? . I O C ' / 3 - 6
P a r t 10
MEETING IN MANCHESTER 0N NOVEMBER 4, 1936.
At t h e J o i n t M e e tin g o f t h e I n s t i t u t e a n d t h e M a n c h e ste r M e ta llu r g ic a l S o c ie t y referred t o on p . 5 0 9 , Mr. D . G . S o p w i t h w ill re a d t h e P a p e r b y D r . H . J . G o u g h , M .B .E ., F . R . S . , a n d h im s e lf o n “ T h e R e s is t a n c e o f B r o n z e s t o F a t i g u e a n d C o r r o s io n - F a t ig u e ,” w h ic h is p r in t e d in t h i s is su e .
A ll m e m b e r s o f th e I n s t i t u t e are in v i t e d t o a t t e n d t h e J o i n t M e e tin g .
G . S h a w S c o t t ,
S e c re ta ry a n d E d ito r . Oct. is , m o .
(POLITECHMi t h e S tu d y of Alloys. By W . H u m e - R o t h e r y a n d
By P. W . R e y n o l d s
752. T h e Solubility of Silver and Gold in Solid M a g n e siu m W . H u m e - R o t h e r y a n d E. B u t c h e r s
753. Alloys of M a g n e s iu m . P a r t IV.— T h e C o n s titu tio n of t h e M a g n e s iu m - R ic h Alloys of M a g n e s iu m a n d Silver. By R. J . M. P a y n e a n d J . L. H a u g h t o n
541 551
557
M e ta llu rg ic a l A b s tr a c t s 385-438
O C T O B E R 1936
C o p y rig h t E n te re d a t S ta tio n e rs * H a lt
From o u r w id e r a n g e w e a r e a b l e t o s u p p ly r e fr a c to r y m a t e r ia ls o f h ig h q u a lit y s u i t a b l e fo r m o s t in d u str ia l p u r p o se s . In o u r v a r io u s w o rk s, w h i c h a r e m o d e r n in d e s i g n a n d e q u i p m e n t , c a r e is t a k e n in e v e r y s t a g e o f m a n u f a c t u r e t o e n s u r e t h a t o u r p r o d u c t s a r e m a i n t a i n e d a t a u n i f o r m l y
h ig h s t a n d a r d .
For fu lle r particulars, ask fo r our P am phlet, No. 1.
u
DT'T i- E!T h is is an a c tu a l p h o to g ra p h o f an e x tr u d e d a l u m i n i u m s e c t i o n . S a m p le s f o r in s p e c tio n w i l l be g la d lv s e n t o n
re q u e st,
^ BRITISH A L U M I N I U M ^
HEAD OFFICE: ADELAIDE HOUSE.KING W ILLIAM STREET.LONDON.E.C.4.
f c M w i i *«*> " o u tr 5561 C $ 0 7 4 - O tY O U U . B llG A J i. LOUDON.
LO N D O N W AREHOUSE : IIR M tN O H A M .A ' M A N CH ESTER.}: LEEDS. 3 : M U R O M ’ N EW CASTLE O N T Y M , I « G U S G O W ,C 2 = i S 2 9 P d fK fjs Bo4<J XW I la w te y S t r e e t 2 7 4 D ea«vg*te 6 0 KrktteN Ro*<J Ro m St. Temp*« M u b u m H o u tr I I ) W m St
i
BIRLEC W a t e r - S e a l e d F u r n a c e s o f t h e t y p e i l l u s t r a t e d h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d b y l e a d i n g m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f C o p p e r W i r e b o t h in E n g l a n d a n d a b r o a d .
T h e m a t e r i a l is t r e a t e d in co il s w i t h a p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f o n l y a b o u t 8 0 u n i t s o f e l e c t r i c i t y p e r t o n of w o r k a n n e a l e d , a n d w i t h a
PERFECTLY BR IGH T FINISH
BIRLEC F u r n a c e s f o r D RY B r i g h t A n n e a l i n g of f i n e c o p p e r w i r e a l s o h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d in s e v e r a l l a r g e w o r k s .
Bright Annealing Copper W ir e
B I R M I N G H A M E L EC TR IC F U R N A C E S L IM IT E D . E R D I N G T O N , B I R M I N G H A M
STRONG
D U R A L U M I N
( R E G . T R A D E M A R K )D 1 ALLOY
E L E K T R O N , etc.
( R E G. T R A D E M A R K )
IN T U B E S , R O L L E D M E T A L S , E X T R U D E D BARS, W IR E ,
Etc.
9 o r a ll p u rp o se s w h ere s t r e n g th w i t h l i g h t n e s s i s e s s e n t i a l .
JAM ES BOOTH £ COMPANY
(i b i*) L I M I T E D .
ARCYLE STREET WORKS, B IR M IN G H A M ,7 .
telephone: EAST 1221 (Pte.Bch. Ex). Je/egramsi'Booth, Birm inghorrf.
Codes:A.B.C.5th£ 6th. Ed Haber's 5 Letter. Bentleys Second Phrase Wes ta rn U n i o n
ALLOYS
For the economical production of tubes with absolutely uniform wall thickness we supply
T U B E E X T R U S I O N PRESSES
o f v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l t y p e , a l s o t h e r e q u i r e d p o w e r w a t e r p l a n t s c o n s i s t i n g of p r e s s u r e p u m p s a n d a c c u m u l a t o r s , t h e l a t t e r o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d , c o m p r e s s e d - a i r l o a d e d t y p e w l t h o u t a n y p l s t o n s o r f l oa t s , f o r w h i c h t h e H Y D R A U L I K .Co.
o w n s p a t e n t s In all c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d .
Erltlsh A g e n t s : A a bac as E n g i n e e r i n g C o . , Ltd., 1 0 C a n n i n g Place, L i v e r p o o l , I
SHEETS, CIRCLES, M ATTIN G IN
9 8 - 9 9 °/o PURE METAL ROLLED
MANGANESE A N D SILICON ALLOYS
A L U M I N I U M
C O R P O R A T I O N LTD.
