Pipelines under imposed deformation Local buckling

(1)

2nd

Annual Global Forum on Pipeline

Maintenance and lntegrity Management

18"'-19th of September 2014

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Discover lmplementation of Advanced lnspection Techniques and Develop Effective Maintenance Strategies

to Optimize your Pipeline lntegrity

~

MÖVENPÏCK

Hotel Amslefdam City Centre

Speaker Pan

e

l

:

. ... .".

Wolfram Günther & Jens Foeke

Manager Operations Information Systems Ontras Gastransport GmbH Germany

lvana Kalicanin

Lead Expert for E&P lnvestment Projects

INA

Croatia

Branislav Refkovsky

Head of GIS and ITIS Department Eustream, a.s.

Slovakia

Turad K. Al-Hujaili

Hot Tap and Stopple Engineer

Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia

Prof. Ir. A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt

Assoc. Prof. Steel Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences Delft University ofTechnology

The Netherlands

Hasan Yasir Bora

Genera! Manager

Kayserigaz A.S. (an EWE Grp. Co.)

Turkey

Mihai Zafiu

Projects Office Team Leader, E&P Division OMV Petrom SA Roman ia

:

- . Silver Sponsors

K

Y

N

.

. .

.

. .

and Mitigate Operational Challenges

Leen Pronk

Senior Advisor Asset Management Gasunie Trans port Services

and

Chairman of the Working Group T ransmission Pipelines

Marcogaz

The Netherlands

Houssam Sabry

Head of Corrosion & lnspection Department

Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction

Company Ltd. (ADGAS)

United Arab Emirates

Ulrich Schneider

Business Development Manager Continental Europe

KTNAS

Norway

Ton van Wingerden

Principal Consultant, Asset Risk Management DNV GL - Oil & Gas

The Netherlands

Mohamed Daoud

Projects Quality Manager

Abu Dhabi Comyany for Onshore

Oil Operations (ADCO)

United Arab Emirates

Mohamed Hassane

Senior Asset lntegrity Engineer Dolphin Energy Ltd.

Qatar

Topics to be addressed:

Unpiggable pipelines and

methods of their inspection In-Line lnspection tools and intelligent pigging

Pipeline Leak Detection Systems Corrosion threats and Cathodic

Protection as the main tool Stress Cracking Corrosion Extendi ng the lifecycle of ageing pipelines

PIMS and data management within this system

Challenges for offshore pipelines 3rd party interference

Product and pipe theft

Benefits of attending:

meeting selected senior decision-makers from global leading

operating companies in Pipeline

industry

learning from the selected examples of practical approach

knowledge and expertise

exchange

direct networking with industry

decision makers in a business -friendly environment

Media Partner:

(2)

2nd

Annual Global Forum on Pipeline

Maintenance and lntegrity Management

1 sm - 1 9m of September 2014 Amsterdam, the Netherlands

~

(é

_~

_prospero

"

EVENTS GROUP

1 B

th

of September

Conference Day One

~

MÖVENPiCK

Hotel Amsterdam

City Centre

8 30 Registration &Welcome Coffee

9 oo Opening Address from the Chairman

PIPELINE INSPECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS

9-1 o Developing lnspection Strategy for Unpiggable Pipelines

What is an •unpiggable• pipeline / What makes a pipeline "unpiggable"

How to change from •unpiggable• to •difficult to inspect•

Solutions for inspection of•difficult to inspect"

pipelines

Intelligent BiDi lnspection tools, tethered tools,

crawler tools Case studies Ulrich Schneider

Business Development Manager Continental Europe

KTN AS, Norway 9:50 Intelligent Pigging

Types of data that can be collected du ring pigging and its usage

Ways of inspection that can be performed by an

intelligent pig

'Smart' pigging with ultrasonic applications Mohamed Hassane

Senior Asset lntegrlty Engineer

Dolphin Energy Ltd., Qatar

10:30 Coffee & Networking Break

11 :OO Pipeline Commissioning

11 :•~O

What data and equipment does a company need

prior to commissloning

Critica! issues in commissioning a pipeline

Commissioning of mu lti-products pipelines Mohamed Daoud

Projects Quality Manager

Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations

(ADCO), United Arab Emirates CORROSION THREATS: RISKS,

CONSEQUENCES, MITIGATION STRATEGIE$

Case Study

Failure of Crude Oil Main Pipeline due to Sulphate Reducing Bacteria

Initia! context

Description of the first failure

Ways to remedy and maintaining in use the pipe

Current situation and next step Lesson learned, discussions, opinions Mihai Zafiu

