32
EthicsBernard Bolzano’s philosophical
conception of education from a modern
standpoint
Andrii Synytsia
)DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\,YDQ)UDQNR1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI/YLY 8QLYHUV\WHWVND/YLY8NUDLQH
E-mail: andrii.synytsia.edu@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-7187
Abstract
Aim.7KHDLPRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\VH%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSKLFRHGXFDWLR
QDODSSURDFKJLYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKLVSHGDJRJLFDOOHJDF\IRUIXUWKHUSURJUHVVLQWKH
ÀHOGRIHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ
Methods.7KHUHVHDUFKXVHVPHWKRGVRIKLVWRULFRSKLORVRSKLFDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ WR
GHWHUPLQHWKHIRXQGDWLRQVDQGIHDWXUHVRI%RO]DQR·VSHGDJRJLFRSKLORVRSKLFDOZRUN
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WRFKDUDFWHULVHWKHVWLOOUHOHYDQWLGHDVRIWKHWKLQNHULQWKHÀHOGRIHGXFD
WLRQ DQGFULWLFDODQDO\VLV WRDVVHVVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRI%RO]DQR·VOHJDF\IURPWKHVWDQG
SRLQWRIPRGHUQHGXFDWLRQDOWKHRU\DQGWRSRLQWRXWZKDWUHPDLQHGRXWRIWKHUHVHDU
FKHUV·DWWHQWLRQ
Results. 7KH VWXG\ VKRZHG WKDW %RO]DQR·V SHGDJRJLFDO LGHDV ZHUH QRW RQO\ LQ
GHPDQGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI(XURSHDQFXOWXUHRIWKHHDUO\;,;FHQWXU\EXWDOVRSURYHG
UHOHYDQWWRGD\HVSHFLDOO\JLYHQWKHQHHGIRUKDUPRQLRXVSHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWÀQ
GLQJVRXUFHVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQVWXGHQWVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHLUORJLFDOWKLQNLQJ
VNLOOVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVSLULWXDOTXDOLWLHVRIWKHWHDFKHUDQG²LQJHQHUDO²WKHDVVL
VWDQFHRIWKHVWDWHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSURJUHVVRIHGXFDWLRQDVWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYH
PHDQVRITXDOLWDWLYHFKDQJHLQVRFLHW\
Conclusion.%HUQDUGR%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQFHSWLRQRIHGXFDWLRQZDVVWURQ
JO\LQÁXHQFHGE\UHOLJLRQWKHLGHDVRIWKHODWH(QOLJKWHQPHQWDQGWKHODWH-RVHÀQLVW
7KLVFRQFHSWLRQZDVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIKLVVRFLRSROLWLFDOWKHRU\%RO]DQRDWWDFKHGJUHDW
LPSRUWDQFHWRWKHVWXG\RISKLORVRSK\DQGWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIORJLFDOVNLOOVLQHGXFD
WLRQ+HFRQVLGHUHGZULWLQJWH[WERRNVWREHRQHRIWKHFRUQHUVWRQHVRIWKHHGXFDWLRQDO
SURFHVV7KLVPDGHLWSRVVLEOHWRLQWHQVLI\FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWHDFKHUVDQGVWX
GHQWVWRJUDGXDOO\LQYROYHHYHU\RQHLQHGXFDWLRQDQGWKXVWRSURPRWHVRFLDOSURJUHVV
LQJHQHUDO
Key words: SKLORVRSK\ RI HGXFDWLRQ ORJLF WH[WERRN FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ
WHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWV%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VSHGDJRJLFDOLGHDV
doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.32.44
Introduction
B
HUQDUG %RO]DQR ² LV EHVW NQRZQ IRU KLV JURXQGEUHDNLQJ LGHDVLQ PDWKHPDWLFDO ORJLF VFLHQWLÀF VHPLRWLFV ORJLFDO VHPDQWLFV DQG KHXUL
VWLFV0RVWRIWKHPUHPDLQHGXQNQRZQIRUDORQJWLPHDQGZHUHUHGLVFRYHUHG
ZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVFLHQFHDQGSKLORVRSK\LQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\7KH
GHSWKRIWKHVHLGHDVJDYHULVHWR'DJÀQQ)¡OOHVGDOLQWKHODWHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\
WREROGO\VD\WKDW%RO]DQR¶ZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQNHUVRIKLVWLPH
DQGRQHRIWKHPRVWXQLYHUVDOO\WDOHQWHGSKLORVRSKHUV « · )¡OOHVGDO
S 0LFKDHO%HDQH\FRQVLGHUV%RO]DQRDVRQHRIWKHIRUHUXQQHUVRIDQDO\WLF
SKLORVRSK\DQG²DPRQJWKHPDLQHYHQWVRILWVHDUO\KLVWRU\²KHLQFOXGHV
WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIKLV¶&RQWULEXWLRQV«· ZKLFKFRQWDLQHGDFULWLTXHRI
.DQW·VGLVWLQFWLRQRIDpriori/a posterioriWKHIRXUYROXPH¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH·
DQG ¶3DUDGR[HV RI WKH ,QÀQLWH· ZKLFK DQWLFLSDWHV PHDQLQJIXO
LGHDVRIDODWHUVHWWKHRU\ %HDQH\SS
&RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKH¶*HVDPWDXVJDEH·SURMHFWWRSXEOLVK%RO]DQR·VOHJDF\LV
VWLOORQJRLQJ VHH Bolzano: Gesamtausgabe II DQGWKDWPDQ\YROXPHVDZDLW
SXEOLFDWLRQLWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHLPSDFWRIKLVLGHDVZLOOEHHYHQJUHDWHUQRWRQO\
LQORJLF7KLVLVPRVWO\HPSKDVLVHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVVXFKDV3HWHU06LPRQV
6LPRQV RU(WWRUH&DVDUL &DVDUL $OVRKLVLPSDFWLVYLVLEOHLQWKH
ÀHOG RI VRFLRSROLWLFDO OLIH DQG HVSHFLDOO\ LQ SHGDJRJ\ WKH WKHRUHWLFRSKLOR
VRSKLFDO DVSHFWV RI ZKLFK KH KDV EHHQ DFWLYHO\ GHYHORSLQJ VLQFH KH VWDUWHG
WHDFKLQJDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3UDJXH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVVWLOOQRSURSHUDVVHV
VPHQWRIKLVOHJDF\LQWKHÀHOGRISKLORVRSK\RIHGXFDWLRQZKLFKLVPRVWO\
VHHQDVSDUWRIKLVVRFLRSROLWLFDOWKHRU\ 6LUĪĀHN äHWHN 1RWDEO\WKH
