Governing Ageing Cities

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Governing Ageing Cities

治理老化城市

Chair of Urban Development Management

Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: E.M.vanBueren@tudelft.nl

Prof.dr. Ellen van Bueren

European cities, like cities in other mature, industrialized societies, have come to a point where they have to renew and reinvent themselves. Cities suffer from ‘organized irresponsibility’: nobody can be held accountable for the negative effects of urbanization. Cities’ resource use exceeds their footprint by far. Liveability is under pressure: air pollution, congestion, and inequality are some of the key problems at stake. Urban economies are carbon-based and need to transform towards a bio-based, circular and closed-loop economy in order to remain competitive. Transformations are needed economically in tandem with infrastructure renewal and technological innovation. These changes involve urban planning, design and use; just think of the space needed for solar and wind energy, for decentralized sanitation and measures for infiltration and flood protection in buildings, streets and districts.

正如其他成熟的工业化社会一样，欧洲城市已经到了 一个必须更新并重塑的阶段。城市受困于“有组织的不 负责任”：没有人能为城市化的负面影响负责。城市的 资源利用远远超过了它们的足迹。城市的宜居性饱受压 力：空气污染，交通拥堵以及不公平是城市面临的关键 问题。城市的经济以碳为基础，需要朝着以生物为基础， 循环和闭环经济的方向发展，以保持其竞争力。城市更 新转变是来自经济的需求，同时还需要进行基础设施更 新和技术创新转变。这些变化涉及到城市规划，设计和 使用；需要考虑如何利用空间来实现太阳能和风能的运 作，分散式污水处理，以及建筑和街区的渗透和防洪。

Figure 1. In 2015, twenty public, private and societal stakeholders have signed a manifest to redevelop the Amsterdam Buiksloterham area in a circular way.

图 1. 2015 年，20 个公共，私人和社会利益相关者共同签署了一个以循环 方式发展阿姆斯特丹 Buiksloterham 地区的声明。

32 The transition towards sustainability is not merely a technical

challenge, replacing old technologies, infrastructures and production processes with new ones. It requires changes at system level, reallocating resources, roles and responsibilities, and changing interdependent relationships between actors. There is no blueprint for these systemic changes. Each city has a unique configuration of infrastructure legacy, geo-physical opportunities, constraints and cultural preferences. Transition will result from the decisions and actions of many stakeholders. It will involve a process that cannot be controlled and enforced by a single stakeholder. Ownership and authority is fragmented as is decision-making power. And also the interests of those without formal decision-making power need to be considered to create support for the envisaged changes. Public, private and societal actors need each other’s knowledge, creativity and consent to find and implement appropriate solutions. At best, the transition process will be coordinated and guided. Legal instruments may be used to define bottom lines, but soft instruments are needed to envision and create joint ambitions.

Within this transition process, we will have to learn about stakeholder configurations that work, that allow the development of symbiotic relationships between scales and between

infrastructures. We will have to learn about governance arrangements between public, private and societal actors that encourage these actors to jointly solve problems with limited means. We will have to learn about new ways of sharing risks and benefits and supporting incentive structures. Learning-by-doing is a crucial approach in this; to learn how everyday decisions may add up to tipping points to systemic changes, but also to learn which ambitions require more revolutionary changes.

面向可持续性的转变不仅是一个技术挑战，更新 旧技术，基础设施和生产工艺，它需要在制度层面 的转变，重新分配资源，角色和责任，以及改变行 动者之间相互依赖的关系。这些系统性的变化没有 蓝图。每个城市都有基础设施遗产，地物机遇，局 限和文化偏好的独特设置。转型是由许多利益相关 者的决策和行动所带来的。这将涉及一个不能被控 制，并由单个利益相关者执行的过程。所有权，公 权和决策权是分离的。而且需要考虑那些没有正式 决策权的个体的利益，从而增加对规划设想的支持。 公共，私人和社会行动者需要彼此的知识，创造力， 并达成共识来寻求并实施相应的解决方案。最好的 情况是，在转型过程中会进行协调和指导。法律工 具可以用来定义底线，但需要用温和的方法来设想 和创造共同的目标。 在这个转型的过程中，我们必须了解利益相关者 的结构，允许不同尺度之间和基础设施之间的共生 关系的发展。我们必须了解公共，私人和社会力量 之间的治理安排，以鼓励这些行动者通过有限的方 法来共同解决问题。我们必须了解分担风险和利益， 并配套激励机制的新途径。在实践中学习是一个重 要手段；需要了解日常的决定是如何累积到临界点 而产生系统性的变化，更要了解哪些目标需要更多 变革性的变化。

Figure 2. De Ceuvel is a highly polluted area in Buiksloterham. Young urban creatives were granted permission to temporarily use the area. De Ceuvel has become a place that contributes to community building and serves as a testground for new ways of in-situ soil remediation. 图 2. De Ceuvel 是 Buiksloterham 的一个高度污染的区域。年轻的城市 创意家获准临时使用这个地方。De Ceuvel 已成为有助于社区建设和原位 土壤修复新方法的实验基地。