Projects Office Team Leader, E&P Division

OMV Petrom SA, Roman ia

12:20 Lunch Break

13:20 Coffee and Networking Break

14:00 Stress Cracking Corrosion

Causes of Stress Cracking Corrosion (mildly

corrosive environments, susceptible materials)

Techniques to minimize stress concentrations to

avoid

sec

Choice of metal as a preventive measure Houssam Sabry

Head of Corroslon & lnspection Department

Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Ltd. (ADGAS), United Arab Emirates

RE PAIR AND MAINTENANCE STRATEGIE$

14:4<' Case Study

Hot Tap and Stopple Successful Story

Partial isolation of a S6 in. in-service life crude pipeline using double stopple technique Saudi Aramco capabilities and the magnitude in

HT&S operations

Engineering analysis, procedure and implantation of

life isolation process

Turad K. Al-Hujaili

Hot Tap and Stopple Engineer

Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia

15:20 Coffee and Networklng Break

16:00 Ageing Pipelines -Extending the Lifecycle

Pipeline Risk Management: analyse pipelines condition, decide on rehabilitation

Reliability problems with ageing pipelines

Making a decision on rehabilitation or replacement

lvana Kalicanin

INA, Croatia

16: 0 Panel D cu 10

Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

Current pipeline monitoring regulations and governmental control of leak detection standards

Mass balance, pressure point, acoustic technology, their advantages and disadvantages

How to choose the right detection system for your pipeline

Led by:

lvana Kalicanin

INA, Croatia

17:20 Closing Remarks from the Chair& Wrap up of Day One

17:40

18:40 Cocktail Reception

(3)

2nd

Annual Global Forum on Pipeline

Maintenance and lntegrity Management

1

9 th

of

September

Conference Day Two

1gih_19th of September 2014 Amsterdam, the Netherlands

~

MÖVENPÎCK

Hotel Amsterdam City Cenue

8:30 Registration &Welcome Coffee ₁₁_.•n Strategie Analysis and Planning of Pipeline As sets

-9:00 Opening Address from the Chairman

ASSET INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

9:10 How DNV GL bridge assetmanagement and

9:50

10:31)

11 00

operational excellence using ISO 55000 What is Asset Management

lntroduction to ISO 55000- the new standard for Asset Management

DNV GL approach of implementing the 1 SO 5 5000

standard

- Assessment phase -lmplementing phase - Certification Our success stories Ton van Wingerden

Principal Consultant, Asset Risk Management

DNV GL -Oil & Gas, The Netherlands Case Study

EN 1 6348 Safety Standard System for Gas T ransmission Pipelines

lntroduction to EN 16348 - functional

requirements

Safety management system and references to PIM S

Practical examples of implementation

Leen Pronk

Senior Advisor Asset Management Gasunie Transport Services and

Chairman of the Werking Group T ransmission Pipelines

Marcogaz, The Netherlands

Business Card Exchange and Coffee Break

This time slot is an opportunity dedicated specifically to

strengthen your business connections by sharing your contact information with the industry peers present.

Case S 1dy

Pipeline Risk Model in Eustream, a.s. and its Real Behavior (2009-2013)

Risk model in Eustream - risk factors Risk model behavior in years 2009-201 3 Analyses and reasons of risk model behavior Branislav Re(kovsk'{

Head of GIS and ITIS Department

Eustream, a.s., Slovakia

Methods and Tools

IT Systems methodology systematics behind the

systems

A cost driven approach implemented in pipelines How to find the right asset decisions

How to ensure transparency of decisions made Wolfram Günther & jens Foeke

Manager Operations Information Systems

Ontras Gastransport GmbH, Germany

12:?0 Lunch Break

'3:?0 Coffee and Networking Break

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

14: 1 Panel D .cu s10

Offshore pipeline management

Requirements and standards for offshore pipes Difficulties in offshore pipelines maintenance What challenges offshore pipeline operators are

facing and how they overcome them

14 40 Pipelines under lmposed Deformation -Local Buckling Buried pipelines in settlement areas, local buckling limits

