M E T A L L U R G IC A L ABSTRACTS
P A G E
I . P ro p e rtie s o f M e tals . . . . 3 3
I I . P ro p e rtie s o f A lloys . . . 34
I I I . S tru c tu re (M e ta llo g ra p h y ; M a c ro g ra p h y ; C ry s ta l S tr u c tu r e ) 36
IV . D e n ta l M etallu rg y . . . —
V . P o w d e r M etallu rg y . . . 37
V I. C orrosion a n d R e la te d P h e n o m e n a . . . 38 V I I . P ro te c tio n (O th e r t h a n b y E le c tro d e p o sitio n ) . . . 40
V I I I . E le c tro d e p o sitio n . . . 43
I X . E le c tro m e ta llu rg y a n d E le c tro c h e m is try (O th e r t h a n E le c tr o
dep o sitio n ) . . . 47
X . R e fin in g . . . 49
X I . A n a ly sis . . . 50
X I I . L a b o ra to ry A p p a ra tu s , In s tr u m e n ts , &c. . . . . 52 X I I I . P h y s ic a l a n d M ech an ical T e stin g , In s p e c tio n , a n d R a d io lo g y . 52 X IV . T e m p e ra tu re M e a su re m e n t a n d C o n tro l . . . . 53 X V . F o u n d r y P ra c tic e a n d A p p lian c es . . . 53 X V I. S ec o n d ary M etals : S c rap , R e sid u es, &c. . . . . 58 X V I I . F u rn a c e s , F u e ls, a n d R e fra c to ry M a terials . . . . 58
X V I I I . H e a t- T r e a tm e n t . . . 59
X I X . W o r k i n g ... 62
X X . C leaning a n d F in ish in g . . . 64
X X I . J o in in g . . . . . . . . . 6 8
X X I I . I n d u s tr ia l U ses a n d A p p lica tio n s . . . . . 7 1
X X I I I . M iscellaneous . . . . 7 7
X X IV . B ib lio g ra p h y . . . ' . . . 7 9
X X V . B o o k R e v ie w s ... 92
A U T H O R IN D E X TO ABSTRACTS
Aik e n, C. B ., 75.
A itchison, L ., 59.
Alff, L., 71, 72.
Allan, R . K ., 79.
Allen, F . A., 60.
Almen, J . 0 ., 89.
A ln u tt, D. B., 49.
Angles, R . M., 44, 45.
A rnold, E . A., 51.
Aronovsky, S. I ., 65.
Atkinson, R . H ., 68.
B ailar, J . C., J r ., 43.
Bandes, H ., 44.
B aritel, A., 79.
B arrett, C. S., 87.
B artlett, C. O., 56.
B astien, P ., 79.
B atta, G ., 79.
Baubie, R ., 69.
Beaver, H . L., 65.
Beeby, W. L., 56.
B egfm an, M. L., 80.
B énard, J ., 36, 37.
B enn, F . J ., 66.
Berger, P ., 46.
B ertein, F ., 52, 67.
B habha, H . J ., 78.
Bialosky, J . M., 39.
Bigge, D. M., 55.
B irchenall, C. E., 34.
B irdsall, G. W ., 59.
B lanchot, J ., 71, 72.
’ Blazey, 0 ., 62.
Blum , W ., 47.
Boghossian, V., 57.
Bonsack, W ., 53, 54.
Boone, P . W ., 60.
B orcina, D. M., 68.
B oucher, J . , 56.
B oussard, F ., 55.
B ow erm an, E . G ., 80.
B oyles, A ., 80.
B rad y , S. G ., 80.
B regm an, A., 69.
B rillouin, L ., 80.
B ro ck in g to n , A. F ., 68.
B rooks, H ., 71.
B ro th e rto n , W . P ., 70.
B riick, H ., 52.
B u q u et, R ., 55.
B u m s, R . H ., 40.
B u rrill, L . C., 76.
B u rto n , E . F ., 94.
B ushell, R ., 71.
B uske, G. E ., 72.
B u tto n , B . B ., 69.
C alhoun, J . R ., 56.
Cam pbell, W . J ., 71.
C arl, F ., 53, 54.
C arland, J . F ., 59.
C arlson, C. A ., 56.
C am e, J . B ., 59.
C arrin g to n , E ., 54.
Carsey, E . A ., 56.
Carslaw, H . S., 85.
C arter, F . E ., 68.
C arter, W . H ., J r ., 75.
C arter, W . L ., 78.
C artw right, B ., 48.
Caulfield, K . W ., 45.
C avanagh, W . R ., 43.
Chase, H ., 37, 57.
C haudron, G., 88.
Christen, H ., 85.
C hurchw ard, R . E ., 47.
Clapp, V. W ., 79.
C lark, H . T ., 87.
Clark, L . E ., 56.
Cole, H . J ., 55.
C olom bier, H ., 72.
C onnell, B . R ., 48.
C onradi, L . C., 42.
C o n tra cto r, G. B ., 79.
C o tter, L . H ., 78.
C o u p p e ld u L u d e ,R ., 78.
Cox, W . J ., 89.
C rabtree, H . S., 71.
C rannell, R . W ., 55.
C rum p, H ., 37.
C urtis, G ., 55.
C ussett, F ., 86.
C u th b ertso n , J . W ., 44, 45.
D arsey, V. M., 43.
D avidson, C. G ., 78.
D avis, C. W ., 47.
D aw son, W . J ., 53.
D ehaven, J . C., 54.
D eLong, G., 58.
D esch, C. H ., 53.
D ietert, H . W ., 55, 86.
D ixon, E . O., 87.
D ixon, H . E ., 71.
D obry, T ., 53.
Dole, F . E ., 76.
D oum enach, J ., 64.
Dowding, F . C., 71.
D rake, A . E ., 36.
D udley, J . W ., J r ., 86.
D udley, L ., 86.
D um as, A ., 77.
D u n b ar, A. F ., 78.
D unkley, G. T ., 40, 86.
D u n sh e ath , P ., 87.
D u p o rt, J ., 54, 87.
D u rb in , C. O ., 46.
D uR ose, A. H ., 44.
D uval, C., 50.
E a stw ood, L . W ., 54.
Eccles, J ., 77.
E rick so n , E . T., 90.
ErroU , F . J ., 74.
E rw in, W . S., 53.
E v an s, U . R ., 39, 52, 67, 94.
E v e rh a rt, J . L ., 77.
F a u s t, C. L ., 67.
F aw cett, J . R ., 68.
F ejë r, G ., 72.
Ferguson, A. L ., 46.
F e rry , A ., 87.
F ield, N ., 76.
F o rd , H ., 62.
F rasc h , J . , 41.
F ren k el, C., 44.
F rid m a n , Y a. B ., 87.
F ry d len d e r, J . H ., 42.
G alibourg, M., 87.
G am er, C. S., 92.
G am sey, B . H ., 76.
Geil, G. W ., 35.
Gill, J . E ., 56.
Gillemin, J ., 77.
G ithens, T . F ., 64.
G ladis, G. P ., 68.
Gloag, J ., 87.
G oldsw orthy, E . C., 73.
G orbunov, Ñ . S., 87.
G o rd et, A ., 58.
Goss, J . H ., 77.
G ourley, V. C., 87.
a
A uthor Index to A bstracts
G ourod, M., 61.
G ram m , H ., 87.
G ray, A . G., 35, 55, 57, 77.
G reenm eyer, P . A ., 68.
G ris, J . , 75.
G rivet, P ., 52.
G rodzinski, P ., 64.
G rove, P . F ., 44.
G uinier, A ., 37.
G w athm ey, A. T ., 47.
G w yther, R . E ., 42, 65.
H ack erm an , N ., 38.
H aim , G ., 87.
H a m b u rg , H . F ., 87.
H am m arlu n d , L . A., 72.
H an sen , M., 78.
H a rd y , H . K ., 74.
H a rd y , H . L., 78.
H a rp er, R . G., 68.
H a rtsh o rn , L., 59.
H au ser, R . F ., 54.
H e p b u rn , J . R . I ., 88 95.
H erb st, H . T ., 70.
H ćrenguel, J ., 88.
H errm a n n , H ., 71.
H esse, K . R ., 67.
H eussner, C. E ., 46, 55.
H o ak , R . D ., 68.
H o g , E . A. W ., 63.
H olm an, G ., 64.
H o lt, M. L ., 46.
H ooker, S. G ., 76.
H o rg er, O. J . , 89.
V an H o rn , K . R ., 92.
H o th ersall, A. W ., 47.
H o v o rk a, F ., 36.
H o w ard , P . L., 75.
H o w at, J ., 42.
H ow e, J . L ., 88.
H owell, H . G ., 62.
H ughes, T . P ., 88, 95.
H u ll, F . C., 37.
H um e, P . M., 55.
H yler, J . E ., 66.
Isb ell, W . T ., 49.
Jacq u esso n , R ., 88.
Jaeg er, J . 0 ., 85.
Jam e s, G. F ., 71.
