Political Preferences
Preferencje polityczne7/2013
Redakcja naukowa:
0DULXV].ROF]\ĔVNL
Zbigniew Widera
Katowice 201363,675(ģ&,
:VWĊS ... 9
-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND
%ORJLLQWHUQHWRZHSROLW\NyZDLGHQW\¿NDFMHSDUW\MQH ... 11
Marcin Zaborski 6]NRáD:\ĪV]D3V\FKRORJLL6SRáHF]QHMZ:DUV]DZLH3ROVND
6WUDĪQLNGHPRNUDFMLF]\UHOLNWSU]HV]áRĞFL"'\VNXVMHQDG]DVDGQRĞFLą VWRVRZDQLDFLV]\Z\ERUF]HM ... 25 ĩDQHWD.UDZF]\N$QWRĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND .LQJD-DUXJD8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND '\OHPDW\LGRĞZLDGF]HQLDIXQNFMRQRZDQLDVHMPRZ\FKNRPLVMLĞOHGF]\FK Z3ROVFH ... 43 àXNDV]:RMWNRZVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND :L]HUXQHN*yUQHJRĝOąVNDLĝOą]DNyZZNDWHJRULDFKUR]ZRMXJRVSRGDUF]HJR LSUDFRZLWRĞFLDSRVWDZ\SROLW\F]QH3RODNyZ ... 59 =ELJQLHZ:LGHUD8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND .DGHQF\MQRĞüIXQNFMLSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDEXUPLVWU]DZyMWDJPLQ\ZSRJOąGDFK HOHNWRUDWXSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK ... 69 0DULXV].ROF]\ĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND 0DJGDOHQD)DUDFLN1RZDN 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND 6DPRU]ąGQRĞüDSU]\QDOHĪQRĞüSDUW\MQD ... 81 0RQLND7URMDQRZVND6WU]ĊERV]HZVND8QLZHUV\WHW.DUG\QDáD6WHIDQD :\V]\ĔVNLHJRZ:DUV]DZLH3ROVND 3UDZRGRXG]LDáXZZ\ERUDFKQDV]F]HEOXORNDOQ\PMDNRIRUPDSDUW\F\SDFML SROLW\F]QHMLPLJUDQWyZ3ROVNDQDWOHLQQ\FKNUDMyZHXURSHMVNLFK ... 93 5DGD1DXNRZD
SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD:\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQDSURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVNDGU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZDUHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNLUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GUKDE:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQNDUHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU0DFLHM0DUPRODVHNUHWDU] Recenzenci w 2013 roku: SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDGUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD .RUHNWD 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD &HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2013
3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK
:\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR
,6%1 ,661;
5(&(1=-( 2SROLWRORJLLZĞUyGSROLWRORJyZ,,2JyOQRSROVNL.RQJUHV3ROLWRORJLL 5HFHQ]MDĩDQHWD.UDZF]\N$QWRĔVND ... 115 $OHNVDQGUD6HNOHFND3ROLW\ND±PHGLD±PDQLSXODFMDPHGLDOQD3U]\SDGHN 3ROVNLSRURNX:\GDZQLFWZR$GDP0DUV]DáHN7RUXĔV 5HFHQ]MD.DWDU]\QD0LĊWNLHZLF] ... 122
Dorota Piontek.RPXQLNRZDQLHSROLW\F]QHLNXOWXUDSRSXODUQD 7DEORLG\]DFMDLQIRUPDFMLRSROLW\FH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH:13L' 8$03R]QDĔV 5HFHQ]MD2OJD:DGRZVND ... 125 &ODUD6KLK(UD)DFHERRND:\NRU]\VWDMVLHFLVSRáHF]QRĞFLRZHGRSURPRFML VSU]HGDĪ\LNRPXQLNDFML]7ZRLPLNOLHQWDPL:\GDZQLFWZR+HOLRQ*OLZLFH V 5HFHQ]MD0DJGDOHQD)DUDFLN1RZDN ... 130 6SLVWDEHOZ\NUHVyZLU\VXQNyZ ... 145 6XPPDULHV ... 149 Introduction ... 9 -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG 3ROLWLFLDQV,QWHUQHWEORJVDQGSROLWLFDOSUHIHUHQFHV ... 11
Marcin Zaborski 8QLYHUVLW\RI6RFLDO6FLHQFHVDQG+XPDQLWLHV3RODQG $QXSKROGHURIGHPRFUDF\RUDUHOLFRIWKHSDVW"$GHEDWHRQWKHYDOLGLW\RI HOHFWLRQVLOHQFHDSSOLFDWLRQ ... 25 ĩDQHWD.UDZF]\N$QWRĔVND.LQJD-DUXJD8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG 'LOHPPDVDQGH[SHULHQFHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRISDUOLDPHQWDU\ FRPPLWWHHVRILQTXLU\LQ3RODQG ... 43 àXNDV]:RMWNRZVNL1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 7KHLPDJHRI8SSHU6LOHVLDDQGWKH6LOHVLDQVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIHFRQRPLF JURZWKDQGGLOLJHQFHDVRSSRVHGWRWKHSROLWLFDODWWLWXGHVRIWKH3ROHV ... 59 =ELJQLHZ:LGHUD 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG 7HQXUHRIWKHPD\RUSURYRVWYLOODJHPD\RULQWKHYLHZRIWKHSROLWLFDO SDUWLHVHOHFWRUDWH ... 69 0DULXV].ROF]\ĔVNL 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG 0DJGDOHQD)DUDFLN1RZDN8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG 6HOIJRYHUQDQFHDQGWKHSROLWLFDODI¿OLDWLRQ ... 81 0RQLND7URMDQRZVND6WU]ĊERV]HZVND&DUGLQDO6WHIDQ:\V]\ĔVNL8QLYHUVLW\ 3RODQG 7KHULJKWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHHOHFWLRQVRQDORFDOOHYHODVDIRUP RISROLWLFDODFWLYLW\RILPPLJUDQWV3RODQGLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU (XURSHDQFRXQWULHV ... 93
&217(176