Post buckling behaviour, safety against leakage and burst, effect of cyclic pressure loading

Local buckling limits of lined pipe (carbon steel

outer pipe and stainless steel liner pipe) for reeling instal lat ion offshore

Prof. Ir. A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt

Assoc. Prof. Steel Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences

Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands

15 ' Coffee and Networking Break

16 n _Third_Party_l_nterferences_{du ring the}_{operation of}a _city

natura! gas distribution network

Brief information about the natura! gas network in Kayseri

Difficulties of werking at highly populated areas

Challenges in Maintaining Right ofWay Examples to thi rd party damages

Preventive measures for pipeline integrity and operation safety

Hasan Yasir Bora

Genera! Manager

Kayserigaz A.S. (an EWE Grp. Co.), Turkey

16:40 Closing Remarks from the Chair &Wrap up of Day Two

(4)

2nd

Annual Global Forum on Pipeline

Maintenance and lntegrity Management

~

(•

"

18 1_h-19•h_{of September}₂₀₁₄

~

l?v

!:~~

p

pero

Amsterdam, the Netherlands ~

MÖVENPiCK

~P<>.~.

~.Q

f

~

:

Silver Sponsor

DNV•GL

In the oil & gas industry

Hotel Amsterdam

City Centre

DNV GL is the leading technica! advisor to the global oil and gas industry. We provide consistent, integrated technica! and advisory services within , risk management and offshore classification, to enable safe, reliable and enhanced performance in projects and operations. We drive the industry forward by developing best practices and standards. Our people combine industry expertise, multi-disciplinary skills and innovation to solve complex challenges for our customers.

DNV GL has specific in-depth asset (integrity) management and safety management experience within the European gas sector, since our heritage partly originates from the Research & Development departments of transmission system operator Gasunie in the Netherlands and the former British utility company British Gas.

Silver Sponsor

KTN AS is a technology company that specializes in condition assessments and periodic maintenance of oil and gas pipelines. The company performs work on offshore installations and onshore terminals and process plants internationally. KTN isespecially well known fortheirtethered tool inspection technology forchallenging pipelines.

Different types of measuring technologies are offered: Ultrasonic wall thickness and crack measurement, angular beam pulse echo and TOFD. BIDI UT tools can be pumped or inspect the line self-propelled.

The Technology is under a constant development and every year new types of solutions and applications can be offered to the mar ket.

Media Partner:

World

6 ils

Worldoils is a company that combines the power of marketing as well as the in-house expertise for the Oil, Gas, Offshore and the Maritime industries. Worldoils' web portal www.worldoils.com has become a truly central platform for visitors who need information regarding oil and gas products and services, research, training, conferences, news and events as well as a popular advertising base for providers of Oil, Gas, Marine and Offshore services. Worldoils has also launched the jobs system and a marketplace. In the recent months, Worldoils has strengthened its position as a fast developing central place for buying and selling of land rigs, offshore rigs, barge rigs and other oilfield and subsea equipment.

For upcoming events you can visit our website

(5)

Pipelines under lmposed Deformation

Local Buckling

A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of C

i

vi

l

Eng

i

nee

r

i

ng & Geosciences

Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014

~

(6)

• lntroduction

,

importance of deformation capacity

• Local buckling tests UOE and seamless

• Effect of pressure on local buckling curvature

• Effect of local buckling on burst pressure

• Effect of local buckling on fatigue behaviour

• Current research on spirally welded pipes

• Concluding remarks

• Publications

~

(7)

Deformation capacity of pipelines

• Onshore, pipelines in settlement areas

• Crossings in The Netherlands till 1990

• Over the dike (no digging allo

w

ed in the dike)

• Soft soils: extra load gives differences in

settlements and

i

mposed bending of the pipe

• In the beginning of the 1970

'

s

:

elastic theory

ga

v

e far h

i

gher stresses than allo

w

able

• Requ

i

rement: rep

l

ace crossings or rem

ov

e

settlements

• Solut

i

on

:

apply plastic theory and l

i

mit state

design

:

"strain based design"

• First Dutch standard on plastic design of

pipelines in 1977

• Crossings now:

Horizontal drilling

• Offshore: Deformation capacity

required: uneven sea bottoms etc.