W ELLINGTON HOUSE, BUCKINGHAM GATE, LO N D O N , S.W.1,
T e l e p h o n e ; W hi t e h al l 7 6 6 5 & 7 6 6 6 T e l e g r a m s : Flu xo de , S o we sf , L ond on
M A D E IN ENGLAND
T h e s e a r e t y p i c a l e x a m p l e s o f t h e m a n y G.E.C. fur nac es n o w u sed in va rio us b r a n c h e s of industry.
T h e n u m b e r o f i n s t a l l a t i o n s is i n c r e a s i n g r ap id ly . U s e r s f i n d t h a t G . E . C . F u r n a c e s p r o v e h i gh ly prof it a b l e , e n s ur i ng l ow w o r k i n g costs as we ll a s b e i n g c o m p l e te l y d e p e n d a b l e , p r e c i s e in o p e r a t i o n a n d s i m p l e t o c on tr ol .
Top v i e w s h o w s the p o u r i n g of a c h a r g e I f r o m t h e £ - t o n .
¡ c a p ac i ty steel me l t
ing fur n ac e a t t h e ’ w o r k s of J o n a s &
C o l v e r ( N o v o ) Ltd., Sheffield.
M i d d l e v i e w , t h r ee fu r na ce s for g e n e r a l h e a t t re a t m e n t at t he w o r k s o f J o h n Lang & Sons, Ltd., J o h n s t o n e , C l a s g o w . L o w e r v i e w , G.E.C.
i n s t a l l a t i o n f o r b ri gh t a n n e a l i n g b y t h e G r ü n e w a l d ' p r o c e s s a t t he w o r k s of J. J. H a b e r s h o n
& Sons. Ltd., Holmes,.
Ro th erh am.
M anufacturers
T H E G E N E R A L E L E C T R I C C O . , L T D .
Head O ffic e : M a g n e t House, Kingsway, London, W .C .2
Branches t h r o u g h o u t G r e a t Britain a n d in all p rinc ipa l ma rk et s of t he W o r l d .
v iii
LEITZ
OPTICAL DILATOMETERS
Unrivalled for their
A C C U R A C Y - R E L I A B I L I T Y - C O N V E N I E N C E A B SO LU TE F R E E D O M F R O M V I B R A T I O N
U D D A : universal model for differential as w ell as absolute expansion curves, therm o-electric investigations, coefficients of ex pansion, electric resistance v. tem perature curves, etc.
H T V : specially designed for soft metals, for record ing trans
formations at high tem peratures, experim ents w ith different quenching media, invaluable for investigating pro perties of all n e w alloys.
BOTH MODELS ARE AVAILABLE FOR EXPERIMENTS IN A V A C U U M OR IN A REDUCING OR O X ID IZIN G ATMOSPHERE
W rite for farther particulars to
E. LEITZ (LONDON) 20, MORTIMER ST., W.t
Oit CASTING t o n AIK BRAKE CYLINDER AS SUPfUlD TO THE CLAYTON OÍWANORE
CO. LTD.
SAND & DIE CASTINGS
N O R M A L A N D H E A T T R E A T E D '
TELEPHONE 7 C O V E N T R Y 803S
( 3 L I N E S )
C O V E N T R Y
TELEGRAMS:S T E R M E T P H O N E C O V E N T R Y
V I T R E O S I L
PURE FUSED QUARTZ
AND SILICA
HEAT AND ACID PROOF
STERLING METALS LTD
THE THERMAL SYNDICATE LTD.
H ea d Office an d W orks: WALLSEND-ON-TYNE
London Depot: Thermal House, 12-14 Old Pye St., Westminster. S.W.l
L A B O R A T O R Y W A R E
X
%
SIEMENS
E L E C T R I C
F U R N A C E S
with
F O R C E D A I R C I R C U L A T I O N
The pow erful circulation of heated air over the charge ensures a high degree of tem
perature uniformity and entirely prevents local overheating. The Siemens-Betz fan used in this furnace has an efficiency of over 10% and can circulate the air in either direction.
A d v t . o f M e s s r s . S i e m e n s - S c h u c k e r t ( G r e a t B r i t a i n ) L t d . ,
O f f i c e s a n d W o r k s : G r e a t W e s t R o a d , B r e n t f o r d , M i d d l e s e x . T e l . : E a l i n g 1 171.
B r a n c h Offices a n d A g e n t s : G l a s g o w , N e w c a s t l e - o n - T y n e , M a n c h e s t e r , Sheffi eld, B ir m i n g h a m .
• Bring your reference library up to date • • •
A copy o f o u r new Catalogue w ith details o f B rita in ’s finest Precision Balances and W eights gladly sent free on request to any industrial o r educational laboratory. Please state w hether interested in Chemical Balances, Assay Balances, o r both.
Founded In London, 1849.
L. OERTLING Ltd., 65 HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.1
T A S /O r . 123
loose copies of
Institute papers
Members w ho find it inconvenient to bring to the General Meetings copies o f the M onthly Journal containing the papers to be discussed, may now purchase one loose copy o f each paper.
Orders, which must be fo r one whole year in advance, should be sent to the Secretary w ith o u t delay. The service commenced w ith the Paris A u tum n Meeting 1936 papers.
Annual charge 5s., post free.
x i i
x iii
INDEX T O ADVERTISERS
O C T O B E R , 1 9 3 6
Aluminium Corporation, Ltd. . Aluminium Union, Ltd. . Avery, Ltd., W. & T.
Barrett, Tagant & Gotts, Ltd. . Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Ltd.
Birmingham Electric Furnaces, Ltd.
Booth & Co. (1915), Ltd., James British Aluminium Co., Ltd., The British Commercial Gas Assoc., Tho British Metal Corporation, Ltd., Tho British Oxygon Co., Ltd.. The . Carborundum Co., Ltd., Tho Consolidated Tin Smelters, Ltd.
Demag A.G...
Electric Besistance Furnace Co., Ltd Foundry Services, Ltd.
General Electric Co.. Ltd.
High-Duty Alloys, Ltd.
Hilger, Ltd., Adam Hydraulik G.m.b.H.
I.C.I. Metals, Ltd. . Incandescent Heat Co., Ltd.
PAG E
vii
IV V
iii
X V
x ix
vm xiii VI
X X
International Tin Research Council Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd. . Leitz, E. (London) .
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd.
McKechnie Bros., Ltd.
Martin, W. E. & Co., Ltd.