Jam es-C arrington, D.
W ., 39.
J a rv is , E . G ., 88.
J a rv is , H . O., 88.
Jeffries, Z., 76.
Jen icek , L., 55, 56.
J en k in s, I ., 60.
JohnsoD , F ., 88.
Jo n es, F . V., 44.
J o n es, F . W ., 61, 63.
Jo n es, G. A., 37.
K ästn er, H ., 57.
K aw ecki, H . C., 49.
K err, R ., 45.
K ettle, C. J ., 53.
K euleyan, L ., 72.
K ing, R ., 65.
K irk , E . L., 48.
K jellgren, B. R . F ., 49.
K lein, B ., 68.
K line, J . D ., 54.
K ohl, W. H ., 94.
K osting, P . R ., 89.
K ostoch, F . R ., 60.
K ram er, M. D ., 43.
K roll, W . J ., 49.
K urachek, G. W ., 55.
K u rrein , M., 88, 93.
Lacom be, P ., 36.
L ajo y , M. H ., 90.
Langham m er, A. J ., 37.
Län y i, B., 89.
d e L apeyrtere, P ., 72.
L apoire, M., 72.
L a rso n , E . T ., 64.
L a th ro p , E . C., 65.
L aurson, P . G., 89.
L aval, G., 64.
L ea, F . C ., 88, 93.
L eclerc, E ., 79.
Leidheiser, H ., J r ., 47.
L eontis, T . E ., 35.
Levasseur, A ., 89.
Levy, B ., 56.
Lewis, C. J ., 68.
Lewis, D ., J r ., 60.
Li, K . C., 89.
Lichy, C. M., 87.
Lindsey, A. J ., 51.
L ivingstone, H ., 39.
, L odford, R . F ., 42.
Longwell, J . R ., 37.
L oom is, C. C., 49.
L o rd , R . M., 65.
Lucas, H . DeM., 69.
M cA dam, D. J ., J r ., 35.
M cClement, M. H ., 76.
McCuUoch, R . P ., 72.
M cCullough, W . E ., 53, 54.
M cD onald, H . J ., 48.
M cIn ty re, G. H ., 41.
M cM aster, R . C., 53.
M aisonneuve, J ., 59.
Mapes, D ., 63.
M arden, J . W ., 33.
M arshall, D. I., 38.
Masi, I . B . F ., 89.
May, E ., 60.
M ay, E . C., 89.
M ayne, J . E . O., 42.
Meggers, W . F ., 90.
Mehl, R . F ., 34.
de M erre, L., 79.
M ersereau, S. F ., 89.
Metcalf, M. M., 55.
Meyer, W . R ., 65.
Miller, J . L., 89.
M itchell, O. L., 59.
M onnier, D ., 50.
Moore, H . F ., 89.
M organ, O. M., 66.
M oritz, H ., 89.
M orrison, P ., 78.
M orrogh,.H ., 35.
M ott, B . W ., 40.
M uckle, W ., 74.
M ullen, J . B., 75.
M urphy, A. J ., 54.
M urray, W . M., 89.
Myers, F . W ., J r ., 70.
Myers, O. J ., 56.
Nelson, C. E ., 54.
N ettleto n , L . A., 76.
N ew kirk, T. F ., 43.
N ew ton, J ., 90.
N o rth co tt, L., 56.
Ogarev, A ., 43.
Oldfield, J . H ., 51.
O llard, E . A ., 90.
v . Orelli, W . M., 77.
P ain e, R . E ., 54.
Palm er, T . O., 73.
P ark er, W . C., 90.
b
Parsons, A. B ., 78.
P artrid g e, G. B ., 57.
P aschkis, V ., 59.
P ate rso n , E . V., 34.
P ay n e, R . J . M., 54.
Peel, P ., 56.
P e rry m a n , J . M., 74.
P eterm an n , R ., 90.
P fan n , W . G ., 48.
Phillips, A. J ., 33.
Phillips, F . C., 90.
Phillips, F . S., 75.
P inel, E ., 72.
P ita v al, R ., 90.
P lankenhorn, W. J ., 43.
P ocock, B . W ., 66.
Pollack, A ., 44.
Pollack, J . S., 73.
P o rtie r, H ., 90.
Powers, J . C., J r ., 69.
P resco tt, J ., 90.
P rice, J . W ., 44.
Puffer, D . W ., 70.
P u m p h rey , W . I ., 61.
Rassweiler, G. M., 53.
R av itz, S. F ., 48.
R aybould, F ., 54.
R ay m o n d au d , H ., 78.
R hea, T . R ., 48.
R hines, F . N ., 35.
R ice, O., 39.
R icker, C. S., 63.
R o b erts, C. C., 53.
R o b erts, E . R ., 50.
R o b erts, T . M., 70.
R obinson, H . A., 41.
R obinson, K . G., 40.
Rogers, R . R ., 39.
Rogers, W ., 53, 54.
Rowe, H . J ., 53, 54.
Rowley, F . B ., 90.
R u f, J ., 90.
Rusconi, Y ., 50.
R u sh to n , E ., 59.
Russell, H ., J r ., 92.
Sachs, G., 92.
Saibel, E ., 33.
S t. J o h n , A. E ., 55.
Salzberg, H . K ., 56.
Sargrove, J . A., 77.
Saunderson, J . L., 87.
Sayles, B . J ., 40.
Scanlan, F . A ., 76.
Schaerer, A., 70.
Scheer, C. L ., 49.
Scheffer, R . B., 64.
Schemel, M. P ., 66.
Schenck, R . E ., 55.
S chlechten, A. W ., 49.
Schleicher, W. F ., 64.
Schlesinger, G., 64.
S chm idt, L ., 46.
Schneider, S., 90.
Schofield, A., 73.
Schooley, D. L ., 74.
Schw an, W ., 40.
S cribner, B . F ., 90.
Sedlon, V. J ., 57.
Seely, F . B., 90.
Segsworth, R . S., 87.
Shelton, F . K ., 47.
Shubrooks, G. E ., 53.
Sicha, W . E ., 54.
Simoni, G., 91.
Sindlinger, C. J . , 68.
Sisco, F . T ., 76.
Sm ith, C. W ., 46.
Sm ith, E . B., 90.
Sm ith, F . H ., 50.
Sm ith, H . L., J r ., 63.
S m ith, K . M., 56.
S m ith, L . W ., 38.
Sm ith, N ., 55.
Snoek, J . L., 91.
S ourdillon, —, 60.
Soye, C., 50.
Spowers, W . H ., J r ., 42.
Sproule, D. O., 53.
S tah l, J . C., 47.
S talker, W . W ., 58.
S tangland, G ., 69.
S tanlev, R . C., 75.
Staub,*M., 91.
Sternal, L . S., 66.
S tevens, L . T ., 73.
Stobie J . J ., J r ., 64.
S trauss, R . S., 68.
Stross, W ., 51.
Sugar, A ., 57.
Sum ner, F ., 71.
S uvorovskaya, N . A., 50.
Sw ann, S., J r ., 43.
Swayze, H . E ., 75.
Swings, P ., 79.
Symes, W ., 56.
T abershaw , I . R ., 78.
T an n er, T . G ., 60.
T elford, A. C., 91.
Tem ple, J . E ., 91, 95.
Tesch, W . L., 68.
T etu , D. A., 39.
T hom pson, P . F ., 38.
T horpe, J . F ., 91.
Tow nsend, J . R ., 57.
T rillat, J . J ., 37.
U nderw ood, L . R ., 63.
V aaler, L . E ., 46.
V erhagen, E . L., 59.
V ictor, M., 71, 72, 73.
V incent, G. P ., 65.
V ivian, A. C., 91.
Vogelsang, C. A ., 53.
W am pler, R . H ., 91.
W ang, C. Y ., 89.
W atson, C. G., 74.
W atson, P . R ., 59.
W atson, T . R . B ., 75.
Weisselberg, A ., 43.
Wells, S. A. E ., 54.
W enger, P . E ., 50.
W erner, E ., 91.
W est, E . G., 43, 69, 74.
W heeler, H . J ., 58.
W hitem an, R . A., 61.
W hitw ham , D ., 67.
W illiams, H . G ., 74.
W illiams, W . J ., 35.
W ilson, S. P ., 66. • W in terb o tto m , A. B.,
94.
W oodard, D. H ., 35.
W redden, J . H ., 92, 95.
W roughton, D. M., 33.
W y a tt, L . M., 73.
Yaffe, C. D ., 78.
Y an k o , J . A., 36.
Y erkes, L . A., 49.
Y o st, D . M., 92.
Young, C. B. F ., 67.
Y udin, I . D ., 87.
Zade, H . P ., 70, 87.
Zentler-G ordon, H . E., 50.
Ziegfeld, R . L ., 68.
Zitek, C. J . B., 48.
M E T A L L U R G I C A L A B S T R A C T S
(G EN E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Volume 15 OCTOBER 1947 Part 2
I.-P R O P E R T IE S OF METALS
*The Effect of Working on the Physical Properties of Molybdenum.
