H ,u.pyrHX 3BeHbeB BbICKa3bJBaHHlł,
OKa3bJBaeT BJIHlłHHe <pyHKU,HOHaJibHbIH CTHJib, B paMKax KOTOporo ocy�eCT
BJilłeTClł 3TOT npou.ecc. TaK, B ny6JIHU,HCTHKe, KaK 3TO BH.U.HO 113 npHMepOB,
no)I,aBJilłIO�alł '-!aCTb pe'-IeBbIX o6opOTOB HMeeT ou,eHO'-IHYIO OKpacKy.
Ilo cpaBHeHHIO C THn113au,HeH cy6beKTa BblCKa3bIBaHHlł, ropa3,U.O 6onee
npo,u.yKTHBHa H Ba)ł(Ha ,U.Jllł ocpopMneHHlł pe'-IH THTTH3aU,Hlł npe,U.HKaTa.
Cy6beKT H 06beKT nO,[I.BH)ł(Hbie KOMTTOHeHTbl BbICKa3bIBaHHlł, npe,u.HKaT
-ero OCHOBa, u,eHTpanbHalł '-!aCTb, rnaBHOe B coo6�eHHH. IlpOH3BeCTH
BbICKa3bIBaHHe 3Ha'-IHT npe)ł(.u.e Bcero Bbipa3HTb npe,U.HKaT. He cny'-Ia!1HO
A.H.ToncToił C'-IHTan, '-!TO rnaBttoe BO <ppa3e - ttaiłTH rnaron.
B
pe3yJibTaTe THTTH3aU,HH npe)].HKaTa <popMHPYIOTClł e)].HHHU,bl, 6JIH3KHe K
<ppa3eonorH'-!eCK H M MO)].eJilłM - ycTOH'-IHBblM CJIOBOCO'-IeTaHHlłM C
nOCTOlłHHbIM (nOCTOlłHHblMH) H nepeMeHHblM (nepeMeHHbIMH) KOMTTOHeH
TOM (KoMnoHeHTaMH): ecmb (Manepa) u (Manepa), ecmb Bepa u Bepa, ecmb
co2Jlaw.e1-1UR u co2Jlaw.e1-1UR; (npaBoa) ecmb_{npaBoa), Eep2MaH ecmb Eep2Ma1-1;
( 2e1-1epanb1) om ( :>1CypHanucmuKu), :>1Cpe14b1 om 10cmu14uu, peMecnem-tuK om
neoa202uKu, oellbtf.bl om nayKu, pa36ounuKu om Meou14u1-1b1.
THnH3aU,Hlł npe)].HKaTa 33KITIO'-!aeTClł B TOM, '-!TO OH .u.aeT OCHOBY
BbICKa-3bIBaHml, ero noCTOlłHHbIH KOMTTOHeHT, OCTaBJilłlł He3anonHeHHbie TT03HU,HH
.u.mi nepeMeHHblX KOMTTOHeHTOB - cy6beKTa, o6beKTa, a HHor.u.a 11 Toro, 11
.u.pyroro:
O munU3a14uu KaK ea:HCHeuUleM
. . .rPJ,ffOPl1H 51.COJlrAHl1K
llepeo tJ.eM-llu6o 6JleOHeem tJ.mo-Jlu6o ( Koppyn14UR npuHRJla MacUlma6bz,
nepeiJ KOmOpbZMU 6JleOHeem 6CJI. MH0206eK06QJI. ucmopWI. M300UMCm6a . . . ), Ha
6yMa2e (6bZmb, ocmambCJI.) 'łmO-Jlu6o, Eblmb 60JlbUlUM KamOJlUKOM, tJ.eM
nana(KTO), Eblmb 6oJlbUlW;t pORllUCmOM, tJ.eM KOpOllb (KTO), EbZmb (uomu,
Clleooeamb u m. n. ) e cpapeamepe (Koro-, 'łero-Jlu6o , 'łheH-llu6o nollumuKu),
Bellemb (npuKa3amb) 001120 :>JCUmb (KTO, lłTO), 06pamumb e ceo,o eepy (Koro),
TpeU{amb no eceM UlBaM (KTO, '!TO), UMemb e euoy (Koro, '!TO), cmpoumb
B030YUlHbze 3aMKu (KTO), Bucemb Ha eollOCKe (Ha HumotJ.Ke) (KTO, lffO), Jlumb
eooy Ha 'J.bJO-llU6o MellbHU!,{Y (KTO, '!TO), B03JlO:HCUmb 1Jmo-11u60 Ha Qflmapb
ometJ.ecmea (KTO), He cxooumb co cmpaHUlf 2a3em (KTO, lJTO), llocmaeumb
Kpecm Ha KOM0Jlu6o (KTO), llepeMbZ6amb KOCmO'łKU KOMY (KTO), B KOpHe
npece'J.b 'łmO-llu6o (KTO), llycmumb KOpHu (KTO), Jl,ep:HCamb noo KOJlnaKoM
(Koro, KTO), CmoJl.mb y KOJlbZ6eJlU tJ.e20-JlU6o (KTO), Jl,ep:>1Camb KaMeHb 3a
na3yxou (Ha Koro, npomue Koro), KaMHJI. Ha KaMHe He ocmaeumb (oT tJero),
3eMllJI. 20pum noo H02aMu (Koro, y Koro), Ko:HCeu tJ.yecmeoeamb ('-!TO, KTO),
Pa6omamb llOKmfl.Mu (Kmo), He MO:HCem 6b1mb oeyx AmeHuu .. . , He Hau.mu
HU'łe20 llYtJ.Ule20, KaK ..