Mills, W m ., L td. . National Alloys, Ltd.
Northern Aluminium Co., Ltd. . Norton Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd.
Oortling, Ltd., L.
Priestman, Ltd., T. J.
Ratcliff (Metals) Ltd., J. F.
Siemens-Schuckert (Gt. Britain) Ltd.
Stein & Co., Ltd., John G.
Sterling Metals, Ltd.
Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd.
Thermal Syndicate, Ltd. . University of Sheffield
Wild-Barfield Electric Furnaces, Ltc Zeiss (London), Ltd., Carl
p a g e
X V I
ix
Xll xviii xiv xi ii
X
Quality is a m atter of comparison
T e l e p h o n e : A s t o n C r o s s 357 6/7. T e l e g r a m s : “ R o d e n t , B i r m i n g h a m . "
a n d it m a t t e r s v e r y m u c h , w h e n y o u a r e b u y i n g r o l l e d m e t a l , w h a t s t a n d a r d y o u u s e t o m a k e y o u r c o m p a r i s o n .
If y o u h a v e s e e n L U S T E R M e t a l p r o d u c e d : f o l l o w e d t h e p r o c e s s f r o m s t a r t t o f i n i sh , w a t c h e d t h e p a t i e n t t e s t i n g o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , a d m i r e d t h e m o d e r n e l e c t r i c a n n e a l i n g p r o c e s s , n o t e d t h e a l m o s t m e t i c u l o u s c a r e t a k e n in e a c h s t a g e o f m a n u f a c t u r e , y o u w il l b e c o n v i n c e d t h a t h e r e Is y o u r s t a n d a r d f o r R o l l e d M e t a l . . . L US T E R .
T h e p h o t o g r a p h s h o w s s o m e f i n i s h e d r o l l s a n d s t r i p s w a i t i n g d e l i v e r y I n s t r u c t i o n s .
J. F. RATCLIFF (METALS) LTD., NEW SUMMER STREET, BIRMINGHAM
H E A T - T R E A T M E N T ’S P L A C E I N M A S S P R O D U C T I O N
Continuous Gas-Fired Furnaces at the Ford Works.
(F r o m " T h e H c a l- T r e a tm e n t o f Sle cl." )
It has n o t been so easy to apply continuous au tom atic processes to the heat-treatm ent of steel parts as it has to m o st other operations in the m o d em m ass-production factory. B u t it has been done. W ith the help of an easily and accurately controlled source of heat and a little ingenuity a number of continuous h eat-treat
m en t furnaces have been produced, and are now in operation in this country.
A s is to be expected, the Ford Motor Co. w ou ld m ake th e u tm ost use of such furnaces, and their works a t D agenham have an interesting sy stem of conveyor-belt furnaces for the hardening and tem pering of forgings.
There is a hardening furnace of a p p roxim ately 24 feet long, which is divided into three zones, in th e second and third of which the te m perature is autom atically controlled.
Tho forgings pass through the furnace on a conveyor bolt of heat-resisting steel and are delivered by moans of a shuto into the quenching tan k . T hey are then picked up b y m eans of a slat conveyor and delivered to the operator a t th e tem pering furnace.
Tho corresponding tempering fur
nace is also 24 foot long and, like the hardening furnace, is divided into three zones, b u t the temperature is autom atically controlled in all of thorn. The forgings are carried through the furnace on a similar conveyor b elt and delivered b y m eans of a sh ute on to tho m ain floor of the heat-treatm ent shop.
The capacity of this installation is ap p roxim ately one to n of m is
cellaneous forgings per hour, bu t tho rate of travel through the furnace can be altered b y m eans of a variable- speed m otor in order to give the required soaking tim e for the par
ticular ty p e of steel being treated.
For normalizing, a walking-beam furnace of similar size and throughput is used. This, too, is d ivided into three 8-ft. zones separately controlled.
Advantages of Gas Firing.
So th o whole process of heat- treatm ent is practically continuous
and autom atic. H o w has this been m ade possible ? The first essential, of course, was a form of h e a t th a t could be easily and accurately controlled and th a t could a u to m atically be kept constan t. I t also had to allow of tho obtaining and maintaining of tho desired furnace atmosphere.
W ith ou t critical control of tem pera
ture, atmosphere, and speed of transit a t each stage of the operation, these furnaces w ould n o t have been practicable. Tho desired results could n o t have been assured and th e number of rejects would have been excessive.
The ideal form of heat for th is ty p e of furnace has been found in coal-gas. Town gas is of known and constan t calorific value, and is available in a ready-to-burn form in alm ost unlim ited quantities. I t can be burnt in th e w id est variety of different burners, which can bo accurately controlled singly or in a set, to give a constan t heat input, distributed in a n y required w ay. B y m eans of therm ostats it is easily possible to provide autom atic m ain tenance of a n y desired tem pera
ture.
All this is additional to tho m any other ad van tages of tow n gas, such as the saving in space and labour, tho greatly increased lifo of tho furnace due to its use— refractorios la st longer, and its greater reliability and cleanliness. Comparing its co st on the true basis of th e qu ality and cost of the finished article, to w n gas is qu ite the cheapest fuel th a t can bo used.
There is a treatise— entitled “ The H eat-T roatm ont of Steel ” issued free b y tho British Commercial Gas Association, which contains a fund of valuab le inform ation on th e subject and is w ell w orth sending for. I t can be obtained from m o st local gas undertakings or from the A ssociation’s address, Gas Industries H ouse, 1 Grosvenor Place, London, S .W .l.
All needing expert advice on gas equip m ent should write to the Association, who w ill place the inquirer in to tou ch w ith th e bod y b e st equipped to a ssist him . x v
O ur workshops are a ls o e x c e l l e n t l y equipped for the p ro
duction of v e ry fine seamless tube and v e r y t h i n f o i l , in
various metals.
E n q u irie s arc in vited.
JOHNSON, MATTHEY & CO., LIMITED
HEAD OFFICE & REFINERIES
7 3 / 8 3 , H A T T O N GARDEN, L O N D O N , E.C.1
x v i
For 120 years Johnson, M a tfh e y & Co., Limited, have specialised in the p ro duction of precious metals and non- ferrous metals in fine and accurate sizes fo r both scientific and research purposes.