J . W . M arden a n d D . M. W ro u g h to n (T r a n s. Electrochem.. Soc., 1946, 89, 2 1 7 -2 2 4 ; discussion, 225—228).— P ro p e rtie s o f m o ly b d e n u m a f te r v a ry in g a m o u n ts o f w orking a re reco rd ed in g ra p h s, fro m w h ic h th e follow ing ra n g e s h a v e been tak e n : d e n s ity , 9-8 fo r h e a t- tr e a te d in g o t u p to a b o u t 10-4 w hen re d u c e d in cross-section fro m a b o u t 0-5 to 0-0001 in .2 ; V .P .N . h a rd n ess , a b o u t 170 for in g o t 1 in. th ic k t o a b o u t 270 fo r sh e e t a n d w ire a b o u t 0-02 in . t h i c k ; u ltim a te ten sile s tre n g th , a b o u t 50,000 lb ./in.2 fo r u n w o rk e d m e ta l to a b o u t 200,000 lb ./in.2 fo r th e fin est w ire o r th in n e s t s h e e t; a n d elo n g atio n on 2-in.te s t len g th , a few p e r c en t, to an a v erag e o f a b o u t 1 7 % (w ith lo w est v a lu e s o f a b o u t 7 % a n d h ig h e s t o f 5 0 % ) fo r th e t h in n e s t w ires a n d sh e e ts. M o ly b d en u m w ith V .P .N . h a rd n ess o f a b o u t 230 a t ro o m te m p , sh o w ed a p ro g ressiv e decrease to a b o u t 100 a t 1200° C. H a rd n e s s a n d b e n d te s ts on m a te ria l a n n ea le d a t v a rio u s te m p , show ed t h a t loss o f h a rd n e ss b e g a n a t a b o u t 1000° C.
a n d w as r a p id a t 1200° C.— A. B . W .
*The Influence of Crystal Face on the Electrochemical Properties of a Single Crystal of Copper.
(L eid h eiser a n d G w ath m ey ). See p . 47.^Influence of Strain Rate and Temperathre on the Mechanical Properties of Monel Metal and Copper.
(M cA dam , G eil, a n d W o o d ard ). See p . 35.fThe Separation of Gases from Molten Metals.
A lb e rt J . P h illip s (M etals Technol., 1947, 14, (4 ); A . I . M . M .E . Tech. P u b l. N o. 2208, 30 p p .).— T h e 2 6 th A n n u al I n s t i tu t e o f M e tals D iv ision L e c tu re o f th e A .I.M .M .E . T h e general p rin cip les u n d e rly in g th e a b s o rp tio n a n d e v o lu tio n o f gases fro m solid a n d liq u id m eta ls , a n d d u rin g th e process o f solidification, a re o u tlin e d . T he cases o f o x ygen, h y d ro g e n , ste a m , s u lp h u r d io x id e , a n d carb o n d io x id e a re discussed, a n d th e ir effects in th e so lid ificatio n o f co p p er a re d e sc rib e d in d e ta il. T he effects o f e a c h g as alo n e are discussed, a n d th e n t h e ir effects w hen p re sen t as b in a ry o r te r n a r y co m b in a tio n s. T h e b e arin g o f t h e re s u lts on copper-refining p ra c tic e is th e n in d ic a te d , a n d a n u m b e r o f in te re s tin g conclusions a n d g e n era liz a tio n s a re re ac h ed . T h e a u th o r also d e als w ith gases in brasses, b ro n zes, silv er, s ilv e r allo y s, a n d iro n . T h e le c tu re gives an excellent review o f one class o f w ork, a n d show s th e w a y in w h ic h th e re s u lts m ay be applied.— W . H .-R .Effect of Prior Tensile Strain on Fracture.
E d w a rd S aib el (M etals Technol., 1947, 14, (4 ); A .I . M .M .E . Tech. P u b l. N o. 2186, 8 p p .).— T h eo re tic al. I n th e th erm o d y n am ic th e o ry o f th e fra c tu re o f m e ta ls (S aibel, A .I . M . M . E . Tech. Publ. No. 2 1 3 1 ; see M et. A b s., 1947, 14, 359), i t w as show n t h a t a critical s tra in e n erg y p e r u n it vol. e x is ts w hich is c h a ra c te ris tic o f th e m a te ria l a n d m a y be calcu la te d fro m basic th e rm o d y n a m ic th e o ry . A cco rd in g to L udw ig (“ E lem en te d e r T echnologischen M ech an ik ” , B e r l i n : 1909), a m ate ria l has tw o fu n d a m e n ta l p ro p e rtie s : (I) a re sistan c e to flow a n d (2) a resistance to frac tu re. T hese id eas a re u se d to a n aly se th e m e th o d in w hich specim ens are stra in e d to v a ry in g degrees a t ro o m te m p , a n d th e n p u lle d to f ra c tu re a t a low er te m p . T h e th e o ry is in g e n era l a g re e m e n t w ith th e v a ria tio n o f frac tu re s tre n g th w ith p rio r te n s ile s tra in .— W . H .-R .* D enotes a p a p e r d escrib in g th e re s u lts o f o rig in al research , t D enotes a first-class c ritic a l review .
D
34 Metallurgical Abstracts V ol . 15
The Plasticity of Brittle Materials. --- (In d u s t. D ia m o n d R ev., 1946, [N .S .], 6, (72), 339-344).— A s u m m a ry o f E . R y sc h k e w itsch , Bar. deut. keram . Oes., 1941, 22, 54, 3 6 3 ; a n d Qlastechn. B e r ., 1942, 20, 166.— R . W . R .
Friction and Lubrication. E . V. P a te rs o n (M ech. W orld, 1947, 122, (3157), 6 7 -7 1 ).— P . d escribes th e fu n d a m e n ta l law s o f solid, b o u n d a ry , a n d fluid fric tio n a n d c u rre n t th eo ries o f lu b ric a tio n , w ith p a r tic u la r reference to jo u rn al b earin g s. A d iscussion o f b earin g m a te ria ls is in clu d e d .— R . W . R .
A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of W ood and Metals. --- ( U sine N ouvelle, 1947, 3, (4), 12).
I I .-P R O P E R T I E S OF ALLOYS
*Curved [Aluminium] P lates [Tested] in Compression. --- (R ep . N a t.
Research Council Canada, N o . M M 180; a n d (su m m ary ) A ir c r a ft E n g ., 1947, 19, (221), 230).— T es ts o n 155 c u rv e d a n d 24 fla t a lu m in iu m p la te s w ere c arried o u t ; fro m th e re s u lts e m p iric a l e q u a tio n s fo r c ritic a l b u ck lin g stre ss, re d u ce d b u ck lin g stre ss a f te r lo ad s ex ceed in g th e in itia l b u c k lin g stre ss, a n d p o st- b u c k lin g b e h a v io u r o r effective w id th a re d eriv ed . T hese e q u a tio n s a re c o m p ared w ith e q u a tio n s d e riv e d b y o th e r in v e s tig a to rs . M odifications in te s tin g te c h n iq u e a n d sp ec im en dim en sio n s a re discu ssed .— J . L . T.
* Thermodynamic A ctivities and Diffusion in M etallic Solid Solutions.
C. E r n e s t B irch e n all a n d R o b e rt E . M ehl (M eta ls Technol., 1947, 14, (4 );
A .I . M . M .E . Tech. P u b l. N o . 2168, 16 p p .).— P re v io u s d a ta on th e v a p o u r p ressu re o f zinc in c o p p e r-z in c a llo y s a t d iffere n t te m p , a re u se d to d ed u ce th e a c tiv itie s a n d a c tiv ity coeff. o f zinc a n d co p p er in th ese allo y s. T h e re su lts a re p re se n te d g ra p h ic a lly a n d in th e fo rm o f ta b le s . A p p lic a tio n o f diffusion law s in th e c u sto m a ry fo rm to diffusion p h e n o m e n a in allo y s h a s show n t h a t th e d iffusion c o n s ta n t v a rie s w ith c o m p o sitio n in a ll cases. T h e q u e stio n arises a s to w h e th e r th e diffusion coeff. w o u ld becom e a c o n s ta n t, in d e p e n d e n t o f c o n c e n tra tio n th ro u g h o u t a single p h a se i f th e c o n c e n tra tio n g ra d ie n t in th e diffusion e q u a tio n w ere re p la c e d b y a n a c tiv ity g ra d ie n t. T h e a c tiv itie s d e te rm in e d a s d e scrib ed a b o v e a re a p p lie d to p re v io u s d a ta on diffusion in copper—zinc a n d iro n —c arb o n allo y s, a n d i t is c o n clu d ed t h a t a c tiv ity is m o re fu n d a m e n ta l t h a n c o n c e n tra tio n in th e process o f diffusion. T h e d riv in g fo rce is p ro v id e d b y a difference in free energy. T h e p ro cess o f diffusion is e x am in ed in d e ta il o n th es e lines, a n d i t is c o n clu d ed t h a t in b in a ry s u b s titu tio n a l solid so lu tio n s th e re su lts agree b e tte r w ith a d ire c t ex ch an g e o f a to m s on a d ja c e n t la ttic e p o in ts, t h a n w ith a p ro c ess in v o lv in g hole- d iffusion m ech an ism . I n g en eral, chem ical a n d ra d io -a c tiv e m e th o d s fo r d e te rm in in g diffusion r a te s in s u b s titu tio n a l so lid so lu tio n s w ill n o t m easu re th e sam e process.— W . H .-R .