= original pipe position

- - - = pipe position due to settlements

"

~»"""'?».

...

».-;<<-«-<<

_ _ _

_

Dike and Road crossings

~

(8)

Deformation capacity of pipelines

• Bending moment mostly less

important

• Local buckling curvature:

• D

i

t

ratio

• lnternal pressure - e

x

ternal pressure

• Soil leads- support leads

• lmperfections in the geometry

• Strain hardening properties of steel:

Re

I

Rm ratio

• Bauschinger effect: UO-UOE

• Large scatter

,

especially in thin

w

alled pipes

• Questionable definition of local

buckling: curvature at ma

x

imum

moment

2500

~

2000 ..:.::

...

-

ái

1500

E

0

~

1000 c: "C

ái

500

m

0 Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014 0

/

(

I

10 Pipe 20" - 83

-1

-

r

-~ J

""'

20

30

40

50

60 Deflection [mm]

"Thick walled pipe"

~

(9)

Deformation capacity of pipelines

Thin walled pipe

Different

buckle shapes

Thick walled pipe

~

(10)

Deformation capacity of pipelines

Bending

+

to rsi on

Low i nterna 1 pressu re

Low internal pressure

High internal pressure

1 High internal pressure

.... ,....

.

c" .... •

" ·~ ...

~

(11)

Buckling design equations

AGA research program 1998: many different buckling design equations

Buckling strain

BS 8010

(1993):

Gre

s

nigt

(1986):

,

ior -

D

<

120: &c = 0.5-

t

- 0.0025

t

D

for D

:2: 120 : &c = 0.2_:_

t

D

Murphey and

Langner

(1985):

&c = 0.5_:_

D

lgland

(1993):

D

₀

=

outside d

i

a meter

D

=D

o

- t

'c

=

o

.oos

+

n(;

0 ) ' Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014

DNV (1996):

ee = - -t 0.01 Do

ABS (2001):

Bending moment capacity

BS 8010 (1993)

with:

DNV (1996)

ABS (2001)

Me =Mp(l- 0.0024 Do) tmin 2 Mp =D fnomG'y Me =M p(l.05- 0.0015 D0 ) t

~

T

U

Delft

(12)

AGA: Buckling and collapse of UOE pipes (1998)

Tab

l

e

1 . Summary of measured dimensions

(averaged

values).

Tab

l

e2:

Material propertie

s

of the pipe

sect

ion

s

(tensile tests).

Test

Type

Wall

Diame

t

er Ovalisatior

D

i

t

0.2%

Ultirnate

t

h

ickne

ss

_[mm

_]

_[%

_]

Test

D

irec

t

ion

yie

l

d

N

/

mm

2

[mm

]

N

/

mm

2

Bl

UOE

1

1.22

509.0

0.285

45.4 _{Longi.tudinal}

₄₇₉

₅₆₈

B

I

B2

Seamless

17.54

514.7

0.078

29.3 Circumfere

n

tial 429

575 B3

UOE

1

8.99

507.9

0.138

26.8 B2

Longi.

t

udinal

459

533 B4

UOE

23.61

525.6

0.124

22.3 Circumfere

n

t

ial

373

538 B3

Longi.tudinal

474

527 Circumferential

457

548 B

4 Longi.tudinal

450

534 Circumferential

466

560

• Bending and collapse tests

• Four 20

"

pipes

• Big difference longitudinal and circumferential material properties for seamless

• UOE - Bauschinger

E

l

onga-

Necki

tion %

ng

%

39

40

41

35

30

36

33

28

27

28

30

33

35

31

38 ~

T

U

Delft

(13)

AGA: Bauschinger

3 mm

co

m

p

r

essive

t

ests

w

i

th

s

tr

ai

n

ga

u

ges

Seamless pipe

UOE pipe

0

"

u

1

c "iij "

-en -7 -7 Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014 20" -18 Outside first -6 -5 -4 -3

v

Load [kN] 20"-24 Outside second -6 -5 -4 -3

....-

___..

I

ir

f

Load [kN] -2 -2 -1 0 0 -2000 -4000 - Strain1 - Strain2

,_

-6000 - Strain3 -8000 -1 0 0 -2000 -4000 - Slrain1 - Slrain2 ,_ _-6000 - Slrain3 -8000

~

T

U

Delft

(14)