5(9,(:6 $ERXWSROLWLFDOVFLHQFHDPRQJSROLWLFDOVFLHQWLVWV,,3ROLVK&RQJUHVVRI 3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH 5HYLHZHUĩDQHWD.UDZF]\N$QWRĔVND ... 115 $OHNVDQGUD6HNOHFND3ROLWLFV±PHGLD±PHGLDPDQLSXODWLRQ7KHFDVHRI 3RODQGDIWHU:\GDZQLFWZR$GDP0DUV]DáHN7RUXĔV 5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD0LĊWNLHZLF] ... 122
Dorota Piontek3ROLWLFDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG3RSXODU&XOWXUH
7DEORLGL]DWLRQRI,QIRUPDWLRQDERXW3ROLWLFV:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH:13L' 8$03R]QDĔV 5HYLHZHU2OJD:DGRZVND ... 125 &ODUD6KLK7KH)DFHERRN(UD7DSSLQJ2QOLQH6RFLDO1HWZRUNVWR%XLOG %HWWHU3URGXFWV5HDFK1HZ$XGLHQFHVDQG6HOO0RUH6WXII:\GDZQLFWZR +HOLRQ*OLZLFHV 5HYLHZHU0DJGDOHQD)DUDFLN1RZDN ... 130 /LVWRIWDEOHVGLDJUDPVJUDSKV ... 145 6XPPDULHV ... 149
= VDW\VIDNFMą RGGDMHP\ GR UąN F]\WHOQLNyZ NROHMQ\ WRP F]DVRSLVPD Ä3ROLWLFDO 3UHIHUHQFHV´ SR UD] NROHMQ\ XGDáR VLĊ ]JURPDG]Lü RSUDFRZDQLD SRGVXPRZXMąFH EDGDQLD SURZDG]RQH SRG NRQLHF URNX NWyU\FK SU]HG PLRWHPE\á\UyĪQHDVSHNW\IXQNFMRQRZDQLDSROVNLHMGHPRNUDFML
3UH]HQWRZDQ\WRPVNáDGDVLĊ]VLHGPLXDUW\NXáyZHPSLU\F]Q\FKRUD] WU]HFKUHFHQ]ML]DZLHUDWDNĪHVSUDZR]GDQLH],,.RQJUHVX3ROLWRORJLLNWyU\ RGE\áVLĊZ3R]QDQLXZHZU]HĞQLXURNX
-DURVáDZ :LFKXUD Z VZRLP DUW\NXOH RGQRVL VLĊ GR UROL SHáQLRQHM
ZH ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK NDPSDQLDFK Z\ERUF]\FK SU]H] G]LDáDQLD SRGHMPRZDQH ]DSRĞUHGQLFWZHP,QWHUQHWX.RQFHQWUXMąFVZRMąXZDJĊQDEORJDFKSURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H]SROLW\NyZ$XWRUIRUPXáXMHZDĪQH±]DUyZQR]SHUVSHNW\Z\WHRULLNRPX QLNRZDQLDMDNLSUDNW\NLSROLW\F]QHM±ZQLRVNLGRW\F]ąFHVSRáHF]QHJRRGELRUX WHMIRUP\DNW\ZQRĞFLNDPSDQLMQHMMarcin ZaborskiSRGHMPXMHUR]ZDĪDQLDQD WHPDW]DVDGQRĞFLSU]\MĊW\FKZ3ROVFHUR]ZLą]DĔUHJXOXMąF\FK]DNUHVRERZLą]\ ZDQLDFLV]\Z\ERUF]HM]ZUDFDMąFXZDJĊQDV]HUHJZąWSOLZRĞFLV\JQDOL]RZD Q\FKSU]H]EDGDF]\LREVHUZDWRUyZSROVNLFKNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]\FKRUD]XF]HVW QLNyZ U\ZDOL]DFML Z\ERUF]HM ĩDQHWD .UDZF]\N$QWRĔVND i .LQJD -DUXJD SRGVXPRZXMąGRĞZLDGF]HQLD]IXQNFMRQRZDQLDVHMPRZ\FKNRPLVMLĞOHGF]\FK ZVND]XMąFSRGVWDZRZHG\OHPDW\SROLW\F]QHLSUDNW\F]QHGRNRQXMą±Z\NRU]\ VWXMąFZ\QLNLEDGDĔ±FKDUDNWHU\VW\NLVSRáHF]QHMSHUFHSFMLG]LDáDQLDNROHMQ\FK NRPLVMLàXNDV]:RMWNRZLDNSU]HGVWDZLDDQDOL]ĊZ\QLNyZEDGDĔUHDOL]RZD Q\FKZUDPDFKSURMHNWXÄ9DGHPHFXPĝOąVN´RJQLVNXMąFVZRMHUHÀHNVMHZRNyá NZHVWLL NV]WDáWRZDQLD RUD] RGELRUX ZL]HUXQNX *yUQHJR ĝOąVND L ĝOą]DNyZ
=ELJQLHZ :LGHUD ]ZUDFD XZDJĊ QD LVWRWQą Z NRQWHNĞFLH ]EOLĪDMąF\FK VLĊ
Z\ERUyZVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZURNXSUREOHPDW\NĊVSRáHF]Q\FKLSROLW\F] Q\FKQDSR]LRPLHORNDOQ\PNRQVHNZHQFMLSU]\MĊW\FKZ3ROVFHUR]ZLą]DĔGRW\ F]ąF\FKSUDZDGRSRZWDU]DOQHJRVSUDZRZDQLDIXQNFMLSUH]\GHQWDEXUPLVWU]D
ďŝŐŶŝĞǁtŝĚĞƌĂ
Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH VZRMHJR]DU]ąG]DQLDRUD]ZMDNLPVWRSQLXVLĊ]QLFKUR]OLF]DMą'RMU]DáDGHPR
NUDFMD EH] REHFQRĞFL OXG]L Z VSUDZRZDQLX ZáDG]\ QLH LVWQLHMH -HVW MHG\QLH VXEVW\WXWHPZ\PDJDQHMRUJDQL]DFMLĪ\FLDVSRáHF]QHJR2EHFQLHPLHV]NDQLHF QLHF]XMHVLĊJRVSRGDU]HPDOHFRJRUV]HMHJRPRĪOLZRĞFLLNUHDW\ZQRĞüQLH VWDQRZLą ZDUWRĞFL GOD VSUDZXMąF\FK ZáDG]Ċ )DNW WHQ SRZLQLHQ ]PXV]Dü GR UHÀHNVML
%H] Z]JOĊGX QD ]DU\VRZDQ\ Z\QLNDPL RSLV\ZDQHJR EDGDQLD VWDQ U]HF]\ZDUWRQLHW\ONRNRQW\QXRZDüSURFHVEDGDZF]\DOHUyZQLHĪGRSRPLQDü VLĊ R EH]ZDUXQNRZH XZ]JOĊGQLDQLH RSLQLL Z\ERUFyZ Z NUHRZDQLX SROLW\NL SDĔVWZD &yĪ ERZLHP ]QDF]\ SDĔVWZR EH] RE\ZDWHOD F]XMąFHJR VLĊ Z QLP GREU]H"
%LEOLRJUD¿D
0XV]\ĔVNL-/HNV\NRQPDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]QHJR:URFáDZ$OWD
&KáRGQLFNL 0 .RPXQLNDFMD PDUNHWLQJRZD MDNR QDU]ĊG]LH NV]WDáWRZDQLD UHODFML ZXVáXJDFKSURIHVMRQDOQ\FK>Z@5RJR]LĔVNL.UHG0DUNHWLQJXVáXJSURIHVMRQDOQ\FK 3R]QDĔ:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]QHMZ3R]QDQLX
$QWRV]HZVNL $ 2 ]ZLĊNV]HQLX VNXWHF]QRĞFL >Z@ 0D]XU 0 UHG 0DUNHWLQJ SROLW\F]Q\:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
&]DMNRZVNL $ :\ERUFD QD U\QNX SROLW\F]Q\P >Z@ -DEáRĔVNL $ 6RENRZLDN / UHG0DUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ZWHRULLLSUDNW\FH:URFáDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFáDZVNLHJR 1LPPR'3ROLWLFDO3HUVXDGHUV1RZ\-RUN3UHQWLFH+DOO .RĨPLĔVNL$3LRWURZVNL:=DU]ąG]DQLHWHRULDLSUDNW\Ną:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH3:1
0DULXV].ROF]\ęVNL
0DJGDOHQD)DUDFLN1RZDN
8QLZHUV\WHWģOĈVNL 8QLZHUV\WHWģOĈVNL Z.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND Z.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND6$025=ć'12ģý$35=<1$/(į12ģý3$57<-1$
Abstract:
6HOIJRYHUQDQFHDQGWKHSROLWLFDODI¿OLDWLRQ 7KHPDLQDLPRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRLGHQWLI\FXUUHQWLVVXHVLQWKH¿HOGRI ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWLQ3RODQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHORFDOSROLWLFDOHOLWHVLQWKHFRQWH[W RIWKHLUSROLWLFDODI¿OLDWLRQ7KHGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVDQGWKHJUDGXDOWUDQVIHU RIWKHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIWKHQDWLRQDOUHJLRQDODQGORFDOGLPHQVLRQKDVOHGWR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VHOIJRYHUQPHQW 7KLV LQ WXUQ HQDEOHG WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQWKHSURFHVVRIJRYHUQDQFHHYHU\FLWL]HQRIWKHLQKDELWHGDUHD5HFHQWORFDO HOHFWLRQVVKRZWKDWORFDOLVPLVDUHODWLYHWHUPDQGJUHDWO\VLPSOL¿HG(DFKRI WKHORFDOSROLWLFLDQKDVRZQFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKDVSHFL¿FRSWLRQ7KRVHEHKD YLRUOHDGVWRDNLQGRIVHOIJRYHUQDQFHFULVLVWKDWPDQLIHVWVLWVHOIDPRQJRWKHU WKLQJVDGHFUHDVHRISXEOLFWUXVWORZYRWHUWXUQRXWDQGLQFUHDVHWKHVHQVHRI social alienation.Key words:
VHOIJRYHUQDQFHSROLWLFDODI¿OLDWLRQGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQSROLWLFDOHOLWHV 'HFHQWUDOL]DFMDZáDG]\]SRF]ąWNyZODWG]LHZLĊüG]LHVLąW\FKGRSURZD G]LáDGRVWRSQLRZHJRSU]HND]\ZDQLDIXQNFMLU]ąG]HQLDZUHJLRQDFKVSRáHF]QR ĞFLRPMH]DPLHV]NXMąF\P3URFHVWHQE\áVSyMQ\]LGHąEXGRZ\VSRáHF]HĔVWZD RE\ZDWHOVNLHJRLNROHMQ\FKHWDSyZGHPRNUDW\]DFMLNUDMXZW\PZHMĞFLDGR VWUXNWXU8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM-DNZVND]XMąEDGDQLDORNDOQRĞüLVDPRU]ąGQRĞü ]RVWDáDPRFQRSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQDHOLWRPZáDG]\U]ąG]ąFHMDNWXDOQLHZNUDMX -DN ]DWHP RE\ZDWHOH RFHQLDMą NDQG\GDWyZ GR ZáDG] VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK L MDNL PDMąVWRVXQHNGRORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZZ\ERUF]\FK"^ĂŵŽƌnjČĚŶŽƑđĂƉƌnjLJŶĂůĞǏŶŽƑđƉĂƌƚLJũŶĂ
DĂƌŝƵƐnj<ŽůĐnjLJŷƐŬŝ͕DĂŐĚĂůĞŶĂ&ĂƌĂĐŝŬͲEŽǁĂŬ
6DPRU]ąGQRĞüF]\SU]\QDOHĪQRĞü"
'HFHQWUDOL]DFMD ZáDG]\ L VWRSQLRZH SU]HQRV]HQLH NRPSHWHQFML ZáDG] RJyOQRNUDMRZ\FK QD Z\PLDU UHJLRQDOQ\ L ORNDOQ\ GRSURZDG]Lá\ GR Z\NV]WDá FHQLDVLĊVDPRU]ąGQRĞFL:HGáXJ%RJGDQD'ROQLFNLHJR>V@GHFHQWUDOL ]DFMDSROHJDQDSUDZQ\P]DEH]SLHF]HQLXRUJDQRPQLĪV]\FKVWRSQLZVWUXNWXU]H RUJDQL]DF\MQHM Z]JOĊGHP VDPRG]LHOQRĞFL Z VWRVXQNX GR RUJDQyZ Z\ĪV]\FK (W\PRORJLD VáRZD VDPRU]ąGQRĞü ZVND]XMH QD LVWRWĊ U]ąG]HQLD VDPRG]LHOQLH RNUHĞORQHM VSRáHF]QRĞFL /LWHUDWXUD SU]HGPLRWX ZVND]XMH QD SRMĊFLH ÄWHU\WR ULDOQDNRUSRUDFMDNRPXQDOQD´SRQLHZDĪVDPRU]ąGWRVSUDZRZDQLHDGPLQLVWUDFML SU]H] ]ELRURZRĞü LQWHUHVDQWyZ ]DPLHV]NXMąF\FK RNUHĞORQ\ WHUHQ >'ROQLFNL V@3RGHMĞFLHVRFMRORJLF]QHXWRĪVDPLDZáDG]ĊORNDOQą]SU]\ZyG]WZHP RUJDQL]DF\MQ\PSRMĊFLHPLQWHJUDFMLVSRáHF]QHMRUD]]ELRURZRĞFL>:RURQLHFND V@7DĞFLVáDNRUHODFMDZVND]XMHQD]ZLą]NLRUJDQLF]QHIRUPXáRZDQLD VLĊVDPRU]ąGQRĞFL3RSU]HPLDQDFKURNX23ZáDG]DFHQWUDOQDQLHMDNRQDGDáD ]ELRURZRĞFLRPSUDZRGRUHDOL]DFMLZáDVQ\FKFHOyZLZDUWRĞFL>3U]\E\V]HZVNL V@3U]HIRUPDWRZDQLHMDNRĞFLU]ąG]HQLDZ3ROVFHPLDáRMHV]F]HMHGHQ FHO PLDQRZLFLH XWZRU]HQLH VSRáHF]HĔVWZD RE\ZDWHOVNLHJR -HGQRVWND Z W\P VSRáHF]HĔVWZLHSRVWU]HJDSDĔVWZRF]\VZyMUHJLRQZNDWHJRULLÄP\´DQLHÄRQL´ 7HQSURFHVPRĪQD]HVWDZLü]SU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPNODVVSRáHF]Q\FKZHGáXJ.DUROD 0DUNVDJG]LHÄNODVDZVRELH´MHGQRF]ąFVLĊSU]HFLZNRNODVLHSU]HFLZQHMWZRU]\ ÄNODVĊGODVLHELH´ZSHáQLĞZLDGRPąVZRLFKSUDZRUD]ZSU]\SDGNX3DĔVWZD OHJLW\PL]XMąFąZáDG]Ċ>7XUQHUV@ 3RMĊFLHVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLMHVWĞFLĞOH]ZLą]DQH]GHPRNUDFMą'HPRNUDFMD WRXVWUyMGDMąF\SU]HZDJĊZLĊNV]RĞFLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDZSURFHVLHGHF\GRZDQLD SROLW\F]QHJR'HF\]MDWRZ\EyUGRNRQ\ZDQ\SU]H]MHGQRVWNĊOXEJUXSĊRVyE GąĪąF\FKGRRVLąJDQLDRNUHĞORQ\FKFHOyZ>6WHLQEUXQHUV@-HVWWRDNW UHDOL]DFMLFHOyZNWyU\Z\EyUVSRĞUyGGRVWĊSQ\FKDOWHUQDW\ZPLQLPXPGZyFK 6]HUHJW\FKG]LDáDĔZFKRG]LZREUĊESURFHVXGHF\]\MQHJR7HQ]NROHLVWDQRZL F]ĊĞüDQDOL]\GHF\]\MQHMGRNWyUHMSUyF]SURFHVXGHF\]\MQHJRZFKRG]ąWDNĪH V\WXDFMDGHF\]\MQDRĞURGHNGHF\]\MQ\GHF\]MDRUD]LPSOHPHQWDFMDSROLW\F]QD >3LHWUDĞV@:VSRPQLDQDMXĪGHF\]MDSROLW\F]QDGH¿QLRZDQDMHVWMDNR QLHORVRZ\Z\EyUG]LDáDQLDOXE]DQLHFKDQLDSROLW\F]QHJRGRNRQ\ZDQ\SU]H] RĞURGHNGHF\]\MQ\QDSROXSROLW\NL>&KPDMĩPLJURG]NLV@'HF\]MH SROLW\F]QH FKDUDNWHU\]XMH LVWQLHQLH GHF\GHQWD ZLHORZ\PLDURZRĞü L QDVWD ZLHQLHQDRVLąJQLĊFLHZLĊNV]HMLORĞFLFHOyZ.OXF]RZD]SXQNWX]DLQWHUHVR ZDQLDQLQLHMV]HJRDUW\NXáXEĊG]LHLPSOHPHQWDFMDGHF\]MLSROLW\F]Q\FKNWyUD MHVWRVWDWQLąID]ąSURFHVXGHF\]\MQHJR