“•Interaction and Structure in Copper-Zinc A lloys. C. E r n e s t B irch en all (M etals Technol., 1947, 14, (4 ); A .I . M .M .E . Tech. P u b l. N o. 2169, 8 p p .).—
T h e w o rk o f B irch e n all a n d M ehl (see p re ce d in g a b s tr a c t) in d ic a te s t h a t , in so f a r as i t is ju stifia b le to sp eak o f b o n d s tre n g th s b etw een a d ja c e n t a to m s in a n a llo y , th e C u -Z n b o n d is s tro n g e r th a n t h e C u -C u o r Z n -Z n b o n d s, th e la s t n a m e d bein g th e w e ak e st o f th e th re e . A ssu m in g t h a t th is o rd e r o f s ta b ility is th e sam e in th e d ifferen t ph ases o f th e c o p p e r-z in c sy s te m , th e sta b le p h a se sh o u ld be t h a t w h ich p ro v id es fo r th e g re a te s t r a tio o f Cu—Z n to Z n -Z n p airs.
A t 50 a t.- % zinc, th e b o d y -c e n tre d cu b ic la ttic e fulfils th is c o n d itio n w ith re s p e c t to th e fa ce -ce n tre d cubic la ttic e , w hile a t a c o m p o sitio n Cu5Z n8 th e o rd e re d y-p h ase satisfies th is co n d itio n b e tte r t h a n th e b o d y -c e n tre d cubic p h a se .— W . H .-R .
1947 I I . — Properties o f Alloys 35
Corrosion-Resistant [Hastelloy] A lloys. (Steel, 1946, 119, (5), 7 0 -7 5 , 112).— T h e o o rrosion-resistance a n d w o rk in g p ro p e rtie s o f fo u r “ H a s t e ll o y ” nick el-b ase allo y s (e x a c t co m p o sitio n u n s ta te d ) a re d e scrib ed . R e co m m en d e d m ach in in g speeds a n d feeds a n d a b rasiv e s fo r g rin d in g a re g iv en .—M . A . V.
Magnesium and Magnesium A lloys. A llen G. G ra y (Steel, 1946, 119, (17), 9 2 -9 6 , 112, 115, 116).— M agnesium a llo y s a re d e sc rib e d a n d th e com p o sitio n a n d p ro p e rties o f th e co m m o n er a llo y s ta b u la te d . C ap acities a n d p ro d u c tio n d a ta a n d co sts a t a n u m b e r o f p la n ts a re g iven. A p p lic a tio n s , a n d fa c to rs o f im p o rta n ce to th e d esig n er a re rev iew ed .— M. A . V.
*Rates of H igh-Temperature Oxidation of M agnesium and M agnesium Alloys.
T. E . L eo n tis a n d E . N . R h in es (M eta llurgia, 1947, 36, (213), 171).—-A bridged fro m M etals T echnol., 1946, 13, (4 ); see M e t. A b s., 1946, 13, 350.— J . L . T.
*Influenee of Strain R ate and Temperature on the M echanical Properties of Monel Metal and Copper. D . J . M cA dam , J r . , G. W . G eil, a n d D . H . W o o d a rd (A m er. Soc. T est. M a t. P re p rin t, 1946, (54), 49 p p .).— T h e c o n d itio n s w h ic h m a y cause fa ilu re b y in te rc ry s ta llin e c rack in g a t th e c o m m e n cem en t o f th e th ir d stag e o f creep a re (c o n tra ry to th e p re v a ilin g view ) a su fficien tly low r a te o f stra in in g o r a h ig h te s tin g te m p . I n a n o rm a l te s t, th e creep r a te in cre ases in th e th ir d sta g e o f c reep ow ing to n e ck in g o f t h e specim en. T h e r e s u lt is t h a t d u c tility in creases, i t b ein g c o n sid ered t h a t th e n “ th e in cre ase in th e tec h n ica l cohesive s tr e n g th w ith th e s tra in r a te is r a th e r g re a te r th a n th e in crease in th e flow r a te ” . T h e effects o f creep r a te a n d te m p , w ere s tu d ie d b y creep te s ts on co ld -d raw n M onel m e ta l a t 700°—1000° P . (370°-538° C.) a n d o n cold-rolled, oxygen-free c o p p er a t 1 1 0 ° -3 7 5 ° P . (43°—191° C.), th e s tr a in r a te b ein g m a in ta in e d a p p ro x . c o n st, b y r e p e a te d ly decreasin g th e lo ad . B y c o m b in in g th e re s u lts w ith p re v io u s ly p u b lis h e d d a ta , cu rv es a re d e riv e d sho w in g th e influence o f te m p , a n d s tr a in r a te o n th e s tr e n g th a n d d u c tility o f th e m e ta ls ov er th e w hole ra n g e fro m —100° C. to th e m .p .— J . C. C.
*Graphite Form ation in Cast Irons and in Nickel-Carbon and Cobalt-Carbon Alloys. H . M orro g h a n d W . J . W illia m s (J . Ir o n Steel I n s t., 1947, 155, (3), 3 2 1 -3 7 1 ; a n d Ir o n a n d Steel, 1947, 20, (6), 241-2 5 7 ; discu ssio n , 2 8 8 -2 8 9 ).—- The first p a r t o f th is p a p e r is m a in ly a c ritic a l rev iew , a t co n sid erab le le n g th , o f p u b lish ed in fo rm a tio n o n th e m e ta llo g ra p h y a n d m ech an ism o f solid ificatio n of c ast iro n s, w ith p a r tic u la r referen ce to th e m o d e o f fo rm a tio n o f th e g r a p h ite ; c u rre n t th eo ries a re d iscu ssed in som e d e ta il. T h is se c tio n also co n tain s a n u m b e r o f e x p e rim e n ta l o b se rv a tio n s m a d e b y th e a u th o rs ; i t is show n t h a t th e g ra p h ite-re fin in g a c tio n o f tita n iu m a n d z irco n iu m is d u e to th e p resence o f carb id es o f th e s e e lem en ts, a n d th e e x iste n ce o f tw o d iffere n t k in d s o f in v erse c h ill is d e m o n s tra te d . T h e e x p e rim e n ta l w o rk r e p o rte d in th e succeeding sectio n s is co n ce rn ed w ith th e sy s te m s n ic k e l-c a rb o n a n d c o b a lt- carbon a n d th e a n a lo g y b etw e e n th e s e a n d th e iro n -c a rb o n —silicon sy s te m . G ra p h ite fo rm a tio n in th e s e sy s te m s w as s tu d ie d m ic ro sc o p ically a n d b y th e rm a l a n aly sis, a n d th e s tru c tu re s o f h y p o - a n d h y p e r-e u te c tic allo y s w ere show n to be closely sim ila r to th o se o b ta in in g in c a s t iro n s ; g ra p h ite s tru c tu re s o f b o th th e n o rm al flake a n d u n d e rco o le d v a rie tie s w ere o b ta in e d , th e e u te c tic tem p , o f th e fo rm e r b ein g h ig h er t h a n t h a t o f th e la tte r . T h e e x is te n ce o f th e carbides N i3C a n d Co3C w as d e m o n s tra te d . W h e n e u te c tic a n d h y p e r
eu te ctic a lloys in th e s e sy s te m s so lid ify n o rm a lly , coarse g ra p h ite se p a ra te s d irec tly fro m th e m e lt a n d a e u te c tic o f g ra p h ite a n d so lid so lu tio n re su lts , b u t i f solidification is a cc o m p a n ied b y u n d erco o lin g , a e u te c tic o f solid so lu tio n a n d carbide is fo rm ed w h ich su b s e q u e n tly d ecom poses, y ield in g a fine d isp ersed eu te ctic s tru c tu re o f g ra p h ite in solid so lu tio n . T h e p resen c e o f su lp h u r in th e alloys te n d s to p re v e n t th e fo rm a tio n o f u n d e rco o led s tru c tu re s . T h e alloys are su scep tib le to in o c u la tio n b y g ra p h ite . S p h e ru litic g ra p h ite is fo rm ed d u rin g th e solid ificatio n o f th e s e a llo y s w h e n c alcium o r m ag n esiu m is p re s e n t; like u n d e rco o led g ra p h ite , s u c h s tru c tu re s a re th o u g h t to be
36 Metallurgical Abstracts V o l. 15
fo rm ed b y deco m p o sitio n o f th e carb id e, th e effect o f th e c alcium a n d m agnesium bein g p a r tia lly to su p p re ss th e tra n s fo rm a tio n , w h ich th e n ta k e s p lace a t low er te m p ., y ield in g sp h e ru litic in s te a d o f u n d erco o led g ra p h ite . S p h e ru litic s tru c tu re s a re m ore easily p ro d u c ed in n ic k e l-c a rb o n a llo y s t h a n in cobalt>- carb o n a llo y s ; in th e fo rm er th e y m ay be p ro d u c e d b y ra p id cooling. T he a u th o rs confirm ed th e findings o f E a s h t h a t u n d erco o led s tru c tu re s in c ast iro n re s u lt fro m tra n s fo rm a tio n o f carb id e e u te ctic. W h en specim ens, 5 - 7 g. in w e ig h t, o f iro n s w hich n o rm a lly y ield u n d erco o led s tru c tu re s , w ere q u e n ch e d im m e d ia te ly a f te r solid ificatio n w as co m p lete, w h ite -iro n s tru c tu re s w ere o b ta in e d ; th e s tr u c tu r e o b ta in e d in th is w a y differed fro m a n o rm al w h ite-iro n s tr u c tu r e in t h a t th e carb id e w as p late -lik e. S p h e ru litic s tru c tu re s m a y , in c e rta in co n d itio n s, be p ro d u c ed in c a s t iro n s w ith o u t h e a t-tre a tm e n t.V a ria tio n s b etw een th e d ifferen t sy ste m s, in th e ease w ith w hich sp h e ru litic s tru c tu re s m a y be p ro d u c ed , a re asc rib e d to differences in th e p e rsisten ce o f t h e carb id es, F e 3C bein g m o s t a n d N i3C le a s t p e rs is te n t. A g en eral d iscussion o f u n d erco o lin g p h e n o m e n a is p re se n te d . U n d erco o lin g in c a s t iro n s, n ic k e l- c arb o n , a n d c o b a lt-c a rb o n a llo y s is c o m p a red w ith t h a t o ccu rrin g in m odified a lu m in iu m -silic o n allo y s, a n d reference is m ad e to th e e x iste n ce o f m e ta s ta b le e u te c tic s in th e sy s te m s z in c -a n tim o n y , c a d m iu m -a rse n ic , a n d ir o n - p h o sp h o ru s, d u e to th e su p p ressio n o f p e rite c tic re ac tio n s.— R . W . R .