AGA: Bending tests

stram 1 250

Strain gauges

strain 2 l•deflection •

I

1500 center 1 1 1 1 1 st:rki 3 strain 4 =r= t

-stram 6 strlli.n 7 stram 8

250 1 1 1 250 ·ack stram 5 250

Ovalisation and deflection

(

curvature

),

(measuring

length 1500 mm)

~

(15)

AGA: Bending tests

1600 1400

~

1200 Q ë 1000 "

5

800 E g> 600 i5 ; 400 ID 200 0 35 30 - 25 E .§. 20 c: 0

""

-~ 15 j 0 10 r /

/

I

/

I

I 0 5 - -m.al-1 -• -• -• -• o-.al-2 - - - o-.al-3 Pipe 20" • 81 ~ 10 Deftection 111111 Pipe 20" -61

.

\

' 1- -Max. M:lment~

1-

Deflection 15 20 I

/

).

-)

~/ \. -~ ~ -5 0 0 -~ ~ 5 10 Deflection [mm]

81: UOE pip

e

15 20 2000 1800

/"

I

Pipe20" -62 ~ ... ~r---...

.

'E' 1600 ~ 1400 ~ 1200

~

1000 go 800 i5 600 i ID 400 200 0

I

I 1 _I_~Max. Deflectioo Mlment

J-0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Defle et ion [nm) Pipe 20" -62 30 1 • • • ·oval-1 -- • -oval-2 J - - - oval-3 ~ 25

~

20 5 - -Oval-m 1 / 1

,.,,,,,

_"

_/

/

~

-~ ~~ _~_--"

.... . .

~ c .2 15

~

t;j 10 0 · -0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Deflection [nm]

82: Seamless pipe

~

T

U

Delft

(16)

AGA: Bending tests

81: UOE pipe

83: UOE pipe

82: Seamless pipe

84: UOE pipe

~

(17)

AGA: Evaluation bending test results

0,04 0,035

· =

_...

0,03 .; 0,025

-e

0.02 ::i ~ 0,015 Cl> :IE 0,01 0,005 0 0,05 0,04 c ïi ~ 0,03 'C !!! ~ 0,02

...

~ 0,01 0 Maximum bending strain • Murphy :i:

"

...

_a• Kyriakides Fowler a •1

•

• MJrphy

•

x Korol

+

_•

a

+I

9( :i: Orran eTNO R: - ~

+

Reddy 0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035 10 20 Predicted strain Maximum bending strain 30 Dit 40 50 • Kyriakides o Fowler • MJfphy x Koror :c Olran • TNO + Reddy - Gresnigt ••••••• glan<l - -MJrphy - - - -858010

B

e

n

d

in

g s

tr

a

i

n o

f

p

ip

es.

Mean

P

re

d

ict

i

on

m

ode

l

coITection o

f

a

BS

8010

1.

1

23 I

g

l

and

0.896 M

m

phey Langner

1 .076

Gre

s

nigt

1 .27

1 DNV

0.854 *)

Low

e

s

t

CoV

• Data base of tests

•

15 <

D

i

t< 50

• Statistica! evaluation:

Murphy-Langner best

tor strain

• Gresnigt 2nd best for

this D

/

t range

CoVofa CoITe

l

a

t

i

on

0.393

0.738

0.311

0.738

0.260 *)

0.792

0.261

0 .79

1

0.292

0 .79

0

êc

=

0.5 -

t

D

t

&c

=

0.5- -

0 .

002

5 D

~

T

U

Delft

(18)

c:

~

-en

Local buckling equations - big scatter

Compressive strains

0 ,

045

0 ,

040

0 ,

035 -

-

Mu

r

phy

0 ,

030 - -

Gresn

i

g

t

- -

DNV

0 ,

025 - -

De Geer

0 ,

020

0 ,

015

0 ,

010

0 ,

005 ---0

,

000

0

20

40

60

80 D

i

t

100 M

u

rp

h

y:

Gresnigt:

DNV:

DeGeer:

D

&er

=

0 ,

5 0-t

D

&er

=

0 ,

5 0- -

0 ,

0025

t

D

&er =

1 ,

00 - -

0 ,

0

1

00 t

D

&er

=

0 ,

75 -

-

0 ,

0075

t

Need for improvement

!