. ,He noooaemCJI. HUKaKOMY cpaeHeHU/0 .
. . ,Hem
tJ.e20-Ru60 6ollee 3cjJ{jJeKmueH02o(nolle3H020 u m.n.), tJ.eM . .
. ,He ocmaellJl.em
COMHeHuu ..
. ,OcmaellJl.em :HCellamb llY'łUle20 . . .
B
CB.s!3H C THTTH3aQHeH npe.n;HKaTa cne;:i;yeT paCCMOTpeTh H TaKOH Ba)l(Hb!H
acneKT :noro npoQecca, KaK oqiopMJieHHe HalłaJihHOH '-!aCTH BblCKa3bIBaHH.s!,
KaK H3BeCTHO , Tpy;:i;ttee Bcero Ha'-laTb BbICKa3bIBaHHe, T11nH3aQH.sl
«TTO)];CKa3hIBaeT» QeJiyIO cepHIO TaKHX 3a'-!HHOB C pa3JIH'łHbIMH CMbICJIOBbIMH
MO)];aJibHbIMH 3a;:i;aHH.s!MH:
He 6yoem npeyee11u'łeHueM cKa3amb (ymeep:HCoamb), 1Jmo . .
. ,Hellb3Jl. He (+
HHQ)HHHTHB ): Hellb3Jl. He OmMemumb, Hellb3Jl. ne C02JlacumbCJI. ( C 'łeM-JlU6o)'
Hellb3Jl. He CKa3amb, 'łmo6bz . .
. ,HempyiJHO (
+
UH{jJUHUmue) : HempyiJHO
002aoambcJ1., nOHJl.mb, pewumb u m. n. ) ; (/)aKm, 1Jmo . . . ( (/)aKm, 'łmo
npOU2pMU), (/)aKm morn, 'łmO . .
. ,/J,ellO 6 moM, 'łmO . .
. ,lJyiJo KaK .. . (lJyiJo KaK
xopoUla ce2001i.Jl. no20oa); KaK 2oeopJ1.m, KaK 2oeopumrn; B3J1.mb ( B03bMume)
xomJ1. 6bz ( CKa:>1ceM, K npu.Mepy); Cmoum mollbKO ( coellamb 'łmo), KaK ( u,
'łmo6bz) . . . (o 6b1crpoM ttacTynneHHH KaKoro-n1160 ;:i;ei:icrn11.si); He ceKpem,
tJ.mo . .
. ,Hem 'łe20-Jlu60 6oJlee 3cjJ{jJeKmueH020, tJ.eM . .
. ,He ycneeUlb 02JlJI.HymbCJ1.,
KaK . .
. ,Mo:HCHO cKa3amb, 'łmo . .
. ,Haoo cKa3amb, 'łmo . .
. ,CKa3amb 1Jmo-Jlu60
3HatJ.um HutJ.e20 He CKa3amb, TollbKO JleHUBbZU He ciJeRaem tJ.e20-Hu6yiJb, Hem
Clloe (Bb1pa)Kett11e Kpai:ittero H3yMnett11.si), Om.MemUM e CK06Kax . .
. ,C
Stylistyka XIV
Ba)l<HYIO porrb B qiopMHpOBamrn: pe
1rn HrpaeT H THTTH3aU,H51 061,eKTa
-pa:rnoo6pa3Hb!X o6cT051TeJibCTB, B KOTOpb!X npoTeKaeT ,n:eHCTBHe, onpe,n:e
neHHH H AOTTOJIHeHHH. IlpH 3T0M BCe OHH ,n:11qiqiepeHU,Hpy10TC51 no CMb!C
JIOBblM acneKTaM. BOT Ha116onee npo,n:yKTHBHbJe J,[3 HHX:
0QeHO'łHbIH onpe,!1.eJinTeJibHbIH: 60J1Cbeu MUJ1ocmb10 (no3T), '-lucmou
('-lucmeuweu) eoobi (KTO, ąTO), oocmou1-tb1u J1Y'-lU1e20 npUMeHertWl,
C 6opooou
(ąTo), nel./aJ/bHO 3HaMeHumbzu. 06cTOHTeJibCTBeuublii 0Qeuo11ublii: B xeocme
co6bzmuu, Iloo Ka6J1yKOM, HuJICe 6C.RKOU KpumUKU, KaK HUK020a, B ceoeM
penepmyape, Iloo 021-teM KpumuKu, IloJ1HbZM xoooM, 113 nepebZX pyK, C nooa'-lu
(Koro), HeeoopyJ1CeHHbZM e32JlflooM (euo,-w), Bo 2J1aee, Bo eceopyJ1Cuu, Bo
6J1a20, B JI06, Ko oeopy (He KO oeopy ), B aeamapoe, B apbepzapoe, Ha eepy,
Bepou u npaeoou, B 3al./amKe, B 3al./amOT./1-tOM cocmO.RHUU, B 14e1-tmpe 61-tUMal-tWl,
Ee3 o6uH.RKoe Iii ,n:p. 06cTOHTeJibCTBeHHbIH BpeMeuuoii: B eeKax, JfcnoK01-t
eeKa, Om AoaMa, /{o nocJ1eo1-te20 e3ooxa, C KOnb16eJ1u, Ha Kpa10 M02UJlbl Iii ,np.
KoJiu11ecTBeHHblH: Ee3 Mepbz, Om Mana oo eeJ1uKa, BelluKoe M1-toJ1Cecmeo, B
60JlbUl.OM U MGJIOM, KaK neCOK MOpCKOU U Op.
