Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites? Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from Bruszczewo

Universitätsforschungen

zur prähistorischen Archäologie

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Aus dem Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften der Universität Bochum,

Fach Ur- und Frühgeschichte

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Lorenz Rahmstorf

Control Mechanisms in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, the Aegean and Central Europe,

c. 2600–2000 BC, and the Question of Social Power in Early Complex Societies . . . 311

Sheila Kohring

A Scalar Perspective to Social Complexity: Complex Relations and Complex Questions . . . 327

Martin Bartelheim

Detecting Social Structures in the Bronze Age of Southeastern Spain . . . 339

James A. Johnson – Bryan Hanks

Society, Demography and Community: Reassessing Bronze Age Sintashta Populations

in the Southern Urals, Russia (2100–1700 BC) . . . 355

Margarita Primas

Networks and Hierarchy in Bronze Age Contexts . . . 369

Kristian Kristiansen

Bronze Age Dialectics:

Ritual Economies and the Consolidation of Social Divisions . . . 381

Mateusz Jaeger

Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites?

Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from Bruszczewo . . . 393

Mechtild Freudenberg

Eliten in der Provinz – Überlegungen zu einigen

reich ausgestatteten Gräbern der älteren Bronzezeit in Schleswig-Holstein . . . 403

Maikel H. G. Kuijpers

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Metalworking Technology . . . 413

Bianka Nessel

Metallurgen im Grab – Überlegungen zur sozialen Einstufung handwerklicher Spezialisten . . . 423

Thomas Stöllner

Mining and Elites: A Paradigm Beyond the Evidence in European Metal Ages . . . 433

Siegfried Kurz

Die Heuneburg an der oberen Donau.

Ein Ansatz zur Interpretation eines späthallstattzeitlichen Siedlungszentrums . . . 449

Volume 2

Beat Schweizer

Fürsten, Chiefs und Big Men. Oder: Dorophagoi – Basileis als Gabenfresser.

Zu Eliten in den Altertumswissenschaften und Elitenkritik der Antike . . . 461

Christoph Ulf

Der Streit um Standards:

die homerischen Epen als Diskussionsforum . . . 471

Leonie C. Koch

Die Frauen von Veji – gegliederte Gesellschaft oder befreundete Gemeinschaft? . . . 483

Dirk Steuernagel

The Origins of Order: Funerary Imagery and Social Change in Lucania and Campania

(4th _{to 3}rd _{centuries B. C.) . . . 509}

Martin Mohr

Kompetition und Kooperation von Gruppenidentitäten in einem intergruppalen Kontext –

Die Herausbildung einer polisgemeinschaftlichen Gesamtidentität im archaischen Griechenland . 521

Patric-Alexander Kreuz

Die Einheit der Stadt?

‚Alternative’ Topographien römischer Städte . . . 533

Heidi Peter-Röcher

Von Hjortspring nach Nydam – Macht und Herrschaft im Spiegel der großen Waffenopfer . . . 545

Anne Widura

From Status to Meaning – An Alternative Approach to Board Game Objects

in Iron Age Scandinavia . . . 551

Sebastian Brather

Nur „Adlige“ und „Bauern“? Komplexe Sozialstrukturen der Merowingerzeit

und ihre archäologische Rekonstruktion . . . 561 List of Contributors . . . 573

393

Introduction

*

A review of many important works on Bronze Age

so-cieties published in recent years1 _{supports the thesis}

of a peculiar ‘paradigm of elites’ (archaeology of elites), with little attention being given to other segments of past societies (archaeology of masses).

The concentration on the rise, evolution, and life of Bronze Age elites is caused above all by their relatively good ‘visibility’ or prominence in ! "#$%!& ' ()$*'+& ,*& -*./& -0*)*1 )*& - & '**& *!#-*'& #.& *2$*3-# .%!& 1*%-()*'& -0%-& /*3%)-& 1) 4& 3)*/*5.*/& standards. Next to luxury objects, either made of rare and inaccessible raw materials (imports) or hav-#."&'3*$#5$&1 )4'&6*+&"+&0%!7*)/'8&)#$0&%./&'947 !#$& ornaments), we look for structures and graves, the erection of which required either a considerable out-lay of labour or whose furnishings departed from a 3)*:%#!#."&4 /*!&6;<!!*)&=>>?%@&=>>?7@&A%.'*.&BCCBD+& E0*&)*'*%)$0&-0('&1%)&F (!/&%33*%)&- &$ .5)4&-0%-&#.& accepting quite universally these criteria of ‘elitism’ of some archaeological sources, in particular burials, we do not err in our basic theses.

