Natural Scientific Aspects of Prehistoric and Early Historic Transit Routes In the Baltic-Pontic Cultural Area
140
0
0
Pełen tekst
(2) c Copyright by B-PS and Authors All rights reserved. Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider. Linguistic consultation: Ryszard J. Reisner, Piotr T. Ż ebrowski. Printed in Poland. Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu. Druk i oprawa: Z akłady Poligraficzne SER IGRAF w Suchym Lesie.
(3) CONTENTS. EDITOR S’ FOR EWOR D INTR ODUCTION. ..................................................... 7. ........................................................... 9. Aleksander Kośko, Viktor I. Klochko, TRANSIT R OUTES BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS: EAR LY DEVELOPMENT STAGES – FR OM THE 3R D TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC. AN OUTLINE OF R ESEARCH PR OJECT. .................................... 9. PART I – ‘NATURAL R OUTES’ OF THE BOR DER LAND BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST OF EUR OPE - PR OGRAMMES OF ENVIR ONMENT (FIELD) IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19. Mirosław Makohonienko, NATURAL SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF PR EHISTOR IC AND EAR LY HISTOR IC TRANSIT R OUTES IN THE BALTIC-PONTIC CULTURAL AR EA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Jarosław Rola, CONSTR UCTION ISSUES IN THE NORTH-WEST (CENTRAL EUR OPEAN) SECTION OF BALTIC-PONTIC INTER-R EGIONAL R OUTES: THE NOTEĆ R IVER CR OSSING IN Ż UŁAWKA MAŁA – MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72. PART II – RAW MATER IAL R ESOURCES OF THE BALTIC-PONTIC AR E. . . . . . . . . . . 87. Janusz Czebreszuk, WAYS OF AMBER IN THE NORTHER N PONTIC AR EA. AN OUTLINE OF ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Yuriy M. Brovender, COPPER OR ES OF THE NORTHER N PONTIC R EGION AS RAW MATER IALS FOR PR ODUCTION ACTIVITY IN THE PALEOMETAL AGE (BASED ON THE STUDY OF THE KARTAMYSH OR E MINING AND METALLUR GY COMPLEX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103. PART III – STRATEGIES OF LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT AND CHOR OGRAPHIES OF THE NORTHER N PONTIC AR EA SHAR ED BY THE SOCIETIES OF ANCIENT CIVILIZ ATIONS IN ANATOLIA, MESOPOTAMIA AND MAINLAND GR EECE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124. Witold Tyborowski, COMMUNICATION R OUTES AND OVER LAND TRANSPORT MEANS IN WESTER N ASIA IN THE BR ONZ E AGE (4TH TO 2ND MILLENNIUM BC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124. Paulina Suchowska, COMMUNICATION SPACE OF THE NORTHER N PONTIC AR EA AS VIEWD BY AEGEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.
(4) Justyna Cieszewska, GR EEK CHOR OGRAPHY OF LAND R OUTES IN NORTH-WESTER N PONTIC AR EA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 PART IV – SHORT AND LONG MIGRATIONS BY PEOPLES OF THE LANDS BETWEEN THE SEAS IN THE 4TH TO THE TUR N OF THE 3R D MILLENNIUM BC: FR OM FORAYS TO MAPS OF ITINERAR IES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191. Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt, CENTRAL EUR OPEAN LOWLAND SOCIETIES AND THE PONTIC AR EA IN THE 4TH-4TH/3R D MILLENNIUM BC. 191. Jan Machnik, SHORT AND LONG-DISTANCE PASTORAL JOUR NEYS ALONG ANCIENT UPLAND R OUTES IN EUR OPE IN THE 3R D MILLENNIUM BC . . . . 214 Jerzy Libera, Jarosław Sobieraj, Vitaliy Konopla, SOME LATE NEOLITHIC STONE AXES AS POTENTIAL MAR KER S OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE IN BALTIC-PONTIC INTER-R EGIONAL R OUTES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223. PART V – EAR LY LONG-DISTANCE R OUTES BETWEEN THE SEAS: BALTIC-BUG-BOH-PONT R OUTE AND CONTEXTS OF NEIGHBOUR HOOD R OUTES (THE 3R D TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC). . . . . . . . . . . 