BeChMa npo,n:yKTHBeH acneKT yno,1J,06JieHHH. 3,n:ecb M0)l(HO BbI,n:eJIHTb
u,erryro cepHIO THTTH3HpoBaHHblX cpaBHHTeJibHblX o6opOTOB C Hapeą11eM KaK:
KaK 6e3 PYK, KaK ( 6yomo, CJI06HO) 6eJlbMO 1-ta 2Jla3y, KaK 6 eooy CMOmpell, KaK
eempoM coyJ10, KaK o6yxoM no 20J1oee, KaK MacJIOM no cepo
14y, KaK c 1-te6a ynan
( ceanuJ1c.R) , KaK no KOMaHoe, KaK e KanJ1e eoObl ompa3umbcR., KaK
eo3oyx(Heo6xooUM, HyJ1ceH), KaK ObZM pa3ee.RmbCR. (pa3J1emembrn), KaK 3a
KaMeHHou cmeHou, KaK U3 po2a U306UJIWl, KaK U3 xyoo20 pewema, KaK 1-ta
opo:>1CJ1Cax (noortUMambC.R, pacmu), KaK 1-ta oyxy, KaK Ha u20J1Kax, KaK Ha
y20J1bRX, KaK 1-ta KaMe1-t1-ty10 cme1-ty 1-taoe.RmbcR. (noJ1a2ambc.R), KaK 1-te60 om
3eMJlu, KaK no MacJ1y (uomu, me'lb u m. n. ), KaK no6umbzu nec, KaK
npOUlll02001-tUU rne2 1-tyJICeH, KaK pb16a 6 eooe, KaK
C2yc.R eooa, KaK ceep'lOK 3Q
nel./bJO, KaK ceJlbOU e 6ol./Ke, KaK c1-teJ1C1-tbZU KOM pacmu, KaK COJ11-tt{e e Kanfle eoobz
( ompaJ1CambcR), KaK cbzp e MQCJle Kamambc.R, KaK cmMb (KpenKuu), KaK y
Xpucma 3a na3yxou 11 ,np.
Oco6o cne,n:yeT BbI,D:eJIHTb HaH6onee 06061QeHHb!H H npo,n:yKTl1BHblH
acneKT, onpe,n:enHIOl.Ql1H xapaKTep, HanpaBneHHe ,n:eHTeJibHOCTH, noBe
CTB0BaHH51 11 T.n. OTHOC51l.QHeC51 ero.na peąeBbie o6opOTbl 11rpa10T p0Jib
CB0eo-6pa3HbIX npe,n:noroB: e cseme, no J1u1-tuu, noo 31-taKOM, e 31-taK, no nymu
'le20-nu60, e 06cma1-toeKe, e amMocrjJepe, e aopec, 1-ta 63Ul.Jl.RO, eo eKyce, c
6J1a20CJI06eHU.R, nepeo JIUt{OM K020-, '-le20-JIU60 11 ,np.
O
munU3atf.uu KaK Ba:>1cHeuweM . . .rPHrOPl111 JI.COJirAHHK
11TaK, Mhl paCCMOTpem1 Tl1ITH3aQl1IO CTPYKTYPHhIX 3BeHbeB BhlCKa3bIBaHl151 - cy6beKTa, npe,n;11KaTa, o6beKTa. HaH6onee npo,n:yKTl1BHOH oKa3anacb Tl1ITl13aQ1151 npe,n;:m<aTa 11 o6beKTa. Bo3Hl1KaeT Bonpoc: B03MO)I(Ha Jil1 Tl1ITl1-3aQ11SI Bcero BhICKa3bIBaHHSI? ITp11MepoB no,n;o6HOH ITOJIHOH Tl1ITH3aQ1111 OLJeHb Mano, 11 KaCaIOTC51 OHl1 rnaBHbIM o6pa30M 0QeH0'łH0ro acneKTa, CBoeo6pa3HOro MeTaTeKCTa K noBeCTB0BaHHIO, H3JI0)KeHHIO: Mano I-le noKa:>1CemcR; J(opo2020 cmoum; Mlio20 BOObl ymeKJio ( c mex nop) ; Ha moM cmo10!
PeLJeBa51 T11ITl13aQH51 Hl1KOr,n:a He .[(0CT11raeT
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3TO C11JlbHa51,BJil151-TeJibHa51 TeH,n;eHQH51, He norryLJaJOII.\aS1, o,n;HaKo, norrHoro pa3Bl1THSI, 11:HaLJe pe'łb npeBpaT11rracb 6hI B co6paH11e roTOBbIX q>OpM (KaK ITOCJI0B11Qhl, acpop113Mhl, HeK0TOpbie KpbmaTbie CJIOBa). 11 npoQecc nop0)K,[(eHl151 pe'łl1 CBeJIC51 6bi K 3aITOMl1HaHl1lO 11 B0Cnp0H3Be,n;eHl1JO r0T0BbIX OTPe3K0B pe'łl1. 3To HeB03M 0)KH0 Hl1 TeopeT11 LJeCKl1 , HH npaKTl1LJeCKl1. Korr11LJeCTBO BhICKa3bIBaHl1H, 0Tpa)Kal0ll.\11X ,n:eHCTBHTeJibHOCTb 11 pO)K,[(aeMhIX e10, 6eCKOHeLJHO. TI03TOMY Tl1Til1311p0BaTb M0)KHO JIHUJb cxeMy BbICKa3bIBaHl151, T0LJHee, ee CTPYKTYPHhie 3BeHhSI. BcH cxeMa BhICKa3bIBaH1151 np11HQHn11aJihH0 He Tl1ITl1311PYIOTC51. T11nH3au;1151 BhICKa3bIBaHl151 no,n;o6Ha cppa3eOJIOI'H'łeCKOH M0.[(eJI11, 11MeIOll.\eH IT0CT05IHHbie 11 rrepeMeHHbie K0MITOHeHTbl. TiepBbie -I'OTOBbie, B0CnpOH3B0,[(11Mbie 3JieMeHThl peLJl1, BT0pbie - np0113B0.[(HMbie, CB513aHHbie C MeH5IIOll.\eHC51 513b!KOBOH peaJibH0CTb. ITepeMeHHbie 3JieMeHThl CTl1MYJIHpyroT peLJeBoe TB0pLJecrno.