W e have special research facilities fo r the production of v e ry fine w ire and thin strip fo r use as filaments, fuses, ribbons, etc.
PLATINUM PHOSPHOR-BRONZE
SILVER-GILT NICKEL-CHROME
COPPER SPECIAL ALLOYS
Ed ito rial Of f i c e: 36 V ic to r ia S t r e e t ,
L o n d o n , S . W . l . Te l e p h o n e :
V ic to r ia 2320 E d i t o r : G . S H A W SCO
M .S c., F.O.I.S.
V o l u m e 3
T H E
Monthly Journal of the
(TUTE OF ÏTALS
T O B E R , 19 3 6
Ad v e r t is in g De p a r t m e n t : T . G . Scott <fc So n,
L t d ., 63 L u d g a te H il l,
L o n d o n , E .C .4 . T e l e p h o n e : C i t y 42 1 1 (2 lin e s ).
A s s i s t a n t E d i t o r : S . O. G U I L L A N .
P a r t 10
C O N T E N T S
7 5 2 .
Institute N ew s and Announcements
7 4 9 . “ Directional Properties in Rolled Brass Strip.” By Maurice Cook, M .S c., P h .D ... •
7 5 0 . " T he ¡Resistance of Some Special Bronzes to Fatigue and Corrosion- Fatigue.” By H. J. Gough, M .B.E., D .S c., F.R .S., and D . G.
Sopwith, B.Sc.Tech. . . . . • • • ■
Notice to Authors of Papers . . . . • • • •
7 5 1 . “ The Control of Composition in the Application of the D eb y e- Scherrer Method of X-Ray Crystal Analysis to the Study o f Alloys.
By William Hume-Rothery, M .A ., D .S c., and Peter William
Reynolds, B.A., B.Sc. . . . ■ • • • •
‘ The Solubility of Silver and Gold in Solid Magnesium." By William Hume-Rothery, M .A ., D .S c ., and Ewart Butchers, B.A., B.Sc... ...
7 5 3 . “ Alloys of Magnesium. Part IV.— T he Constitution of the Magnes
ium-Rich Alloys of Magnesium and Silver." By R. J. M . Payne, B.Sc., and J. L. Haughton, D .S c ...
Author Index to “ Metallurgical Abstracts " .
M E T A L L U R G I C A L A B S T R A C T S I . Properties of Metals .
I I . Properties of A lloys . . .
I I I . Structure (M etallography; M acrography;
ture) . . . . ■ •
IV . Corrosion . • • . •
V . P rotection (other than Electrodoposition) V I. E lectrodeposition . . . • V I I. E lectrom etallurgy and E lectrochem istry (otli
deposition) . . . . ■
V I II. Refining . . . . • •
I X . A n alysis . . . . ■ •
X . Laboratory Apparatus, Instrum ents, &c.
X I . P hysical and Mechanical Testing, Inspection, and Radiology X I I . Tem perature and Measurement Control
X I I I . Foundry Practice and Appliances X I V . Secondary Metals : Scrap, R esidues, &c.
X V . Furnaces and F uels .
X V I . R efractories and Furnace Materials X V I I . H eat-T reatm ent
X V I I I . W o r k i n g ...
X I X . Cleaning and Finishing X X . Joining . . .
X X I . Industrial U ses and Applications X X I I . Miscellaneous . . . . X X I I I . Bibliography .
X X I V . B o o k R ev iew s . . . .
Crystal Struc-
hter than Electro -
P AGE
503 511
527 540
541
551
557 565
385 389 396 397 402 404 407 408 408 409 411 413 413 415 415 416 417 418 419 422 425 426 434 The m o n th ly issue of M etallurgical Abstracts m ay be c u t up for card indexes, as mem bers w ill receive early in 1937 the year’s ab stracts in bound form.
w A N D A R E ‘ P R O D U C E D I N
NOTCHED BARS INGOTS, ROLLING SLABS,
W IR E BARS, STICKSAND
SHOT
TO
ADMIRALTY*A.I.D. B.E.S.A
A N D ALL
S T A N D A R D SPECIFICATIONS.
T.J.PRIESTMANU?
LEOPOLD STREET,
BIRMINGHAM..»
Parti eu Zap a/tin/jon, /s arau/p to oun S T A N D A R D I Z E D A L U M I N I U M A L L O Y S
POR
s a n d-c a s t i n g s,g r a v i t y a n o p r e s s u r e d i e- c a s t i n g s a n d S P E C I A L H I G H - T E N S I L E A L L O Y S E O R A I R C R A F T a n d a d m i r a l t y
W O R K .
I N S T I T U T E N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S
Paris Meeting.
Th e first m eeting of th e In stitu te to be hold in Franco took placo from M onday, September 14, to Friday, September 18. A b out 200 m embers and their ladies assem bled in Paris on September 14. One party, in cluded in w hich w as the President,
members and visitors had an oppor
tu n ity for informal conversation and partook of ligh t refreshments, later w itnessin g a display of cinem ato
graph films of metallurgical interost entitled “ La Magie du For Blanc ” and “ Quelques Pagos sur l ’Industrie française dé l ’Alum inium .”
In the m orning of T uesday, Sep-
M o n S ieu r D a l m a i s W e l c o m i n g M e m b e r s a t O p e n i n g S e s s i o n o f Pa r i s M e f . t i n g , S f . p t e m b e r 15, 1930.
(Loft to right : Dr. Richard Seligman, Past-P resident ; Mr. G. Shaw Scott, Secretary ; M. J. D alm ais, Chairman of Local R ecep tion Com m ittee;
Mr. W . R . Barclay, President; Professor D . H anson, Vice-President;
Dr. H . Moore, Past-President.)
travelled b y air from London in a specially chartered aeroplane. The first' gathering w as to hear Professor P . A.. J. Chovenard deliver tho F ifteen th A utum n Lecture (in the Grande Salle of th e Maison de la Chimie)! A n audience of over 400 persons, including m any Frenchmen, .listened to the lecture, which was delivered in French. Afterwards
tomber 15, members again assembled at tho Maison do la Chimio, tho admirable headquarters of the I n stitu te during its sta y in Paris, when an official welcom e w as extended by M. J . D alm ais, Chairman of the Local R eception Committee, and the P resi
dent announced th a t an invitation had been received to hold the 1937 A utum n Meeting in Sheffield.