* Thermodynamic Studies of D ilute Solutions in Molten Binary [Tin] A lloys.
J o h n A. Y a n k o , A . E . D ra k e, a n d F r a n k H o v o rk a (T r a n s. Electrochem. Soc., 1946, 89, 3 5 7 -3 7 1 ; d iscussion, 3 71-372).— See M e t. A b s., 1946, 13, 248.
I I I.-S T R U C T U R E
(Metallography ; Macrography ; Crystal Structure.)
[ F o r a ll a b s tr a c ts on th e c o n s titu tio n o f a llo y sy stem s, in clu d in g X -ra y stu d ies , see I I . — P ro p e rtie s o f A lloys.]
*X -R ay Studies of the Superficial Deform ation of Single Crystals of Iron and A lum inium by M echanical Polishing. J a c q u e s B é n a rd a n d P a u l L aco m b e (M éta u x et Corrosion, 1946, 21, (246), 3 0 -3 1 ).— A n o te to th e A cadém ie des Sciences. T h e s tr u c tu r e o f single c ry s ta ls o f iro n a n d alu m in iu m a f te r a b ra sio n w ith N o. 2 e m e ry (5 -1 0 p. grain-size) h as been in v e s tig a te d , u sin g th e back -reflectio n tec h n iq u e, b o th d ire c tly a n d a f te r re m o v a l o f 20 p a n d 60 p lay e rs b y e le c tro ly tic polishing. T h e a b ra d e d su rfaces g av e d iffractio n rin g s in d ic a tin g ra n d o m o rie n ta tio n o f c ry s ta l fra g m e n ts , w hile a t a n in te rm e d ia te d e p th th e rin g s w ere in co m p lete, in d ic a tin g a degree o f p re fe rre d o rie n ta tio n . A t g re a te r d e p th s fro m th e su rface, th e L au e sp o ts b ecam e prog ressiv ely clearer, c o rresp o n d in g to th e u n d e rly in g c ry sta l. T h e p re fe rre d o rie n ta tio n o b se rv ed seem ed p rin c ip a lly re la te d to th e o rie n ta tio n o f th e u n d e rly in g c ry s ta l a n d n o t to be influenced b y th e d ire c tio n o f a b rasio n .— A. B . W .
Back-R eflection Diagrams in X -R ay Crystallography, Technique and Applications. J a c q u e s B é n a rd (M éta u x et Corrosion, 1946, 21, (247), 33—40).—
T h e p rin cip les a n d a d v a n ta g e s o f th e high -an g le, b ack -reflectio n m e th o d w ith a c a lib ra tio n su b s ta n c e a re briefly e x p la in ed ; su ita b le cam eras are d escribed a n d a n u m b e r o f ex am p les o f a p p lic atio n s g iven. T he la tte r in clu d e th e d e te rm in a tio n o f la ttic e p a ra m e te rs in solid so lu tio n s a n d th e s tu d y o f th e ir v a ria tio n in diffusion lay ers, a n d th e s tu d y o f superficial d e fo rm atio n caused b y a b rasio n (see p reced in g a b s tra c t).— A. B . W .
*Interaction and Structure in Copper-Zinc Alloys. (B irchenall). See p . 34.
1947 V .— Powder Metallurgy 37
*A New Method for Making Rapid and Accurate Estim ates of Grain-Size.
F red erick C. H u ll (M eta ls Technol., 1947, 14, (4) ; A . I . M . M . B . Tech. P u b l.
N o. 2160, 13 p p .).— T h e m e th o d is b a se d u p o n a c o m p a riso n o f th e im ag e o f th e sam ple on th e g ro u n d -g lass p la te o f a m e ta llo g ra p h w ith a grain-size sta n d a rd tra n s p a re n c y illu m in a te d b y tr a n s m itte d lig h t. T h e m ag n ificatio n o f th e im age is v a rie d b y a lte rin g th e e x te n sio n o f th e bellow s o f th e m e ta llo g rap h u n til th e grain -sizes o f th e s ta n d a r d a n d o f th e sp ecim en a p p e a r id en tica l. T h is is m o re r a p id t h a n m e th o d s in v o lv in g th e ta k in g o f p h o to g rap h s, a n d is m o re a c c u ra te th a n m e th o d s in w h ich a n im ag e is com pared w ith s ta n d a r d p h o to g ra p h ic p rin ts . V a rio u s o th e r m eth o d s o f m easuring grain-sizes a re d e scrib e d , a n d th e ir e rro rs a re discu ssed .— W . H .-R .
The Diffraction of Electrons and Its Applications. J . J . T r illa t (E xp erien tia , 1947, 3, (3), 8 5 -9 5 ).— [ I n F re n c h ]. T h e th e o ry a n d te c h n iq u e o f é lectro n - diffractio n m eth o d s a re o u tlin e d . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f th is te c h n iq u e in th e follow ing fields is d e sc rib e d : d e te rm in a tio n o f c ry sta llin e s tr u c tu r e a n d its m odifications, a n d th e s tu d y o f d e p o site d m e ta ls , superficial o x id a tio n a n d a d so rp tio n , p o lish ed su rfaces a n d th e su rface s ta te , f a tt y su b s ta n c e s a n d t h e ir a p p lic atio n to lu b ric a tio n , p h y sico -ch em ical p h e n o m e n a , a n d th e in te rn a l s tru c tu re o f gaseous m olecules.— S. J . K .
Conference on Industrial Applications of X -R ays, Prague, December 1945.
J . B é n a rd (M éta u x et Corrosion, 1946, 21, (246), 25-27).-—A b rie f rev iew o f th e proceedings. T h e g re a te r p a r t o f th e conference w as d e v o te d t o th e co n sid eratio n o f a p p lic a tio n s to m e ta ls . S yn o p ses o f c o m m u n ica tio n s a re given u n d e r th e s e h e ad s : d e fo rm a tio n , p re cisio n d e te rm in a tio n s o f p a ra m e te rs , id en tific atio n o f c o n s titu e n ts o f a m ix tu re , a n d ra d io g ra p h y .— A. B . W .
D eterm ination of the Size of Sub-Microscopic Particles by X -R ays. A . G uinier (U .S . B u r . M in e s In fo r m . C irc., 1946, (7391), 17 p p .).— T ra n s la te d fro m J . C him . P h y s ., 1943, 40, 133.— J . L . T.
Applied Photography. G eorge A. J o n e s (D iscovery, 1947, 8, (6), 184-188).
— A m ong th e uses o f p h o to g ra p h y d e m o n s tra te d a t th e E x h ib itio n o f A p p lied P h o to g ra p h y re c e n tly h e ld in L o n d o n b y K o d a k , L td ., w ere th e re p ro d u c tio n o f line d ra w in g s o n sen sitiz e d m e ta l, p h o to -e la s tic a n a ly sis fo r a n aly sin g stresses, a n d ele ctro n a n d X -ra y d iffrac tio n .— J . L . T.