Hap51,n;y C peLJeBbIMl1 o6opOTaMl1, o KOTOpbIX .n:o Cl1X nop UJJia pe'łh, 60JihUJa51 pOJih B T11n113au;1111 peLJH np11Ha,[(Jie)Kl1T peLJeBblM COLJeTaHl15IM. B 0TJIMLJl1e OT peLJeBbIX o6opOTOB 0HH B 60JihUJeH CTenem-1 npHB513aHbl K K0HTeKCTY, Cl1TyaTl1BH0 orpaHH'łeHhl. PeLJeBbie o6opOThl ropa3,[(0 MeHbUJe 3aBMC5IT OT KOHTeKCTa, 0HH non11c11TyaTHBHhl, 11MeIOT 6oJiee lUHp0K0e 3HaLJeH11e, HanpMMep: B o6cmaliOBKe (ceKpeTHOCTl1 , OCTpOH 6oph6hI , cep,n:eLJHOCTl1, T0Bap11ll.\eCKOro COTpy,n;Hl1'łeCTBa, ITOJIHOI'0 B3al1M0ITO Hl1MaHM51, neCCl1MM3Ma, pa3HOrnac11i1 11 T.n.).
rrraBHbIH 11CTOLJHl1K q>OpM11pOBaHl151 peLJeBbIX COLJeTaHl1H - C0LJeTaeM0CTb.
O6bJlłHO CO'łeTaeM0CTb He paccMaTPl1BaeTC51 B nnatte peLJeBOH Tl1ITl13au;1111, HO B .n;eHCTBHTeJibHOCTl1 3TO 0.[(HO 113 Ba)I(HeHUJl1X cpe,n:cTB nop0)K,[(eHl1SI peLJl1. PeLJeBbie o6opOThl C0CTaBJI5IIOT X0T51 11 Ba)KHYIO, HO BCe )Ke LJaCTb peLJeBoro npOCTPaHCTBa - ero I'OT0Bbie 6JIOKl1, «K11pTIH'łl1K11». OcTaJibHaSI )Ke LJaCTh He MeHee, a n0-BM.[(11M0MY 6oJiee KpynHa51, npHX0,[(11TC51 Ha ,[(0JIIO peLJeBhlX C0LJeTaHMH, onpe,n;eJI5llOll.\11X CTpOH peLJl1, xapaKTep ynoTpe6JieHl1SI CJI0Ba.
Stylistyka XIV
KaK, Hanp11Mep, ynorpe611Tb B BbJeK83blB8Hl111 , B pe•rn eJIOBO om<JQflHUe? PeY:eBhie o6opOTbl 3.D,eeb He noMoryT, I1x HeT, TOJibKO eoY:eTaeMOeTh ITOK8)1(eT Bee B03MO)l(HOeTl1 ynorpe6JieHl1H 3Toro eJIOBa: 6blmb 8 om'łaflHUU, eeep2nymb e om<JaJmue, ooeecmu oo om<JaJlllUfl, enacmb e om<Jafluue, ooumu oo om<JaJ/.HUfl, noeepmymb e om<JaJ/.uue, npeoambC.R om1Ja.Ruu10, npueecmu K om<JaJ/.uu10, npuumu e om<Jafluue; om'łaJ/.uue oxeamww Ko20-Jlu60, om<Jafluue oellaOe!lo KeM-llu6o; Muuyma om<JaflHUfl, waz om<JaflHUfl.
KaK Bl1.D,11M, 3.D,eeb npe.D,eTaBJieHbl npaKTl1 Y:eeK11 Bee B03MO)l(Hble 8KTY8JibHbJe eMbICJIOBbie acneKTbl, eBH311 CJIOBa Om'łQflHUe: no OTHOWeHHIO K roBopHll.\eMy 11 .D,pyr11M n11u.aM, no OTHowemno K nocTynKaM (wa2 om<Ja RHUfl), xapaKTep113yeTeH CTeneHh Y:YBCTBa (om<JaJ/.HUe oxeamUJlO K020-JlU60) 11 T.n.