232. Marzena Szmyt, EASTER N EUR OPEAN DESTINATIONS OF CENTRAL EUR OPEAN CULTURAL PATTER NS. THE CASE OF GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTUR E (END OF THE 4TH – MIDDLE OF THE 3R D MILLENNIUM BC). . . . 232. Katerina P. Bunyatyan, Valery Samolyuk, MANIFESTATIONS OF MIDDLE DNIEPER CULTUR E IN THE VOLYN TER R ITORY AND THE ISSUE OF ANCIENT R OUTES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252. Viktor I. Klochko, Aleksander Kośko, THE SOCIETIES OF COR DED WAR E CULTUR ES AND THOSE OF BLACK SEA STEPPES (YAMNAYA AND CATACOMB GRAVE CULTUR ES) IN THE R OUTE NETWOR K BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269. Przemysław Makarowicz, BALTIC-PONTIC INTER R EGIONAL R OUTES AT THE START OF THE BR ONZ E AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Sergey D. Lysenko, Svetlana S. Lysenko, GR OUND COMMUNICATIONS OF THE EASTER N AR EA OF THE TR Z CINIEC CULTUR E CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . 338 Katarzyna Ślusarska, HOR DEEVKA – IMPLICATIONS OF ARCHEOLOGICAL R ESEARCH ON EXTRA-R EGIONAL R ELATIONS (CULTUR ES OF THE BOH-BUG R IVER S BASIN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368. Kirill V. Gorbenko, Yuriy S. Grebennikov, THE ‘DYKYI SAD’ FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT AS A UNITING LINK IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC,.
(5) POLITICAL AND CULTURAL R ELATION OF 1200-1000 BC (THE BALTIC SHOR E, THE PONTIC R EGION AND THE MEDITER RANEAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375. Marcin Ignaczak, THE R OLE OF BALTIC-BLACK SEA R OUTES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUSATIAN CULTUR E SOCIETIES IN THE DECLINE BR ONZ E AND EAR LY IR ON AGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391. Yuriy Boltryk, PONTIC TRADE R OUTES – BALTIC SEA AR EA AS A MAP OF SCYTHIAN EXPANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Lubov S. Klochko, AMBER IN GAR MENTS OF POPULATIONS OF SCYTHIA (WAYS AND FOR MS OF R ECEPTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 PART VI – R OUTES BETWEEN THE SEAS - R ESEARCH PER SPECTIVES. . . . . . . . . 439. Mykola N. Kryvaltsevich, THE TER R ITORY OF BELAR US IN THE SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION R OUTES OF 3000 – EAR LY 2000 BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Vitaliy V. Otroshchenko, THE BR ONZ E AGE COMMUNICATION R OUTE SYSTEM IN THE NORTHER N PONTIC AR EA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Sylwester Czopek, THE R OLE OF THE DNIESTER R OUTE – THE SAN R IVER IN THE BR ONZ E AND EAR LY IR ON AGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.
(6)
(7) .
(8) . . . ! " # $ Æ " % $ &' ( )( *+,-. / ' . . /0 1 )23 455*6 4554. ( /
(9) $ . 7 !. 189:8
(10)
(11) : 455;# $ $. . . !/ # & ! #1 . ! < < ( #.
(12) . *
(13) 1 )=6 . 7 > 4; *+;, % . ? ). 4 $ 8 ' ! & ( @ 1 &# A . . B $ Æ !
(14)
(15) 2 7 & C$? *++,6
(16) !" # $% &'(() "*%+ ," *7* 555 555 &7 D C:>E A
(17) F =
(18) >$:(>
(19) 1GA=
(20) F ( :? $A= F$ >1A *++B# H
(21) 1 E . ' I8 J J J J .
(22)
(23) .
(24) .
(25) . . . !"# .
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34) !""! # $%%!# $%%$&
(35) '
(36)
(37) ( '
(38) (
(39) $%%$& )
(40)
(41) ! *
(42) #
(43) + ,- #
(44)
(45) # (
(46) # .
(47)
(48) $%%$& /
(49)
(50) # ,
(51)
(52) . 0 0 !"12& 3
(53)
(54)
(55)
(56) 4
(57)
(58) # ( 5 (
(59) /
(60) . 0
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)
(65) '
(66) 67 !8
(67) .
(68) $%.
(69)
(70)
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)
(78)
(79) !"
(80)
(81) #
(82)
(83)
(84)
(85)
(86)
(87)
(88)
(89) $
(90)
(91)
(92) %
(93) $
(94) & !" '((')
(95)
(96) *
(97) $") !" '(('+)
(98)
(99)
(100)
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104)
(105) ,
(106) .