G9&$ .-)%'-8&-0*&-)*%-4*.-& 1&5./'&/*3%)-#."&1) 4& -0*&3)*/*5.*/&4 /*!&#'&H(#-*&/#I*)*.-+&J.&4 '-& $-casions, the study of such artefacts is limited to the description of their basic characteristics. The same is true for the graves that do not stand out with respect to their form or unusual grave goods. At best, the in-vestigation in such cases is limited to physicochemi-cal methods, used to determine absolute age, and an-thropological analyses. However, even these limited *I )-'&%)*&. -&%&/ 4#.%.-&4*-0 / ! "#$%!&'-%./%)/+&

K .'*H(*.-!98& -0*&/#I*)*.$*&#.&-0*& -)*%-4*.-& 1& sources referring to the archaeology of elites and

ar-chaeology of masses can be seen, above all, at the level

of interpretation. Artefacts making up the latter cat-egory only rarely serve to spin broader narratives. It can be said that equally in our age, as in the past, the masses form only a background for the actions of

=& L)#'-#%.'*.&=>>M@&N!#-*.&=>>>@&L)#'-#%.'*.OP%)'' .&BCCQ@& L)%('*&BCCB@&BCCQ@&BCC>+

elites, which are far more readily described and

recon-structed.

Unique archaeological sources, providing an op-portunity to detect people occupying extreme rungs on the social ladder, were supplied by the northeast 3*)#30*)9& 1& -0*& R.S-#$*& $(!-()*& 6L T$#%.& ") (3D8& '3*$#5$%!!9&79&%&/*1*.'#:*&'*--!*4*.-&#.&G)('U$U*F & %./&%&7%)) F&$*4*-*)9&#.&VWX#&;%Y*+&

Archaeology of elites

Z.& -0*& 4#$) [)*"# .& 1& -0*& L T$#%.& ") (3& 1& -0*& R.S-#$*&$(!-()*8&%&.(47*)& 1&' ()$*'&F*)*&)*$ )/*/8& indicating the existence of a local power structure. Next to the defensive settlement, we know of many 5./'& 1&'#."!*&7) .U*& 7\*$-'8&0 %)/'8&%./&%&7%)) F& $*4*-*)9& 1& ]3)#.$*!9& ")%:*'^& 65"+& =D& 6_%*"*)OKU*-breszuk 2010).

The Bruszczewo settlement is one of the few well-/ $(4*.-*well-/& *2%43!*'& 1& R.S-#$*& $(!-()*& well-/*1*.'#:*&

structures2 _{(Jaeger 2010a). In the light of what we}

cur-rently know, it is reasonable to call it unique. For in the rich region of Central Germany, which must have originally been of key importance, no similar site has 7**.&/#'$ :*)*/&' &1%)&6N--*!&BCCMD8&F0#!*&)%-0*)&!#--tle is known about cited examples of defensive struc-tures from Bohemia and Moravia, because they have 9*-&- &7*&-0 ) ("0!9&#.:*'-#"%-*/&6`-($0!aX&=>MQD+&

In Bruszczewo, a record was made of a complex '9'-*4& 1&1 )-#5$%-# .'&'()) (./#."&-0*&'*--!*4*.-8& which had been preserved in part under oxygen-free conditions, in the peat portion of the site. Investiga-tions supplied proof of long-lasting occupation of the '*--!*4*.-&6$%+&bQC&9*%)'D&%./&-0*&3) 7%7!*&3) /($-tion of metal throughout its existence (Rassmann BCC?@&BC=CD+&E0*&'#-*&9#*!/*/&%!' &%.&%47*)&7*%/&-0%-& certainly could be said to be a trace of a larger pres-ence of the original material (Czebreszuk/Kneisel/ ;<!!*)& BC=CD+& c%!9. ! "#$%!& 3) 5!*'8& #.& -().8& 0%:*&

B& E0*&'#-*8&*2$%:%-*/&%!)*%/9&#.&-0*&=>dC'8&F%'&%.& 7\*$-& 1& interdisciplinary archaeological investigations, forming part of a Polish-German project pursued in collaboration between -0*&(.#:*)'#-#*'&#.&c U.%e&%./&L#*!+&`**&KU*7)*'U(XO;<!!*)& (2004) and Müller/Czebreszuk/Kneisel (2010).

Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites?

Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from

Bruszczewo

Mateusz Jaeger

& E0#'&%)-#$!*&F%'&F)#--*.&#.&1)%4*'& 1&")%.-&ff&=C>&CQbQb>8& 5.%.$*/&79&f%-# .%!&`$#*.$*&K*.-)*+

394 Mateusz Jaeger

shown how intensive the local farming and breed-#."& *$ . 49& F%'@& #.-*.'#:*& *. ("0& - & /*3!*-*& -0*& resources of the natural environment so much as to contribute towards settlement decay at the decline of -0*&N%)!9&G) .U*&g"*&6A%%'O,%0!4<!!*)&BCC?@&BC=CD+&

E0*& *)*$-# .& 1& 4%''#:*& 1 )-#5$%-# .'8& #.-*.'#:*& economic activity and access to the key raw materi-als of the Bronze Age, i. e. metal and amber, far from where they naturally occurred, argue in favour of Bruszczewo being an arena where elites were active organizing the life and activities of a local commu-nity. The presence of a privileged stratum in the mi-$) [)*"# .& 1&-0*&L T$#%.&") (3&#'&7 ).*& (-&79&7 -0& numerous deposits of bronze objects, testifying to ritual activities, and an exceptionally high number of ‘princely graves’. The immediate surroundings of the /*1*.'#:*&'*--!*4*.-&9#*!/*/&5./'& 1&7) .U*& 7\*$-'& and amber. Originally, they could have been furnish-ings of a rich (‘princely’?) barrow burial (Schwenzer BCC?@&_%*"*)OKU*7)*'U(X&BC=Ch&BbCD+&

E0*&7%)) F&$*4*-*)9&#.&VWX#&;%Y*8&#.&-().8&$ (!/& be said to be absolutely exceptional on the scale of -0*&R.S-#$*&$(!-()*+&Z.&$ .-)%'-&- & -0*)&i&'#."!*&i&*2-amples of the culture’s ‘princely graves’ (e. g. Leub-ingen, Helmsdorf), this is the only funerary complex associated with the culture, consisting of at least four 7%)) F'& 6L F#%e'X%[c#%'U9X F%OL().%- F'X#& =>Q?@& L F#%e'X%[c#%'U9X F%& BCCd@& _%*"*)OKU*7)*'U(X& BC=Ch&BB>iBbCD+&E0*&*23! )*/&")%:*'&3) :*/&- &0%:*&%& complex internal structure and rich grave goods (for instance, halberds, daggers with solid handles, gold %./&%47*)& ).%4*.-'@&L F#%e'X%[c#%'U9X F%&BCCdD& 65"+&BD+&E0*)*&#'&. &/ (7-&-0%-&-0*9&/#I*)&$ .'#/*)%7!9&

1) 4&.(4*) ('&*2%43!*'& 1&j%-&")%:*'& 1&-0*&R.S-#$*& culture that had relatively paltry collections of grave " /'&%./&%&'#43!*&'-)($-()*&6G(-*.-[`-*1%.#%X&=>>kh& BCCiB=C@&L%/) F&BCC=h&=B=i=BbD+&

E0*& %$$(4(!%-# .& 1& F*%!-0& F#-0#.& -0*& L T$#%.& group is surprising above all because of its location 1%)& 1) 4& -0*& $ )*& 1& -0*& R.S-#$*& *$(4*.*+& Z.& -0*)&3!%$*8&-0*&:*)9&3*)#30*)%!&.%-()*& 1&-0*&L T$#%.& group was interpreted as the main reason for its cul--()%!& '($$*''& 6_%*"*)OKU*7)*'U(X& BC=Ch& Bb=iBbBD+& Z-& was argued that in areas distant from copper and tin deposits it was much easier to control and monopolize 4*-%!!()"9+&,#-0&-#4*8&! $%!&*!#-*'&F*)*&%7!*&- &3!%9&%& '#".#5$%.-&) !*&#.&-0*&*2$0%."*& 1&%. -0*)&'-)%-*"#$& 4%-*)#%!&i&%47*)&6_%*"*)OKU*7)*'U(X&BC=Ch&BbCiBb=8& 5"+&=CD&i&/#'-)#7(-*/& :*)&-0*&:%'-&*23%.'*'& 1&G) .U*& g"*&N() 3*&6_%*"*)&BC=C7h&=k>i=MC@&KU*7)*'U(X&BC==D+& The above short description of sources related to -0*& L T$#%.& ") (3& 1& -0*& R.S-#$*& $(!-()*& \('-#5*'& %& supposition that a privileged stratum – an elite – lived in its midst.