503
Institute News and Announcements
Tho Secretary read the follow ing list o f m em bers n om inated b y the Council as Officers for the year 1937—1938.
N o other nom inations were received.
President : W . R . Ba r c l a y, O .B.E.
Vice-Presidents : Engineer Vice-Admiral Sir Ro b e r t
Di x o n, K .C .B ., D .E n g.
Licutonant-Colonol Tho H on. R . M.
Pr e s t o n, D .S.O.
Members 0} Council : W . T. Gr i f f i t h s, M.Sc.
St a n l f.y Ro b s o n, M.Sc.
A . J . G. Smout. D . St o c k d a l e, M.A., P h.D . Biographical details of the above- mentioned members who are new ly nom inated to tho Council aro given on pp. 506-507.
Papers Nos. 740, 742, 743, and 744 were then presented for discussion, and the proceedings were adjourned a t 12.30 p.m.
• In .th e afternoon soveral works were v isited b y members, and in the e v e n ing a banquet w as g iven b y the Bureau International des A p p lica
tions de l’Alum inium a t the Maison do ' la Chimie. Tho to a st of “ Tho In stitu te of Metals ” was proposed b y M. Dalm ais and replied to b y the President, Mr. W. R . Barclay, O .B .E ., who was in the Chair. The to a st of “ The French. Metallurgical Industries ” w as proposed in French b y Dr. C. H . D esch, F .R .S . (Vice- President), the response being made b y M. G. J. Pain vin (Administrateur- D élégué, Société d’Électrochimio, d ’Électro-métallurgie e t des Aciéries Électriques d ’Ugine).
On W ednesday, September 16, tho General Meeting w as continued a t the Maison de la Chimie, when papers Nos. 733, 734, 737, 739, and 745 were presented for discussion, the m eeting concluding a t 12.30 p.m. w ith a vote of thanks to the In stitu te’s hosts and the presentation, by the President on behalf of the Council, of a souvenir of the m eeting to M. J. S. Douchem ent, w h o had acted as Honorary Secretary of the Local R eception Committee.
After a series of v isits during tho afternoon, there was, a t 5.30 p.m ., a Civic R eception a t the H ô tel de Ville by the Municipal Council of Paris, the d ay being concluded w ith
a dance a t tho P avilion Dauphino, B ois do Boulogne.
Thursday, September 17, was devoted to an all-day oxcursion to Versailles. In the morning the Chateau was visited, and after lunch the gardens and Trianons were inspected, tea follow ing a t the Trianon Palace, the party returning to Paris about 6 p.m.
On Friday, September 18, thoro w a s an all-day excursion to R ouen and H avre. Before lunch members, accompanied by guides, v isited places of historical interest in R ou en . In tho afternoon the party divided— one going by motor coach to v is it tho Abbaye of Jumibges, Caudebec-en- Caux, and the Abbaye of St-W andrille, returning to R ou en through Yvet:61 and B aren tin , and the other party proceeding to H avre to v is it the works of the ■ Trefilerics e t Laminoirs du H avre. The parties rejoined a t R ouen, and arrived in Paris a t 7.35 p.m ., thu s concluding one of the m o st successful m eetings ever held b y the In stitu te.
President’s Visit to Amercia.
The President (Mr. W . R . Barclay) sailed from this country in tho Queen M a r y on September 30 for a v is it to the U n ited States and Canada. Ho w ill be paying a number of v isits to works in these countries, and also hopes to attend the A utum n Meeting of tho American In stitu te of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers to bo held a t Cloveland during the latter part of the m onth. Ho w ill be absent from Great Britain throughout tho whole of October, bu t hopes to return during the early part of N ovem ber.
During his absence the duties of President w ill bo carried ou t by the senior Vice-President, Professor D . H anson.
List of Members.
A new edition of tho L ist of M em bers is now in tho press and should be ready n e x t m onth. Members who desire to receive a copy should for
ward a request to tho Secretary.
Versailles Photograph.
Copies of tho photograph from which tho block on p. 505 has been prepared can be obtained, price s ix pence each (or in exchange for three international reply coupons) on appli
cation to the Secretary.
5 0 4
(TECHNIK!
GroupokMembersandtheirLadiesatVersailles, September17, 1936.
N E W L Y - N O M I N A T E D M E M B E R S OF C O U N C I L
Join t Research Committees of tho Federation of B ritish Iron and Steol Manufacturers and tho Iron and Steel In stitu te. A member of m any learned and technical societies in the U n ited K ingdom , America, and on the Continent. Represented tho Local Sections on the Council from 1930 to 1932; Honorary Secretary of the London Local Section, 1924-1930, ' and Chairman of the London Local Section, 1930-1932. E lected m em ber of tho In stitu te in 1923.
W . T. Griffiths, M.Sc.
Born 1895. E du cated a t Cardiff U n iversity College, taking B.Sc.
(Wales) in Chemistry and P hysics and later the M.Sc. degree. From 1915 t o 1918 served w ith H.M . Forces in France. On return com pleted U n i
versity course, taking Honours in Chemistry and B .Sc. in Metallurgy.
For a short tim e w as on the staff of tho M etallurgy D epartm ent, U n iver
sity College, Cardiff; in April, 1921, joined the Research D epartm ent, W oolwich, and carried ou t researches on alloy steel, brass, &c., and developm ent of physical apparatus.
In A u gust, 1926, joined The Mond N ickel Company, L td ., and for the p a s t seven y ears has been Manager of the Company’s Research and D evelop m en t D epartm ent.
A F ellow o f the In stitu te of Chem
istry, and a F ellow of the In stitu te of P h y sics. H a s published Several papers on ferrous and non-ferrous m etallurgy. A Member of Council or Research Committees of several re
search organizations, including the B ritish Cast-Iron Research A ssocia
tion, B ritish Non-Ferrous Metals Research A ssociation, Research and Standardization Committee o f the In stitu tio n of Autom obile Engineers,
S. Robson, M.Sc.
Born 1888. E du cated a t Arm strong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Obtained the Johnstone Chemical Research Scholarship and a Scholarship of tho R oyal E xhib ition of 1851. Took tho degree M.Sc. (Durham), and tho Diplom a of tho Imperial College.