(107)
(108)
(109) 9 , #
(110) . . . # (& #
(111)
(112) ( 7 #
(113)
(114)
(115)
(116) ( # ,
(117)
(118)
(119)
(120) (
(121)
(122)
(123) ,
(124) 3
(125) # ( , 9
(126)
(127)
(128) :
(129)
(130) (
(131) (
(132) 3 6 8 ( 7 ; #
(133) ( (
(134) < 9# = (
(135) > 6!8 (
(136)
(137) ( ( .
(138) $! # 6$8
(139) # 6)8
(140)
(141) 6?8 ( ( < #
(142)
(143) # 9 #
(144) #
(145)
(146)
(147) # # # @
(148) #
(149) '
(150)
(151)
(152) A
(153) ; 7 ( #
(154)
(155)
(156)
(157) 0 #
(158) ( ( # #
(159)
(160)
(161) (
(162) (
(163) ,- (
(164) # (
(165)
(166)
(167) < # A;
(168) ,
(169) #
(170) ' # B
(171) ,
(172) B
(173)
(174)
(175) . $% #"#& '%&"% ' $% &"& %( )% ' $% &# # &%&.
(176)
(177) # ( 9 ,- *
(178)
(179) < ,
(180) ( C (# = D
(181)
(182) # ?#2%% # ( E F#
(183) !"G1& 0 # ,
(184) ,
(185) <
(186) ,
(187) (
(188) E F. ' --./0*1 *-/20.0-/3. < ,- # = (
(189) ,
(190)
(191)
(192)
(193) (
(194).
(195) $$. (
(196)
(197) # # .
(198) , $%%$& 6!8
(199)
(200)
(201)
(202) 6 8
(203) 6$8 ( ( 67 $8
(204)
(205)
(206)
(207)
(208)
(209)
(210) #
(211)
(212) +
(213) # H
(214) - (#
(215)
(216)
(217)
(218)
(219) 9
(220) + # #
(221) , -
(222) I # I !""%# -
(223) !""!&
(224) - # #
(225) # JK
(226) L /
(227) E /
(228) # -
(229) ;
(230)
(231) * M =N# M =N $%%!& 7 # 9
(232) , . !""!& 6 8 9
(233) -
(234)
(235)
(236) O
(237) , I !"")&
(238)
(239) : / 67 $8 < #
(240)
(241) (
(242) ( #
(243)
(244)
(245) 5 -
(246) 6
(247) 8# , (
(248)
(249) 6
(250)
(251)
(252) 8#
(253) 6 8# D 6
(254)
(255) 8 6 7 )8 6
(256) 8 .( # #
(257) 6 8
(258) 6
(259)
(260) 8# ' 3, # ( ( 9 /
(261) 5 #
(262)
(263) 9 # 67 $8 ( < # #
(264)
(265) # ,
(266) , D9 (
(267)
(268)
(269)
(270) , (
(271) 6 8
(272)
(273) , 7 # (
(274) 6
(275) 8
(276)
(277) , (
(278) # 9 9
(279)
(280)
(281) 6
(282) 8 #
(283).
(284)
(285) (
(286) ,
(287)
(288)
(289)
(290) (
(291) -
(292) ; ,
(293)
(294)
(295)
(296) 3 , ( ( ,# ( / B H
(297) -
(298) # , / O .
(299) $). '
(300) % 4
(301)
(302)
(303) $
(304)
(305)
(306) "
(307) $
(308)
(309)
(310)
(311) 4
(312)
(313)
(314)
(315)
(316) &
(317) 5
(318)
(319) " 667)
(320) 4
(321)
(322) ) ,8/ 69') :
(323) +.
(324) $?. ;
(325)
(326)
(327)
(328)
(329)
(330)
(331)
(332)
(333)
(334)
(335)
(336) .
(337) < .
(338)
(339) = $
(340)
(341)
(342) $
(343)
(344)
(345)
(346)
(347)
(348)
(349) &
(350) ,
(351) " $" 66)
(352)
(353)
(354) >") >" 66()
(355)
(356) >" 66;) :
(357) +.
(358) $2. ?
(359) ="
(360) $
(361)
(362)
(363)
(364) @
(365)
(366)
(367) A
(368) $.
(369)
(370)
(371)
(372) ,
(373)
(374) * &
(375) 5 $B) >" '((;) :
(376) + 0
(377)
(378) . $
(379)
(380)
(381)
(382)
(383)
(384)
(385) ,
(386)
(387)
(388) @ $
(389)
(390) C ,
(391) !
