Monthly Journal of the Institute of Metals and Metallurgical Abstracts, Vol. 3, Part 4

Vol. 3

e Monthly Journal of the

INSTITUTE OF METALS

The Advertisements published in the Monthly Journal are increasing both in interest and in numbers, which may be taken as an indication that advertisers are coming to realize the particular value to them of the specialized circulation of the Institute’s publications.

Advertisers judge the interest displayed in their advertise­

ments by the enquiries received. Members are requested, therefore, when making enquiries of firms advertising in this publication, to mention the Monthly Journal of the Institute of Metals. By so doing they will be of service

THE ADVERTISEMENTS

the Institute.

A u tho r Index to Abstracts Appointment Vacant

Metallurgical Abstracts 109-140

203 204

A P R IL 1936

Copyright Entered at Stationers* Hall

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A P R I L ,

PAGE

Anglo-American Oil Co., Ltd. . Avery, Ltd., W . & T.

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General Electric Co., Ltd.

Griffin, Chas., & Co., Ltd.

H igh-Duty Alloys, Ltd.

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1 9 3 6

PAGE

I.C.I. Metals, L td ... xx Incandescent Heat Co., Ltd. . . ix International Tin Research Council . — Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd. . . xvi Leitz, E . (London) . . . . x v McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd. . — McKechnie Bros., Ltd. . . . xix Martin, W . E . & Co., Ltd. . . x

Mills, W m ., L td . x

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Pearson, Ltd., E. J. & J. . . . — Priestman, Ltd., T . J. . . xviii Ratcliff (Metals) Ltd., J. F . . . xiv Siemens-Schuckert (Gt. Britain) L td .. xi Stein & Co., Ltd., John G. . . ii Sterling Metals, Ltd. . . . viii Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd. . . —- Thermal Syndicate, Ltd. . . . viii Wild-Barfield Electric Furnaces, Ltd. — Zeiss (London), Ltd., Carl . . — iv

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L D E R

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Sheffield.

E d ito r ia l O ffic e : 36 Victoria Street,

London, S .W .l.

Te l e p h o n e:

Victoria 2320.

Editor : Q. SHAW

M.Sc., P,

T H E

Monthly Journal of the

INSTITUTE OF , ETALS

1* ■ ° W I

^ “ tUl---

Advertising Department : T. Q. S c o tt & Son,

Ltd., 63 Ludgate Hill,

London, E.C.4.

Telephone : City 4211 (2 lines).

Assistant Editor:

S. O. GUILLAN.

V olum e 3 A P R IL , 1936 P art 4

CONTENTS

A Message from the President Institute News and Announcements Personal N o t e s ...

7 3 2 . "F lu xes for Use in Soft-Soldering.”

Sidery, and H . Sutton

7 3 3 . "T h e Creep of Tin and Tin Alloys.- E. J. Sandford . . . . Author Index to Metallurgical Abstracts . Appointment Vacant . . . .

By J

-Part I

W . Willstrop, A . J.

’ By D . Hanson and

M E T A L L U R G IC A L A B S T R A C T S I . Properties o f Metals . . . . ■ II . Properties o f A lloys . . . . .

I I I . Structure (M etallography; M acrography; Crystal Struc

ture) . . . . . .

I V . Corrosion . . . •

V . P rotection (other than Electrodeposition) V I . E lectrodeposition . . •

V I I . Electrom etallurgy and E lectrochem istry (other than Electro deposition) .

V I I I . R e f i n i n g ...

I X . Analysis

X . L aboratory Apparatus, Instrum ents, &c

X I . Physical and M echanical Testing, Inspection, and R adiology X I I . Tem perature and Measurement Control

X I I I . F ou ndry Practice and Appliances X I V . Secondary Metals : Scrap, Residues, &c.

X V . Furnaces and Fuels .

X V I . Refractories and Furnace Materials X V I I . H eat-Treatm ent

X V I I I . W ork ing .

X I X . Cleaning and Finishing X X . Joining . . . . . X X I . Industrial Uses and Applications X X I I . Miscellaneous . . . . X X I I I . B ibliography . . . . X X I V . B o o k R eview s . . . .