'HPRNUDFMD WZRU]\ UDP\ QLH]EĊGQH GR IXQNFMRQRZDQLD F]\VWHM IRUP\VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL]U]HV]DQLDVLĊF]\ZRORQWDULDWX:ROQRĞüNWyUąRWU]\ PXMHMHGQRVWNDWUDNWRZDQDMHVWZNDWHJRULL]DUyZQRSUDZDMDNLRERZLą]NX -HGQ\P]W\FKSUDZMHVWVDPRU]ąGQRĞü*LRYDQQL6DUWRUL>6DUWRULV@ GH¿QLXMH VDPRU]ąGQRĞü MDNR V]WXNĊ U]ąG]HQLD VDP\P VREą 1LH GR NRĔFD SRFKZDOD LVWRWĊ VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL WáXPDF]ąF Mą GZLHPD ]PLHQQ\PL ]DNUHVHP LQDWĊĪHQLHP:VSRPQLDQHÄVDPRU]ąG]HQLH´QLHMHVWERZLHPQLJG\ZSHáQL PRĪOLZH GR XU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLD Z SROLW\FH 1DWĊĪHQLH PRĪOLZHJR VDPRU]ąGX MHVW RGZURWQLH SURSRUFMRQDOQH GR SRĪąGDQHJR ]DNUHVX VDPRU]ąGX >6DUWRUL V@:SROVNLPVDPRU]ąG]LHWHU\WRULDOQ\PF]áRQNRVWZRMHGQRVWNLMHVW RGQLHMQLH]DOHĪQH:ĞZLHWOHSUDZDVDPRU]ąGWHQUHDOL]XMHSROLW\NĊSDĔVWZRZą :WHRULLGHF\]MHSRGHMPRZDQHQDV]F]HEOXVDPRU]ąGRZ\PQLHSRZLQQ\QRVLü ]QDPLRQ LGHRORJLF]Q\FK F]\ SURJUDPRZ\FK : SUDNW\FH Z\JOąGD WR QLHFR LQDF]HMF]HJRZ\UD]HPVąSRQLĪHM]DSUH]HQWRZDQHZ\QLNLEDGDĔDWDNĪHV\WX DFMDQDORNDOQ\FKU\QNDFKZ\ERUF]\FK3RPLPRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLGRORNDOQ\FK NRPLWHWyZZ\ERUF]\FKUHJLRQDOQ\FKXJUXSRZDĔF]\VWRZDU]\V]HĔG]LDáDF]H VDPRU]ąGRZLLWDNV\PSDW\]XMą]RNUHĞORQąRSFMąSROLW\F]QąQDMF]ĊĞFLHMWą NWyUDX]\VNDáDZLĊNV]HSRSDUFLHGRVDPRU]ąGXZRMHZyG]WZD
6DPRU]ąG MHVW LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHP GHPRNUDFML ORNDOQHM%DUEDUD*ąFLDU]>V@Z\UyĪQLDF]WHU\DNVMRPDW\QDNWyU\FKRSLHUD VLĊSRSUDZQLHIXQNFMRQXMąF\VDPRU]ąG1DOHĪąGRQLFKZVSyOQRWRZRĞüVROL GDUQRĞüORNDOQRĞüLDXWRQRPLF]QRĞü:VSyOQRWRZRĞüĞFLĞOHNRUHOXMH]LQWH UHVHPVSRáHF]QRĞFL6WDZLDQDNROHNW\ZL]PPLPRZV]HFKRJDUQLDMąFHJRWUHQGX QD LQG\ZLGXDOL]P L SDUW\NXODU\]P 'EDáRĞü R ZLĊĨ ZVSyOQRWRZą Z]PDFQLD ]DXIDQLHVSRáHF]QHDWDNĪHPRW\ZXMHGRVSUDZQLHMV]HJRG]LDáDQLDVDPRU]ąGX 6ROLGDUQRĞü]RERZLą]XMHGRZVSyáRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL]DVSUDZ\ORNDOQHDWDNĪH ZVND]XMHQDZ\ĪV]RĞüLQWHUHVyZMHGQHMJUXS\QDGLQQ\PL0LPRĪHMHVWWR ]DFKRZDQLH HJRLVW\F]QLH MHGQDN PRFQR VSDMD UHODFMH ZHZQąWU] ZVSyOQRW\ 7U]HFLP DNVMRPDWHP MHVW ORNDOQRĞü UR]XPLDQD MDNR RGPLHQQRĞü RU\JLQDO QRĞü:]PDJDDNW\ZQRĞüVSRáHF]QąRUD]LQWHJUXMH]ELRURZRĞü/RNDOL]PWR WDNĪHNXOWPDá\FKRMF]\]QLSDWULRW\]PSU]\ZLą]DQLHGRPLHMVFDLSU]HNRQDQLH RZ\MąWNRZRĞFL2VWDWQLPZ\]QDF]QLNLHPMHVWDXWRQRPLF]QRĞüDOHZSHZQ\FK JUDQLFDFKMXU\VG\NFMLSDĔVWZRZHM:SU]\SDGNXVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLDXWRQRPLF] QRĞüZLąĪHVLĊ]VDPRG]LHOQRĞFLąQDRNUHĞORQ\PSR]LRPLHIRUPDOQRSUDZQ\P Z]DNUHVLHGHF\GRZDQLDF]\UR]ZLą]\ZDQLDSUREOHPyZ
6DPRU]ąGQRĞü XPRĪOLZLD PLHV]NDĔFRP ZVSyOQRW DNW\ZQ\ XG]LDá Z SROLW\FH ORNDOQHM -HGQ\P ] SU]HMDZyZ WHM DNW\ZQRĞFL Vą NRQVXOWDFMH VSRáHF]QH LQQ\P NDQG\GRZDQLH Z Z\ERUDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK .DPSDQLH
^ĂŵŽƌnjČĚŶŽƑđĂƉƌnjLJŶĂůĞǏŶŽƑđƉĂƌƚLJũŶĂ
DĂƌŝƵƐnj<ŽůĐnjLJŷƐŬŝ͕DĂŐĚĂůĞŶĂ&ĂƌĂĐŝŬͲEŽǁĂŬ
SURJUDPHP=XSHáQLHRGPLHQQHMHVWUyZQLHĪRWRF]HQLHSROLW\F]QHNDPSDQLL HOHNWRUDWLNRQNXUHQFL,VWQLHMąORNDOQHLUHJLRQDOQHRGáDP\RJyOQRNUDMRZ\FK SDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKDOHWRQLHRQHZLRGąSU\PZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FK 6]F]HJyOQH ]QDF]HQLH PDMą ZyZF]DV ORNDOQH XJUXSRZDQLD RUD] NDQG\GDFL EH]SDUW\MQLFLHV]ąF\VLĊGXĪąSRSXODUQRĞFLąLV\PSDWLąZĞUyGVSRáHF]QRĞFL
/RNDOQH NDPSDQLH Z\ERUF]H FHFKXMH GREyU RGPLHQQ\FK QDU]ĊG]L LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK L SURSDJDQGRZ\FK 6WUDWHJLH Z\ERUF]H ]D]Z\F]DM VNXSLDMą VLĊ QD EH]SRĞUHGQLFK VSRWNDQLDFK QLĪ RJáRV]HQLDFK Z PHGLDFK RJyOQRSRO VNLFK:UDPDFKĞURGNyZPDVRZHJRSU]HND]XNDQG\GDFLFKĊWQLHNRU]\VWDMą ]ORNDOQHMSUDV\DRGURNXPRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüFRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMRJáRV]HQLD Z,QWHUQHFLH:Z\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZURNXPáRG]LHOHNFLXPLH MĊWQLHNRU]\VWDOLWDNĪH]QDU]ĊG]LZSRVWDFLVHUZLVyZEORJRZ\FKF]\VSRáHF] QRĞFLRZ\FK.ROHMQąUyĪQLFąSRPLĊG]\NDPSDQLDPLFHQWUDOQ\PLDORNDOQ\PL MHVW LVWRWD SU]HND]X LQIRUPDF\MQHJR 3RGF]DV JG\ V]WDE\ Z\ERUF]H NOXF]R Z\FK XJUXSRZDĔ SDUW\MQ\FK Z NUDMX GRELHUDMą SURSDJDQGRZH VORJDQ\ MDNR KDVáDSU]HZRGQLHVZRLFKSURJUDPyZZ\ERUF]\FKORNDOQHNRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]H SRSLHUZV]HED]XMąQDRSLQLL]ODWSRSU]HGQLFKSRZWyUHF]ĊVWRQLHRSUDFRZXMą ZRJyOHĪDGQ\FKVWUDWHJLL5yĪQLFHPRĪQDRGQDOHĨüWDNĪHZVDP\PHOHNWR UDFLHNWyU\ZWHRULLSRZLQLHQE\üEDUG]LHM]DDQJDĪRZDQ\ZZ\ERU\VDPRU]ą GRZH3R]RVWDMHS\WDQLHF]\PORNDOQ\HOHNWRUDWNLHUXMHVLĊZSURFHVLHSRGHM PRZDQLDGHF\]ML"&]\JáRVXMHQDZ\EUDQąRSFMĊSROLW\F]QąQDRJyOQRNUDMRZą SDUWLĊF]\PRĪHQDNDQG\GDWDNWyUHJR]QDRGZLHOXODW3RQLĪV]DWDEHODSU]HG VWDZLDUR]NáDGRGSRZLHG]LUHVSRQGHQWyZQDS\WDQLHGRW\F]ąFHSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFL SDUW\MQHMNDQG\GDWyZGRZáDG]VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK 7DEHOD1)DNWĪHNDQG\GDFLGRZáDG]VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZJPLQLHVąSU]\SLVDQL GRNRQNUHWQ\FKXJUXSRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FKSDUWLLXáDWZLDPLGHF\]MĊZWUDNFLH Z\ERUyZUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRG QLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HM nie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD
2E\ZDWHOVND SURFHQWLORĞü 24 106 51 19 3ROVNLH Stronnictwo /XGRZH LORĞü 13 36 12 10 5 SURFHQW 3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü 49 83 54 29 13 228 SURFHQW 5XFK3DOLNRWD SURFHQWLORĞü 20 18 14 5 64
=GHF\GR ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HM nie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM LORĞü 8 42 20 32 6 108 SURFHQW Inne LORĞü 12 30 24 110 SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáD
E\P SURFHQWLORĞü 21 52 32 255 %OLVNRUHVSRQGHQWyZXZDĪDĪHSU]\SLVDQLHNDQG\GDWyZGRZáDG] VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKGRNRQNUHWQ\FKXJUXSRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FKXáDWZLDSURFHVGHF\ ]\MQ\ZWUDNFLHZ\ERUyZ3RSLHUDWĊWH]ĊJáyZQLHHOHNWRUDWSDUWLL3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND RUD] 3UDZR L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü D WDNĪH UHVSRQGHQFL NWyU]\ QLH JáRVRZDOLE\SU]\RND]MLQDMEOLĪV]\FKZ\ERUyZ,QWHUHVXMąF\Z\GDMHVLĊIDNW ĪH]GHF\GRZDQLHDSUREXMHSRZ\ĪV]ąNRUHODFMĊPLĊG]\NDQG\GDWHPDSU]\QD OHĪQRĞFLą SDUW\MQą HOHNWRUDW XJUXSRZDQLD 3UDZR L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü 3RPLPR QLHZLHONLHJRRGVHWNDRGSRZLHG]LQHJDW\ZQ\FKF]ĊĞüUHVSRQGHQWyZQLHVSHáQD WZLHUG]L ĪH SU]\QDOHĪQRĞü SDUW\MQD NDQG\GDWD GR ZáDG] VDPRU]ąGR Z\FK QLH XáDWZLD SURFHVX GHF\]\MQHJR 0RĪQD GRPQLHPDü LĪ UHVSRQGHQFL ZVND]XMąF\QDEUDNNRUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\W\PLGZRPDGRPLQDQWDPLNLHUXMąVLĊ Z SURFHVLH Z\ERUX SU]HVáDQNDPL SHUVRQDOQ\PL : SU]\SDGNX Z\ERUyZ GR ZáDG] VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK JG]LH NOXF]RZH UROH RGJU\ZDMą ORNDOQH NRPLWHW\ Z\ERUF]H LVWRWQ\ ZSá\Z QD SURFHV GHF\]\MQ\ PDMą UHODFMH LQWHUSHUVRQDOQH ] NDQG\GDWHP V\PSDWLD EąGĨ DQW\SDWLD F]\ WHĪ RSLQLD SXEOLF]QD 0QLHMV]H ]QDF]HQLHPDZW\PSU]\SDGNXSU]\QDOHĪQRĞüSDUW\MQDNWyUDPRĪHZSá\ZDü GHVWUXNF\MQLHQDUHDOL]DFMĊ]DPLHU]HĔORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZZ\ERUF]\FK3RQDG DQNLHWRZDQ\FKZVND]DáRĪHQLHPD]GDQLDQDWHQWHPDW 7DEHOD2)DNWĪHNDQG\GDFLGRZáDG]VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZJPLQLHVąSU]\SLVDQL GRNRQNUHWQ\FKXJUXSRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FKSDUWLLXáDWZLDPLGHF\]MĊZWUDNFLH Z\ERUyZUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRG QLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR
ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD SURFHQWLORĞü 31 102 50 52 22 &HQWUXP LORĞü 18 82 51 35 20 206
SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü 61 58 355
^ĂŵŽƌnjČĚŶŽƑđĂƉƌnjLJŶĂůĞǏŶŽƑđƉĂƌƚLJũŶĂ
DĂƌŝƵƐnj<ŽůĐnjLJŷƐŬŝ͕DĂŐĚĂůĞŶĂ&ĂƌĂĐŝŬͲEŽǁĂŬ
=GHF\GR
ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 24 28 SURFHQW (OHNWRUDWXJUXSRZDQLD3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVNDRSRZLDGDáVLĊZJáyZQHM PLHU]H]DZVSyá]DOHĪQRĞFLąSRPLĊG]\NDQG\GRZDQLHPGRZáDG]VDPRU]ąGR Z\FKDSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLąSDUW\MQąHOHNWD7\ONRUHVSRQGHQWyZZVND]DáR QDEUDNWDNLHM]DOHĪQRĞFLDQLHVSHáQDQDMHM]GHF\GRZDQ\EUDN=NROHL QDMEDUG]LHMQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\HOHNWRUDWVWDQRZLąZ\ERUF\SDUWLL5XFK3DOLNRW %OLVNR QLH RSRZLHG]LDáR VLĊ ]D ĪDGQą ]H VWURQ :\ERUF\ XJUXSRZDQLD 6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM]NROHLQDMEDUG]LHMNU\W\F]QLHQLHVSHáQD UHVSRQGHQWyZRGQLHĞOLVLĊGRZVSyá]DOHĪQRĞFLZ\ERUF]HMNDQG\GDWDLXJUXSR ZDQLDSDUW\MQHJR
$QDOL]XMąFUHVSRQGHQWyZGRVWĊSQ\FKRSFMLSROLW\F]Q\FKPRĪQD]DRE VHUZRZDü ĪH SRGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML HOHNWRUDWRZL SUDZLFRZHPX XáDWZLD ZWUDNFLHZ\ERUyZSU]\SLVDQLHNRQNUHWQHJRNDQG\GDWDGRXJUXSRZDQLDSROL W\F]QHJR(OHNWRUDWOHZLF\QDWRPLDVWZVND]DáLĪIDNWSU]\SLVDQLDNDQG\GDWD GRNRQNUHWQHJRXJUXSRZDQLDSROLW\F]QHJRSRPDJDZSRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]ML Z WUDNFLH Z\ERUyZ 5HVSRQGHQFL SDUWLL FHQWURZ\FK Z ZLĊNV]RĞFL ZVND]DOL QDLVWQLHQLHUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\SDUWLąDNDQG\GDWHPNWyUDXPRĪOLZLDSRGMĊFLH GHF\]MLZ\ERUF]HMQLHPQLHMMHGQDNVSRU\RGVHWHNEOLVNRDQNLHWRZDQ\FK QLHPD]GDQLDQDWHQWHPDW%\üPRĪHWHQZ\QLNZVND]XMHQDF]ĊĞüHOHNWRUDWX FHQWURZHJRZW\PSU]\SDGNXSU]\SDGDMąFHJRSDUWLL3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND QLHEĊGąFHJRGRNRĔFDĞZLDGRP\PVZRLFKGHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FK6NRUR Z\ERUFyZQLHPD]GDQLDGRW\F]ąFHJRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLSDUW\MQHJRNDQG\GDWyZ GRZáDG]VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKW\PEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMąF\Z\GDMHVLĊZ\QLNZ\ERUyZ ZURNX.RUHOXMąFZ\QLNL]DSUH]HQWRZDQHZWDEHOLQU]WDEHOąQUGR SDUWLLSUDZLFRZ\FK]DOLF]\üPRĪQD3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZHRUD]3UDZR L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü 'R SDUWLL OHZLFRZ\FK QDWRPLDVW 3ODWIRUPĊ 2E\ZDWHOVNą 6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHMDGRFHQWURZHM5XFK3DOLNRWD
3UHIHUHQFMHSROLW\F]QHMHGQRVWHN]PLHQLDMąVLĊF]ĊVWRZNUyWNLPRNUHVLH L GRĞü SU]\SDGNRZR :LHOH W\FK ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]L Z Z\QLNX SHUVZD]\MQ\FK RGG]LDá\ZDĔQDSU]\NáDGG]LDáDĔSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKLNDQG\GDWyZZRNUHVLH NDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HM>3DJHV@1DWĊĪHQLHSUHIHUHQFMLMHVWX]DOHĪ QLRQHRGREV]DUXJHRJUD¿F]QHJRLNRQNUHWQ\FKJUXSZ\ERUFyZ%HQMDPLQ3DJH WZLHUG]LĪHWHRULHZ\ERUyZVąQLHVNXWHF]QHSRQLHZDĪ]DNáDGDMąGRVNRQDáH SRLQIRUPRZDQLHSROLW\NyZLZ\ERUFyZDZLĊNV]RĞüRE\ZDWHOLQLH]QDQDZHW ZLHG]\QLHSU]\UDVWD1LH]QDMRPRĞüSURJUDPyZF]\SRGVWDZRZ\FK]DVDGSROL W\NLSU]H]RE\ZDWHOLPRĪHZ\QLNDüSRSLHUZV]H]LFKQLHFKĊFLGRSRJáĊELHQLD ZLHG]\ OXE WHĪ ] QLHSUDZLGáRZHJR VSRVREX SU]HND]\ZDQLD LQIRUPDFML SU]H] SROLW\NyZZW\PWDNĪH]FHORZHJRSU]HND]\ZDQLDZ\U\ZNyZWUHĞFLWDNDE\ QLąPDQLSXORZDü3DJHZ\MDĞQLDMHĪHOLZ\ERUF\QLHVąZVWDQLHVIRUPXáRZDü SUHIHUHQFML SROLW\F]Q\FK Z VWRVXQNX GR SURJUDPyZ SROLW\F]Q\FK QLH PRJą LFKSRSLHUDüZDNWDFKJáRVRZDQLD:yZF]DVZ\ERUFDNLHUXMHVLĊRVRERZRĞFLą NDQG\GDWD V\PSDWLą SU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLą SDUW\MQą OXE RFHQą G]LDáDQLD SROLW\F] QHJRZSRSU]HGQLHMNDGHQFML:PRPHQFLHJG\GHWHUPLQDQWDPLZ\ERUXVą SRZ\ĪV]HF]\QQLNLVXNFHVEĊG]LH]DOHĪDáW\ONRLZ\áąF]QLHRGVWRSQLDLQDVL OHQLDDXWRSURPRFML *áRVRZDQLH]DSURJUDPDPLSROLW\F]Q\PLNWyUHPDMDE\üUHDOL]RZDQH ZSU]\V]áRĞFLMHVWFHQWUDOQ\PSXQNWHPZLHOXUDFMRQDOQ\FKPRGHOLSURFHVyZ Z\ERUF]\FK>3DJHV@6ąRQHNV]WDáWRZDQHZGXĪHMPLHU]HSU]H] VDPHSUHIHUHQFMHHOHNWRUDWXRUD]SUHIHUHQFMHHOLWU]ąG]ąF\FK3DUWLHZVZRLFK SURJUDPDFKF]ĊVWRGHNODUXMą]PLDQ\QLH]JRGQH]RSFMąLGHRORJLF]QąDOH]JRGQH ]SUHIHUHQFMDPLZLĊNV]RĞFL7DNLHPDQLSXODF\MQH]DFKRZDQLDSREXG]DMąNUyW NRWUZDOHĞZLDGRPRĞüZ\ERUF]ą2PDZLDQHEDGDQLDGRZRG]ąQDIDNWLVWQLHQLD VSRáHF]HĔVWZD EH] Z\UDĨQLH SRG]LHORQ\FK SUHIHUHQFML SROLW\F]Q\FK JG]LH JUDQLFHSRPLĊG]\RSFMDPLLGHRORJLF]Q\PLVWDOHVLĊ]DFLHUDMą
Lokalne inicjatywy polityczne
:áDG]D VDPRU]ąGRZD ZVSyOQLH ] RVREDPL SRFKRG]ąF\PL ] XNáDGX SRQDGORNDOQHJR ZFKRG]L Z VNáDG ZáDG]\ ORNDOQHM >0DVLN V @ (OLW\ZáDG]\LHOLW\ZSá\ZXNV]WDáWXMąSROLW\NĊORNDOQąNWyUDPDGZLHIXQNFMH XVáXJRZąLSROLW\F]Qą:UDPDFKSLHUZV]HM]QLFKZáDG]DDGPLQLVWUXMHZV]HO NLPL NZHVWLDPL ]ZLą]DQ\PL ] LQWHUHVHP VSRáHF]QRĞFL ORNDOQHM QDWRPLDVW Z SU]\SDGNX IXQNFML SROLW\F]QHM UHJXOXMH NRQÀLNW\ ORNDOQH ] DGPLQLVWUDFMą SXEOLF]Qą7ZRU]HQLHVLĊORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZZ\ERUF]\FKPDNLONDĨUyGHá 3LHUZV]\P Vą XU]ĊGXMąFH HOLW\ Z\ZRG]ąFH VLĊ ] F]DVyZ 3ROVNLHM 5HSXEOLNL /XGRZHM REHFQLH IXQNFMRQXMąFH DOER Z V]HUHJDFK SDUWLL RJyOQRNUDMRZ\FK DOERSRGQD]ZąORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZ'UXJąJUXSĊVWDQRZLąORNDOQHRGáDP\ ZLHONLFKXJUXSRZDĔDWU]HFLą]U]HV]HQLDLRGGROQHLQLFMDW\Z\PLHV]NDĔFyZ $QDOL]XMąF IXQNFMRQRZDQLH NRPLWHWyZ ORNDOQ\FK QDOHĪ\ ]ZUyFLü XZDJĊ QD SURFHGXUĊWZRU]HQLDZW\PVSHF\¿NĊSUDZDZ\ERUF]HJRNXOWXUĊSROLW\F]Qą PLHV]NDĔFyZLVSRVyELFK¿QDQVRZDQLD
^ĂŵŽƌnjČĚŶŽƑđĂƉƌnjLJŶĂůĞǏŶŽƑđƉĂƌƚLJũŶĂ
DĂƌŝƵƐnj<ŽůĐnjLJŷƐŬŝ͕DĂŐĚĂůĞŶĂ&ĂƌĂĐŝŬͲEŽǁĂŬ
QDG OLVWDPL SDUW\MQ\PL ]GHF\GRZDQLH GRPLQXMą NRPLWHW\ QLHSDUW\MQH QD]\ ZDQHQDMF]ĊĞFLHMÄORNDOQ\PL´>*HQGĨZLááV@
3ROVND VDPRU]ąGQRĞü QLHVWHW\ QLH RSLHUD VLĊ W\ONR QD SRZ\ĪV]\FK GDQ\FK.DĪG\]EH]SDUW\MQ\FKHOHNWyZPDSRZLą]DQLDOXENRQHNVMHSDUW\MQH 3RSLHUZV]HORNDOQHNRDOLFMHSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKOXESDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKLVWRZD U]\V]HĔVąSUDZLH]DZV]HUHMHVWURZDQHSRGQLHSDUW\MQąQD]ZąMDNRNRPLWHW\ Z\ERUF]HZ\ERUFyZ=DEXU]DWRR¿FMDOQHVWDW\VW\NL3RGUXJLHORNDOQHRGG]LDá\ SDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKEDUG]RF]ĊVWRVWRVXMąWDNW\NĊIRUPRZDQLDZáDVQ\FKNRPL WHWyZORNDOQ\FKUHMHVWURZDQ\FKMDNRNRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]HZ\ERUFyZ>*HQGĨZLáá V@-DN]DWHPZ\ERUF\WUDNWXMąORNDOQHNRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]H" 