LGHDVRISHGDJRJ\DUHHVVHQWLDOLQKLV¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· %RO]DQR DQG
LQWKHOLEHUDOWKHRU\RIWKHLGHDOVWDWH %RO]DQR RUHYHQLQSKLORVRSKLFDO
FRQFHSWLRQ VHHIRUH[DPSOH %RO]DQR
7RDQDO\]H%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VYLHZVRQHGXFDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\WHDFKLQJDQG
XSEULQJLQJ IURPDPRGHUQSKLORVRSKLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHLWZLOOEHFODULÀHGXQGHU
ZKDWFRQGLWLRQVKLVSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQFHSWLRQRIHGXFDWLRQZDVIRUPHGZKDW
SODFHWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVRFFXSLHGLQWKHVRFLDOOLIHZKDWSHGDJRJLFDOWDVNVRI
SKLORVRSK\DQGORJLFKHVLQJOHGRXWDQGKRZKHFKDUDFWHULVHGWKHPDLQZD\V
RISUHVHQWLQJNQRZOHGJHLQWKHWH[WERRNVDVZHOODVZKDWWKHNH\IHDWXUHVRI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVZHUH
Socio-political background of the philosophical concept of education
7RFKDUDFWHULVHWKHVRXUFHVRI%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSK\RIHGXFDWLRQVHYHUDO
WKLQJVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG)LUVWO\LWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWUHOLJLRQSOD\HG
DQHVVHQWLDOUROHLQKLVOLIH KHFDPHIURPDIDPLO\RI3UDJXHSULHVWVDQGZDV
EURXJKWXSLQDUHOLJLRXVVSLULW LQSDUWLFXODUKHDWWHQGHG3LDULVW*\PQDVLXP
LQ3UDJXH DQGWKHQKHEHFDPHDVWXGHQWDW&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\RI
3UDJXHZKHUHKHÀUVWVWXGLHGSKLORVRSK\ORJLFDQGPDWKHPDWLFVDQGÀQDOO\
LQ²KHEHFDPHDWKHRORJLDQ$IWHUWKDWDWWKHVDPHXQLYHUVLW\%RO
]DQREHJDQKLVWHDFKLQJFDUHHUFRPELQLQJKLVLQWHUHVWVLQSKLORVRSK\DQGWKH
RORJ\ZLWKPDWKHPDWLFDOVWXGLHV7KHFKRLFHRISURIHVVLRQRIWKHWKHRORJLDQ
VHHPHGWRKLPPRUHSHUVSHFWLYHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKPDWKHPDWLFVFRQVLGH
ULQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRLQÁXHQFHHGXFDWLRQRI\RXWKE\PHDQVRISXEOLFVSH
HFKHV %RO]DQR +HGHOLYHUHGDERXWDWKRXVDQGVXFKVSHHFKHV NQRZQ
DV6XQGD\VHUPRQV 7KH\FRQFHUQHGWRSLFDOVRFLDOSROLWLFDOHGXFDWLRQDODQG
UHOLJLRXVLVVXHVRIWKHWLPHDQGKDGDVLJQLÀFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH
ZRUOGYLHZRI\RXQJSHRSOHDQGWKHDZDNHQLQJRIWKH&]HFKQDWLRQDOFRQVFLR
XVQHVV %RO]DQR
6HFRQGO\%RO]DQR·VRZQYLHZVZHUHLQÁXHQFHGE\WKHSKLORVRSKLFDOLGHDV
RIWKHODWH(QOLJKWHQPHQW+HZDVÀUPO\FRQYLQFHGRIWKHSRZHURIORJLFDQG
UHDVRQ KHHPSKDVLVHGWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRISKLORVRSK\DVDPHDQVRILQWHOOL
JHQWXSEULQJLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQDQGKHSRLQWHGWRWKHQHHGIRUUDWLRQDOUHVWUXF
WXULQJRIVRFLHW\DQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIFLYLOULJKWVDQGKXPDQIUHHGRPV
%RO]DQROHDUQHGPDQ\RIKLVHQOLJKWHQPHQWLGHDVIURPWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI
WKHVRFDOOHG/HLEQL]:ROIVFKRROHVSHFLDOO\IURP,PPDQXHO.DQW+RZHYHU
GHVSLWHWKHSRSXODULW\RI.DQWLDQLVP%RO]DQRH[SUHVVHGFULWLFDOYLHZVDERXW
LW,QSDUWLFXODULQWKHÀUVWERRNRI¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· ¶7KHRU\RI)XQGDPHQ
WDOV· KHFULWLFLVHGWKHFRQFHSWRIWUXWKLWVHOIDQGDUJXHGWKDWWKHWUXWKFDQEH
NQRZQ$QGLIVRWKHQ.DQW·VDJQRVWLFLVPLVZURQJDQGKLVGLYLVLRQRIMXGJ
PHQWVLQWRDQDO\WLFDQGV\QWKHWLFRQHVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGFOHDUO\LQFRPSOHWH
VHHDOVR %RO]DQR ,QDGGLWLRQ%RO]DQRVLQJOHGRXWORJLFRDQDO\WLF
MXGJPHQWVWKHPHDQLQJRIZKLFKGHSHQGVRQWKHLUQRQORJLFDOHOHPHQWV VHH
DOVR 'XELVODY ,QWKLVFULWLTXHRI.DQW·VYLHZVRQHFDQDOVRVHHWKHIRU
PDWLRQRILGHDVRIQRQFODVVLFDOSKLORVRSK\PDQLIHVWHGLQWKHVHDUFKIRUQHZ
DSSURDFKHVWRVROYLQJWUDGLWLRQDOSKLORVRSKLFDOSUREOHPVDQDO\VLVRIWKHSDUD
GR[HVRIWKHLQÀQLWHEH\RQGWKHUDWLRQDOSDUDGLJPVRIUHDOLW\ %RO]DQR
7KLVFULWLFDOLW\ZDVDOVRRQHRIWKHWKHRUHWLFRPHWKRGRORJLFDOSULQFLSOHVLQWKH
ÀHOGRIHGXFDWLRQEHFDXVHWKHWHDFKHUDOZD\VKDGWRFOHDUO\FKHFNWKHYDOLGLW\
RINQRZOHGJHEHIRUHWHDFKLQJLWWRRWKHUV2QO\UDWLRQDODUJXPHQWVZHUHUHFR
JQLVHGDVZRUWK\RIEHLQJFRPPXQLFDWHGWRRWKHUVLQWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHIRUPDWLRQRI%RO]DQR·VZRUOGYLHZZDVLQÁXHQFHGE\
WKHVRFLRSROLWLFDORUGHURIWKH+DEVEXUJPRQDUFK\ZKLFKÀUPO\HVWDEOLVKHG
LWVSRVLWLRQLQ&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH+HZDVLPSUHVVHGE\WKHLGHDVRI
ODWH-RVHÀQLVWDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVRFLDOUHIRUPVZDV
SRVVLEOH WKURXJK HGXFDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKURXJK UDWLRQDO DUJXPHQWV DQG
ORJLFDO FRQFOXVLRQV ,W ZDV HVVHQWLDO WR KLP WKDW WKH WUXWKV RI UHOLJLRQ ZHUH
XQGHUVWRRG$V3DYHO6LUĪĀHNDQG-DURVODYäHWHNQRWH ¶>%RO]DQR@VRXJKWWKH
OHJLWLPDF\RIUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVE\DGYRFDWLQJPRUDOEHQHÀWVWKURXJKSUDJPDWLF
DUJXPHQWV· 6LUĪĀHN äHWHN S 6XFKSUDJPDWLVPZDVREYLRXVO\GXH
WRWKHLQWHQWLRQRQWKHRQHKDQGWRSUHVHUYHDQGLPSURYHWKHPRUDORUGHURI
VRFLHW\DQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWRLQÁXHQFHLQWHOOHFWXDOFLUFOHVZLWKUHDOLVWLF
DQGUDWLRQDODUJXPHQWV2IFRXUVHVXFKDSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFKZDVGXHWRWKH
QHHGWRFRPELQHWKHUDQNRISULHVWDQGWKHZRUNDWDVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\