H eld executive positions in several important chemical and metallurgical works. A Director of the N ational Sm elting Company w h o have works in A vonm outh and Swansea, and a number of its associated companies.
R esponsible for various m etallur
gical processes m ain ly in connection
506
Newly-Nominated Members of Council
w ith tho sm elting and refining of zinc.
I n chargo of large works producing spelter, puro zinc and zinc alloys, cadmium and cadmium-bearingmetals and lead. Interested also in tho production of m agnesium and calcium alloys.
A member of the Council of tho Society of Chemical In du stry and Chairman of the Chemical Engineer
ing Group. Member of the In stitu tion of Mining and Metallurgy;
member of the General Board of the N ational P hysical Laboratory and of their Metallurgical A d visory Com
m ittee ; member of the In stitu tion of Chemical Engineers. E lected m em ber of tho In stitu te of Metals in 1927.
A. J. G. Smout.
B o m in 1888. E du cated a t K ing E dw ard’s School, Birmingham.
A fter som e years a s Works Director w ith E llio tts Metal Company, Lim ited, he joined Imperial Chemical Industries, Lim ited, in 1928. No%v Group Chairman of Metal Section, Im perial Chomical Industries, Limited.
E lected m em ber of th e I n stitu te in 1917. W as first elected to tho Council in 1924.
D. Stockdale, M.A., Ph.D.
The older son of Dr. H . F . Stock
dale, som etim e Director of the R oyal Technical College, Glasgow, ho was born in 1899. W as educated a t B ar
nard Castle School and served for a short tim e in France as a R .F .A . subaltern. H o w ont up to K in g ’s Collogo, Cambridge, in 1919, and read for P arts I and I I of the N atural Sciences Tripos. After taking his degree, he was trained in tho m ethods of research b y Colonel C. T. H cyeock.
Ho w as elected a senior stu dent of the Exhib ition of 1851 in 1923. Later he was for two years on Dr. Gwyer’s staff in tho Rosoareh Laboratories of the British A lum inium Company, L td., a t Warrington. H e rotum ed to Cam
bridge as a Fellow of K in g ’s College in 1927, and is now a U n iversity D em on strator in Chemistry. H is principal subject is Inorganic Chemistry, but ho also lectures on Metallography, and m uch of his work is carried ou t under Professor R . S. H u tton in tho Gold
sm ith s’ Laboratory. H o has p u b lished m an y papers, chiefly in the In stitu te’s Journal, on the structure of m etals and alloys. E lected m e m ber of the In stitu te in 1922.
507
P E R S O N A L N O T E S
The E ditor requests that his attention be directed to items of interest to m em
bers that might be included under the
“ Personal Notes ” heading. A ll con
tributions f o r the November issue of the M onthly Journal should reach him not later than October 24.
Mr. W. J. S. Ro b e r t s, B . Sc., has recen tly beon app ointed Senior A ssistant Chemist w ith Messrs. Thos.
Firth & J o h n Brown, Lim ited, a t Sheffield.
M r. H . Su t t o n", M.Sc., has ro- coived from tho U n iversity o f Man
chester tho degreo o f D.Sc.
Marriage.
Ba s t i e n : Coi.T.OMi:. On S ep tem ber 2G, 1936, a t the E glise Saint Louis des Invalidos, Paris, P aul B astien, D .Sc., son o f General and M adam e Bastion, to Fernando Collomd, daughter o f Monsieur and Madame Amedeo Collomo.
Obituary.
Professor D r.-Ing. e.h. Os w a l d Ba u e r died su dd en ly on A u g u st 2 in his six tieth year. A n outstandin g German m etallurgist, his work on m etallography, corrosion, and testing
w as specially noteworthy. H e had been a member of the In stitu te sinco
1929.
Mr. S. Co w r e r- Co i.e s died on September 9 a t Sunbury-on-Thames.
H is name is associated, through the word Sherardizing, w ith his zinc rust-proofing process. Ho w as closely concerned w ith industrial develop
m ents connected w ith tho electro- doposition of m etals.
[Mrs. Cowper-Coles states th a t she is desirous of lettin g the well-equipped laboratories and workshops of her late husband. Situated at Sunbury-on- Tham es, “ they are suitablo for olectromotallurgical research and sm all m anufacture; thero is also livin g accommodation, if required.” ]
Professor He n r y Le Ch a t e l i e r, the doyen of French metallurgists, died su dd en ly on September 17.
H o w as Grand Officer of the Ldgion d ’ Honneur, Member of tho In stitu te of France, D octor of Science and Foreign Member of tho R o yal Society.
A n Original Member of the In stitute, he w as elected to Honorary Member
ship in 1912. H o served for over ten years as Honorary Corresponding Member to the Council for France.
L OC A L S E C T I O N S N E W S
SYNOPSES OF PAPERS TO B E REA D AT COMING MEETINGS * Birmingham Section.
Non-Ferrous Metal Tubes. B y W . L. Govier. (October 22.)
The paper w ill be confined to the production of seamless tu b es of copper and copper-rich alloys. A description w ill be given of present day m ethods of casting, extru sion, piercing, tubo reducing, annealing, and drawing, together w ith a discussion of som e technical problems arising during m anufacture. Tho properties and uses of som e im portant classes of tu b es w ill bo described.
The Present Trend in Alloy Constructional Steels. B y J. A. Jon es, M.Sc.
(November 5.)
T he paper w ill consider th e purpose of alloy additions to carbon steels. Tho relative effects of additions of nickel, chrom ium , manganese, tu n gsten , and m olybdenu m , respectively, on the properties of oil-hardened and tempered steels ; th e effect of com binations of the above elem ents on su ch properties ; and the develop m en t of nickel-chrom ium , nickel-m angancse, chrom iu m - m olybdenum , and m angan ese-m olybd en um oil-hardening steels w ill be discussed.
* For places and tim es of m eetings the green folder programmes already issued should be consulted.
508
Local Sections News
London Section.
Research in the Iron and Steel Industry. B y Dr. W. H . H atfield, F .R .S . (November 12.)