~

(19)

AGA: Concluding remarks thick walled pipes

• Cold expansion is beneficia! for the buckling strain in bending.

• The Bauschinger effect due to cold expansion reduces the collapse

resistance up to 20

°

/

o (

collapse tests on the sa me pipes). Confirmed in

FEA.

• Whether Bauschinger is beneficia! for the combination bending and

external water pressure, will depend on the water depth.

• The definition for the buckling strain is taken as the strain at maximum

moment. In deformation controlled situations this is nota real failure

mode.

• The difference in post buckling behaviour between thin walled and thick

walled pipe allows a lower safety level for thick walled pipe.

• A lower safety level for deformation control led situations to be adopted

than for load-controlled situations, especially for thick walled pipelines.

DNV gives guidance on that.

~

(20)

Thinner walled pipes

• Much scatter

• lnfluence of internal pressure

• lnfluence of ovalisation e.g. due to earth loading

For

t/

r

'<

60:

&er

=0

.

2 5!_-0.00

2

5 +3

0oo

(

P

r)

2

.IPI

r

'

E

t

P

For

t/

r

'

>

60:

&er

= 0.10

!_

+

3000

(

p

r

Î

2 .

IPI

r'

\.

E

t

)

P

r

' =

-l -

3 a

r

b

-H-Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014

Q03 Cl02 ClOI

o

.

ooe

0.00. Y "EOOY•stttl • REOOY •al"minivm

V Wlllloil & M.,._in

o Bott•mon A 9o"waomp Clo111cal tlothc ~~ • Cl61/R 0.30 t/r

\

0.25

l/r-

0.0025

_;s

>

· 0.10

t/r',

().00'1~~~---~-i..~~---.._~-11.~~ 10 20 30 ~ ~ 50

eo

100 r

î

~

T

U

Delft

(21)

Effect of local buckling on burst pressure

• Deformation controlled: bending moment

capacity is not important

• Plastic design: redistribution of stresses to

give optimal resistance to avoid failure

• Requirement: ductile material behaviour

• Many tests to validate theoretica! findings

and to convince authorities

• Mostly the "non loaded" pipe did burst first

E.g. Out of plane bending

~

(22)

Effect of local buckling on burst pressure

20 400

mm

measuringrange

1

• "

1

girthweld ~-_.__, F t=12.7 mm t=6.4mm t=12.7mm

• Bending - burst test on 24" - 6,4 mm X52 pipe

• Buckling away from girth weid

• Burst away from local buckle

• Burst pressures equal

crack

~

(23)

Remaining Life of Buckled Pipelines - Fatigue

Installation of pipeline crossings

• Now: Horizontal drilling

• Till about 1990:

"Zinkers"

• Often in a bundle

• Underwater dredging not always

accurate

• Lowering the

"zinker"

not always

well

controlled

• Soft soils: settlements and bending

occur

• Severe bending has caused local

buckles in a "zinker" near Rotterdam

"Zinker"

~

(24)

Local buckles in a pipeline crossing near Rotterdam

• Pipeline crossing

• Installed in 1969

• 24" - 7 0

mm

'

• Steel ST

37.2,

specified minimum yield stress

240 MPa

• Water transport, Max Operating Pressure 7 bar

• Local Buckles and dents

• Inspection with video camera through pipe revealed

local buckles and dents

• Shape and depth could be estimated

Local buckles in

laboratory test

~

(25)

What to do with the local buckles

?

• Replacement or strengthening of buckled part?

• In under water section not well possible

• Only solution: replacement of complete crossing

• Fitness f or pu rpose

• What is required safety level?

• What is present safety level ?

• If acceptable: What is remaining safe operating time?

• Loading conditions

• Variations in internal pressure give:

• Variations in o

v

alisation and bu

c

kle

c

onfiguration

• Variations in bending moment due to

s

tretching of bu

c

kles and nearb

y

bend

s

~

(26)

Low cycle fatigue

• What strain variations occur?