V .— P O W D E R M ETALLURGY
Carbides in Powder Metallurgy. J a m e s R . L ongw ell (Steel, 1946, 119, (23), 130, 132, 159-160, 162).— T h e p ro p e rtie s o f p a r ts m ad e fro m h a r d m e ta l carb id es w ith m eta llic b in d e rs a re su m m ariz ed .— M. A . V.
Germans Failed in Search for Sintered Carbide Substitute. H . C ru m p (In d u s t. D ia m o n d R ev., 1946, J N .S .] , 6, (68), 205).— A su m m a ry o f P roduct.
E ng. a n d M anagem ent, 1945, ill, 1 2 2 ; a n d Chem. A ge, 1945, 53, 577.
— R . W . R . Copper-Base Powder-M etallurgy Parts. H e r b e r t C hase (M a teria ls a n d M ethods, 1946, 24, (6), 1439-1444).— S m all m a c h in e p a r ts a re n o w m a d e fro m p o ro u s b ro n zes, as w ell a s b e a rin g s, flam e a r re s te r s , a n d d iffu sers. C opper a n d b ra ss p o w d ers a re also u se d c o m m ercially . Som e a p p lic a tio n s a re d e s c rib ed a n d illu s tr a te d .— J . C. C.
A Challenge : Powder M etallurgy. A . J . L a n g h a m m e r (M odern M eta ls, 1947, 3, (5), 13).— I n L .’s opin io n , p ro g ress in th e p o w d er m e ta llu rg y o f alu m in iu m w ill be im p e d e d u n til a n o x id e-free p o w d e r h a s been p ro d u ced .
— N . B . V.
38 Metallurgical Abstracts V ol . 15
VI.— CORROSION A N D R E L A T E D PHENOM ENA
*Some Aspects o i the Corrosion of Alum inium . P . F . T ho m p so n ( J . Council S c i. In d u s t. Research, A u stra lia , 1946, 19, (2), 157—165).— Iso th e rm a l t im e - p o te n tia l a n d also te m p .- p o te n tia l curves o f alu m in iu m m icro-electrodes (0-05 m m .2) im m ersed in v a rio u s n e u tr a l g ly c o l-w a te r c o o lan ts are re p o rte d a n d d iscussed in re la tio n to corrosion b e h av io u r. P o te n tia ls o f —1-18 a n d
— 1-31 V . on th e s a tu r a te d c alom el scale h a v e been o b serv ed d u rin g ab rasio n in su ch solu tio n s, w hile th e lim itin g p o te n tia l n ecessa ry to p ro d u ce h y d ro g en b u b b les on a lu m in iu m is e s tim a te d a t —0-96 V . I n con firm atio n , hyd ro g en - b u b b le ev o lu tio n h a s b een o b se rv ed w ith th e m icroscope, a t sc ratc h es d u rin g a b rasio n a n d fo r a few seconds a fte rw a rd s, o n alu m in iu m su rface s im m ersed in n e u tra l so lu tio n s.— A. B . W .
^Corrosion Tests of M ulti-Arc-W elded High-Strength Alum inium A lloys [24S and 75S]. L o ren W . S m ith {T r a n s. Electrochem. Soc., 1946, 89, 8 3 -1 0 3 ; discussion, 103).— In v e s tig a tio n s a re re p o rte d o n th e co rro sio n -resistan ce o f w elded alu m in iu m a llo y s 24S (copper 4 -2 ; m an g an ese 0 -6 ; m ag n esiu m , iro n , silicon 1-5; a n d a lu m in iu m 93-7% ) a n d 75S (zinc 5-5, m ag n esiu m 2-5, copper 1-6, c h ro m iu m 0-27, m an g a n ese 0-20, a n d a lu m in iu m 89-93% ), b o th w ith a n d w ith o u t alu m in iu m clad d in g . B a re a llo y is su scep tib le to in te rg ra n u la r corrosion to a v e ry m a rk e d degree in th e as-w eld ed c o n d itio n , on e ith e r side o f th e w eld b e ad . H e a t- tr e a te d w elds offer in c re ase d re sistan c e to in te r g ra n u la r corrosion te s ts , b u t th e o v e rh e a te d zone c a n n o t be re sto re d to th e co n d itio n o f th e p a r e n t sh ee t b y h e a t- tr e a tm e n t. A lu m in iu m cladding p ro te c ts th e a llo y s v e ry effectively. T h e r a te o f corrosion fo r A lclad 24S w elded specim ens is n o t g re a tly acc e le ra ted b y th e a p p lic atio n o f h ig h stresses.
W ith w elded A lclad 75S in th e h e a t- tr e a te d c o n d itio n , stress-corrosion crack in g w as o b se rv ed in chrom ic a c id + so d iu m chloride + d ic h ro m a te so lu tio n , b u t n o t in b o iling 6% so d iu m ch lo rid e so lu tio n . F u r th e r la b o ra to ry w o rk c o rre la te d w ith field-service d a ta a p p e a rs to be necessary .— A. B . W .
*Corrosion Studies on Electrolytic Chromium. N o rm a n H a c k e rm a n a n d D o n a ld I . M arsh all {T ra n s. Electrochem. Soc., 1946, 89, 1 9 5 -2 0 4 ; discussion, 20A-205).— See M et. A b s., 1946, 13, 252.
*Corrosion of Metals. Metals in Aircraft-Engine Cooling Systems [Copper, Iron, A lum inium ]. P . F . T h o m p so n {A u stra lia n Council fo r A eronautics, R eport N o. ACA24, 1946, 54 p p .).— T h e m ech an ism o f corrosion is describ ed . T h e a d d itio n o f trie th a n o la m in e p h o sp h a te (T .E .A .P .) to g lycol re n d ers it c o n d u c tin g ; also, a co n d e n satio n process occurs, p ro d u cin g a caram el-lik e su b s ta n c e. P u re d e -a e ra te d glycol h a s n o effect on co p p er, iro n , o r alu m in iu m (ev en a t 170° C.), b u t a e ra tio n p ro d u ces a tta c k in th e cold o n co p p er a n d iro n , in sp ite o f th e a d d itio n o f T .E .A .P . S o d iu m m ercap to b e n z o th iaz o le serves to in h ib it th e in h ib ito r T .E .A .P ., a n d th e a d d itio n o f s u lp h o n a te d oils is n o t re a lly effective. A d e ta ile d s tu d y h as been m ad e o f th e corrosion o f copper, iro n , a n d a lu m in iu m , usin g sm all electro d es (0-05 m m.2 in a rea ). Copper : th e a d d itio n o f T .E .A .P . to glycol re su lts in com plex io n fo rm atio n a n d s u b s e q u e n t d e p o sitio n o f th e copper elsew here w ith c o n se q u en t corrosion.
T h e fa c t t h a t glycol is h y groscopic e n su res th e p resence o f w a ter. Iro n : T .E .A .P . h a s no m ark e d effect on th e corrosion o f iro n in glycol solu tio n s. I t ta k e s som e tim e fo r a cath o d ic film to b e b u ilt u p o n a n iro n surface.
A lu m in iu m : A m o re d e ta ile d s tu d y h a s b een m a d e in th is case, in clu d in g c o n tin u o u s a b rasio n o f th e su rface p ro d u c e d b y a d d in g a n ab rasiv e po w d er to th e liq u id a n d passin g a g as th ro u g h i t to secure th e n ecessary scouring a c tio n . T he e x isten ce o f tw o p o te n tia l-te m p . zones is in d ic a te d , corresp o n d in g to s ta b iliz e d a n d u n sta b ilize d film s, th e fo rm er calling fo r considerable
1947 V I.— Corrosion and Related Phenomena 39
ab rasiv e a c tio n to expose a fres h su rface. T hese tw o ty p e s o f film m a y correspond to a d ifferen t degree o f h y d ra tio n o r in v o lv e th e fo rm a tio n o f a peroxide.— S. J . K .
A Review of Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Iron and Steel Used in Building. D a v id W . Ja m e s -C a rrin g to n (Structural E ng., 1946, 24, (9), 4 4 9 - 499).—T h e p ra c tic a lly m o st im p o r ta n t re s u lts o f in v e s tig a tio n s o f a tm o sp h e ric corrosion a n d its m ech an ism , a s w ell as c o m b a tiv e m ea su re s a t p re s e n t av ailab le, a re effectiv ely rev iew ed .— A. B . W .