Tho paper w ill deal w ith the mechanism of developing and applying research in a m etallurgical industry. Tho necessity for sub-dividing tho m eans and approach in the three follow ing categories w ill be emphasized :
(1) The need for ensuring adequate developm ent of fundam ental knowledge, using the word fundam ental in its broadest sense.
(2) The advan tage of collective research on major problems of com m on intorcst to the whole of th e industry', either through a system of Com m ittees or through a definitely organized research association.
(3) The param ount need for constituent firms w ithin tho industry to develop their ow n research organizations for th e purpose of dealing w ith their ow n specific and particular problems.
The author w ill proceed to indicato in some detail tho manner in w hich tho various aspects of applied science are, a t the present tim e, being actually dealt w ith , w ithin tho iron and steel industry in th is country', and onds b y givin g a number of interesting exam ples falling w ithin th e three categories.
Manchester Metallurgical Society.
Professor F . C. Thom pson, D .M ot., w ill deliver his Presidential Address on October 21. On Novem ber 4 a Join t Meeting w ill be hold w ith tho I n stitu te of Metals. Particulars of th is m eeting w ill be forwarded to local m embers in due course.
North-East Coast Section.
Spectrographic Analysis o£ Metals. B y M. M ilboum , A.R.C .S., B .Sc.
(November 10.)
A brief description w ill be g iven of the principles w h ich underlie the use of tho spectrograph in analytical work. The technique w ill bo discussed, dealing w ith m ethods of excitation, choice of spectrograph and photographic plate, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, accuracy, &e.
Tho analysis of two or three typical m aterials w ill bo described, in order to show how the choice of technique depends on certain properties o f tho materials being analyzed,’ and on the results required.
An accou nt of the use w hich is being m ade of spectrographic m ethods in an industrial metallurgical laboratory w ill be given, show ing the q u an tity and typo of work w hich is being carried out. The advantages and lim itations of spectrographic m ethods relative to chemical m ethods w ill also bo discussed.
Tho lecture will bo illustrated w ith lantern slides.
Scottish Section.
The Nickel Industry. Some Recollections. B y W . R . Barclay, O .B.E., President. (November 16.)
Tho paper w ill deal w ith the rise o f the nickel industry in England between 1835 and 1885, w ith brief accou n t of refining m eth od s; th e production of nickel and its alloy's in sem i-m anufactured forms, including an accou nt of some of the chief problems m et w ith in the earlier p e r io d s; th e “ nickel silver ” alloy's; and tho emergonce of nickel as an im portant alloy'ing elem ent in both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy', w ith particular reference to its introduc
tion into alloy steels and to the field of electrical resistance and heat-resisting alloys. A short accou n t w ill also bo given of tho progress m ade during the War period and a few of th e more notew orthy developm ents of the im m ediate post-war period, including the earlier experim ents in the em ploym en t of electric furnaces for m olting nickel and its alloy's. The paper w ill deal m ainly w ith developm ents in th is country, b u t incidental reference w ill also be m ade to tho v ita l im portance of th e discoveries of nickel-bearing ores in Canada to tho technical progress of th e industry, as v e il as its industrial prosperity.
509
Local Sections News
Sheffield Section.
Lead Mining in Derbyshire. B y L. B. W illiam s, B .A ., B .E . (November 13.) Swansea Section.
Gases and Metals. B y C. J. Sim thells, M.C., D .S c. (November 10.)
A n accou nt w ill be given of the w ork w h ich has been carried ou t during tho p a s t two years a t the Research Laboratories of th e General Electric Company, L td., on tho diffusion of gases through m etals, and tho rem oval of gases from m otals by various treatm ents. R ecen t theories of tho m echanism of diffusion, and tho effect of adsorption of gas on m etal surfaces w ill be discussed.
510
p a p e r Nn 7 4 0 T h in M D c r is c o p v r in li t . I t m a y b e r e p r in t e d , w h o l l y o r in p a r t . In t h e P r e s s ( w i t h d u e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t ) a f t e r t h e A n n u a l M e e ti n g o f t h e I n s t i t u t e t o o e h e l d _ - o n u f i h l O a n d 11, 1 9 3 7 . T h o I n s t i t u t e a s a b o d y I s t e s , ,o n s . b l o to r t h e s t a t e - 7 4 m c n t s o r o p i n io n s e x p r e s s e d In t h i s p a p e r , o n w h i c h w r itte n d is c u s s io n m a > b o Bent t o m e S e c r e t a r y n o t l a t e r t h a n M a r c h 1 5 , 1 9 3 7 .
DIRECTIONAL PR O PE R T IES IN ROLLED BRASS STRIP.*
By MAURICE COOK.+ M.Sc., Ph.D., Me m b e r. Sy n o p s i s.
The tensile properties of brass strip in directions parallel, normal, and at 45° to the rolling direction, have been determined after progressively increasing rolling reductions up to more than 90 per cent. " J lcn tho rolling reduction has been sufficient to induce a directional effect tho greatest strength and least ductility are obtained normal to the 1 oiling direction, while tho converse obtains in the rolling direction.
When cold-rolled brass strip is finally annealed, it may show direction
ality which is revealed both by tensile tests and by tho occurrence of ears or waves on the edges of cups cut from the strip. In annealed strip showing directionality, the tensile strength is least and the ductility greatest at 45 to the rolling direction, and it is in this position that ears are formed/ th o extent to which directionality exists in rolled and annealed stnp is largely determined by the conditions of the penultimate and final anneal
ings and by the magnitude of the rolling reduction between these two A study of tho orientation of twinning planes in rolled and annealed 70 : 30 brass strip showing appreciable directionality in tensile properties and in tho tendency to form cars on cups, indicates that the frequency of orientation of the twinning planes is lowest at about 45° to the direction ot rolling. The direction of maximum frequency of orientation of twinning planes appears to be fortuitous in strip not showing directionality m other respects.
In t r o d u c t i o n.