CoY:eTaeMOCTb Tl1ITl1311pyeT nepeMeHHhie KOMTTOHeHTbl BbleK83b!B8Hl1H, 6e3 KOTOpblX OHO He MO)l(eT cyll.\eeTBOB8Tb. l1 3Tl1 KOMITOHeHTbl TO)l(e peY:eBbie e.D,11H11U.hl . l13 MHO)l(eCTBa Bap11aHTOB COY:eTaeMOCTl1 eJIOB8 BhI611paIOTCH 11 38KpenJIHIOTeH B pe'-:IH Ha116onee 3<p<peKTl1BHbie, np113B8HHbJe ocpopMJIHTb B peY:11 8KTY8JibHbie CMbICJIOBbie acneKTbl. O.D,HaKO B OTJ111Y:11e OT 11 C ITOJib30B8Hl1H peY:eBbIX o6opOTOB B c nyy:ae peY:eBbIX COY:eT8H11H rOBOpHll.\11H eTOl1T nepe.D, BhI6opoM O.D,Horo B8p118HT8 113 MHOr11x. Ho BCe 3Tl1 Bap11aHTbl - peY:eBhie e.D,11Hl1LJ.bl . 513b!K .D,11KTyeT Ill1lllb HanpaBJieH11e 11 xapaKTep coY:eTaeMOCT11, onpe.D,eJIHeT ee rpaHl1LJ.hI. <1>opM11pyeMhie )l(e COY:eTaHl1H np11H8.D,Jie)l(8T peY:11. roBOPHll.\11H 11 np0113BO.D,11T, 11 BOenpo-113BO.D,11T 11x: np0113BO.D,HT, T8K K8K BhI611paeT O.D,HY 113 MHO)l(eeTBa cpopM, Bocnpo113BO.D,11T, TaK KaK Bbi6paHHyIO cpopMy OH 11enOJih3yeT KaK rOTOByIO. 3JieMeHT TBOpY:eCTBa 38KJIIOY:aeTCH B BhI6ope 0.D,HOro Bap11aHT8 113 MHOrl1X HJIH (pewo) B o6HOBJieHl111 COY:eTaeMOCTl1, KOTOpoe TO)l(e on11paeTeH Ha Cyll.\eCTBYlOll.\11e cpopMbI.
CoY:eTaeMOCTb OXB8TbIBaeT w11p0Koe peY:eBoe npocTpaHeTBO, OCTaI0-11\eecH 38 BbIY:eTOM peY:eBhlX o6opOTOB. Ee OCHOBa, u.enh -3anOJIHeH11e JI8KYH B BbICK83bIB8Hl111, ero CTPYKTYPHhlX 3BeHbeB. IT p11 3TOM eeTb CJIOB8 YHl1BepcaJibHbie, 11C ITOJih3yeMbJe BO Beex IT0311LJ.11HX BbICK83bIB8Hl1H 11 np11coe,n;11HHl01.I..(l1e 60JibWOe KOJil1Y:eCTBO ,n;pyr11x CJIOB. EcTb enoBa 6onee Y3Koro ,n;11ana3oHa, cneu.11an11311py10 ll.\11ecH Ha 3anonHeH1111 o,n;Hoił K8KOH-n1160 IT0311LJ.1111 11 np11THrl1B8lOll.\11e K ce6e ropa3,AO MeHbWe CJIOB. YH11BepcaJibHbie CJIOBa - 3TO, K8K npaBl1JIO, rnarOJibI 11 Cyll.\eCTBl1TeJibHble.
TaK, rnaroJibl lll11pOKOH ceMaHTl1Kl1 Tl1na euecmu KOHU.eHTp11py10T BOKpyr ce6H 60JihWOe KOJil1Y:eCTBO CYll.\eCTBl1TeJibHbIX, C KOTOpb!Ml1 OHl1
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munU3Gl,{UU KGK BG::JICJ-teUUleM
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TalOTCSI, Hanp11Mep: BJ-tecmu (6ecnopROOK, 831-tOC, BKJWiJ, iJe30p2ałtU3Gl,{U10,
iJucco1-ta1-tc, iJono1rne1-tue, 3aiJamoK, 3aMeUlamellbcmeo, U3Me1-te1-tuR,
ucnpaeJleJ-tUJI,, KoppeKmUBbl, Jlenmy, 1-tepa36epuxy, O::JICUBJle1-tue, nepeMeJ-tbZ,
nonpaeKy, npeiJJlo::J1Ce1-tue, npueKyc, npoeKm, nyma1-tul,{y, pa36poiJ, pa3llaiJ,
pa31-t02JlacuR, pa31-too6pa3ue, pacKOll, paccmpoucmeo, pacmepR1-t1-tocmb,
cyMJ1,mul,{y, ycn0Koe1-tue, ymo1.me1-tUJ1,, Rc1-tocmb; e1-tecmu e cnucoK, e1-tecmu 1-ta
06cy::J1CiJe1-tue).
3TH C0'łeTaHirn 11 C0CTaBllillOT peqeo6pa30BaHMSI. 513b!KOBaSI e,ll.MHM�a
BJ-tecmu nop0)l{,ll.aeT MH0)l{eCTB0 pelłeBbIX CO'łeTaHMM. 3TO MMeHH0 pelłeBble
e)].HHM�bl. OHH ycTOM'-IMBbl, B0Cnp0M3B0)].MMbl M MoryT 11CTT0Jlb30BaTbCSI KaK
roT0Bhie cpopMbI pelłM. 513bIKOBasi )l{e e)].11H11�a (Hanp11Mep, rnaron e1-tecmu)
He M0)l{eT MCTT0Jib30BaTbCSI (B nepeH0CH0M 3Ha'łeHM11) 6e3 C0'łeTalOI.QMXCSI C
HeM cyI.QeCTBHTeJibHbIX.
Ba)l{HO n0)].lłepKHYTb, 'łT0 np11 urnpolłaMllleM )].Mana30He C0'-!eTaeM0CTb
H0CMT 113611paTeJibHbIM xapaKTep. OHa He 6ecnpe,ll.eJibHa 11 onpe,ll.eJISleTCSI
3a)].a'-!aMM peąenop0)l{)].eHMSI. Pe'-leBble C0'łeTaHMSI (HanpMMep, C rrrar0JI0M
BJ-tecmu) cnoco6CTBYlOT TMnl13a�[,111 BblCKa3blBaHHSI, np113BaHbl CJIY)KMTb
r0T0Bh!MM npe)].MKaTaMM, a TeM caMbIM TMTTl1311p0BaTh BhlCKa3b1BaH11e B
�eJI0M.