• Low cycle fatigue tests on similar pipe

• Four point bending to introduce local buckles

• Variations in internal pressure

/

bending moment

• Measurement of strains and strain variations

• Finite element calculations:

• To simulate the tests and validate the FEA model to calculate strain variations

• To carry out parameter studies

• Analytica! modelling:

• Load - deformation behaviour near and in buckles

• Estimate of fatigue life

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Low cycle fatigue tests

Frame A 0 0

•

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2020 Frame B o

B

0 0 0 0 0 6060

Four point bending in

two directions

Large deformations

o

B

0 0 0 0 0 2020 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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T

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(28)

Low cycle fatigue tests, 1, 2, 3

Start of bending 24" - 7

,

9 mm pipe

Tests:

1. Bending

2. Pressure

3. Bending, pressure,

burst

~

T

U

Delft

(29)

Low cycle fatigue test 1: bending

• Constant pressure 1 bar

• Variations in bending

• FEA indicated correct crack location

• Measured and FEA strains OK

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Low cycle fatigue test 3: Bending, pressure variation, burst

• After 50

°

/

o fatigue loading: burst test

• Burst outside buckle and fatigue damage area

• Buckle "disappeared"

• Advise: Replacement of pipeline crossing: not necessary

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Concluding remarks fatigue

D Replacement

of pipeline crossing near Rotterdam

not

necessary

D Tools are available to evaluate fatigue life

of buckled pipe

D

Pipelines get older, inspection techniques get better:

more

buckled pipes will be found

D

More work to be done to carne up with

"design rules"

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Local buckling of spirally welded pipes

• RFCS project, focussing on application in combined

walls: quay walls in harbours and building pits

• Ben ding moment capacity

M (:) D

2 tf

Y

• Economie design: thin walled D/t

=

80 - 120

• Spirally welded pipes:

• Much lower purchase costs than longitudinal welded pipe

• Available in large diameters

• Can be fabricated at any length

Tubular king pile

Connector

1 Tubular

pile

New Quay Wall Rotterdam

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European research - Eurocode 3

• Motivation RFCS :

M

• Present rules Eurocode 3 : toe

conservative and uneconomic

for local buckling.

• Present rules are stress based instead of strain based:

influences that affect

the bending moment behaviour directly reduce the bending moment capacity instead

of rotation capacity.

Other influences can

be:

• Soil lead

• External pressure

L\M

_/

Pure bending

• Internal pressure

• Support leads

• Ovality

··· ···•

···

...

..

I

....

...

.. •••

1 "

"

_{Effect of other influences}

• Geometrical imperfections

• Attachments

Curvature

• • AM

is aften small and easy to calculate.

• Working along the strain (curvature) axis offers better insight in the effect of

"other influences" on local buckling and thereby on the bending moment capacity.

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Bending test #1

Pipe 1067mm x 16mm, X70

• Peur point bending, with thin straps for lead introduction to avoid influences of lead

introduction on ovalisation and local buckling

• Measurement of Diameter, wall thickness, imperfections, residual stresses, material data,

moment-curvature, ovalisation, strains

• Laser cart to follow growth of wrinkles from initial imperfections

~

(35)

E'

z

~ ~

Bending test #1

Spirally welded pipe, 1067x16,0 - X70

Local buckling

10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

/

I

_{. /}

I _~~

.

"\.

,

/

,.,,.

_\

~

.

J

_'

-/

...,

I

J /

)

_/

/

/ '

v

/

6 ~~~-~_::~~~~~~~~~:~:~::~:~;.-: ~~~~~ s --~.-._,_~~~~--~~---...,_,_~~~~~

::

:

::

4 :: ;: ;: : : : :: ~ ₈ 3 ·.·. _{. . .} _:: _{:: : : : ::} § 2 ₁ :·. _{. .}_. :: _.. :.: .: : : : ~ o

"

: : :: :

:::

::_ALA.J : : : : : : ; : : ·ö i... ~· • f.\: :_;~ .. ·: - - - n: : : :. :: .:- .: "_.-,,..,·" ::i:: -1 1- ' - . • • -:~-· I l - ,,..,.,,..,, ~ ' -2 '. '. : : r- - : : : : :: : :-: : ! : : : ~ -3 · H,_ : :

"

ooo

: : j

o

::

4000 : :

=

s

~4~:

:

0090 1000 4 -'-~--=~-:__.::_~~= ~~=~= =:~~~~~~=~=~=:~:_::._...~·~~~ Tube length axis [mm]

Imperfections with laser show:

0 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0, 0,012 0,014 0,0 Curvature [l/m)

16

• Spiral weids

• Smaller imperfections between spiral

weids

t

1

6

• Eer

=

0,5- - 0,0025

=

0,5

- 0,0025

=

0,004998

D

1067

• C

_er

=

E

_er

• !!..