*Corrosion-Resistance of M agnesium and Certain of Its A lloys Under Various Accelerated Atm ospheric Conditions. R . R . R o g ers, D . A . T e tu , a n d H . L iv in g sto n e (Electrochem. Soc. P re p rin t N o . 9 0 -2 5 , 1946, 3 1 5 -3 2 2 ; a n d (su m m ary ) M eta l I n d ., 1947, 70, (1), 9—10).— In v e s tig a tio n s o f th e c o rro sio n -resistan ce o f com m ercially p u re m ag n e siu m a n d o f th e m ag n e siu m a llo y s A Z 31X , A Z 61X , a n d M -l a re re p o rte d . A cc e lera ted te s ts w ere u sed , re p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e follow ing co n d itio n s : (1) in la n d in d o o r a tm o sp h e ric , (2) in la n d o u td o o r a tm o sp h eric, a n d (3) m arin e a tm o sp h e ric. T h e a c c e le ra te d corrosion pro ced u res u se d w ere : (1) h u m id ity c a b in e t w ith 100% re la tiv e h u m id ity a t 4 9 ° d ;l0 C. a n d w ith a ir c irc u la tio n , fo r 70 d a y s, (2) e x p o su re t o o rd in a ry a ir a t a b o u t 38° C. in th e ra d ia tio n fro m a n a rc, w ith 3 m in . ta p - w a te r s p ra y o u t o f e v e ry 20 m in . th ro u g h o u t th e t e s t o f 4 0 d a y s a c tu a l ru n n in g tim e , a n d (3) s a lt-s p ra y c a b in e t a t 35c,zlr l- 50 C. w ith 2 0 % so d iu m ch lo rid e so lu tio n , m a in ta in e d a t p H 6-8-7-1, u se d fo r th e s p ra y , th is t e s t la s tin g fro m 24 to 60 d a y s a cco rd in g t o co rro sio n -re sista n ce. T h e re s u lts in d ic a te good re sistan c e to corrosion in th e first tw o co n d itio n s, b u t m u ch less re sista n c e in th e th ir d . I t is p o in te d o u t t h a t re sista n c e to m a rin e c o n d itio n s sh o u ld b e s a tis fa c to ry fo r m o st o f th es e m a te ria ls w h en p ro p e rly p ro te c te d w ith p a in t.— A. B . W .
*T in-Z inc Coatings [Corrosion Properties]. ( T i n a n d its Uses, 1946, (17), 5 -8 , 14).— C orrosion te s ts in s a lt s p ra y , h u m id ity c h am b er, a n d o u t-d o o r e x p o su re o f tin - z in c , tin , zinc, a n d c ad m iu m c o atin g s o f v a rio u s th ic k n e sse s o n m ild ste e l a re co m p ared . T h e tin - z in c c o a tin g s sh o w ed o u ts ta n d in g corro sio n -resistan ce, as is c le arly a p p a r e n t in colour re p ro d u c tio n s o f th e t e s t series. T w o co m p o sitio n s a re p a rtic u la rly a ttr a c tiv e , th e 8 0 % t in - 2 0 % zinc, w hich h a s b e e n a p p lie d to ste e l chassis o f ra d io se ts, a n d th e 5 0 % tin - 5 0 % zinc, w h ich is p re fe ra b le w h e n a co n sid erab le degree o f sacrificial a c tio n is d esirab le, as w h en a c o atin g is re q u ire d to w ith s ta n d m ec h a n ic al d am ag e.
B o th allo y s a re e asily so ld e rab le. O th e r po ssib le a p p lic a tio n s a re also en v isag ed , su c h a s u n d e rla y fo r n ic k e l-c h ro m iu m a u to m o b ile p la tin g .
— A. B . W . Corrosion of Galvanized H ot-W ater Storage Tanks. J . M. B ialo sk y (J.
A m e r. W ater W orks A ssoc., 1946, 38, (9), 1012-1017 ¡ discussion, 1017-1020).—
T he v a rio u s in te rn a l a n d e x te rn a l fa c to rs h a v in g a b e arin g o n th e corrosion o f g a lv a n ize d h o t-w a te r sto ra g e ta n k s a re discussed, as w ell a s th e d ifferen t view s h e ld b y v a rio u s a u th o ritie s on th e re la tiv e im p o rta n c e o f th e s e fa cto rs, esp ecially in seeking to e x p la in th e a p p a r e n t d im in u tio n o f t a n k service life in som e c irc u m stan c es in re c e n t y e ars. Owen B ice, d iscu ssin g th e p a p e r, p u ts th e con flictin g re q u ire m e n ts o f s o ft-w a te r su p p ly a n d ta n k life v e ry c le arly , a n d cites in te re s tin g o b se rv a tio n s on th e corrosion o f ste el a n d zinc, b o th co u p led a n d s e p a ra te ly , b y P itts b u r g h w a te r (p H 6-7) a t 176° P . (80° C.) to w h ic h v a ry in g “ C algon ” a d d itio n s h a d been m ad e .— A. B . W .
The M echanism of Oxidation and Tarnishing. U . R . E v a n s (Electrochem.
Soc. P rep rin t N o. 9 1 - 5 , 1947, 7 3 -9 6 ).— V a rio u s r e la tio n s betw een film th ic k n e ss a n d tim e a re o b se rv ed : re c tilin e a r, lo g arith m ic, a n d p arab o lic . O u tw a rd m ig ra tio n o f catio n s a n d e le ctro n s th ro u g h a n a d h e re n t film, n o rm ally b y la ttic e d efects, gives rise to p a ra b o lic film g ro w th , b u t m ec h an ic al b reak -d o w n s d u e to com pressional stre sse s m a y le a d to o th e r tim e re la tio n s . B listerin g , w hich is lik ely i f ad h esio n is p o o r a n d cohesion good, sh o u ld le a d to re c tilin e a r
4 0
Metallurgical Abstracts V o l. 15
o r lo g arith m ic th ic k e n in g a cc o rd in g as th e r if ts in th e b lis te r w all d o o r d o n o t a d m it ta rn is h in g gas. F la k in g sh o u ld le a d to perio d ical re co m m en c em en t o f r a p id a tta c k . S h e a r crack in g , w hich is lik e ly i f cohesion is p o o r a n d ad h esio n good, m a y p ro d u c e p a ra b o lic , re c tilin e a r, o r in te rm e d ia te fo rm s o f g ro w th . T h e th e o ry is a p p lie d to in te r p r e t th e re s u lts o f V ern o n a n d o th ers, a n d p a r tic u la r ly to e x p la in w h y c o n d itio n s o b tain in g a t th e tim e w hen a specim en is first ex p o sed decide th e corrosion r a te , w h ich o ften c o n tin u e s u n c h an g e d even i f co n d itio n s su b s e q u e n tly a lte r.— A. B . W .Corrosion Fatigue. G. T . D u n k le y (M ech. W orld, 1947, 122, (3160), 1 3 7 - 141).— A n e le m e n ta ry discu ssio n o f th e m ech an ism o f corrosion fa tig u e a n d o f th e co rro sio n -fatig u e p ro p e rtie s o f fe rro u s a n d n o n -ferro u s a llo y s ; m ean s o f m in im izin g co rro sio n -fatig u e fa ilu res a re describ ed .— R . W . R .
*The Chemical D e-Scaling of Boilers. R.- H . B u rn s (J . In s t. H eating V entilating E n g ., 1947, 14, (139), 3 7 6 -3 9 2 ; discussion, 392-403).— T h e effect o f a d d in g in h ib ito rs to th e ac id (h y d ro ch lo ric acid , 31 w t.-% , d ilu te d 1 : 7 a n d 1 : 10 w ith cold a n d h o t w a te r, resp ectiv ely ) h as b e en in v es tig a te d . P re lim in a ry t e s ts show ed t h a t h e x am in e a n d g lu e a re th e m o st effective organic in h ib ito rs a n d t h a t th e a d d itio n o f c o p p er su lp h a te is n o t a d v an tag e o u s.
F in a lly , u sin g I j —1.2% o f size o r 0-3% o f h e x a m in e (less effective in h o t so lu tio n s), th e a tta c k o n m ild ste el w as fo u n d to be negligible, o n w ro u g h t iro n o n ly little , a n d o n c a s t iro n co n sid erab le (th o u g h less w ith h ex am in e). C opper a llo y s w ere b u t s lig h tly a tta c k e d , a n d in h ib ito rs w ere o f little v a lu e. T h ere w as a te n d e n c y to th e re m o v a l o f a b o u t 0-00001 in . o f th e m e ta l before th e in h ib ito r b ecam e effective. D e ta ils o f re co m m en d ed p ro c ed u re s are d escribed fo r th e tr e a tm e n t o f (i) L an c ash ire ty p e , (ii) h o t-w a te r su p p ly , a n d (iii) w a ter- tu b e boilers, a im e d a t en su rin g th e p ro p e r m ix in g a n d c irc u la tio n o f th e acid , to g e th e r w ith sim p le co n tro l te s ts .—8. J . K .
Glossary of Terms Used in Corrosion. (Electrochem. Soc. P rep rin t N o.