P A G E

169 170 174

175 181 203 204

109 113 116 120 122 123

125 126 127 128 128 128 129 129 130 130 130 131 132 135 135 139

The m on th ly issue o f Metallurgical Abstracts m ay be cu t up for card indexes, as m em bers will receive early in 1937 the year’ s abstracts in b oun d form .

A N D A R E P R O D U C E D IN

NOTCHED B A R S INGOTS, ROLLING SLABS,

W I R E BA RS , STICKS AND

S H O T

»

. b r a n d/ .

T.J.PRIESTMAN.IIP

CUPRO FOUNDRY, L E O P O L D S T R E E T ,

B IR M IN G H A M ,.2

•phom£ :v/croft/A 2S6/-2-3 ’ G R A M S '. SPĆC/F/C, B I R M I N G H A M . xviii

Parńeu/ap af/enfion. * * » » , 7S d r a w n t o o u p

S T A N D A R D I Z E D A L U M I N I U M A L L O V S

P O R

S A N D - C A S T I N G S , G R A V I T Y A N D P R E S S U R E D I E - C A S T I N G S A N D S P E C I A L H I G H - T E N S I L E A L L O Y S F O R A I R C R A F T A N D A D M I R A L T Y

W O R K .

A M E S S A G E F R O M T H E P R E S I D E N T I am happy to avail myself o f the Editor’s provision o f space in this issue o f the Monthly Journal to write a personal message on assuming office as your President.

In the first place I wish to acknowledge publicly the many letters and telegrams o f congratulation and good wishes which I have received. To most o f these I have replied personally, but I trust that this expression o f my thanks and appreciation will be

accepted in lieu o f any omissions.

In follow ing so able and hard-working a President as D r. Moore, I have before me a standard which will be difficult to reach. I can only say that such ability as I have will be at the disposal o f the Institute. M ay I be permitted to point out, however, that the President is only an individual, and there are definite limits to what he can accomplish. While he may assist the work o f the Institute, its ultimate progress depends mainly on the enthusiasm o f its members. I hope that every member o f the Institute will realise this and do what he or she can to promote its interests in every direction, and particularly in bringing forw ard suitable candidates whose admission will strengthen our ranks.

There are several matters o f vital importance to our immediate future to which I should like briefly to refer. One is the alteration in our Articles o f Association providing f o r the future, we hope, a constitution o f our Council more fu lly representative o f the members. I am aware that some do not agree with the step that has been taken, and I would take this opportunity to assure these friends that we fu lly recognize their conscientiousness in expressing adverse opinions on the scheme : but since there can be no doubt that the new Articles express the desire o f the great majority o f our members, I earnestly hope that we shall now work together wholeheartedly with the single aim o f making the revised procedure completely successful.

I wish, further, to welcome, as I am sure we all do, the announcement made by my predecessor ju st before vacating office, o f the proposals to be discussed in the near future with the Iron and Steel Institute. A t this stage it is not possible to enter into details, but their general aim is closer co-operation between the two Institutes. I f adopted I believe that they will result in great advantage to members o f both bodies, particularly to younger metallurgists whether engaged in the ferrous or non-ferrous industries.

Tour Council has also under consideration a scheme f o r collaboration with our American colleagues, through the Institute o f Metals Division o f the American Institute o f Alining and Metallurgical Engineers, and I believe that these proposals when finally approved will also meet with a cordial reception and result in increasing the service that both bodies are rendering to the science and art o f non-ferrous metallurgy.

In conclusion may I add that I am sure that I am expressing the views o f my colleagues on the Council, as well as my own, in saying that we welcome suggestions from members f o r improving the status and influence o f the Institute. It is not always possible to adopt these, but they are always sympathetically considered and regarded as

an indication o f the concern o f members f o r the welfare o f the Institute.

March 1 0, 1 9 3 6.

President.

I N S T I T U T E N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S

Paris Autumn Meeting.

In January there was sent to all m em bers a circular letter and reply form w ith regard to the A utum n Meeting, which is to be held in Paris from Septem ber 14 to 18. Members interested in the m eeting were invited to return the rep ly form to the Secre­

ta ry . F rom the form s already re­

turned, it appears th a t over 300 mem bers and ladies are likely to take part in the Paris meeting. Members w ho have n ot returned the form and hope to participate in the meeting are asked t o com m unicate w ith the Secretary.