7KLVZDVQRWDOZD\VDSSURYHGE\RIÀFLDOVDQGFOHULFV,QIDFWLWZDVSULQFL
SDOIRU%RO]DQRWRWHDFKWKHLGHDOVRIVRFLDOMXVWLFHIUHHGRPDQGHTXDOLW\DQGWR
XSKROGWKHLGHDVRIDEVWUDFWKXPDQLVPDQGXWRSLDQVRFLDOLVPDQGWKHDWWHPSWV
RIVRFLDOHTXDOLW\E\RIÀFLDOVZHUHSHUFHLYHGDVUHYROXWLRQDU\DQGDVDUHMHFWLRQ
RI VWDWHDSSURYHG XQLYHUVLW\ VWDQGDUGV ,Q WXUQ WKH FOHUJ\ H[SHFWHG KLP WR
PRUHDFWLYHO\GHIHQGWKHXVXDOVSLULWXDOZD\VRIOLIHZKHUHLWZDVQRWDOZD\V
SRVVLEOHWRFRPELQHWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVDQGVFLHQFH
%RO]DQRRQWKHFRQWUDU\LQWHUSUHWHGUHOLJLRQDVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPWKHWUXWKVRI
UHDVRQ,Q %RO]DQR·VUHIRUPLVWYLHZVOHGWRKLVGLVPLVVDOIURPWKH8QLYHU
VLW\RI3UDJXH 6LUĪĀHN äHWHN S ZLWKDVXEVHTXHQWSURKLELWLRQRQ
SXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQSXEOLFVSHDNLQJDQGSXEOLVKLQJ+RZHYHUWKLVGLGQRW
SUHYHQWKLPIURPIXUWKHUXQLWLQJRIFUHDWLYH\RXWKDURXQGKLVLGHDVÀQGLQJ
QHZVXSSRUWHUVDQGLQÁXHQFLQJWKHSKLORVRSKLFDOLGHDVRIODWHUWKLQNHUV²LQ
SDUWLFXODU(GPXQG+XVVHUO +XHPHU .D]LPLHU]7ZDUGRZVNL 6LPRQV
S 6\Q\WVLDS )UDQ]%UHQWDQR7RPDV0DVDU\NDQGRWKHU
VXSSRUWHUVRIWKH$XVWULDQSKLORVRSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQWKDWLQÁXHQFHGWKHVFLHQWLÀF
ZRUOGYLHZRI/XGZLJ:LWWJHQVWHLQ2WWR1HXUDWKDQG.DUO3RSSHU =GHQHN
Education and the state
7KHLQWHUHVWLQKLVLGHDVZDVIDFLOLWDWHGQRWRQO\E\WKHLUGHSWKEXWDOVR
E\ %RO]DQR·V SHGDJRJLFDO VNLOOV DQG WKH FOHDU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH SODFH RI
HGXFDWLRQLQWKHOLIHRIWKHVWDWH:LWKRXWWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGLUHFWLRQLQ
ZKLFKWKHVWDWHLVGHYHORSVLWZRXOGREYLRXVO\QRWEHFOHDUZKDWNQRZOHGJH
WRWHDFKVWXGHQWV+RZHYHUKLVWKHRU\RIWKHVWDWHDVDZKROHZDVVRPHZKDW
XWRSLDQ+HEHOLHYHGWKDWWRRPDQ\VSKHUHVRISXEOLFOLIHFRXOGEHUHJXODWHG
E\WKHVWDWHDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKDWWKHVRFLHW\PD\SUHVHUYHLQWHUQDOIUH
HGRP LQ WKH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SURFHVV )RU LQVWDQFH %RO]DQR FRQVLGHUHG WKH
JHQHUDOZHOIDUH LHWKHFRPPRQJRRGRIWKHFRPPXQLW\ DVDFULWHULRQIRU
KRZPXFKSURSHUW\DSHUVRQQHHGVWRKDYHSULYDWHO\ %RO]DQRES
,QRWKHUZRUGVDVORQJDVDSHUVRQ·VSULYDWHSURSHUW\EHQHÀWVWKHFRPPXQLW\
WKDWULJKWLVDJXDUDQWHHGSXEOLFYDOXH+RZHYHUDSHUVRQPD\EHGHSULYHGRI
WKHULJKWWRRZQWKHWKLQJZKLFKRQWKHRQHKDQGLVFOHDUO\VXSHUÁXRXVDQG
LQYDOXDEOHIRUWKHPEXWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGPD\EHQHHGHGE\RWKHUSHRSOH
7KLVLVRIFRXUVHVRPHZKDWSDUDGR[LFDO+RZHYHULQWKHUHDOLWLHVRIWKHWLPH
ZKHQRUGLQDU\SHRSOHZHUHRQO\EHJLQQLQJWRUHDOLVHWKHLUSRZHUDQGÀJKWIRU
SROLWLFDOULJKWVVXFKVWDWHPHQWVFRXOGLPSUHVVWKHP)URPWKHVWDQGSRLQWRI
RXUWLPHDV3DXO5XVQRFNDQG5ROI*HRUJHQRWHWKLVNLQGRIUHDVRQLQJFRXOG
EHXVHIXODWOHDVWLQVKRZLQJWKHKRUL]RQRISRVVLELOLW\IRUDQLQWHOOLJHQWHGX
FDWHGKXPDQDWWKHWLPH 5XVQRFN *HRUJHS +RZHYHUJLYHQWKH
ÀHOGRIHGXFDWLRQWKHVHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVKDYHVRPHYDOXHLQWKHYLHZRIWKHLU
SURVSHFWV$WOHDVWLQWKHSHGDJRJ\WKHRU\%RO]DQRZDVTXLWHFOHDUDQGFRQ
VLVWHQWLQKLVVWDWHPHQWVDQGH[SUHVVHGDQXPEHURIDGYDQFHGERWKSUDFWLFDO
DGYLFHDQGORJLFRSKLORVRSKLFDOUHÁHFWLRQV,QDQ\FDVHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDW
%RO]DQRLQWHQGHGWRFRQVLGHUOLIHLQWKHVRFLHW\DVDZKROHDQGWRGHPRQVWUDWH
WKHSODFHRIHGXFDWLRQLQLW
$FFRUGLQJWRKLVFRQFHSWLRQWKHHGXFDWLRQRIWKH\RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQ KLV
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVJHQHUDOO\DSSOLHGWRFKLOGUHQZKRDUHVWLOOOHDUQLQJWRUHDG
DQGZULWHDVZHOODVXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVDQGVFLHQWLVWVLQJHQHUDOZKRVKRXOG
DOVROHDUQWRWHDFKLQDQHZZD\ LVRQHRIWKHNH\IXQFWLRQVRIWKHVWDWH$QG
WKHEHWWHUWKHVRFLDORUGHULQWKHVWDWHWKHEHWWHUWKH\RXWKZLOOEHHGXFDWHG
+RZHYHUWRDFKLHYHWKLVWKHVWDWHQHHGVHGXFDWLRQDQGHQOLJKWHQPHQW(GX
FDWHGSHRSOHDUHWKHÀUVWWRFRQWULEXWHWRSRVLWLYHFKDQJHLQWKHVWDWH:LWKRXW
DQDSSURSULDWHOHYHORIFLWL]HQV·HGXFDWLRQQRWKLQJFDQEHSURSHUO\UHIRUPHG
LQWKHVWDWHEHFDXVHSHRSOHZLOOQRWXQGHUVWDQGFHUWDLQWKLQJVDQGZLOOQRWEH
FRQYLQFHGRIWKHLUQHHG8QGHUVXFKFRQGLWLRQVWKH\ZLOOGLVWUXVWHYHU\WKLQJ
WKDWKDSSHQV:KHQWKHUHLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJWUXVWDQGDVHQVHRIGXW\DUHRIWHQ
IRUPHG7KHUHIRUHWKHÀUVW²DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHPRVWVWUDWHJLF²UHIRUP
LQWKHVRFLHW\LVWKHUHIRUPRIHGXFDWLRQ7KLVUHIRUPRIFRXUVHVKRXOGQRWEH
WKHRQO\RQHEXWLWLVHQRXJKWRLQLWLDWHSRVLWLYHFKDQJHVLQWKHVRFLHW\
On the pedagogical strategy of philosophy
%RO]DQRDVVLJQHGDVSHFLDOWDVNLQWKHFRUUHFWXSEULQJLQJRI\RXQJSHRSOHWR
SKLORVRSK\DQGLWVLQWHJUDOFRPSRQHQW²ORJLF.QRZOHGJHRISKLORVRSK\DOOR
ZHGWKHUHVHDUFKHUWRFRUUHFWO\XQGHUVWDQGWKHGHHSIRXQGDWLRQVRIH[LVWHQFH
DQGWKHUHIRUHWRIRUPXODWHWKHFRUUHFWYLHZRIWKLQJV%RO]DQRGHÀQHGSKLORVR
SK\QRWDVZRUOGYLHZNQRZOHGJHEXWDVDVFLHQFHWKDWKDVLWVRZQVXEMHFWRI
VWXG\DQGFOHDUPHWKRGRORJ\$FFRUGLQJWR%RO]DQRWRVWDUWSKLORVRSKL]LQJ
HYHU\RQHQHHGVWRDVN¶:K\"·,QWKLVZD\WKHUHVHDUFKHU·VDWWHQWLRQZLOOEHIRFX
VHGGLUHFWO\RQWKHFDXVHVRIWKLQJV$WÀUVWJODQFHWKHGHÀQLWLRQRISKLORVRSK\