Until now, no cemetery directly related to the Bruszczewo settlement has been discovered. This means that it is still impossible to determine how .(4*) ('&#-'&3 3(!%-# .&F%'&%./&F0%-&/#I*)*.$*'&#.& status could have applied to the whole local commu-nity.

K 43)*0*.'#:*&' ()$*'8& I*)#."&7 -0&%.&#.'#"0-& #.- & /#I*)*.-#%-# .& 1& ")%:*& " /'& %./& .*$*''%)9& information on the hierarchy of settlement, can be found on the Iberian Peninsula and are associated with El Argar culture. In some respects, this culture )*'*47!*'&-0%-& !"#$%&$'()!$*+,-.$/+0012$31#$%$456171$*#$8+-"-09#

395

Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites? Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from Bruszczewo

cording to the authors of the investigations, relying on the analysis of grave goods, the dead can be di-vided into three separate categories corresponding to the social classes they belonged to when alive: a ruling class, a class formed of people enjoying full so-cial rights or a middle class, and a class made up of dependent people who were economically exploited 6P(!!ON'-*:*U&=>Md@&P(!!&*-&%!+&BC=Ch&bBdD+&l*"%)/!*''& 1& the overall opinion on such clear distinctions made in respect of Early Bronze Age societies, the proportion

between the privileged class (a clear minority) and the other members of the community would appear

to be correct.3

b& Z.&0#'&3%3*)&Political collapse and social change at the end of El

Argar8&/*!#:*)*/& .&=Q&J$- 7*)&BC==&#.&A%!!*&%-&-0*&$

.1*)-ence 1600. Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs?, Roberto Risch set the percentage distribution of members of #./#:#/(%!&$!%''*'&%'&1 !! F'h&=C&m&6*!#-*'D8&?C&m&64#//!*&$!%''D& %./&QC&m&6/*3*./*.-&3* 3!*&*$ . 4#$%!!9&*23! #-*/D+&

396 Mateusz Jaeger

Archaeology of masses

As already mentioned, no cemetery directly related to the Bruszczewo settlement has been discovered so far. In 2004, however, a single grave was unearthed in the eastern portion of the site, where conditions condu-cive to the preservation of organic substances prevail 6L.*#'*!&BC=C%D@&-0%-& 1&%&7()#%!& 1&%&9 (."&4%.8&%"*/& =MiB?&6ZF%.*XOc# .-*XOf F%X&BC=Ch&k??D+&E0*&4%.^'& body had been originally buried, wrapped in a mat of 7#)$0&-F#"'&%./&-0*&")%:*&F%'&1 )-#5*/&F#-0&%&!#.#."& 1& -#47*)&7*%4'&6L.*#'*!&BC=C%D&65"+&bD+&E0*&/*%/&4%.^'& grave goods included a large piece of a coarse ceram-ic vessel placed on the head and two hammerstones 3!%$*/&.*2-&- &-0*&0%./'&65"+&?D+&Z.&%&!%9*)&%7 (-&=Ci=Q& cm above the level of the grave, a deposit of cereals was discovered, consisting for the most part of husked barley (Kneisel 2010a). This paltry collection of grave " /'&/ *'&. -&/#I*)&'#".#5$%.-!9&1) 4&-0*&'-%./%)/'& 1&R.S-#$*&$(!-()*&1(.*)%)9&)#-*'+&

The collection of grave goods accompanying the dead man and their function – hammerstones, i. e. work tools – support the presumption that the bur-ied person did not enjoy a special social status in his lifetime.

Many graves similar to that from Bruszczewo are X. F.&1) 4&-0*&R.S-#$*&$(!-()*& *$(4*.*8&#.$!(/#."& %)*%'&!9#."&$! '*'-&- &-0*&L T$#%.&") (3&6`%). F'X%& =>d>@&G(-*.-[`-*1%.#%X&=>>kh&BCCiB=CD+&E0*&' &$%!!*/& narrations taking them as a point of departure are most often limited to the description of grave goods as well as the form and structural elements of graves (e. g. Kopiasz 2004).