The m eeting w ill open on M onday, Septem ber 14, when th e Annual A u tu m n Lecture w ill be delivered in the Maison de la Chimie (where all the m eetings w ill be held) b y Professor P. A . J. Chevenard on th e scientific organization o f factories. A fter the lecture there w ill be a conversazione a n d a display of cinem atograph films o f m etallurgical interest. Prior to the lecture, the office of the H onorary L ocal Secretary, Monsieur J. S.

D ouchem ent, w ill be open all day for the registration of mem bers and the issue of badges, tickets, and booklets.

In the m orning of Tuesday, Septem ­ ber 15, papers w ill b e presented for d iscu ssion ; after w hich there w ill be an inform al luncheon. In the a fter­

n oon m em bers w ill visit m etallurgical and engineering w orks in and near Paris, while ladies will have an o p p or­

tu n ity to inspect factories o f dom estic interest, museum s, and gardens. A b anquet w ill b e given in the evening b y the In stitu te’s hosts, the Bureau In ternational des A pp lications de I’ Alum inium .

On W ednesday, Septem ber 16, the m orning and afternoon program m es w ill resemble those o f the previous d a y w ith the addition of an afternoon visit, open to m em bers and their ladies, to the printing office o f a fam ous French illustrated newspaper.

A dance w ill take place in the evening.

Thursday, Septem ber 17, w ill be dev oted to an a ll-da y excursion to Versailles, the m eeting concluding on the follow ing d a y w ith a tou r co m ­ bining item s of m etallurgical and scenic interest. The evenings o f

Septem ber 17 and 18 w ill b e free for m embers to m ake their ow n arrange­

m ents.

The program m e as outlined a b ove is subject to m odification. Full details w ill b e issued as soon as th ey are available.

The Council has requested Messrs.

Thom as Cook & Son, L td ., to u nder­

take the travel and h otel arrange­

m ents for such m em bers as desire to avail them selves of the special co m ­ bined facilities th a t w ill be available.

One p a rty of m em bers w ill leave L on d on on Sunday afternoon, Septem ber 13, a n d another on the follow ing m orning. There w ill also b e a departure b y the m orning air service on Septem ber 14. British m em bers should be b a ck in L on don b y the w eek-end. A detailed travel program m e will b e issued shortly.

Those mem bers w ho intend, after the Paris m eeting, to take part in the D üsseldorf m eeting o f the Iron and Steel In stitu te (Septem ber 21-26) will be able to receive from Messrs.

Cook & Son quotations covering hotels for the w eek-end and fares to D üsseldorf where th ey can “ link up ” w ith the travel and hotel arrangements th a t are being m ade b y the Iron and Steel Institute.

March Meetings of the Institute.

T h e March meetings began on the afternoon o f Tuesday, March 10, w ith an Extraordinary General M eeting, at w hich there was a pproved, b y a large m ajority, the Special R esolu tion for the alteration of Articles 19 and 21 o f the In stitu te’s Articles o f Association as set out in the printed notice sent to all m em bers on January 31, 1936.

The new Articles, w hich are now included in copies of the Articles of A ssociation that can be supplied to members, will also be printed in V olu m e L V I I I of the Journal, w hich will contain a full report of the March meetings.

On the evening of Tuesday, March 10, a m eeting— to w hich m em bers o f other societies were invited— was held to discuss “ Metallic W ear in the Presence of Lubricants.” Dr. H . W . Brow nsdon, M .Sc., M em ber o f Coun­

cil, read a paper * on this s u b je c t; it

* M onthly Journal, 1935, D ec.

170

Institute News and Announcements

was follow ed b y a discussion that lasted 2J hours.

The Annual General M eeting o f the Institute was held in the m orning and afternoon of the follow ing day, when the new President, Mr. W . R . Barclay, O .B .E ., was in du cted into the Chair b y the retiring President, D r. H . M oore, C .B .E . A fter Mr.

Barclay had delivered his Presidential Address,* the follow ing papers—

previously published in the M onthly Journal in the m onths indicated below — were presented for discussion : Co o k, M. “ The Physical Properties and Annealing Characteristics of Standard Nickel Silver A lloys.”

(Dec., 1935.)