WKURXJKWKHSULVPRIWKHVWXG\RISULQFLSOHVLVHQWLUHO\LQWKHVSLULWRI$ULVWRWOH·V
PHWDSK\VLFV+RZHYHULWZDVHVVHQWLDOIRU%RO]DQRWRLQWHUSUHWSKLORVRSKLFDO
UHÁHFWLRQVQRWDVDVHWRIDEVWUDFWVSHFXODWLRQVEXWDVPRUHDSSOLHGNQRZOHGJH
*LYHQWKLVSKLORVRSKLFDOWKRXJKWZLOOFRQFHUQQRWRQO\WKHTXHVWLRQRI*RGWKH
ZRUOGDVDZKROHWKHRQWRORJLFDOGLPHQVLRQVRIJRRGDQGHYLORUWKHSRVVLELOLW\
RINQRZLQJWKHWUXWKEXWDOVRWKRVHWKLQJVWKDWKDYHDPRUHSUDFWLFDODSSOL
FDWLRQ²IRULQVWDQFHKLVWRU\QDWXUDOVFLHQFHPXVLFDQGHVSHFLDOO\HGXFDWLRQ
$IWHUDOODV%RO]DQRH[SODLQHG ¶3KLORVRSK\LVWKHVFLHQFHRIWKHREMHFWLYHLQWHU
UHODWLRQVRIDOOVXFKWUXWKVLQWRWKHGHHSHVWJURXQGVRIZKLFKDVIDUDVSRVVLEOH
ZHPDNHDWDVNWRSHQHWUDWHLQRUGHUWREHFRPHZLVHUDQGEHWWHU· %RO]DQR
S 7RPDNHDSHUVRQ¶ZLVHUDQGEHWWHU·DSKLORVRSKHUPXVWVHWDQXPEHURI
SHGDJRJLFDOJRDOV WRIRUPXODWHWKHLURZQLGHDVFOHDUO\DQGXQGHUVWDQGDEO\IRU
RWKHUSHRSOHWRWHDFKWKHPDQGWRLQVWLOOLQVWXGHQWV PRUHEURDGO\²UHDGHUV D
VHQVHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRWKHFRPPXQLW\7KHWKLQNHUVWKHPVHOYHVPXVWXQGHU
VWDQGWKHQHHGVDQGLQWHUHVWVRIWKHLUDXGLHQFHDQGWHDFKSHRSOHWKRVHLGHDVWKDW
ZLOOVWUHQJWKHQWKHPRUDORUGHURIVRFLHW\ %RO]DQR
,W LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW QRW RQO\ WKH SKLORVRSKHUV WKHPVHOYHV EXW DOVR HYHU\
RWKHUSHUVRQLPSURYHV$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSDWKRINQRZOHGJHWKHVHEDVLFV
DUHQRW\HWFOHDU7KDWLVZK\ZHQHHGDWHDFKHU²WKH\ZLOOEHDEOHWRVKRZWKH
ULJKWZD\WRNQRZWKHVHSKLORVRSKLFDOEDVLFV6RFLHW\DVDZKROHPXVWUHDOLVH
WKHYDOXHRIPRUDONQRZOHGJH,QWKLVFDVHWKHFRPPXQLW\ZLOOEHDEOHWREXLOG
DQRUGHULQWKHVWDWHDQGJXDUDQWHHWKHREVHUYDQFHRIODZDQGWKHVWXG\RISKL
ORVRSK\ZLOOEHFRPHDFRQVFLRXVVSLULWXDOQHHG7KDWLVZK\%RO]DQRDPRQJ
WKHÀYHEDVLFVFLHQFHVWKDWPDNHXSWKHFRUHRISKLORVRSK\LQDGGLWLRQWRORJLF
PHWDSK\VLFVDQGHWKLFVDOVRFDOOHGWKHGRFWULQHRIODZDQGWKHVFLHQFHRIWKH
VWDWH %RO]DQR S /RJLF DOORZV XV WR NQRZ WKH WUXWK FRUUHFWO\
PHWDSK\VLFVFODULÀHVZKDWXQGHUOLHVWKLQJVNQRZOHGJHRIPRUDOLW\DIIHFWVWKH
LQQHUZRUOGRIKXPDQDQGWKHLUDFWLRQVRQWKHEDVLVRIPRUDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV
DQGÀQDOO\WKHGRFWULQHRIODZDQGWKHVFLHQFHRIWKHVWDWH ZD\VRIRUJDQL
]LQJSHRSOHLQLW FRQWULEXWHWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJKRZWRPDNHDOOPHPEHUVRIWKH
VRFLHW\DVKDSS\DVSRVVLEOH
,QHVVHQFH%RO]DQR·VHWKLFVZDVQRWRQO\SULQFLSDOO\UDWLRQDOLVWLFDV+HOHQD
/RUHQ]RYiUHPDUNV /RUHQ]RYi EXWDOVRLQÁXHQFHGE\XWLOLWDULDQLVP
(YHQLQ¶7UHDWLVHRIWKH6FLHQFHRI5HOLJLRQ· KHGHÀQHGVXSUHPHPRUDO
ODZDVIROORZV ¶6WULYHWREULQJDERXWWKHJUHDWHVWSRVVLEOHVXPRIKDSSLQHVV·
%RO]DQRS $QLPSRUWDQWFRQGLWLRQIRUDFKLHYLQJKDSSLQHVVLVERWK
NQRZOHGJHRIWKHQDWXUHRIWKHH[WHUQDOZRUOGDQGLQWHUQDOVSLULWXDOGHYHORS
PHQW %RO]DQR FOHDUO\ UHDOLVHG WKDW WKHVH WKLQJV ZHUH LQWHUFRQQHFWHG :KHQ
SHRSOHXQGHUVWDQGKRZWRDFWLQFHUWDLQVLWXDWLRQVRQWKHEDVLVRIZKLFKUXOHV
FDQEHDFKLHYHGRSWLPDOUHVXOWVZKHQWKH\DUHDEOHWRSUHGLFWWKHFRQVHTX
HQFHVRIWKHLUDFWLRQVDQGUHDOLVHWKHPWKH\FHUWDLQO\EHFRPHPRUHPRUDOO\
SHUIHFW+RQHVW\DQGGHFHQF\LVVLPSO\DPRUHORJLFDOVWUDWHJ\RIEHKDYLRULQ
DVRFLHW\ZKHUHLWLVDSSURSULDWHWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHLQWHUHVWVDQGQHHGVRI
GLIIHUHQWVRFLDOJURXSVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV$WWKHVDPHWLPHDKXPDQEHLQJIXOO
RINLQGQHVVDQGFRPSDVVLRQIRURWKHUVZLOOXQGHUVWDQGWKDWLQRUGHUWRPDNH
WKHULJKWFKRLFHLQOLIHWKH\PXVWXQGHUVWDQGZKDWKXPDQOLIHLVOLNHLQWKLV
ZRUOGDQGZKDWWKLVZRUOG PDFURFRVP DQGKXPDQ PLFURFRVP DVSDUWRILW
DUHOLNH
)RU%RO]DQRSKLORVRSKLFDOUHVHDUFKZLWKLQWKHÀYHVFLHQFHVZDVDQDQDO\VLV
DLPHGDWDFTXLULQJQHZWUXWKV,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWRNQRZWKHVHWUXWKVZLWKRXW
IROORZLQJWKHUXOHVRIORJLFDQGPRUDOLPSURYHPHQWRIKXPDQWKHPVHOYHVDVD
PHPEHURIVRFLHW\
Logic as the main tool and purpose of learning
%RO]DQREHOLHYHGWKDWLPSURYLQJVFLHQWLÀFUHVXOWVDQGHQKDQFLQJSHGDJR
JLFDOVNLOOVFDQEHGRQHWKURXJKWKHVWXG\RIORJLFDQGWKHDELOLW\WRDSSO\LW
LQSUDFWLFH2QWKHRQHKDQGORJLFLVWKHNH\WRWKHVWXG\RIRWKHUVFLHQFHV
RQWKHRWKHUKDQGLWLVWKHPRVWVFLHQWLÀFPHDQVRISHUVXDGLQJWKHDXGLHQFH
/RJLFPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRLPSURYHWKLQNLQJMXVWDVJUDPPDUPDNHVLWSRVVLEOH
WRLPSURYHZRUGXVDJH$VWXGHQWZKRKDVPDVWHUHGORJLFZLOOEHPXFKOHVV
OLNHO\WRHUULQWKHSURFHVVRIUHDVRQLQJDQGWKHUHIRUHZLOOPDNHHUURQHRXV
FRQFOXVLRQVPXFKOHVVRIWHQ %RO]DQR HYHQLQVSLWHRIWKHQRYHOW\
RIWKHVLWXDWLRQ
)RU %RO]DQR ORJLF LV QRW D FRPSOHWHO\ LQGHSHQGHQW VFLHQFH EHFDXVH WKH
SURFHGXUHRIMXVWLÀFDWLRQLVQRWDOZD\VH[FOXVLYHO\IRUPDO:HRSHUDWHZLWK
GLIIHUHQWLGHDVDQGNQRZOHGJH7RXQGHUVWDQGKRZFHUWDLQIDFWVZHUHREWD
LQHG\RXQHHGDWOHDVWNQRZOHGJHRISV\FKRORJ\ %RO]DQR ,WLV
LPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWKHSURFHVVRIDFTXLULQJNQRZOHGJHRUDVHWRI
WUXHMXGJPHQWVWDNHVSODFHEHFDXVHDVOLIHH[SHULHQFHVKRZVDSHUVRQFDQQRW
DOZD\V EH FRQYLQFLQJ WR RWKHUV VLPSO\ EHFDXVH KH RU VKH XVHV ORJLFDO DUJX
PHQWV3V\FKRORJLFDOPHDQVDOVRSOD\DVLJQLÀFDQWUROHLQWKHSURFHVVRISHU
VXDVLRQ7KH\DUHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRISHUVXDVLRQDQGIRUPDSUDJPDWLFFRQWH[W