The Bruszczewo grave was situated in isolation, close to the remains of buildings discovered in the peat portion of the site where the conditions of buri-al deposition supplied unique information on the -#47*)& *!*4*.-'& 1& -0*& ")%:*& '-)($-()*+& ,0%-& *!'*& needs to be stressed is a prosaic circumstance, but crucial at the same time, namely the burial was un-earthed during one of the excavation seasons, form-ing part of an interdisciplinary project of stationary investigations spread over a number of years. These circumstances meant the grave was given a lot of

attention. As a result, unique information was col-lected which helped spin a narrative concerning the

archaeology of masses and thus supplement the story

of the archaeology of elites.

The burial was subjected to detailed specialist analyses. Three radiocarbon measurements were made (using the AMS method). One measurement dated the timber of the grave structure, another dated skeleton bones, while the third determined the age of the cereals found above the grave. According to the obtained sequence of dates, the period when the deceased was most probably interred in the grave '3%.'& -0*& 9*%)'& =MkCi=kkC& GK& 6L.*#'*!& BC=C%D+& E0*& Fig. 3: Grave from Bruszczewo (photo J. Kneisel).

Fig. 4: Bruszczewo, contents of grave: hammerstones (after Kneisel 2010a).

397

Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites? Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from Bruszczewo

4*.-'& 1) 4& G)('U$U*F & 6L.*#'*!& BC=C$h& =kbi=k?@& _%*"*)&BC==h&Q>idCD&'0 F&-0%-&-0*&#./#:#/(%!&*!*4*.-'& 1& -0*& 1 )-#5$%-# .'& F*)*& 7(#!-& #.& :%)# ('& 3*)# /'+& Trees for the construction of the oldest elements (a 3%!#'%/*& (.$ :*)*/& #.& *2$%:%-# .& kD& F*)*& $(-& / F.&

in the late 21st _{and early 20}th _{centuries BC. The}

struc-tures were maintained for a period of about 200 years 6KU*7)*'U(XO;<!!*)& BCC?7h& B>?iB>Q8& 5"+& =bQ@& KU*-7)*'U(X&*-&%!+&BCC?h&kb8&5"+&BkD+&E0*&3%!#'%/*&3#!*'&#.& the entrance zone and the remains of a gate date back - &=k?Ci=d=C&GK&6_%*"*)&BC==h&dCD+&E0*&F%--!*&'-)($-tures on the lakeshore had been built in relatively short periods of time that were determined using dendrochronological dating. The outer wattle was 7(#!-&#.&=k>ki=k>C&GK&F0#!*&-0*&#..*)& .*&F%'&*)*$-*/& 7*-F**.&=k>b&%./&=kMk&GK+&E0*&F%!!& 1&0%!:*/&7*%4'& F%'&4 '-&!#X*!9&7(#!-&#.&=kMk&GK&6L.*#'*!&BC=C$h&BB?D+&

N%$0&*!*4*.-& 1&-0*&G)('U$U*F &1 )-#5$%-# .'8&-0*& *:#/*.$*& '(""*'-'8& )*H(#)*/& %& ! -& 1& *I )-& %./& -#4*& to build. It seems very likely that the deceased found in the grave within the settlement had been one of their builders. Tell-tale micro- and macro-injuries to his skeleton may have been caused, in the opinion of anthropologists, by repetitive strain. The examples of work causing such strain given earlier can be hypo--0*-#$%!!9&#/*.-#5*/&F#-0&'($$*''#:*&'-%"*'& 1&3) $()-#."&-#47*)&%./&*)*$-#."&1 )-#5$%-# .'&#.&G)('U$U*F +& For these types of work involved both considerable weight lifting – baskets of earth dug from the ditch – and dragging heavy oak trunks, necessary for con-structing the palisade, over long distances to the pe-ninsula.