Bl a z e y, C. “ Experim ents on the Electrical Resistance of Copper and Some Copper A lloy W ires.”

(Nov., 1935.)

Te e d, M ajor P . L. “ Plastic D e ­ form ation and Age-H ardening of D uralum in.” (Nov., 1935.) Ba n n i s t e r, Professor C. O., and R .

Ri g b y. “ The Influence of Light on Electrode Potential and C orro­

sion Phenom ena of Certain N on- Ferrous Metals.” (Feb., 1936.) Gw t e e, A . G . C., and P. C. Va r l e y.

“ A D eep-D raw ing Test for A lu ­ m inium .” (Jan., 1936.)

In the evening the In stitu te’ s Annual Dinner was held at the Trocadero Restaurant, nearly 300 mem bers and guests being present.

Speeches after Dinner were delivered b y the President, Lord M elchett, Lieut.-Colonel J. H . M. Greenly, C.B .E . (Member of Council), Sir W illiam Bragg, O.M. (President, The R o y a l Society), W . A . S. Calder, Esq.

(President, the Society of Chemical Industry), Sir H arold Carpenter, F .R .S . (President, The Iron and Steel In stitu te ; Past-President, The I n ­ stitute o f Metals), and Colonel A . E.

D avidson, D .S .O ., A .D .C. (Past- President, The Institution o f M ech­

anical Engineers).

A vocal entertainm ent after dinner replaced the custom ary dance.

The Annual General Meeting con ­ cluded on Thursday, March 12, after the presentation for discussion of the follow ing papers :

* Monthly Journal, 1936, March.

Au s t i n, G. We s l e y. “ The E ffect of M olten Solder on Some Stressed M aterials.” (Oct., 1935.)

Da n i e l s, E . J. “ The H ot-Tinning of C o p p e r : The A tta ck on the Basis Metal and its E ffects.”

(Feb., 1936.)

Jo n e s, W . D . “ Influence o f Surface Cuprous Oxide Inclusions on the Porosity o f H ot-T in ned Coatings on Copper.” (Feb., 1936.)

Br i t t o n, S. C. “ A n E lectrolytic Test for Zinc Coatings on W ire.”

(Jan., 1936.)

In the afternoon visits to o k place to Broadcasting H o u s e ; the R oya l Observatory, G reenwich; the Fuel Research Station, G reenw ich; and to the works o f several London newspapers.

Professor Hutton Appointed a Fellow.

Professor R . S. H utton, M .A .,D .S c., was appointed b y the Council at its

Meeting on March 11, 1936, a Fellow of the Institute, as a m em ber who had “ in the opinion of the Council, rendered eminent service to the In stitu te.”

U ntil last m onth he had served continuously on the Council since the foundation o f the Institute in 1908,

Institute News and Announcements

having been a Vice-President for several years and a m em ber o f m any o f the In stitu te’s Committees.

Professor H u tton was D irector o f the British Non-Ferrous Metals R e ­ search Association from its early days until his appointm ent in 1932 as the first G oldsm iths’ Professor o f M etal­

lu rgy in the University o f Cambridge.

Officers for 1936-1937.

The follow ing constitute the Coun­

cil o f the Institute for 1936—1937 : P resid en t:

W . R . Ba r c l a y, O .B .E . Past-Presidents : Ha r o l d Mo o r e, C .B .E ., D .S c.,

P h .D .

Ri c h a r d Se l i g m a n, Ph.nat.D . Professor Th o m a s Tu r n e r, M . Sc.,

A .R .S .M . Vice-Presidents :

H . W . Br o w n s d o n, M .Sc., P h .D ., Birm ingham .

C. H . Desch, D .Sc., P h .D ., F .R .S ., T eddington.

A . G . C. Gw y e r, B . Sc. , P h .D ., W arrington.

Professor D . Ha n s o n, D .S c., B ir­

m ingham .

H . C. La n c a s t e r, L on don . E . L . Mo r c o m, M . A . , B i r m i n g h a m .

H onorary T rea su rer:

Jo h n Fr y.

M em bers o f C o u n cil:

Professor J. H . An d r e w, D .S c., Sheffield.

Lieutenant-G eneral Sir Ro n a l d Ch a r l e s, K . C . B . , C.M .G., D .S .O ., L ondon.