2GSRZLHGĨQDWRS\WDQLHSU]HGVWDZLDMąZ\QLNLZWDEHOLQU3RQDG DQNLHWRZDQ\FK QLH PD ]GDQLD GRW\F]ąFHJR V\PSDWLL Z\ERUFyZ 7\ONR ZV]\VWNLFKUHVSRQGHQWyZXZDĪDĪHNRPLWHW\ORNDOQHUDF]HMZ]EXG]DMąV\PSDWLĊ QDWRPLDVWSU]HNRQDQ\FKRUDFMRQDOQRĞFLWHMWH]\E\áRMHG\QLHDQNLHWRZDQ\FK -DNLE\á]DWHPUR]NáDGRGSRZLHG]L]SRG]LDáHPQDSUHIHUHQFMHSDUW\MQH" 7DEHOD3. /RNDOQHNRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]HWZRU]RQHSU]HGZ\ERUDPLVDPRU]ą GRZ\PLEXG]ąPRMąV\PSDWLĊUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HM nie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND ,ORĞü 21 66 91 52 SURFHQW 3ROVNLH Stronnictwo /XGRZH ,ORĞü 29 12 1 SURFHQW 3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü ,ORĞü 22 60 92 45 9 228 SURFHQW 5XFK3DOLNRWD SURFHQW,ORĞü 4 15 13 5 64 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM ,ORĞü 5 28 45 26 4 108 SURFHQW Inne ,ORĞü 11 31 45 18 5 110 SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáD E\P ,ORĞü 10 24 255 SURFHQW 1DMZLĊFHM QLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FK UHVSRQGHQWyZ PD HOHNWRUDW XJUXSRZDĔ 3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞüRUD]3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND:SRUyZQDQLXMHGQDN GR SR]RVWDá\FK SDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK WHQ HOHNWRUDW Z\ND]Dá VLĊ QDMZLĊNV]ą
V\PSDWLąZVWRVXQNXGRORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZZ\ERUF]\FK'ODF]HJRDNXUDW WHGZLHSDUWLHPLDá\SUDNW\F]QLHUyZQROHJá\UR]NáDGJáRVyZ"0RĪQDGRV]X NLZDüVLĊRGSRZLHG]LZJHQH]LHLFKSRZVWDQLD3RSLHUZV]HSRZVWDá\Z]EOL ĪRQ\PF]DVLHSRGUXJLHZXVWURMXGHPRNUDW\F]Q\P1LHPRĪQDWHJRSRZLH G]LHüRSDUWLDFKW\SX6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHMF]\3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH NWyU\FK NRU]HQLH LGHRORJLF]QH VLĊJDMą NLONXG]LHVLĊFLX Z SU]\ SDGNX36/]QDF]QLHZLĊFHMODWZVWHF]5XFK3DOLNRWDWRHIHPHU\GDNWyUDQD FKZLOĊREHFQąZVND]XMHQDVWURMHLSRF]XFLHSU]\QDOHĪQRĞüGRZLRGąF\FKRSFML SROLW\F]Q\FK
7DEHODQUSU]HGVWDZLDUR]NáDGRGSRZLHG]LZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZ LGHRORJLF]Q\FK1DMZLĊFHMQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FKUHVSRQGHQWyZE\áRSRVWURQLH SUDZLF\ L OHZLF\ &HQWUXP FHFKRZDá ]QDF]QLH PQLHMV]\ RGVHWHN DQNLHWR ZDQ\FK QLH PDMąF\FK ]GDQLD .OXF]RZą UROĊ RGHJUDá HOHNWRUDW SUDZLFRZ\ =DUyZQRZNZHVWLLV\PSDWLLMDNLDQW\SDWLLZVWRVXQNXGRORNDOQ\FKNRPLWHWyZ Z\ERUF]\FK 7DEHOD4. /RNDOQHNRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]HWZRU]RQHSU]HGZ\ERUDPLVDPRU]ą GRZ\PLEXG]ąPRMąV\PSDWLĊUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR
ZDQLHWDN 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDPzdania 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD SURFHQWLORĞü 18 65 110 52 12 &HQWUXP LORĞü 11 60 80 43 12 206 SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü 39 103 138 62 13 355 SURFHQW 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 12 36 128 66 28 SURFHQW 3RZ\ĪV]H RGSRZLHG]L QLH GDMą SU]HMU]\VWHM RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLH F]\NRPLWHW\ORNDOQHEXG]ąV\PSDWLĊF]\WHĪQLH3U]HZDĪDMąFDLORĞüJáRVyZ QLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FK ĞZLDGF]\ü PRĪH R QLVNLP SR]LRPLH NXOWXU\ SROLW\F]QHM RUD] QLHZLHONLP VWRSQLX ]DDQJDĪRZDQLD Z VSUDZ\ VSRáHF]QRJRVSRGDUF]H UHJLRQX'RZRG]LWDNĪHĪHVDPRU]ąGQRĞüSROVNDQLHRVLąJQĊáDMHV]F]HRNUH ĞORQHJRSR]LRPXGHPRNUDW\]DFMLDFR]DW\PLG]LHVWRSQLDUR]ZRMXVSRáHF]HĔ VWZDRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR 1DSU]\NáDG]LHRVWDWQLFKZ\ERUyZPRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüSU]HQLNDQLH VLĊVWUXNWXUSDUWLLRJyOQRNUDMRZ\FK]ORNDOQ\PLNRPLWHWDPLZVDPRU]ąGDFK =QDF]ąF\VXNFHVZXELHJá\FKZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKRGQRWRZDá\NRPLWHW\
^ĂŵŽƌnjČĚŶŽƑđĂƉƌnjLJŶĂůĞǏŶŽƑđƉĂƌƚLJũŶĂ
DĂƌŝƵƐnj<ŽůĐnjLJŷƐŬŝ͕DĂŐĚĂůĞŶĂ&ĂƌĂĐŝŬͲEŽǁĂŬ
ORNDOQH Z ZRMHZyG]WZLH GROQRĞOąVNLP JG]LH ]GRE\á\ ZLĊFHM SRSDUFLD QLĪ SDUWLD U]ąG]ąFD : SR]RVWDá\FK ZRMHZyG]WZDFK NRPLWHW\ ORNDOQH RGHJUDá\ ]QDF]QLHPQLHMV]ąUROĊZSRG]LDOHZáDG]VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK:SU]\SDGNXVSDGD MąFHMIUHNZHQFMLZ\ERUF]HMLURVQąFHJRSRSDUFLDSDUWLLU]ąG]ąFHMZUHJLRQDFK PRĪQD PyZLü R NU\]\VLH VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL 7RZDU]\V]\ PX VSDGHN ]DXIDQLD SXEOLF]QHJRLZ]URVWSRF]XFLDDOLHQDFMLVSRáHF]QHM&RUD]ZLĊFHMRE\ZDWHOLQLH NRU]\VWD]PRĪOLZRĞFLRGGDQLDJáRVyZZ\ERUDFK3RF]XFLHRERZLą]NX]SDUW\ F\SDFMLZZ\ERUDFKMXĪQLHMHVWREOLJDWRU\MQH3URFHVGHPRNUDW\]DFMLXVWUR MRZHMZ3ROVFHPRĪQDSU]\UyZQDüGRF\NOLNRQLXQNWXUDOQ\FKZJRVSRGDUFH 2G]DFKZ\WXGHPRNUDFMąLZáDG]ąSU]HND]DQąVSRáHF]QRĞFLRPSU]H]SRVWĊSX MąFąDSDWLĊGRNROHMQHJR]U\ZXRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR3RGREQLH]GHFHQWUDOL]DFMą 3RGGDMąFDQDOL]LHRVWDWQLHZ\QLNLZ\ERUyZVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKPRĪQDVWZLHUG]Lü ĪHSRVWĊSXMHFHQWUDOL]DFMDSROLW\F]QDZáDG]