CyI.QeCTBl1TeJibHbie llIMpOKOM ceMaHTMKM (T11na B1-tUMa1-tue) K0H�eHTp11py
lOT B0Kpyr ce6si 60JihllIOe K0Jll1'łeCTB0 rrrarorroB, TaK)Ke o6pa3ysi pe'-leBhie
C0'łeTaH11S1, Hanp11Mep: aKl,{e1-tmupoeamb B1-tUMa1-tue, BbmaiJamb U3 B1-tUMa1-tUJ1,,
3GBllaoemb B1-tUMa1-tueM, 3aiJep::J1Cueamb B1-tUMa1-tue, 3a1-tUMamb e1-tuMa1-tue,
3aocmpRmb BłtUMaJ-tue, 3GCJlJ::JICUBamb 61-tUMGJ-tUJI,, KOHl,{eHmpupoeamb
e1-tuMa1-tue, 1-tanpaBllRmb e1-tuMa1-tue, o6paU(.amb e1-tuMa1-tue, o6xoiJumb
BłtUMQJ-tUeM, OKQ3blBGmb BłtUMQJ-tUe, OKpy::J1Camb BłtUMQJ-tUeM, OCJla6JlRmb
B1-tUMa1-tue, ocmaeJlJl,mb 6e3 61-tUMQJ-tUJI,, ocma1-taeJlueamb B1-tUMa1-tue, omelleKamb
BłtUMQJ-tUe, nepeKlllO'łQmb BłtUMQHUe, nOJlb306QmbCJI, 61-tUMQJ-tUeM, npeiJJla2amb
BHUMQJ-tUIO, npU6JleKamb BłtUMQHUe, npuKOBblBQmb 61-tUMQJ-tUe, npUHUMamb BO
61-tUMQHUe, npumynllRmb 61-tUMQJ-tUe, npOR6JlRmb 61-tUMQJ-tUe, pacnblllRmb
BłtUMQJ-tUe, cocpeiJomol/Umb 6HUMQHUe, mpe6oeamb 6HUMQHUR, yiJeJlRmb
B1-tUMa1-tue, yiJocmaueamb 61-tUMa1-tUJ1,, ycURueamb B1-tUMa1-tue, ycmpeMllRmb
61-tUMQHUe, qJUKCupoeamb BłtUMQJ-tUe.
IIpo�eccbI o6pa30BaHMSI pe'-!eBhIX CO'-!eTaHl111 C rrraronaMl1 11 cyI.QeCT
BMTeJibHbIMM (cp. TaK)Ke 63Becumb, B030amb, Bbl36Qmb, OKG3Qmb 11 ,ll.p. 11
603MO::JIC1iOCmb, BOUHQ, ene'łam1le1-tue, ::J1CeJla1-tue 11 ,ll.p.) MMelOT 3epKaJibHbIM
xapaKTep, HO cyI.QH0CTb MX 0)].Ha
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CJIY)Kl1Tb MaTep11aJI0M cpopM11poBaHl1SI
Stylistyka XIV
pet.JH. rnarOJibl 11 cyru;eCTBHTeITbHbie, KaK HaH6onee 6oraTbie CHHTaKCH t.JeCKHMH noTeHl.J,HSłMH, Jie)l(aT B OCHOBe npo1.1,ecca nopO)l(,l],eHHSł pet.JH. 3epKaJibHbIH xapaKTep 3THX npo1.1,eccoB Bbipa)l(aeTCSI B TOM, t.JTO npH rnaronax urnpOKOH ceMaHTHKH HCn OJib3YIOTCSI KO HKpeTH3Hpyroru;He cyw;ecTBHTeJibHbie, a npH cyru;eCTBHTeJibHbIX urnpOKOH ceMaHTHKH - KOH Kp eT H 3 Hp y10 w;11 e rnaroJi bl . Ti pH 3TOM cp op M H p y e M bie H a O C H O B e cyru;eCTBHTeJibHbIX pet.JeBbie COt.JeTaHHSł HMeIOT CHCTeMHbIH xapaKTep: OHH o6pa3ylOT napa,ll,HrMy, KpaHHHe TOt.JKH KOTOpOH COCTaBJISIIOT aHTOHHMHt.J Hbie IlOHSITHSI, HanpH Mep : GKLfeHmupoeamb 81-lUMaHue - Bbznaoamb U3 81-lUMGHUR. Pa3BHTHe 3TOH napa,ll,JffMbl CBSł38HO C ,l1,HcpcpepeH1.1,Ha1.1,HeH OTTeHKOB - O1.1,eHOl.JHbIX, BbI,l],eJIHTeJibHblX H ,ll,p.
qTO KacaeTCSI napa,l],HrMbl, B OCHOBaHHH KOTOpOH Jie)l(HT rrraron, TO OHa HOCHT OTKpbITblH xapaKTep J,f MO)KeT nonOJIHSITbCSł HOBblMH 'łJieHaMH, MaHHcpecTHpySł pa3BHTHe pet.JH, ee cpe,ll,CTB.