RIH[SUHVVLRQ6RPHWLPHVWKLVFRQWH[WLVIXOORIQRQYHUEDOPHDQLQJVWKDWPD\
QRWDOZD\VEHFOHDUO\H[SUHVVHGRQDIRUPDOOHYHO1HYHUWKHOHVVORJLFDOWKHRU\
FOHDUO\LQGLFDWHVWKHLUSUHVHQFH
,Q%RO]DQRORJLFFHDVHVWREHDPHUHIRUPDOWKHRU\DLPHGDWVWXG\LQJWKH
IRUPVDQGODZVRIWKRXJKWHYHQWKRXJKLWLVDVFLHQFHZKRVHSXUSRVHLVWRIRU
PXODWHUXOHV¶DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKZHPXVWSURFHHGLQWKHEXVLQHVVRIGLYLGLQJ
WKHHQWLUHUHDOPRIWUXWKLQWRVLQJOHVFLHQFHVDQGLQWKHH[SRVLWLRQWKHUHRILQ
VSHFLDOWH[WERRNVLIZHZDQWWRSURFHHGLQDWUXO\H[SHGLHQWIDVKLRQ· %RO]DQR
/RJLFLVERWKWKHDUWRIGLVFRYHU\ KHXULVWLFV DQGWKHWKHRU\RI
VFLHQFH,WLVHVVHQWLDOIRU%RO]DQRLQWKHFRXUVHRIORJLFWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDW
WKHUHDUHWUXWKVLQWKHPVHOYHVWKDWZHFDQNQRZDQGWKDWZHDUHDEOHWRIRU
PXODWHWUXHSURSRVLWLRQVDQGGHULYHQHZWUXWKVIURPWKHP+HLQWHQGHGWR
GHWHUPLQHWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUNQRZLQJWKHWUXWKVWRWHDFKWKHUXOHVWKDWPXVWEH
IROORZHGLQRUGHUWRGLVFRYHUQHZWUXWKVDQGSUHVHQWWKHPLQWH[WERRNV
7KXVKDYLQJPDVWHUHGWKHEDVLFVRIORJLFWKHVWXGHQWZLOOPDVWHUDFHU
WDLQ VHW RI UXOHV 3URSHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKHVH UXOHV OHDGV WR WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI
NQRZOHGJH FRQVLVWHQF\RISURSRVLWLRQVZLWKWKHWUXWK %XWWKHFRQVHTXHQFH
RIUHIXVLQJWRDSSO\WKHUXOHVLVLJQRUDQFHDQGWKHSHUVRQVLPSO\FHDVHVWRKDYH
WKHFRQFHSWRIVRPHWKLQJ,IWKHUXOHVLQWKHSURFHVVRIFRJQLWLRQDUHDSSOLHG
LQFRUUHFWO\WKHUHVXOWLQJMXGJPHQWVZLOOGLIIHUIURPWKHWUXWK7KHSUDFWLFHRI
UXOHIROORZLQJLPSURYHVWKHPLQGVRIOHDUQHUVDQGDOORZVWKHPWRJHWFORVHUWR
WKHFDXVHVRIWKLQJV,IDSHUVRQXQGHUVWDQGVWKHVHFDXVHVWKHNQRZOHGJHZLOO
EHFRPHFOHDUWRWKHP %RO]DQR DQGWKHORJLFZLOOEHLQWHUSUH
WHGDV¶WKHZD\WRJRDERXWLQYHQWLQJWKHWUXWK· %RO]DQR
$QDO\]LQJWKHUXOHVWKDW%RO]DQRGHÀQHGDVWKHPDLQRQHVLQWKHSURFHVV
RIGLVFRYHULQJQHZWUXWKVLWLVHDV\WRQRWLFHWKHLQÁXHQFHRIKLVRZQSHGDJR
JLFDOSUDFWLFHVRQWKHFKRVHQSKLORVRSKLFDOVWUDWHJ\+HVXJJHVWHGVWDUWLQJWKH
VHDUFKIRUWUXWKZLWKDFOHDUTXHVWLRQEUHDNLQJDFRPSOH[TXHVWLRQLQWRDVHW
RIVLPSOHURQHVDQGLISRVVLEOHGHGXFLQJWKHXQNQRZQ 4XDVLWXP IURPWKH
GDWD 'DWXP ,IQHFHVVDU\LWLVDGYLVDEOHWRXVHWKHK\SRWKHVLVWHVWLQJPHWKRG
LQGXFWLRQDQDORJ\RUFRPELQHWKHPDOOWRJHWKHU,QWKHSURFHVVRIVROYLQJWKH
SUREOHPLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSUDJPDWLFFRQWH[WRISURSR
VLWLRQVFKHFNWKHGDWDDQGUHVXOWVWREHDVDFFXUDWHDVSRVVLEOHLQIRUPXOD
WLRQVWRFUHDWHYLVXDOLPDJHVWRH[SUHVVWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHSUREOHPWREHDV
FRQVLVWHQWDVSRVVLEOHDQGWRFRYHUDOOSRVVLEOHORJLFDOUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWDVN
GDWD,QWKLVFDVHWKHVFLHQWLVWZLOOEHDEOHWRÀQGDQHZWUXWK %RO]DQR
² $V ZH FDQ QRWH WKH VHDUFK IRU WUXWK DFFRUGLQJ WR %RO]DQR
UHVHPEOHVWKHSURFHVVRIVROYLQJDSUREOHPLQVFKRROZKHQWKHVWXGHQWPXVW
JUDGXDOO\PRYHIURPZKDWLVJLYHQWRZKDWLVXQNQRZQ8QGHUPRUHFRPSOH[
FRQGLWLRQV\RXZLOOKDYHWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWERWKJHQHUDODQGVSHFLDOUXOHV
¶GHIRQGHUHUHJHOQ· DVZHOODVWKHVSHFLÀFVRIDSDUWLFXODUWDVN,QJHQHUDODOO
WKHVHUXOHVDUHXQLYHUVDODQGZLOOEHXVHIXOIRUWKHVWXGHQWLQODWHUOLIH WKH\
ZLOOSUHVHQWHYHU\WKLQJWKDWZLOOEHLQFRPSUHKHQVLEOHWRWKHPLQWKHIRUPRI
DWDVNDQGWKH\ZLOOVXFFHVVIXOO\VROYHLWRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHPHWKRGSURSRVHG
E\%RO]DQR
Writing a textbook as the top of the theory of science and the basis of the educational process
%RO]DQRZDVFRQYLQFHGWKDWWKHUXOHVRIORJLFVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGQRWRQO\
WRGLYLGHWUXWKVLQWRSDUWLFXODUVFLHQFHVEXWDOVRWRIRUPXODWHWKHPZLWKLQD
SDUWLFXODUWH[WERRN,IZHFRQVLGHUWKHIDFWWKDWWKHÀQDO ÀIWK SDUW ¶(LJHQ
WOLFKH:LVVHQVFKDIWOHKUH· RI¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· H[SODLQVKRZWR
WHDFKVFLHQFHLQWH[WERRNVLWEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWZKDWKHFRQVLGHUVWKHSHDNRI
WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHWKHRU\RIVFLHQFHLVWKHDELOLW\WRWHDFKLWWRRWKHUV7KH
WHDFKHUFDQWDONDORWDQGWHDFKDORWEXWLIWKHWKRXJKWVDUHQRWFOHDUO\VWDWHG
LQWKHWH[WERRNWKH\ZLOOEHRIOLWWOHHIIHFWLYHQHVV:ULWLQJDWH[WERRNLVDOVR
HVVHQWLDOVRWKDWWKHLGHDVH[SUHVVHGE\VFLHQWLVWVZHUHQRWXQQRWLFHGE\FRQ
WHPSRUDULHVDQGGLGQRWKDYHWREHUHGLVFRYHUHGODWHU7KHVRRQHUWKHVHLGHDV
DUHXQGHUVWRRGDQGGHYHORSHGE\RWKHUVWKHVRRQHUWKH\FDQEHQHÀWVRFLHW\
DQGPXOWLSO\WKHFRPPRQJRRG
%RO]DQRIRFXVHGRQWKHWH[WERRNQRWIRUH[DPSOHRQRUDOSUHVHQWDWLRQV
WRWKHDXGLHQFHEHFDXVHLWPDWWHUHGIRUKLPWRPDNHVXUHWKDWVWXGHQWVFRXOG
OHDUQRQWKHLURZQWKDWLVZKHQWKHUHLVQRWHDFKHUQHDUE\7KHWH[WERRNWR
VRPHH[WHQWUHSODFHGWKHWHDFKHU,QJHQHUDOHDFKERRNFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDV
DWH[WERRNIURPZKLFKHYHU\RQHFDQWDNHVRPHNQRZOHGJH+RZHYHUWKHUH
DUHLPSRUWDQWUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUZULWLQJWKHDFWXDOWH[WERRNVWKDWDUHXVHGLQ
WKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVV%RO]DQRSRLQWHGRXWWKDWHYHU\VFLHQFHVKRXOGKDYH
LWVRZQWH[WERRNV7KH\ZLOOQRWLQFOXGHDOOWKHWUXWKVWKDWDUHZLWKLQDSDUWL