=

0 004998

1067

=

9 37

· 10-

6 mm-

1 =

0 00937

m-

1

2 , 2 ' '

• Design rule for local buckling in e.g. EN1594 pipeline standard gives safe prediction

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(36)

Bending test #2

Pipe 1067mm x 9mm, X70

• 14 tests in Delft

• Also test program in Karlsruhe University (KIT): bending plus normal force

• Variation in D

/

t, steel grade, effect of girth weid, coil weid

• Tests used for calibration FEM models (Abaqus) in U-Volos and U-Edinburgh

• Parameter studies where all relevant geometrical and material properties are taken

into account:

• To develop design guidance that cover test results better: less scatter

• Design guidance will also be important for pipelines

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(37)

Concluding remarks Local Buckling

D There is large scatter in tests results and design rules

D Sources for scatter are identified

D An extensive research program is set up to quantify the influence

of these scatter sources to develop more accurate design rules:

• Further analysis of own test data and test data reported

elsewhere (databases)

• Test programme with extensive measurements of relevant

influences

• Validation of FEM models at two different places

• Parameter studies

• Special attention of remaining life after local bucklung

~

(38)

m m

n

n n

ii

1 n

n

(39)

Publications (1)

• Gresnigt A.M.,

Plastic Design of Buried Steel Pipelines in Settlement Areas.

HERON,

Volume 31, no 4, 1986. pp. 1-113.

• Gresnigt A.M., Dijkstra O.O., Van Rongen H.J.M. (1994),

Design of Pipelines in High

Strength Steel.

Proceedings of the Fourth International Offshore and Polar Engineering

Conference (ISOPE), Osaka, April 10-15, 1994, Vol. II, pp. 186-194.

• Gresnigt A.M., Van Foeken R.J. (1995

)

,

Strength and Deformation Capacity of Bends in

Pipelines.

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering (IJOPE). Vol. 5. No. 4,

December 1995, pp. 294 307, ISBN 10535381.

• Van Foeken R.J. Gresnigt A.M. (1998),

Buckling and Collapse of UOE manufactured steel

pipes.

PR-238-9423. Final report prepared for the Offshore and Onshore Supervisory

Committee of PRC International, Arlington USA, November 1998.

• Gresnigt A.M.

,

Van Foeken R.J., Shilin Chen (2000).

Collapse of UOE Manufactured Steel

Pipes.

Proceedings of the Tenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference

(ISOPE). Seattle, May 28 - June 2, 2000. Vol. II. pp. 170-181.

• Gresnigt A.M., Van Foeken R.J. (2001

)

.

Local Buckling of UOE and Seamless Steel Pipes.

Proceedings of the Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE).

Stavanger, June 17-22, 2001. Vol. II. pp. 131-142.

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Publications (2)

• Karamanos S.A., Tsouvalas D. and Gresnigt A.M. (2006).

Ultimate Bending Capacity and

Buckling of Pressurized 90 degree Steel Elbows.

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,

ASME, Vol. 128, No. 3, pp. 348-356, August 2006

• Dama E., Karamanos S.A., Gresnigt A.M. (2007).

Failure of Locally Buckled Pipelines.,

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 272-279, May 2007. (low

cycle fatigue).

• Gresnigt A.M., Karamanos S.A., Andreadakis K.P. (2007),

Lateral Loading of lnternally

Pressurized Steel Pipes.

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp.

630-638, November 2007.

• Foeke E.S., Karjadi E., Gresnigt A.M., Meek J., Nakasugi H. (2007).

Reeling of tight fit pipe

(TFP}.

Proceedings of the 26th international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic

engineering OMAE2007 (pp. 1-11). New York, USA: ASME International.

• Gresnigt, A.M., Willemse, C.A.,

&

Karamanos, S.A. (2010).

Local buckling limits of tubular

sections in bending and compression.

The 13th International Symposium on Tubular

Structures, 15-17 December 2010, Hong Kong.

• Hilberink, A. (2011)

Mechanical Behaviour of Lined Pipe.

PhD thesis, TU-Delft.

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