2Jyá W\FK ]DFKRZDĔ PD QLHSRGZDĪDOQ\ ZSá\Z QD SRGVWDZ\ RE\ZD WHOVNRĞFL 7UXGQR GRV]XNLZDü VLĊ MHM UR]ZRMX Z PRPHQFLH ZVSyáLVWQLHQLD GZyFK ]XSHáQLH URĪQ\FK L RGUĊEQ\FK JUXS VSRáHF]Q\FK MDNLPL Vą U]ąG]ąF\ L U]ąG]HQL 2E\ZDWHOVNRĞü QDGDQD Z SU]HREUDĪHQLDFK NRĔFD ODW RVLHPG]LH VLąW\FKLSRF]ąWNyZG]LHZLĊüG]LHVLąW\FKVWRSQLRZRMHVWKDPRZDQDQDU]HF] RSRZLHG]HQLDVLĊSRNRQNUHWQHMVWURQLHSROLW\F]QHM:PRPHQFLHJG\Z\ERUF\ FRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMQLHRGF]XZDMąĪHPRJąPLHüZSá\ZQD]PLDQĊHOLWU]ąG]ąF\FK LPRZDWX]DUyZQRRZ\ERUDFKSDUODPHQWDUQ\FKMDNLVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKURĞQLH SRF]XFLHZ\REFRZDQLD]HVSRáHF]HĔVWZD3RJáĊELDVLĊDSDWLDZVWRVXQNXGR LVWQLHMąF\FKHOLWZáDG]\DZUD]]QLąQLHFKĊüGR]PLDQLFRJRUV]DEUDNZLDU\ ZSU]HREUDĪHQLD
Podsumowanie
=DSRF]ąWNRZDQH ]PLDQ\ Z PRGHOX XVWURMRZ\P R]QDF]Dá\ RGHMĞFLH RGÄSDUDG\JPDWXSU]HGPLRWRZHMGH¿QLFMLDGPLQLVWUDFMLSDĔVWZRZHMLSRZUyW GR GRPLQXMąFHJR ]QDF]HQLD SRGPLRWRZHJR XMĊFLD ZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HM´ >1RZDFND V@ &KRG]L WX SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP R QDGDQLH VDPRG]LHO QRĞFL JPLQRP L XSRGPLRWRZLHQLH ZVSyOQRW ORNDOQ\FK :HGáXJ =\JPXQWD 1LHZLDGRPVNLHJRDGPLQLVWUDFMDU]ąGRZDQLHPRĪHZ\UĊF]DüVLĊVDPRU]ąGHP Z UHDOL]DFML VSUDZ SR]RVWDMąF\FK Z MHM ZáDĞFLZRĞFL >1LHZLDGRPVNL V@7DNLVWDQ]DEXU]DSURFHVWZRU]HQLDVLĊVSRáHF]HĔVWZDRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR D WDNĪH G]LDáD GHVWUXNW\ZQLH QD VDPRU]ąGQRĞü ZVSyOQRW\ :]EXG]DMąF\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH UR]ZLą]DQLHP Z\GDMH VLĊ NRQFHSFMD ÄVSRáHF]HĔVWZD DNW\Z QHJR´$PLWDLD(W]LRQLHJR.RQFHSFMDWDVWDQRZLVZHJRURG]DMXÄ]áRW\ĞURGHN´MHVW HIHNW V\QHUJLL &DáRĞü PD XPRĪOLZLDü RGGROQH LQLFMDW\Z\ MHGQRVWHN DOHPXVLWHĪUHVSHNWRZDüIXQNFMRQRZDQLHV]HUV]\FK]ELRURZRĞFL>%XNVLĔVNL %RQG\UD-DNXERZVNLV@.RQVWDWXMąFMHGQRVWNLPDMąSUDZR GRG]LDáDOQRĞFLLVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLZRNUHĞORQ\FKSUDZQLHUDPDFKVSRáHF]Q\FK 3RPLĊG]\ GZRPD ĞZLDWDPL ]DFKRG]L ĞFLVáD ]DOHĪQRĞü L NRQWUROD 3RZ\ĪV]D DQDOL]D SUH]HQWXMH FKDUDNWHU VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL Z 3ROVFH Z ]DNUHVLH SUHIHUHQFML SDUW\MQ\FK%UDNSU]HNRQDQLDRVLOHZVSyOQRW\LQLHFKĊüGRG]LDáDF]\ORNDO Q\FK VNXWNXMH QLH]GHF\GRZDQLHP L WDN QDSUDZGĊ QLHFKĊFLą Z VWRVXQNX GR QDMEOLĪV]HMZáDG]\MDNąMHVWZáDG]DORNDOQD6DPRU]ąGQRĞüMXĪZQD]ZLHZVND ]XMHQDPRĪOLZRĞüSU]HMPRZDQLDLUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDSUREOHPyZQDNRQNUHWQ\P REV]DU]HSU]H]Z\]QDF]RQHRVRE\-HĞOLFRUD]ZLĊFHM]W\FKRVyEEĊG]LHUHSUH ]HQWRZDáR LQWHUHV\ RGPLHQQH RG ZVSyOQRWRZ\FK GRSURZDG]ą GR ]DáDPDQLD LGHLVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLDW\PVDP\PSU]HUZDQLDSURFHVXEXGRZ\VSRáHF]HĔVWZD RE\ZDWHOVNLHJR
%LEOLRJUD¿D
%XNVLĔVNL 7 %RQG\UD . -DNXERZVNL - 'HPRNUDFMD ± VDPRU]ąGQRĞü ± SUDZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX LP$GDPD 0LFNLHZLF]D Z 3R]QDQLX :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH ,QVW\WXWX )LOR]R¿L &KPDM0ĩPLJURG]NL0:SURZDG]HQLHGRWHRULLSROLW\NL:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX 0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM 'ROQLFNL%6DPRU]ąGWHU\WRULDOQ\:ROWHUV.OXZHU3ROVND *ąFLDU]%,QVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFMDVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLDNWRU]\LHIHNW\:\GDZQLFWZR,QVW\WXWX )LOR]R¿LL6RFMRORJLL3$1 *HQGĨZLáá$%H]SDUW\MQLSUH]\GHQFLPLDVWLLFK]QDF]HQLHGODORNDOQHMSROLW\NL6WXGLD 5HJLRQDOQHL/RNDOQH1U 0DVLN*7\S\SROLW\NLORNDOQHM3U]\NáDG\VWUHI\VXEXUEDQL]DFMLDJORPHUDFML7UyMPLDVWD 6WXGLD5HJLRQDOQHL/RNDOQH1U 1LHZLDGRPVNL=6DPRU]ąGWHU\WRULDOQ\8VWUyMLJRVSRGDUND:\GDZQLFWZR%UDQWD 1RZDFND(-6DPRU]ąGWHU\WRULDOQ\ZXVWURMXSDĔVWZRZ\P:\GDZQLFWZR3UDZQLF]H /L[LV1H[LV 3LHWUDĞ=-'HF\GRZDQLHSROLW\F]QH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
5DGRPVNL * 6DPRU]ąG Z SROVNLHM P\ĞOL SROLW\F]QHM ;; ZLHNX :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND
6DUWRUL*7HRULDGHPRNUDFML:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
6WHLQEUXQHU -' 7KH &\EHUQHWLF 7KHRU\ RI 'HFLVLRQ 1HZ 'LPHQVLRQ RI 3ROLWLFDO Science
6]F]XSDF]\ĔVNL-(OLW\'HPRNUDFMD:\ERU\$JHQFMD6FKRODU 7XUQHU-+6RFMRORJLD.RQFHSFMHLLFK]DVWRVRZDQLH=\VNL6ND
:RURQLHFND * ']LDáDQLH SROLW\F]QH 3UyED VRFMRORJLL LQWHUSUHWDW\ZQHM 2¿F\QD 1DXNRZD