The occurrence of directional properties in strip or sh eet m eta l is of considerable theoretical in terest and practical im portance. A part from directional properties arising o u t of th e d evelopm ent of fibre due to th e presence of non-m etallic inclusions, recent in vestigation s h a v e show n th a t in m aterials where such inclusions are n o t present to a n y appreciable e x te n t, direction ality m a y e x is t in th e properties of the m etal n o t only in th e rolled condition, b u t also after annealing. AN hen m etal is fabricated into cups b y blanking and form ing either together in one operation, or separately, th e ex isten ce o f marked d irectionality m anifests itse lf b y th e presence o f ears or a w aviness a t th e edge or m ou th of th e cup w hich m a y v a ry in position, and considerably in
* Manuscript received May 9, 1936.
■j* Deputy Research Manager, I.C.I. Metals, Ltd., IWitton, Birmingham.
Note to Abstractors and Other Readers—This paper will be published, in permanent form, in the Journal of the Institute of Metals, Voh LX, 193/.
Reference should accordingly bo as follows : J. Inst. Metals, 1937, 60 (Advance copy).
in ten sity, according to th e rolling and annealing treatm en ts which th e strip or sh eet has received in th e course of its preparation. W h ile a num ber of in vestigation s have been m ade on d irectionality, there still rem ains m uch inform ation to be obtained w hich w ill n o t on ly be of im m ed iate practical use, b u t w hich w ill also help tow ards a fuller understanding o f th e subject. T he w ork described in th e present paper w as undertaken to obtain, in th e case of brass, inform ation of th is kind, since few results h a v e h ith erto been published concerning directional properties in th is alloy.
Price and D a v id so n 1 w ho determ ined, after various rolling reduc
tions, th e tensile properties o f 65 : 35 brass strip, in directions parallel and norm al to th e direction of rolling, n oted th a t up to reductions of a b o u t 50 per cent, in thickness th e tensile stren gth in th e tw o directions w as n o t m easurably different, b u t th a t thereafter th e strength in the transverse direction w as greater th a n th a t in th e longitudinal direction.
T he reduction in area a t th e fracture w as found alw ays to be greater in th e longitudinal th a n in th e transverse direction, w hile elongation v alu es in th e tw o directions w ere n o t sen sibly different up to reductions of a b ou t 35 per cen t., b u t thereafter higher values were obtained on transverse specim ens.
K aiser 2 stud ied th e causes givin g rise to w aviness on copper cups and determ ined th e effect of such factors as th e tem perature of the p en u ltim ate and final annealing operations, as w ell as th e m agn itu d e of th e final rolling reduction {i.e. th e rolling reduction b etw een the p en u ltim ate and final annealings) on th e e x te n t of th e w aviness: H e concluded th a t, in order to m inim ize w aviness on copper cups, th e final rolling reduction should n o t exceed 60 per cent., th e tem perature of th e final annealing should be as low as possible and th e in term ed iate annealings should be carried o u t a t 700° C. or higher tem peratures.
Bauer, v on Goler, and Sachs 3 determ ined th e directional properties of copper and som e copper-zin c alloys after a 92 per cent, reduction in th ickness b y cold-rolling, and after annealing a t 500° C. E x c e p t for copper and th e 98 : 2 alloy, th e y found th e tensile stren gth to increase w ith increasing angle of th e specim en to th e direction of rolling, th e h igh est va lu e being obtained on transverse specim ens. In th e annealed condition th e ten sile stren gth was found to decrease, and th e elongation to increase w ith an increasing angle.
P h illip s and B u n n ,4 w ho determ ined th e affect of th e final rolling reduction and th e tem perature o f th e final annealing operation for tough -p itck and d eoxidized copper, concluded t h a t to a v o id serious directional properties th e final rolling reduction should be lim ited to about 5 0 -6 0 per cent, and th e final annealing to 5 0 0 °-6 0 0 o C., alth ou gh
512
Cook : Directional Properties
in Rolled Brass Strip
it should be n oted t h a t th e results were obtained on m aterial annealed a t one tem perature on ly a t th e p en u ltim ate annealing stage.
W ith a 90 : 10 copper-zinc alloy, P h illips and Sam ans 5 found th a t th e m o st pronounced ten sile directional properties and th e greatest ten d en cy to w aviness on cups are obtained b y large final rolling reduc
tion s and a high tem perature in th e final annealing operation. W hereas copper w as found to e x h ib it w avin ess in and a t right angles to th e direction o f rolling, i t occurred in th e 90 : 1 0 alloy a t 15° to th e direction of rolling.
The form ation of ears or w aviness on cups of cupro-nickel has been studied b y B a s s e tt and B ra d le y ,6 according to w hom ears m a y be formed cither a t 45° to, or in, and a t right angles, to th e direction of rolling, their p osition and size being affected b y th e m agnitude of th e final rolling reduction and th e tem perature of th e final annealing.
W ith m ild steel P h illip s and D un k lc 7 found th a t w ith strip finally rolled less th a n 40 per cent, ears w ere formed a t 45° to th e rolling direction, whereas w ith strip rolled 50 per cent, or m ore th e y occurred in th e 0 and 90° positions.
E f f e c t o f C o l d - R o l l i n g o n t h e P r o p e r t i e s o f 7 0 : 3 0 a n d 64 : 36 B r a s s S t r i p .
B rasses of th e com positions show n in Table I were obtained a t a th ickness of app roxim ately 0'3 in. after a number of rolling and anneal
ing operations. T he la s t rolling reduction to bring th e strip to th is T a b l e I .— Percentage Com position o f B rasses Investigated.
Cl : 30 BraS3. 7 0: 30 Brass.
Copper . . . . .
Ti n . . . . .
634 0-01
70-5 Nil.
Lead . . . . . 0-06 0-01
Iron . . . . . 0-06 0-009
Nickel . . . . . 0-03 0-006
Phosphorus . . . . Nil. 0-001
Zinc (difference) 36-44 29-47
thickness w as 50 per cent., and a t th is stage th e strip was annealed a t 625° C. for 2 lirs. T he annealed strip w as th e n cold-rolled w ith o u t a n y in term ed iate annealing operations, sam ples su itab le for testin g being obtained after reductions in th ick n ess o f ap proxim ately 10, 30, 50, 80, 90, and 95 per cent. R ela tiv e to th e direction of rolling, sam ples were cu t parallel, norm al, and a t 45°, and th e results of te s ts m ade on th ese specim ens are detailed in T ables I I and I I I . I he data obtained w ith th e tw o different com positions of brass show th a t up to reductions
5 1 3