(392) A)
(393)
(394) $
(395)
(396)
(397)
(398) ,
(399) D
(400). E
(401) 67 ?8 9
(402)
(403)
(404)
(405) O F - #
(406)
(407) 0 3 <
(408) 9
(409) O = . # *
(410) . 67 28 < #
(411) ( 6 9 !"%
(412) #
(413) !1%,!G2
(414) 8 - !""!& < # ( =
(415) ( # (
(416) ( 9 (
(417)
(418) # O
(419) !"PPC M =# I # $%%)& D ( ( (
(420)
(421)
(422) (.
(423) $1. E # 4
(424)
(425) 4
(426) F @A #
(427) &
(428) ." B 679+ @A 4
(429)
(430) & !)
(431) $
(432) " ! '(('+. < ; # ( # '
(433) (
(434)
(435) ( #
(436) < (
(437) ( (
(438) 5 $%%,)%%
(439) !"2!# @
(440) !"""& < # ( 9
(441) (
(442)
(443) # D <
(444) ( #
(445) Æ # # #
(446) * 6 8 #
(447).
(448) $G. 9
(449) 4
(450)
(451) #
(452)
(453) Æ @ A #
(454) 4
(455)
(456)
(457) $ 4
(458) @1 $= *
(459)
(460) , , A
(461)
(462) ,
(463) &
(464) $
(465) " ! 6G')
(466)
(467) !)
(468) $
(469) " ! '(('+.
(470) F O 6
(471) 8 67 28 ( Æ < #
(472) # (
(473)
(474) # # E
(475) ,/
(476) * -(
(477) - ,- -( .
(478) , !"GGC , # .
(479) , $%%$C . !""!& 67 18 - ,- -( # A3 O ;#
(480)
(481) 3
(482) #
(483) -
(484)
(485) H #
(486) O F - # . (
(487) E - ,- -( , -
(488)
(489) 3 ( <
(490) (
(491) (
(492).
(493) $P. G
(494) 4 , &
(495) 3
(496) ) ,$H $" 6GG+ 4
(497)
(498)
(499) .
(500)
(501)
(502)
(503)
(504)
(505)
(506) 4
(507)
(508)
(509)
(510)
(511) 8
(512)
(513) -
(514) D
(515) 8
(516)
(517) C D
(518) )
(519)
(520) 3
(521)
(522)
(523) 24 @I " 3
(524) %A
(525) , , , 4
(526). 3
(527) - Q 3 # - Q !"GG&#
(528) (
(529)
(530) # , ( # H 5
(531) + 5 #
(532)
(533) 3,7 O ( 6A 3 ;8 - ,- -( 67 G8
(534)
(535) Æ H,
(536) +# #
(537) 3 #
(538) ( H # -
(539) # ,
(540)
(541) 9 -
(542)
(543) 9
(544)
(545) !"G$& . !""!# . # . !"P2& 67 P8 <
(546)
(547) -
(548) #
(549) #
(550)
(551) ,
(552)
(553) #.
(554) $". 7 @A .
(555) "
(556)
(557) , & "
(558) $ 66+) @A
(559)
(560)
(561)
(562)
(563)
(564) ,
(565)
(566)
(567) # "
(568)
(569)
(570)
(571)
(572)
(573)
(574)
(575) @
(576)
(577) %
(578) A & 2
(579) J" 67?+ @*A
(580)
(581)
(582)
(583)
(584) 6;69( &8
(585) $") *
(586) H $" 6GE+.
(587) )%. 6 *
(588)
(589) $
(590)
(591)
(592) $
(593) 4
(594)
(595)
(596)
(597)
(598) $
(599)
(600)
(601) ,
(602) & 1
(603) $" 667) :
(604) +.
(605) )!
(606)
(607) A;#
(608) , OK !"P?& -
(609) # , # H
(610) E /
(611) 67 P8
(612) 9 = # *Q E
(613)
(614)
(615) = - E 3
(616) 9
(617)
(618)
(619)
(620) 67 P*8. '' *10.0* *-/20.0-/3.