FXODUVFLHQFHEXWRQO\WKRVHWKDWZLOODOORZWKHVWXGHQWWRJHWDFOHDULGHDRI
LWVUHVHDUFKVXEMHFW7KHDXWKRURIWKHWH[WERRNPXVWFKRRVHWKHWUXWKVWKDWDUH
PRVWFUXFLDOJLYHQWKHWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKLVVFLHQFHLQ
WKHVRFLHW\7RPDNHWKHFKRLFHRIWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWWUXWKVWKHDXWKRUPXVW
XQGRXEWHGO\EHDSURIHVVLRQDOLQWKHLUÀHOG+RZHYHUWRZULWHDWH[WERRNWKH\
PXVWDOVRKDYHWKHDSSURSULDWHVNLOOVWRZRUNZLWKVWXGHQWV,WLVQHFHVVDU\WR
XQGHUVWDQGQRWRQO\ZKDWWRZULWHLQWKHWH[WERRNEXWDOVRIRUZKRPEHFDXVH
LWGHSHQGVRQWKHUHDGHUZKDWGLGDFWLFWHFKQLTXHVWKHDXWKRUVKRXOGXVHWR
FRQYLQFLQJO\IRUPXODWHHDFKRSLQLRQ
,WLVLPSUDFWLFDOWRZULWHDWH[WERRNIRUWKRVHZKRZLOOQRWEHDEOHWRXQGHU
VWDQGLWVFRQWHQWRUWRDJUHHZLWKLW7KHDXWKRUVKRXOGPDNHWKHLGHDVSUH
VHQWHGLQWKHWH[WERRNDVFOHDUDVSRVVLEOHIRUWKHUHDGHU,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH\
VKRXOGFODULI\ZKDWZDVXQNQRZQWRWKHUHDGHULQWKHPRVWXQGHUVWDQGDEOH
ZD\7KLVFDQQRWEHDFKLHYHGZLWKRXWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWUHDGHUV·LQWHUHVWV
%RO]DQR ,IWKLVLVQRWGRQHWKHWH[WERRNZLOOQRWEHRIPXFK
LQWHUHVWRUFRQÀGHQFH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHOHVVVXEMHFWLYLW\WKHUHLVLQWKH
ERRNWKHPRUHFRQYLQFLQJLWZLOOVHHP$WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVLPSRUWDQWIRUWKH
DXWKRUQRWRQO\WRSUHVHQWREMHFWLYHWUXWKVEXWDOVRWRGHPRQVWUDWHHDFKWLPH
KRZWKH\ZHUHREWDLQHGDQGZKDWDUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHVHWUXWKV
,QWKLVZD\WKHUHDGHUZLOOEHDEOHWRFKHFNWKHFRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHSURSRVLWLRQV
LQWKHWH[WERRNDQGYHULI\WKHLUWUXWK7KHDXWKRUVKRXOGDQWLFLSDWHSRVVLEOH
GRXEWVRQWKHSDUWRIWKHUHDGHUDERXWWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHWH[WERRNDQGWU\WR
DQVZHUWKHPWRUHGXFHGLVWUXVWRIWKHWUXWKVSUHVHQWHG
,QRUGHUWREHDVFRQYLQFLQJDVSRVVLEOHWKHWHDFKHUPXVWVHOHFWWKHFRUUHFW
SURSRVLWLRQVLQWKHWH[WERRNUHJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHUWKH\DUHEDVLFDX[LOLDU\RU
DFFLGHQWDO(DFKRIWKHVHSURSRVLWLRQVLVVLJQLÀFDQWLQWKHSURFHVVRISUHVHQWLQJ
VFLHQWLÀFNQRZOHGJH ERWKWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHVVHQFHRIVFLHQFHDWWKHWKHRUH
WLFDOOHYHODQGWRSRLQWWRLWVSUDFWLFDOVLJQLÀFDQFH&RPSDULVRQVGLVWLQFWLRQV
GHÀQLWLRQV GHVFULSWLRQV YDULRXV NLQGV RI SURRIV SURJUHVVLYH UHJUHVVLYH
PL[HGE\UHGXFWLRQWRDEVXUGLW\WKURXJKLQGXFWLRQDQGDQDORJ\RQWKHEDVLV
RISXUHFRQFHSWVRUH[SHULHQFH UHPDUNVDQGUHIXWDWLRQVH[DPSOHVFODVVLÀFD
WLRQVXEGLYLVLRQV (LQWKHLOXQJHQ HWFDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKLVSXUSRVH0RUHRYHU
LQRUGHUWRPDNHWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHWH[WERRNPRUHXQGHUVWDQGDEOHWRUHDGHUV
LWLVDSSURSULDWHWRGLYLGHLWLQWRVHFWLRQV %RO]DQR ,WLVDOVRQRW
VXSHUÁXRXVWRSUHVHQWWKHPDWHULDOLQRUGHUWRPRYHIURPJHQHUDOWRVSHFLDO
IURPVLPSOHWUXWKVWRFRPSOH[RQHVRUIURPWKHRUHWLFDO FRQFHSWXDOJHQHUDO NQRZOHGJHWRHPSLULFDOVWDWHPHQWV SUDFWLFDOVSHFLÀF
,QRUGHUWRLPSURYHFRPSUHKHQVLRQLWZLOODOVREHDGYLVDEOHWRXVHYDULRXV
V\PEROVRUVLJQV =HLFKHQ $VVFLHQFHLVFRQVWDQWO\HYROYLQJLWLVHVVHQWLDO
WRLQWURGXFHQHZVLJQV WHUPV %\DSSO\LQJWKHPLWZLOOEHSRVVLEOHWRPRUH
FOHDUO\FDSWXUHWKHDFWXDOFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKLQJVDQGWKHVFLHQWLVWVWKHP
VHOYHVZLOOEHDEOHWRH[SUHVVWKHLURSLQLRQPRUHDFFXUDWHO\7KHVLJQVXVHG
LQ WH[WERRNV VKRXOG EH DV VLPSOH DV SRVVLEOH LQ DSSHDUDQFH FRQYHQLHQW IRU
ERWKWKHUHDGHUDQGWKHDXWKRUDQGVLPLODUWRWKHVXEMHFWWKH\GHQRWH7KLV
ZLOOPDNHWKHPHDVLHUWRUHPHPEHUDQGXVHLQRUGHUWWRXQGHUVWDQGNQRZQ
WUXWKVDQGÀQGQHZRQHV%\GHYHORSLQJWKHVHEDVLFVRISHGDJRJLFDOVHPLRWLFV
DVFLHQWLVWFDQDFKLHYHHYHQJUHDWHUFODULW\LQWKHSURFHVVRIVWXG\LQJWKHLUVXE
MHFW$VZHFDQVHHHYHQWKRXJK%RO]DQRGHÀQHGWKHVHPLRWLFV =HLKHQOHKUH DV
¶WKHGRFWULQHRIVLJQVVRPHRIZKLFKVKRXOGEHVXJJHVWHGLQWKHWH[WERRNDQG
VRPHRIZKLFKVKRXOGEHXVHG· %RO]DQRWKFKS KHZDVRQH
RIWKHÀUVWLQKLVWRU\WRGHYHORSWKHLGHDVRIDSDUWLFXODUGRFWULQHRIVLJQVDQG
ÀOOHGLWZLWKFOHDUSHGDJRJLFDOFRQWHQWDQGGLGDFWLFH[SHGLHQF\
Teacher and student communication
+RZHYHULWFDQQRWEHVDLGWKDW%RO]DQRIRFXVHGKLVDWWHQWLRQH[FOXVLYHO\
RQWKHWH[WERRN$VDQH[SHULHQFHGWHDFKHUDQGHGXFDWRUKHXQGHUVWRRGWKDW
WKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVLVGHÀQHGE\WKHWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV$FFRUGLQJWR
%RO]DQRLWGHSHQGVRQWKHWHDFKHUWRZKDWH[WHQWVWXGHQWVZLOOEHDEOHWRDFTX
LUHSUDFWLFDOVNLOOVDQGWKHRUHWLFDONQRZOHGJHDQGLWGHSHQGVRQWKHLQWHUHVWVRI
VWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUQHHGVWRZKDWH[WHQGWKH\ZLOOEHZLOOLQJWRZRUNVHOÁHVVO\
DQGLPSURYHWKHLUVNLOOV
%DVHGRQDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQDO\VLV%RO]DQRGHVFULEHGWKHVWUHQJWKVDQG
ZHDNQHVVHVRIWKHWHDFKHU+HZDVFRQYLQFHGWKDWFHUWDLQPRUDOVKRUWFRPLQJV
RIWKHDXWKRUWKHPVHOYHVKDYHDQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQWKHSURFHVVRIWHDFKLQJ
VFLHQFH$PRQJVXFKVKRUWFRPLQJV%RO]DQRLQFOXGHG incomprehensible ¶'XQ
NHOV· SUHVHQWDWLRQRIVFLHQFHWKHDXWKRU·Vcomplacency ¶6HOEVWJHIlOOLJNHLW· LW