skeleton was studied in situ by anthropologists. The study yielded a number of important observations. Next to making basic determinations (age, height, and weight of the deceased at the time of death), many skeleton deformations were recorded (Iwanek/ Piontek/Nowak 2010). As the evidence suggests, from -0*& %"*& 1& M& -0) ("0& - & =b8& -0*& 4%.& '(I*)*/& 1) 4& anaemia. Other degenerative changes were caused by very intensive work that the deceased performed for a long time (from adolescence until his death). This #.: !:*/&$0#*j9&!#1-#."&%./&$%))9#."&!%)"*&F*#"0-'& .& his right side, possibly with the weights being addi-tionally made stable by a band fastened around the head. Additionally, the man dragged large weights, using a band put over his right shoulder. The work was so demanding and performed for so long a time that it induced degenerative changes in the skeleton (and possibly a dislocation of the acromio-clavicular \ #.-D+&g'&%&)*'(!-8&-0*&4%.&%''(4*/&%&'3*$#5$&3 '-()*& and moved in a characteristic way, visibly limping on his right leg, before he died (Iwanek/Piontek/Nowak BC=Ch&k?dD+&

The above information can be interpreted further, )*!9#."& .&-0*&$ .-*2-& 1&-0*&")%:*+&E0*&1 )-#5$%-# .'& of the settlement therefore are crucially important for the correct understanding of the information fol-lowing from the anthropological study and for telling the story of a man belonging to the masses.

A peninsula (mineral portion of the site) was forti-5*/&F#-0&-0)**&3%!#'%/*'& 1&4%''#:*& %X&3#!*'&6(3&- & bC&$4&#.&/#%4*-*)D&%./&%&/#-$0&F0#$0&#.&' 4*&3!%$*'& F%'&%7 (-&BC&4&F#/*&%./&?&4&/**3&65"+&QD+&g//#-# .%!& 1 )-#5$%-# .'& F*)*& 7(#!-& #.& -0*& *%'-& 3%)-& 1& -0*& '#-*8& adjacent to the shore of the original lake. They com-prised three lines of timber structures: two wattle walls and a wall of halved beams inserted between a double row of piles (Jaeger/Czebreszuk

BC=Ch& B=MiBBCD+& ;%.9& )%/# $%)-bon and

dendrologi-cal

measure-Fig. 5: Bruszczewo, 3D reconstruction of palisades +3G$+$G!7;6$4+=7-0$N70OPL)$:M%%9#

398 Mateusz Jaeger

Conclusion

E0*&' ()$*'&)*!%-*/&- &-0*&L T$#%.&") (3&'0 F&('&%& 3#$-()*& 1&-F &- -%!!9&/#I*)*.-&' $#%!&'30*)*'+&J.&-0*& one hand, we have a number of features that must be seen as a material manifestation of local elites. Rely-ing on these features, we may without hesitation spin a so called narrative, presenting the elites as a social group, which was likely less numerous than other groups, but nevertheless provided the local com-munity with access to strategic raw materials as well as organized and (re-) distributed labour and goods (Jaeger/Czebreszuk 2010). On the other hand, a mod-est burial discovered within the settlement revealed a man whose existence imparts logical sense and jus--#5$%-# .&- &-0*&/#'$(''# .& .&-0*&1(.$-# .#."& 1&*!#--es. The man buried in the grave died at a young age, worked very intensively when alive, and was crippled as a result. He was buried away from the cemetery proper, likely in isolation, and was given only two hammerstones – work tools.

The question of relations holding between mem-bers belonging to the extreme poles of Bruszczewo’s Early Bronze Age society, for lack of space, cannot be addressed in this paper. This issue therefore deserves a separate study based on a greater number of sourc-es. However, other conclusions following from the above discussion need to be stressed. The example of the grave from Bruszczewo indicates how important it is to apply detailed research procedures to features that seem typical in their respective category. This, it may be argued, is especially vital for the study of the Bronze Age where the paradigm of elites control-!#."& -0*& 4 '-& '#".#5$%.-& %'3*$-'& 1& -0*& 3)*'*.$*& 1&

a new raw material – metal – is deeply rooted.5

In-formation supplied by specialist analyses, combined with the knowledge of the burial context, helped present a narrative supplementing the picture of the local community. From within an anonymous mass therefore, a single person could be isolated. His brief 0#'- )98&7%'*/& .&0#'&093 -0*-#$%!&#/*.-#5$%-# .&%'&%& builder, may seem naïve. It is worth noting, however, that contrary to the roles that are frequently imposed

a priori on reconstructed elites (control –

monopoliza-tion – distribumonopoliza-tion), the fate shared by the dead man from Bruszczewo presented, here at least, has left be-hind irrefutable evidence to prove his status and rela-tive social function.