Engineer V ice-A dm iral Sir Ro b e r t Di x o n, K .C .B ., D .E n g ., London.

S. F . Do r e y, D .S c., W h .E x ., London.

R . Ge n d e r s, M .B .E ., D . M e t . , W o o l­

w ich.

Ke n n e t h Gr a y, S h e f f i e l d .

Lieutenant-Colonel J. H . M. Gr e e n l y, C .B .E ., M .A ., L ondon.

H . H . A . Gr e e r, J .P ., G l a s g o w . J . L . Ha t j g h t o n, D .S c., Teddin gton . D . J . Ma c n a u g h t a n, L ondon.

A . H . Mt j n d e y, L on don .

The H on . R . M. Pr e s t o n, D .S .O ., L on don .

C. J. Sm i t h e l l s, M.C., D . S c . , W em ­ bley.

F . To m l i n s o n, Manchester.

H . B . We e k s, L ondon.

and

The Chairmen o f the Six L ocal Sections.

“ The Structure of Metals and Alloys.”

A c o p y o f D r. W . H u m e-R oth ery’ s b o o k on “ The Structure o f Metals and A lloys ” (which constitutes No. 1 o f the In stitu te’s M onograph and R ep ort series) has been despatched to each m em ber w ho requested a free co p y o f this new publication. A n y m em ber w ho has n ot received the book and desires to possess one should apply on the pink order form which accom panied the February issue of the M onthly J ou rn al; or requisition for a c o p y m a y b e m ade on a post-card.

A dditional copies of the M on o­

graph (120 pages, w ith 61 illustrations and 21 tables, b ou n d in lim p cloth) can be obtain ed from the Secretary, price 3s. 6d. post free.

M embers are in vited to direct the attention of interested friends to this publication, w hich the Council hopes w ill have a w ide sale.

Supplementary Abstracts.

W ith this issue o f the M onthly Journal there is enclosed a supple­

m ent to the A bstracts for the year 1935; this w ill be included in the b oun d volu m e o f Metallurgical A b ­ stracts for the past year. The pages are now distributed for the co n ­ venience o f those m em bers w h o use the m onthly issues for card indexing purposes.

May Lecture.

The Annual M ay Lecture will be given in the H all o f th e Institution o f M echanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, W estm inster, S .W .l, on W ednesday, M ay 6, a t 8 p .m ., b y Mr. C. C. P ater­

son, O .B .E . (M ember), D irector o f the R esearch Laboratories o f The General E lectric Com pany, L td ., W em bley.

The subject of Mr. Paterson’s lecture w ill be “ The Escape o f E lectricity from Metals : Its Practical Consequences.” The lecture will be illustrated b y practical dem onstra­

tions. L ight refreshments will be provid ed a t the conclusion. Visitors are cordially in vited to attend. A card o f invitation for the use o f a

Institute News and Announcements

visitor is enclosed w ith this issue of the M onthly Journal. Additional cards can b e obtained on application to the Secretary.

Sir Charles Parsons Memorial.

The Sir Charles Parsons Memorial Com m ittee has succeeded in raising the m inim um o f £ 12,000 necessary for the three follow ing forms of memorial:

(1) A mem orial in W estminster A b b ey.

(2) A n annual lecture, in any o f the subjects in which Sir Charles Parsons was interested to be delivered b y a distinguished man o f any n ationality; the lecturer to receive a suitable honorarium and com m em orative bronze medal.

(It was agreed th at £2000 w ould be necessary for these tw o form s of M emorial.)

(3) A Parsons Mem orial Library in L on don H ouse in connection with the D om inion Students’ Hall.

Mem bers o f the Institute o f Metals have contributed towards the cost of the Memorial. The Council of the Institute will be invited in due course to nom inate a lecturer to give one of the annual lectures on a subject in w hich Sir Charles Parsons, a former M em ber of Council of the Institute, was interested. The first lecturer will b e nom inated b y the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers will nom inate the second lecturer.

Election of Members.

Applications for m em bership o f the Institute will be considered b y the Council a t a m eeting to be held on W ednesday, M ay 6. Persons elected from now onwards are entitled to m em bership for the period ending June 30,1937, so that the present is a particularly opportune tim e for new m em bers to join the Institute.