LV PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKH VHOIFRQÀGHQW EHOLHI WKDW HYHU\WKLQJ KH RU VKH ZULWHV LV
H[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQW vanity ¶(LWHONHLW· WKHGHVLUHWRDURXVHH[FHVVLYHreve- rence (KUIXUFKW IRURQH·VRZQZRUNDQGarrogance ¶+RFKPXW· WRZDUGVRWKHU
VLPLODUZRUNV %RO]DQR %RO]DQRULJKWO\EHOLHYHGWKDWXQWLOWKH
DXWKRUVWKHPVHOYHVEHFDPHJRRGKXPDQVWKH\FDQQRWEHFRPHWUXHSURIHVVLR
QDOVFLHQWLVWVRUEULOOLDQWWHDFKHUV
,Q JHQHUDO DPRQJ WKH EDVLF TXDOLWLHV RI D WHDFKHU %RO]DQR GLVWLQJXLVKHG
good morals SULPDULO\LQRUGHUWRWHDFKVWXGHQWVWREHIDLUDQGKRQHVW common sense ZKLFKLVQHHGHGWRVROYHSXEOLFSUDFWLFDOPDWWHUVWRGLVWLQJXLVKULJKW
DQGZURQJWRJLYHFRQYLQFLQJH[DPSOHVLQVSHFLÀFVLWXDWLRQVHWF cheerfull disposition IRUWKHDELOLW\WRUHVROYHFRQÁLFWVLWXDWLRQVDQGFUHDWHDIDYRUDEOH
DWPRVSKHUH RI WUXVW DQG UHVSHFW LQ WKH WHDP love of his profession ZKLFK LV
PDQLIHVWHGLQSDUWLFXODULQWKHLQWHQWLRQWRLPSURYH DQGknowledge of how his teaching should proceed EHFDXVHIRUERWKWHDFKHUVDQGIRUVWXGHQWVLWLVHVVHQWLDO
WRNQRZLQZKLFKGLUHFWLRQWKHVWXGHQWVFRXOGGHYHORSIXUWKHUWKHDFTXLUHG
VNLOOVZKHQWKH\OHDYHWKHVFKRRODQGWKHUHLVQRWHDFKHUQHDUE\ %RO]DQR
ES
,QIDFWWKHWHDFKHUPXVWKDYHDJRRGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKRWKHVWXGHQWV
DUH$IWHUDOOLWLVRQHWKLQJWRWHDFKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGDQRWKHU
²WR WHDFJ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV RU VWXGHQWV ZKR QR ORQJHU VHHN IRU JHQHUDO
NQRZOHGJHEXWZLVKWRDFTXLUHVSHFLDOVNLOOV,QWKHÀUVWFDVHOHDUQLQJVKRXOG
EHEDVHGRQWKHSULQFLSOHRIGLYHUVLW\DQGLWLVFUXFLDOWKDWVWXGHQWVDUHVKRZQ
WKHWUXWKVRIGLIIHUHQWVFLHQFHV7KLVZLOOPDNHWKHFKLOG·VPLQGJODGRSHQWR
DYDULHW\RIVFLHQFHVDPRQJZKLFKHYHU\RQHFDQÀQGVRPHWKLQJRIWKHLURZQ
7KHVXEMHFWVWDXJKWDWVFKRROFRQFHUQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHDELOLW\WRXVH
RQH·V RZQ VHQVHV DQG WKH DELOLW\ WR WKLQN ORJLFDOO\ WKH H[HUFLVH WR SURPRWH
KHDOWK DQG LI QHFHVVDU\ WR KHOS RWKHUV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH LQ GDQJHU WKH PRVW
UDWLRQDODFFRUGLQJWRRIÀFLDOVUHOLJLRQ QDWXUDOKLVWRU\K\JLHQHDQGPHGLFLQH
DULWKPHWLF JHRPHWU\ PHFKDQLFV DQG QDWXUDO VFLHQFH DVWURQRP\ $OVR VWX
GHQWVVKRXOGPDVWHUUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJVLQJLQJ LIDYDLODEOH VKRXOGNQRZ
WKHLUQDWLYHODQJXDJHDQGRWKHURQHVWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKRWKHUQDWLRQVVRPH
RIWKHKLVWRU\ODZDQGWKHODZVRIWKHVWDWHVRPHKDQGFUDIW %RO]DQRE
S ² 2IFRXUVHQRWHYHU\WKLQJFDQEHIXOO\OHDUQHGDWVFKRROIRUH[DP
SOHPHGLFLQH%XWHYHQJHQHUDONQRZOHGJHFDQKHOSWKHSDWLHQWWRGHVFULEH
KLVKHDOWKPRUHDFFXUDWHO\$QGWKLVFDQPDNHLWHDVLHUIRUWKHGRFWRUWRÀQG
WKHFDXVHVRIWKHGLVHDVH,QWKHIXWXUHVWXGHQWVZLOOEHDEOHWRGHYHORSWKHLU
VNLOOVLQKLJKHUVFKRROVZKHUHWKH\ZLOOOHDUQDOLWWOHPRUHWKDQLQHOHPHQWDU\
DQGKROLGD\VFKRROV+RZHYHULWLVQRWWKHSULQFLSOHVRIHGXFDWLRQZKLFKZLOO
DFWXDOO\FKDQJHPXFKEXWUDWKHUOLIHFKDOOHQJHVDQGUHDOLWLHVDVZHOODVSURIHV
VLRQDOLQWHUHVWVZLOOFKDQJH
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQVLGHUWKHLQWHUHVWVRIWKHVWXGHQWVLQRUGHUWRXQGHU
VWDQGZKDWWKH\ORRNIRULQWKHERRN,IVWXGHQWVZDQWWRH[KDXVWLYHO\VWXG\
DFHUWDLQWRSLFWKH\QHHGWKHVDPHWH[WERRNVDVVFLHQWLVWV,IDSHUVRQVWXG\
LQJDFHUWDLQWRSLFXVHVWKHWUXWKVUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHERRNLQHYHU\GD\OLIHIRU
WKHVDNHRISURIHVVLRQDOJURZWKWKHWHDFKHUPXVWFRQVLGHUWKHVHLQWHUHVWVDQG
IRFXVRQWKHP2IFRXUVHLQPDQ\FDVHVWKHLQWHUHVWVRIDSRWHQWLDOUHDGHUFDQ
EHYHU\FRPPRQ7KH\ZLOOEHLQWHUHVWHGRQO\LQWKRVHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWFDQEH
XVHGODWHULQOLIH7KHWHDFKHUPXVWXQGHUVWDQGWKHQHHGVRIVWXGHQWV UHDGHUV DQGWU\WRSUHVHQWLQWKHWH[WERRNWKRVHWUXWKVWKDWFRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHLU
VSLULWXDOJURZWKDQGWKXVEHQHÀWWKHFRPPXQLW\ %RO]DQR 2QH VKRXOG EHDU LQ PLQG WKDW OHDUQLQJ LV QRW OLPLWHG WR WHDFKHUVWXGHQW
FRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKHFODVVURRP$FFRUGLQJWR%RO]DQR ES VRXQG
OHDUQLQJLVQRWSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWOLEUDULHVZKHUHVWXGHQWVFDQÀQGDOOWKHQHFHV
VDU\OLWHUDWXUH²WRGHHSHQWKHLUWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHWRVWUHQJ
WKHQIDLWKRUWRLPSURYHWKHLUOHDUQLQJVNLOOVDVZHOODVWRUHDGVRPHWKLQJQHZ
DERXWWKHZRUOGWKHVWDWHDQGLWVODZV+RZHYHULWLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKHERRNV
DYDLODEOHLQWKHOLEUDU\GRQRWLQWHUIHUHLQDQ\ZD\ZLWKWKHPRUDOLPSURYH
PHQWEHFDXVHZLWKRXWLWWKHVWXGHQWZLOOQRWEHDEOHWRFOHDUO\XQGHUVWDQGWKHLU
VRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGWKHLURZQYRFDWLRQ7KHVHERRNVVKRXOGGHÀQLWHO\
EHDYDLODEOHWRHYHU\RQHHYHQWKRXJKRQO\DIHZZLOOEHFRPHUHDOSURIHVVLRQDO
VFKRODUVLHSHRSOHIRUZKRPWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVFKRODUO\ZRUNVLVWKHPDLQ
RFFXSDWLRQ %RO]DQRES ,QDQ\FDVHVXFFHVVLQVFLHQFHDVZHOODV
LQRWKHUVSKHUHVRISXEOLFOLIHZLOOGHSHQGRQWKHVWDWHZKLFKVKRXOGSURYLGH
DSSURSULDWHFRQGLWLRQVIRUHDFKSDUWLFLSDQWLQWKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVV
Conclusions