Q& `**&$ 44*.-'&#.&L#*.!#.O`-n!!.*)&6BCC>D+

E0*& /%-#."& 1& #./#:#/(%!& 1 )-#5$%-# .& *!*4*.-'& supports the assumption that the man could have worked at the raising and maintenance of the oldest palisade surrounding the peninsula (mineral part of the site), erecting the structure in the east zone of the settlement (peat portion of the site), or digging and possible deepening of the ditch. It emerges from sim-(!%-# .'&%./&%&bo&)*$ .'-)($-# .& 1&#./#:#/(%!&3%)-'& 1& -0*& G)('U$U*F & '*--!*4*.-& -0%-& =8MQC& %X& 3#!*'8& *%$0& :*)&b&4&-%!!8&F*)*&('*/&1 )&7(#!/#."&-0*&3%!#'%/*& 6`-)pq9X&BC==h&d?D+&g&-)**['-%./&F#-0&' &4%.9& %X'& 1& the right size must have occupied a large area. Given the fact that the immediate surroundings of the set-tlement were intensively used for farming and animal breeding, causing considerable deforestation, borne (-&79&3%!9. ! "#$%!&3) 5!*'&6L.*#'*!&*-&%!+&BCCMh&=dMi =d>D8&#-&4('-&7*&%''(4*/&-0%-&3) $()#."&-#47*)&#.&-0*& right quantity and of appropriate quality required covering large distances. Likewise, a considerable *I )-&F%'&.**/*/&- &/#"&%./&/**3*.&-0*&/#-$0&BC&4& wide and 4 m deep, which at least periodically must 0%:*&7**.&5!!*/&F#-0&3)*$#3#-%-# .&F%-*)&6G )X&BC=Ch& ??D+&E0*&-0#$X.*''& 1&-0*&N%)!9&G) .U*&/#-$0&5!!&F%'& *'-#4%-*/&%-&%33) 2+&=8QCQ&$(+&4&6A#!/*7)%./-[l%/X*& 2010).

Assuming that the hypothesis identifying the de-$*%'*/&4%.&F#-0&%&7(#!/*)& 1&-0*&1 )-#5$%-# .'&%) (./& the settlement is correct, what surprises is the huge %4 (.-& 1& *I )-& )*j*$-*/& #.& -0*& 'X*!*- .& /*1 )4%-tions. They may be evidence that building and main--%#.#."& -0*& 1 )-#5$%-# .'& #.& G)('U$U*F & F*)*& . -& '0 )-[!#:*/& #.'-%.$*'& 1& $ 44 .& *I )-8& (./*)-%X*.& in the face of imminent threat of aggression or

in-vasion.4 _{It seems rather more likely that the work at}

-0*&1 )-#5$%-# .'&F%'&3*)1 )4*/&6%'&%&' !*&-%'XrD&79&%& small group of people over long periods of time. The micro- and macro-injuries to bones resulted not only from intensive work, but also from the fact that it was performed over a long time – possibly even for several 9*%)'&6ZF%.*XOc# .-*XOf F%X&BC=Ch&k?dD+&Z.&-0*&$%'*& of Bruszczewo, this would not be the only example of '3*$#%!#U%-# .&#.&-0*&3*)1 )4%.$*& 1&'3*$#5$&-%'X'+&g& $!*%)&/#:#'# .& 1&!%7 ()&%./&'X#!!'&#.& -0*)&5*!/'&%./& crafts can be seen in the results of spatial analyses of individual source categories related to the processing of wood, leather and metals as well as the distribu-tion of goods (cereals, meat of wild and domesticated %.#4%!'D&6L.*#'*!&BC=C$h&=MQi=MM@&;%X F#*$X#Oo)*\*)& BC=Ch&B>?8&bCCD+&

4 This corresponds to the prevailing view of warfare in the section of the Bronze Age in question. It is believed that '4%!!['$%!*&$ .j#$-'&/ 4#.%-*/&-0*.&6P (F*&L #\4%.'&=>>Mh& bbM@&s0.t)&BC=Ch&BMQiBMd@&_%*"*)&BC==h&=kdi=kkD+

399

Social Archaeology or Archaeology of Elites? Some Remarks on an Early Bronze Age Grave from Bruszczewo

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