(621) , ;
(622)
(623)
(624)
(625)
(626) ,
(627) 67 "8 3
(628) (
(629) # , )%%
(630) 2%% E =
(631) ( F # 2%%
(632) G%% #
(633) ,
(634) (
(635) ' O
(636)
(637) . 0 , (
(638) 67 !%8 +
(639) ( # ( <
(640) < # , # (
(641) ( (
(642) ( (
(643) ( ( # ,
(644)
(645)
(646) #
(647) # (
(648)
(649) ( ( 3 C (
(650) (
(651)
(652)
(653) ( -
(654) !""!& / #
(655)
(656) =
(657)
(658)
(659) , ( ( ( 3
(660)
(661) 6 (
(662) 7 !%8 < ,-
(663)
(664) ( ,
(665) , # # (
(666)
(667) 67 "8.
(668) )$. ( ,4
(669) @
(670) 8
(671) A $
(672)
(673)
(674)
(675)
(676)
(677) @A
(678)
(679)
(680)
(681)
(682)
(683)
(684) @ -
(685) ) -
(686) ) 3
(687) "A @A
(688)
(689)
(690)
(691) @
(692)
(693) A & 8
(694) 697+. '; 2,0* /C0D-//.. 3 ( < , , #
(695) ,# #
(696)
(697) # ,
(698) # .
(699) # - !""G& .
(700)
(701) !2 R # '
(702)
(703) P,!% R # O
(704) !"PP&
(705)
(706) ( O
(707)
(708)
(709) # (
(710)
(711) (
(712)
(713)
(714) < #
(715) ( #
(716)
(717)
(718)
(719)
(720) # O
(721) !"PP&
(722)
(723) '
(724)
(725) (
(726) ( ( 6!%,!$S# $%S8
(727) 6!%%,!$% 8 .
(728) )).
(729)
(730) $
(731)
(732)
(733) 4
(734)
(735)
(736)
(737) $
(738)
(739)
(740) "
(741) &
(742) $" 66+.
(743) 6
(744) 8 7 #
(745) 612,"% 8
(746) 1," 3 ( 6?,1S8
(747) ( 6?2,12 8
(748) # - !""G& <
(749) # * E
(750) # 6
(751)
(752) 8
(753) (
(754)
(755) / # /
(756) * . < # , #
(757) #
(758) F < -
(759) #
(760)
(761) H # E
(762) . Q
(763) .
(764) )? O :
(765) ( , + ', # ,
(766)
(767)
(768)
(769)
(770)
(771) ,
(772) # @
(773)
(774) #
(775) . -
(776) !""!& (
(777) ,
(778) ,
(779)
(780) ',
(781) (
(782) (
(783)
(784) (
(785)
(786) 67 !$8
(787)
(788) , # # (#
(789)
(790)
(791) ( * - # -
(792) #
(793)
(794)
(795)
(796)
(797) 9
(798) # (
(799) : ( + * -
(800)
(801)
(802)
(803)
(804) 6
(805) 8
(806) 6 8
(807)
(808) (
(809) T #
(810)
(811)
(812) < * -
(813) , - #
(814)
(815)
(816)
(817) , ( <
(818)
(819)
(820) 9
(821) #
(822) < -
(823) #
(824) H
(825) +
(826) (#
(827). # '( # H /
(828) 6F K ! 8 - ,- -( # 3
(829) /
(830) 63
(831) ,+ K 8# - - 6- 8# 5K 7 65K 8
(832) 0Q - 6+ ! 8
(833)
(834) -
(835)
(836) ,
(837) (
(838) #
(839)
(840) , ( $%%2& < -
(841) #
(842)
(843)
(844) ( - ( $P . '? -1-K) 1/2 D10 /2 ,K30-D,0* =/0.3.
(845)
(846)
(847) ( B
(848) .
(849) )2. ' 2
(850) 4
(851) @A
(852) & L
(853) " 66') 1" 4 67(+ @A , &
(854) L
(855) " 66'+ $ @*A
(856)
(857)
(858)
(859) .
(860) , , , 4
(861) @8
(862)
(863) -
(864) D
(865) 8
(866)
(867) C D
(868) A @
(869)
(870) GA.
(871) )1. ; @A .
(872)
Powiązane dokumenty
Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt, CENTRAL EUR OPEAN LOWLAND SOCIETIES AND THE PONTIC AR EA IN THE 4TH-4TH/3R D MILLENNIUM BC.. Jan Machnik, SHORT AND LONG-DISTANCE PASTORAL JOUR
Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt, CENTRAL EUR OPEAN LOWLAND SOCIETIES AND THE PONTIC AR EA IN THE 4TH-4TH/3R D MILLENNIUM BC.. Jan Machnik, SHORT AND LONG-DISTANCE PASTORAL JOUR