Pet.JeBbie COt.JeTaHHSł, CO3,l],aBaeMbie Ha OCHOBe YHHBepcaJibHblX CJIOB, BO MHOrOM cpopMHpyroT crpoił pet.JH ny6nHl.l,HCTHKH, KaK 11 ,ll,pyrnx CTHneił. Cp., HanpHMep, p onb B Hayt.JHOH pet.JH TaKHX YHHBepcaJibHblX CJIOB, KaK cocmaeMmb, ocyU{ecmeMmb, cocmoamb (3aoat.Ja cocmoum e moM, t.Jmo . . . ).
lllHpoKaSI COt.JeTaeMOCTb YHHBepcaJibHbIX CJIOB - CTpOeBOH neKCHJ<H Bcex cpyHKl.l,HOHaJibHbIX CTHJieH - 06'bSłCHS!eTCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO urnpoKH M , HeCKOJibKO pa3Mb!Tb!M 3Ha1.JeHHeM 3THX CJIOB.
Cp e,ll,H ,ll,pyrnx ąa cTeii pet.JH , cpopM11py10ru;Hx pet.JeBhie cot.JeTaHHSI, HaH60JibllleH aKTHBHOCTb.
B
paMKax ny6rrHl.l,HCTHKH o6rra,l],aIOT np11rrara TeJibHbie.B
HHX THilH3HpyeTCSI o6b!t.JHO npH3HaK, CBSI3aHHblH C ero Mepoił, CTeneHbIO, Kat.JeCTBOM (6aCHOCJl081-lblU, 6ecnpe7teoeHmHblU, 6ecnpUMepHblU, 6ec7teHHblU, 6ozambzu u op. ) .B
ny6Ru7tucmuKe eecbMa aKmyaJlbHO maK:JICe 8blpa:J1CeHue 07teHKU - nOJlO:JICumeflbHOU UJlU ompu14ameflb- HOU ( 6pamCKUU, 6e33aeemHblU, aeaH2apOHblU, 6eccMepmHbzu -6e33acmeH'-łUBbZU, 6ecnapooHHblU, 6ecLfepeMOHHblU, 6JlU3opyKuu, 6pamoy6uucmeeHHbzu, eepollOMHbzu 11 ,ll,p.).Cne,l),yeT IlO,l],t.JepKHYTb, t.JTO TaKaSł xapaKTepHaSI ,l],JISI ny6JIH1.1,HCTHKH 8KTHBHOCTb npHrraraTeJibHbIX o6ycrrOBJieHa TeM, t.JTO B paMKax ·noro CTHJISł MHOrHe np11rraraTeJibHbie o6rra,l],aIOT 01.1,eHOt.JHOH OKpaCKOH. MMeHHO OHH H o6pa3yIDT pet.JeBbie cot.JeTaHHSł, HanpHMep aH2a:J1CupoeaHHb1u: aH2a:J1Cupoe
aHHoe npaeumeJlbcmeo, aH2a:»eupoeaHHaR npecca, aH2a:>1cupoeaHHOe
meneeuoeHue, aH2a:J1CupoeaHHbZU nucamenb; 6apxamHbzu: 6apxamHaR
peeon1014UR, 6apxamHbzu nepeeopom, 6apxamHaR eouHa. Tip11rraraTeJibHOe
6oJlblUOU TOJibKO B nepeHOCHOM 3Hat.JeHHH 06pa3yeT xap aKTepH bie
O
munu3atfuu KaK ea:>1C1teuUAeM . . . rP1'tr0PHl1 51.C0JirAHHKny6m11.{11CT11ąecK11e peY:eBhie coąernHm1: 6oJibUWR 1ter/Jmb, 6oJibUla.R pyoa, 6oJibW.a.R XUMUR, 6oJibw.ou XJie6, 6oJibw.ou y20J1b.
ITpol.{eCc Tl1Ill13al.{Ml1 c oąeTaeM0CTl1 Bbipa)KaeTCH B Q)OpM11pOBaHl1M CBoeo6pa3HhIX M11Kp0Cl1CTeM , B K0T0pbIX B0ilJI0l.l.{aeTCH npHHl.{11Il Il0JIH0Thl Bbipa)KeHl151 OTHOIIIeHMM, CBSl3aHHhIX co CJI0B0M, Hanp11Mep: 6pamb KJIJlmey,
oaeamb KJIRmey, npu1tocumb KJIJlmey - 1tapyUAamb KJIJlmey. OTHoweH11S1 6pamb
- 1tapyUłQmb 06pa3y1om ceoeo6pa3HblU ceJ1ta1tmu'lecKuu KapKac, napaou2My,
cp . : Ha Koeep ( 6bl3eamb, nocmaeumb, uomu u m. n. ) Kozo -Ha Koepe (6b1mb,
HaXOOUmbCR U m.n. ).