Form s o f application for m em ber­

ship and copies of the Institute’s

“ Aim s and O bjects ” folder, contain­

ing a photograph of a year’s issue of the In stitu te’s publications, can be obtained from the Secretary. A n um ber o f m em bers w ho have seen

the folder have n oted with interest the m any activities o f the Institute, with some o f which th ey were unfamiliar.

Distribution o f the folder to n on ­ m em bers should prove an effective means o f strengthening the Institute’s membership.

Membership Additions.

The follow ing were elected on February 13, 1936 ;

A s Members.

Ea r l e, Sydney George Tredennis, Birm ingham.

Hi t c h c o c k, John Oliver, B .Sc., L o n ­ don.

Lo e w e n s t e i n, M ax, D ip l.-In g., Paris, France.

Pr o o s, Cornelius Frederick, D elft, Holland.

Ro h r i g, Hans, Lautawerk/N ieder- lausitz, Germany.

Sh i o m i, Tsutom u, B . S c . , T ok y o, Japan.

St a f f o r d, W illiam A lbert V ictor, Byfleet.

Wa t e r h o u s e, Norm an W arren, B .E n g., Sydney, N .S .W ., Australia.

v a n We r t, Leland Russell, M .S., S c.D ., Cambridge, Mass., U .S.A.

Wr i g l e y, Jam es H arold, B .E ., F ootscray, Victoria, Australia.

The follow ing were elected on April 2, 1936 :

A s Members.

Ed m u n d s o n, Cyril D olbel, Napier, New Zealand.

Fr a n c i s- Ca r t e r, Charles Francis Jack, O xford.

Ga u t h i e r, Gaston Gabriel, St. Jean de Maurienne (Savoie), France.

Le e s, Thom as, Sale Moor, Cheshire.

Ty s o n, W illiam, Birmingham.

Va r l e y, Philip Copley, M .A ., W a r­

rington.

Wa r n a n t, Professor E dm ond, B ru s­

sels, Belgium.

A s Student Members.

De a l, Alan Jam es A ubin, Southam p­

ton.

Ho p k i n s, D onald W alter, B .Sc., Neath.

Ke n n e d y, J ames Alexander,

Coventry.

Ma c q u a r i e, Charles, B .Sc., Glasgow.

173

Personal Notes

A Swedish Celebration.

The Svenska Tecknoloforeningen o f S tockholm is celebrating the 75th anniversary o f its foun dation on M ay 19 and 20, and has in vited the Council o f the Institute o f Metals to send a delegate to the celebrations. The President, Mr. W . R . B arclay, O .B .E ., and D r. R . Seligman will represent the Institute.

Fuel Research Station Visiting Day.

A Visiting D a y is bein g arranged at the F u el Research Station, East Greenwich, S.E.10, on Tuesday, June 9, 1936 (2—6 p.m .). Visitors w ill be given an op p ortu n ity to inspect the laboratories and large-scale experi­

m ental plants and to obtain a general insight into the whole range o f the fuel research w ork o f the D epart­

m ent.

F or the convenience of visitors travelling b y rail (from Charing Cross, Cannon Street, or L on don B ridge to M aze H ill, East Greenwich), a free service o f m otor coaches w ill operate betw een Maze H ill Station and the F u el R esearch Station.

M em bers w ho were unable to participate in the recent visit to the Fuel Research Station, and w ho desire to avail themselves o f the above- m entioned opportu nity, should apply for an invitation card to Mr. G. Shaw S cott, The Institute o f Metals, 36 V ictoria Street, L ondon, S .W .l.

P E R S O N A L N O T E S The Editor requests that his attention

be directed to items o f interest to mem­

bers that might be included under the

“ Personal N o te s ” heading. A ll con­

tributions fo r the M a y issue o f the M on th ly Journal should reach him not later than A p ril 25.

Dr. S. F . Do r e y (M em ber o f C ou n ­ cil), Chief E ngineer S u rveyor to L lo y d ’ s R egister o f Shipping, has been aw arded the D en n y G old M edal for 1935, b y the In stitu te o f Marine Engineers, fo r a paper on “ Marine M achinery D efects— their Causes and P reven tion .” This is the second time th a t D r . D orey has been aw arded this m edal, and it is the first tim e th a t anyone has received it tw ice.