7DNLQJHYHU\WKLQJLQWRDFFRXQWLWFDQEHDUJXHGWKDWWKH%RO]DQR·VSKLOR
VRSKLFDOFRQFHSWLRQRIHGXFDWLRQZDVQRWRQO\IXOORIFHUWDLQWUHQGVRIWKH(QOL
JKWHQPHQW EXW DOVR FRQWDLQHG VRPH QHZ SUDJPDWLFRDQDO\WLF DQG SUDFWLFDO
HOHPHQWV,WZDVLPSRUWDQWIRUKLPWRPDNHWKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVDVHIIHFWLYH
DQGXVHIXODVSRVVLEOHIRUWKHVWDWHDVDZKROHDQGIRUVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUV
LQSDUWLFXODU+HFRQVLGHUHGHGXFDWLRQDVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHVRFLHW\DQG
DJXDUDQWHHRIWKHSURJUHVVDQGSURVSHULW\RIWKHVWDWH%RO]DQRSDLGPXFK
DWWHQWLRQWRWKHDQDO\VLVRIHDFKHOHPHQWRIHGXFDWLRQDQGWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RIERWKWKRVHZKRWHDFKDQGWKRVHZKROHDUQ+HFOHDUO\XQGHUVWRRGWKHSXU
SRVHRIHGXFDWLRQ LHLQFUHDVLQJWKHFRPPRQJRRGLQWKHVWDWH 7KLVSXU
SRVHGHWHUPLQHGWKHQDWXUHRIKLVSKLORVRSKLFRSHGDJRJLFDOUHÁHFWLRQV%RO
]DQRKDGVSHFLDOKRSHVIRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIORJLFDOVNLOOVLQVWXGHQWVEHFDXVH
KHLQWHUSUHWHGORJLFDVDXQLYHUVDOPHDQVRIFRJQLWLRQDQGDSUHUHTXLVLWHIRU
WKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIYDULRXVVNLOOV$WWKHVDPHWLPHKHHPSKDVL]HGWKHQHHG
WRLPSURYHSURIHVVLRQDOVNLOOVIRUZKLFKKHSODFHGVSHFLDOHPSKDVLVRQDQG
WRZULWLQJWH[WERRNVWKDWZRXOGEHDVRXUFHRINQRZOHGJHIRUVWXGHQWVLQWKH
OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV ERWK XQGHU WKH JXLGDQFH RI D WHDFKHU DQG LQGHSHQGHQWO\
:LWKSUDFWLFDOWHDFKLQJH[SHULHQFH%RO]DQRXQGHUVWRRGWKDWHGXFDWLRQZRXOG
EHLQHIIHFWLYHZLWKRXWTXDOLW\WH[WERRNVDQGOLEUDULHVZLWKRXWWKHFKDULVPDRI
WKHWHDFKHUDQGZLWKRXWKLVRUKHUORYHIRUWKHFKRVHQSURIHVVLRQZLWKRXWWKH
JUDGXDOOHDUQLQJRIVWXGHQWVIURPHDUO\FKLOGKRRGZLWKRXWJRYHUQPHQWDVVL
VWDQFHDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRIXUWKHULPSOHPHQWDFTXLUHGVNLOOVLQFRPPXQLW\
OLIH,IRQWKHFRQWUDU\WKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVLVFDUULHGRXWLQDEDODQFHG
DQGVFUXSXORXVZD\LWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHIRUPQRWRQO\HGXFDWLRQEXWDOVRRWKHU
VSKHUHVRIVRFLDOOLIHDQGWRDFKLHYHVRFLDOSURJUHVV
References
>@ %HDQH\0 &KURQRORJ\RI$QDO\WLF3KLORVRSK\DQG,WV+LVWRULRJUDSK\,Q 0%HDQH\
(G The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy SS 2[IRUG 2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ %RO]DQR % Beyträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik 1 3UDJ
:LGWPDQQ
>@ %RO]DQR% $XWRELRJUDSKLHGHV'U%%RO]DQR,Q Lebensbeschreibung des Dr. B. Bol- zano mit einigen seiner ungedruckten Aufsätze und dem Bildnisse des Verfassers eingeleitet und erläutert von dem Herausgeber SS 6XO]EDFK -)6HLGHOVFKHQ%XFKKDQGOXQJ
>@ %RO]DQR% Wissenschaftslehre. Versuch einer ausführlichen und größtentheils neuen Dar- stellung der Logik mit steter Rücksicht auf deren bisherigen Bearbeiter6XO]EDFK -(Y6HLGHO
%GH
>@ %RO]DQR% Was ist Philosophie?9LHQQD :LOKHOP%UDXPOOHU
>@ %RO]DQR% hEHUGLH9DWHUODQGVOLHEHDr. Bernard Bolzano’s Erbauungsreden an die aka- demische Jugend. Bd. 2 SS² 3UDJ +H
>@ %RO]DQR% ġHĀLY]GďOiYDFtDNDGHPLFNpPOiGHçL3UDKD )U$8UEiQHN
>@ %RO]DQR% 3DUDGR[HVRIWKH,QÀQLWH'$6WHHOH WUDQV /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH
> @ Bolzano: Gesamtausgabe II &ULWLFDOHGLWLRQ(:LQWHU-%HUJ).DPEDUWHO%YDQ5RRW
VHODDU (GV 6WXWWJDUW )URPPDQ+RO]ERRJ5HWULHYHGIURP KWWSV ZZZIURPPDQQKRO
]ERRJGHHGLWLRQHQ"ODQJ HQJE
>@ %RO]DQR% D 1DWXUDO0RUDOLW\7UHDWLVHRIWKH6FLHQFHRI5HOLJLRQSDUW²
,Q %HUQDUG %RO]DQR Selected Writings on Ethics and Politics SS 3 5XVQRFN 5*HRUJH WUDQV $PVWHUPDP 1HZ<RUN 5RGRSL
>@ %RO]DQR% E 7KHOLWWOHERRNRQWKHEHVWVWDWHRU7KRXJKWVRIDIULHQGRIPDQNLQGRQ
WKHPRVWVXLWDEOHLQVWLWXWLRQVIRUFLYLOVRFLHW\,Q %%RO]DQRSelected Writings on Ethics and Politics SS 35XVQRFN 5*HRUJH WUDQV $PVWHUPDP1HZ<RUN 5RGRSL
>@ &DVDUL( Bolzano’s Logical System2[IRUG 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ 'XELVODY YRQ : /LHEHU %RO]DQR DOV .ULWLNHU .DQWV Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 42,
>@ )¡OOHVGDO' %RO]DQR·V/HJDF\Grazer Philosophische Studien, 53
>@ +XHPHU : +XVVHUO·V FULWLTXH RI SV\FKRORJLVP DQG KLV UHODWLRQ WR WKH %UHQWDQR
VFKRRO,Q $&KUXG]LPVNL :+XHPHU (GV Phenomenology and Analysis: Essays on Cen- tral European Philosophy SS %HUOLQ :DOWHUGH*UX\WHU
>@ /RUHQ]RYi + %HUQDUG %RO]DQR ² 3HGDJRJXH The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 43
>@ 5XVQRFN3 *HRUJH5 ,QWURGXFWLRQ,Q %%RO]DQRSelected Writings on Ethics and Politics SS 35XVQRFN 5*HRUJH7UDQV $PVWHUGDP1HZ<RUN
>@ 6LPRQV30 %RO]DQR7DUVNLDQGWKH/LPLWVRI/RJLF,Q 306LPRQVPhilosophy and Logic in Central Europe from Bolzano to Tarski: Selected Essays SS /RQGRQ 6SULQJHU
> @ 6LUĪĀHN3 -DURVODYä %HUQDUG%RO]DQR²8WRSLDQ9LVLRQDU\Acta Oeconomica Pra- gensia, 27 '2, KWWSV GRLRUJMDRS
>@ 6\Q\WVLD$ ǮțȎșȳȠȖȥțȎȢȳșȜȟȜȢȳȭ>$QDO\WLF3KLORVRSK\@/YLY ǹDzȁȂǸ
>@ =GHQHN9' 0DVDU\NDQGWKH$XVWULDQSKLORVRSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQ %RO]DQRDQG%UHQ
WDQR)LORVRÀFN\&DVRSLV, 56