11TaK, peY:b C0CT3BJISIJOT peąeBble o6opOThl, peąeBbie coąeTaHJrn 11 CJIOBa. O6opOThl 11 coąeTaHl151 npe,n:CTaBJI5110T peY:eBoe Haąano, CJI0Ba - 513blK0B0e. 1IT06bI BOMTl1 B peąb, CTaTh ee K0Mil0HeHT0 M , CJI0Ba no,n:BepraIOTCSI HeKOTOpOH rpaHCQ)OpMal.{1111: K0HKpeTH3HpyeTCH 3HaY:eHHe CJI0Ba npHMeHH TeJibH0 K CHTyal.{Hl1 BhICKa3bIBaHl1H, 113 napa,n:11rMhl Q)OpM CJI0Ba Bb1611paeTC.R 0,!J;Ha. B 513hIKe 0T,!J;eJibH 0e CJI0B0 He o6na,n:aeT, KaK np aBl1JI0, IlOJIHOH onpe.n;eneHH0CThlO 3HaąeH1151. HeKOTOpaSI onpe,ll,eJieHH0CTh Il051BJI.ReTC51 np11 coąeTaHl111 ,n:aHH0ro CJI0Ba C ,n:pyr11M11. llpM 3T0M B 0,[(H l1X cnyą a51x Q)OpM11py10TC.R Tl1Ill1311p0BaHHbie 3JieMeHThl - peąeBhie coąeTaHl151, K0T0pbie C TeąeH11eM BpeMeH11 MoryT npeBpaTl1ThCH B peąeBbie o6opOThl. Hanp11Mep, CJI0B0 aea1tzapo B nepeH0CH0M 3HaąeHl111 («ITepe.n;oBa.R, Be,!J;yl.l.{aH Y:aCTb 061.1.{ecTB a, K n a c c a , rpynnhrn) B c oąeTaH11 11 c cornacoBaHHhI M l1 11 HecorJiaC0B3HHhlMl1 onpe,n:eJieHl1HMl1 06pa3yeT CJI0B0CoąeTaHl151, peryrrHp-H0e ynoTpe6JieH11e K0T0pb!X npeBpaI.QaeT 11X B I<0Mn0HeHT peą11 - peY:eBbie coąeTaHl1H: 6oeeou aea1t2apo (napmuu. Hapooa, KJlacca) aea1tzapo 6opb6bl 3a 'lmo-Jiu6o. I1po11cxo,n:11T peąeBaH T11n113a�1151 cnoBa (11 crroBocoąeTaHvrn}. Pa3yMeeTC51, Tl1Ill13al.{1111 no.n;BepraIOTC.R Te CJI0B 0C0Y:eTaHl151, K0T0pbie Bbipa)KalOT aKTyaJibHhIH CMbICJI ,[(JI51 KaKOM-Jil160 CQ)epbl peą11, ,n:e.RTeJihH0CTl1, HanpaBJieH11.R 11 T.n.
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Stylistyka XIV
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Bee CKa3aHHOe BbIWe CBH.D:eTenbCTByeT o rny611He, BceoxBaTHOCTH , YHHBepcanbHOCTH npou,ecca THTil138QIUI. B n106oi1 peą11 np11cyTCTBYIOT
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O6�aH Kapnrna peqeo6pa3oBaHHH necTpa, CJIO)l(Ha. O,n:HaKo rrraBHaH TeH,n:eHQHH He Bbl3b!BaeT COMHeHHH: peąeBaH Qenb CTpeMHTCH K H.n;HOMa TH3aQHH, K 3anorrHeHHIO ee 3BeHbeB BOCnpOH3B0)]:HMblMH, roTOBbIMH :rneMeHTaMH. Pa3yMeeTCH, 3Ta TeH,n:eHQHH 3cpcpeKTl1BH8 .n:o Tex nop, noKa BOCnpOH3B0)]:HMbl e 3Jie MeHTbl 0Tpa)l(810T cpparMeHTbl '-!aCTOTHblX, THnH'-IHbIX, MaCCOBH)]:HbIX CHTY8QHH, H CT8HOBHTCH He3cpcpeKTHBHblMH B Tex BH,n:ax Jll1TepaTypbI, r.n:e Heo6xo,n:HMbl cpe,n:cTBa YHHKaJibHOro Ha3HaąeHl1H. B TaKHX BH,n:ax JIHTepaTypbl peąeBble o6opOTbl MoryT BOCnp11H11MaTbCH KaK WT8Milbl. .LJ:eHCTBl1eM npOTHBOHanpaBJieHHbIX TeH,n:eHI.{11H K Tl1nH38Q11H H YHHKaJibHOCTH Bb!pa)l(eHHH onpe.n:e1rneTCH MHOroo6pa3He CTHJieH, )l(aHpOB, HanpaBneHHH - OT CTaH,n:apTHO pernaMeHTl1PYIO�HX .n:o 3CTeTH'-!eCKH HH)]:HBl1.D:Y8JibHblX.
J,fayąeH11e npo6rreM Tl1Ill13aQ11H - o,n:Ha 113 rrraBHbIX 3a,n:a'-I Jl11HrBl1CTl1KH peąH. THnH3aQ11H no-pa3HOMY npOHBJIHeTCH B pa3Jil1'-IHblX Tl1nax TeKCTOB. Il03TOMY paQ110HaJibHO ,n:HcpcpepeHQHp0B8Tb HCCJie,n:OB8Hl1H Tl1nH38Q1111, npOBOAHTb 11X B paMKax cpyHKQHOHaJibHbIX CTl1JieH. B KaąeCTBe y,n:aąHoro npHMepa MO)KHO Ha3BaTb Q11THpoBaBwyrocH y)l(e pa6oTy Cmepeomun1-1ocmb u meopwcmeo e meKcme, B KOTopoił no,n:po6Ho attarr11311pyeTCH npoQecc CTepeOTl1IlH3aQHH Ha pa3Hb!X ypoBHHX Hay'-!HOH pe'-111. Mccrre,n:oBaHHe Tl1IlH3aQH11 KaK B Hay'-!HbIX TeKCTax, TaK 11 B TeKCTax ,n:pyrnx cpyHKQl10-H8JlbHbIX CTHJieH npe,n:cTaBJIHeTCH BeCbM8 nepcneKTl1BHblM.
Jh1TepaTypa
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M.H., 1969,
K npo6J1eMe pe'leBoii cucmeMHocmu u </Jy1tKt/LIOHaJ1bHo-cmi1J1u cmu'lecKux HopM B CBJ/3u c onucamteM u u3y'lemteM J/3b/Ka. - Me:HCoy1tapooHQJI Ko1t</Jepe1t4W1 npenooaBameJ1eu pyccKozo J/3b/Ka u J1umepamypb1, MocKBa.Ko)l(1rna