Me. Ia n K . Ma cGr e g o r, B . Sc., has left W arrington to ta ke up a position as a m etallurgist w ith Messrs. W illia m Beardm ore & Co., L td ., Glasgow.

Pr o f e s s o r Se r g i u s A . Po g o d i n, D .Chem ., M et.E ng. (Section of M etal­

lic Equilibria, Institute o f General and Inorganic Chemistry, A ca dem y of

Sciences o f U .S .S .R .), has left Lenin­

grad for M oscow. H is new address is : Gretensky B ou levard 6/1, ap. 166, M oscow , U .S .S .R .

Mr. P . W . Se l i g m a n, B .A ., has joined the staff of the Alum inium Plant and Vessel Com pany, L td.

Dr. I. G. Sl a t e r, M .Sc., has been app ointed a Senior Scientific Officer in the A dm iralty Scientific P ool, and to o k up his new duties as from March 2, 1936.

Mr. R . Tu r n e r, Assoc.M et., has taken up an appointm ent w ith the associated com pa n y in Canada of Messrs. Johnson, M atthey & Co., L td. Correspondence m a y be fo r­

w arded to him at 198 Clinton Street, T oron to, Canada.

Obituary.

Si r Jo s e p h Pe t a v e l, K .B .E ., D .S c., E .R .S ., died on March 31.

H e had been D irector of the N ational Physical L a b ora tory since 1919. Sir Joseph was an Original M em ber of the Institute.

174

sponsible for the statements or opinions expressed in this paper on which written dis­

cussion m ay be sent to the Secretary not later than October 1 , 193b.

FLUXES FOR USE IN SOFT-SOLDERING.*

B v J. W . W IL L S T R O P ,f B.Sc., M e m b e k , A. J. S ID E R Y ,t Assoc.Met. (Sheff.), M e m b e r , and H . SUTTON,| M .S c . , M e m b e r .

Sy n o p s i s.

An examination was made of the soft-soldering of materials that are not very easUy soldered with the aid of the usual fluxes, particular atten­

tion being devoted to the soldering of eorrosion-resistmg steel and to the corrosive effects of flux residues. The features of ortho-phosphoric acid as a flux and the properties of fluxes containing organic phosphates as the active agent were investigated. Fluxes based on organic phosphates permit easy soldering of many materials without residues of the fluxes causing corrosion. The fluxes may be used satisfactorily on corrosion- resisting steels and other materials not readily soldered with the use ot fluxes containing zinc chloride as the active constituent.

I t is well known that the production of soft-soldered joints in certain materials, e.g. corrosion-resisting steels, zinc, aluminium-bronze, &c., with the fluxes usually employed in ordinary soft-soldering operations is a matter of some difficulty. In some cases soldering is much facili­

tated by the use of a zinc-chloride flux to which some free hydrochloric acid has been added, but residues of such fluxes, which must almost inevitably remain in complicated or re-entrant j oints, are liable to cause serious corrosion. For some purposes the use of chloride fluxes, even without added free acid, is so liable to result in corrosion by flux residues that the use of such fluxes is undesirable. A well-known method for reducing appreciably the tendency of the flux residues to cause corrosion is to use fluxes in the form of pastes made up with mineral jelly and other similar substances, but the success of this method is at the best only partial.

The object of the experiments described in this paper was to evolve a flux which would be free from undesirable corrosive effects, but which at the same time would be capable of exerting a satisfactory effect in soft-soldering operations on a wide range of engineering materials.

The first experiments were made with a number of substances in­

cluding dibasic ammonium phosphate, ammonium benzoate, borax

* Manuscript received January 14, 1936.

t Scientific Officer, R oyal Aircraft Establishment, South Farnborough.

J Principal Scientific Officer, R oyal Aircraft Establishment, South Farn­

borough.

Note to Abstractors and Other Readers.— This paper will be published, in permanent form, in the Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. L IX , 1936.

Reference should accordingly be as follows : J . Inst. Metals, 1936, 59 (Advance copy).

PAPFP Nn 732 This paper is copyright. It m a y b e reprinted, w h olly or in part, in the

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