9 0 -1 2 , 1946, 8 p p .).— T h is g lo ssary w as p re p a re d fo r in clu sio n in th e f o r th com ing C orrosion H a n d b o o k , sp o n so red b y th e E le ctro c h em ica l S o ciety a n d t o b e p u b lis h ed b y J o h n W ile y a n d S ons, In c ., N ew Y o rk . I t is th e re s u lt o f th e jo in t effo rts o f th e E d ito ria l A d v iso ry B o a rd o f th e C orrosion H a n d b o o k a n d S u b -C o m m ittee V o f th e A m e ric an C o -O rd in a tin g C o m m ittee o n C orrosion.
— A. B . W .
V II.— PROTECTION (Other than by Electrodeposition.)
The Hardness of Anodic Coatings on Alum inium . W . S ch w an ( In d u s t.
D ia m o n d R ev., 1946, [N .S.], 6, (63), 51).— See M et. A b s., 1945, 12, 186.
— R . W . R .
*Surface Hardening of Alum inium . K . G. R o b in so n a n d B . W . M o tt (P roduct E n g ., 1947, 18, (7), 133—134).— C ondensed fro m M e ta llu rg ia ; see M et. A b s., 1947, 14, 323.— J . L . T.
Calorizing. B . J . S ayles (Corrosion a n d M a teria l Protection, 1946, 3, (7), 11-12).— T h e orig in al calorizing process fo r ste e l p a r ts w as a single tr e a tm e n t o f 4—6 h r. a t 1800° F . (982° C.) in alu m in iu m -c o n ta in in g p o w d e r, p ro d u cin g su rface allo y in g to a d e p th o f a b o u t 0-0008 in . c o n ta in in g a b o u t 6 0 % a lu m in iu m . S u ch co atin g s w ere b r ittle a n d th e b o n d w eak . A second-stage diffusion tr e a tm e n t o f a b o u t 48 h r. a t th e sam e te m p ., b u t in absence o f c e m e n ta tio n m a te ria l, w as d ev elo p ed la te r, a n d th is en ab les th e a lu m in iu m c o n te n t to be d is trib u te d th ro u g h a d e p th o f 0-030-0-040 in ., w ith a n a lu m in iu m c o n te n t o f 2 0 -2 5 % a t th e su rface. S u ch c o atin g s h a v e som e d u c tility , a n d a rticle s c an be b e n t a fte r tr e a tm e n t p ro v id in g th e b en d s a re n o t
1947 VI I . — Protection 41
to o s h a rp a n d th e te m p , is n o t below a re d h e a t. In fo rm a tio n o n co sts o f tre a tm e n t a n d econom ic a p p lic a tio n s is in clu d e d .— A. B . W .
The Treatment of M agnesium in Chromic Solutions. J e a n F ra s c h (M eta u x et Corrosion, 1946, 21, (245), 11-18).— T h e n a tu r e o f th e a c tio n o f v a rio u s so lutions on m ag n esiu m is c o rre la te d w ith th e e le c tro d e p o te n tia l a ssu m ed b y th e m e ta l in th e so lu tio n , viz. p ick lin g , less t h a n 0-8 V . ; chem ical coating, m ore t h a n 1-35 V . ; a n d g a lv a n ic a n o d ic c o atin g , 0 8 - 1 - 3 V ., a ll p o te n tia ls being re fe rre d to th e s a tu r a te d calom el e le ctro d e . I n th e g alv an ic process, th e m ag n esiu m o b je c t is c o n n ec te d to a g ra p h ite c a th o d e im m ersed in th e b a th th ro u g h a n e x te rn a l re sista n c e . T h e process is s ta te d to h a v e th e follow ing a d v a n ta g e s c o m p a red w ith chem ical c o atin g : (1) less a tta c k a n d hence p re serv a tio n o f d im e n s io n s ; (2) co n tro l o f p o ro s ity a n d th ic k n e ss o f c o atin g b y v a ria tio n o f e le ctrica l c o n d itio n s, b a th co m p o sitio n , a n d tim e o f t r e a t m e n t ; (3) a single b a th c o m p o sitio n serv es fo r a ll m ag n esiu m allo y s ; (4) th is ty p e o f h a th does n o t a tta c k iro n , a lu m in iu m , o r co p p er, o r allo y s o f th ese m eta ls , a n d i t is th u s po ssib le to t r e a t assem b lag es o f th e s e m e ta ls w ith m a g n e siu m ; (5) th e b a th s a re easily m a in ta in e d , a n d th e ch ro m ic a c id c o n su m p tio n p e r u n it a re a t r e a te d is q u ite lo w ; a n d (6) th e p ro te c tio n affo rd ed b y an o d ic co atin g s is su p e rio r to t h a t o f chem ical c o atin g s a n d m a y be f u r th e r im p ro v e d b y sealing w ith p araffin o r b y p a in tin g . T h e b a th s u se d ra n g e a b o u t th e follow ing c o m p o sitio n : C r 03 10, M n C 036, a n d H2S 04 1-7-5 g ./l., w ith p H 2-8-4-5.— A . B . W .
*Magnesium as a Galvanic A n od e: Some Factors Affecting Its Performance.
H . A. B o b in so n (Electrochem. Soc. P re p rin t N o. 9 0 -4 , 1946, 4 9 - 7 1 ; a n d (su m m ary ) M e ta l I n d ., 1946, 69, (21), 426).— P e rfo rm a n c e c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e m ag n esiu m a n o d e h a v e b e en s tu d ie d in th e la b o ra to ry u n d e r c are fu lly co n tro lle d co n d itio n s. T h e m e th o d s a n d a p p a r a tu s u se d a re illu s tr a te d a n d discussed. T h e g e n era l conclusions d e riv e d fro m th is w o rk a re as follow s : (1) T h e p o te n tia l o f th e m ag n esiu m a n o d e is am p le fo r c a th o d ic -p ro te c tio n p u rp o ses in m o s t n a tu r a lly o c cu rrin g e le c tro ly te s. (2) B o th a n o d e c u rre n t efficiency a n d th e u n ifo rm ity o f an o d e c o n su m p tio n im p ro v e w ith in creasin g c.d. Efficiencies o f 5 0 -6 0 % (a p p ro x . 5 0 0 -6 0 0 a m p ./h r ./lb .) a re o b ta in e d w ith m ag n esiu m a llo y an o d es fo r c.d. in excess o f 5 0 -1 0 0 m .a m p ./f t.2 (5-4—
10-8 m .a m p ./d m .2). (3) T h e h ig h -p u rity m a g n e siu m -a lu m in iu m a n d m ag- n e s iu m -a lu m in iu m -z in c allo y s o p e ra te m u ch m o re efficiently t h a n p u re com m ercial m ag n e siu m a t c.d. u p to a b o u t 700 m .a m p ./f t.2 (75 m .a m p ./d m .2).
O f th e v a rio u s com p o sitio n s te s te d , th e m a g n e s iu m -6% a lu m in iu m - 3 % z in c -0 -2 % m an g an ese a llo y e x h ib its th e b e s t o v e r-a ll p e rfo rm a n ce c h a ra c te ris tic s . (4) S a tu r a te d a q u e o u s so lu tio n s o f e ith e r C a S 04 o r M gSO s p ro v id e th e m o s t g e n era lly s a tis fa c to ry e le c tro ly te s fo r m ag n esiu m an o d e o p e ratio n . A n e le c tro ly te p H o f 9-5-10-5 is b e st. H ig h e r p H v a lu e s p ro d u ce p o lariza tio n , a n d low er p H v a lu e s re d u ce c u rre n t efficiency b y s tim u la tin g local corrosion.— A. B . W .
*A dvancem ents in Nickel-Dipping Practice. G. H . M c In ty re (B u ll. A m er.
Ceram. Soc., 1946, 25, (9), 33 3 -3 3 7 ).— E x p e rim e n ta l d a ta a re p re se n te d to s u b s ta n tia te re co m m e n d a tio n s fo r good n ick el-flash p ra ctic e s. T hese are p a rtic u la rly a d a p ta b le to su rfaces fo r o n e -co a t w h ite a p p lic a tio n d ire c tly on steel, b u t a re also a d v a n ta g e o u s fo r re g u la r g ro u n d c o at. P ro c e d u re s fo r large-scale p ro d u c tio n as w ell as re sea rc h stu d ie s h a v e show n t h a t th e follow ing c o n d itio n s a n d sequence o f o p e ra tio n s give a n effective n ick el c o atin g on steel w ith o u t th e d a n g ers a tte n d a n t o n th e u s e o f iro n s a lts : (1) a f te r acid pickle, 5 m in . rin se in su lp h u ric acid (p H 3-0-3-5) a t ro o m t e m p . ; (2) n ickel d ip , | —1 | oz. single n ickel s a lts p e r g a l. (p refe ra b ly 1 o z ./g al.), p H 3-0-3-5 (a d ju s te d b y su lp h u ric a cid o r c a u s tic so d a a d d itio n s b u t n o bo ric a cid o r a m m o n iu m sa lts ), m a in ta in e d a t 155° E . (68-3° C.), a n d tim e o f d ip p in g chosen t o s u it p la n t con
d itio n s ; (3) rin sin g sh o u ld b e a v o id e d i f p o ssible, b u t w here n ecessary sh o u ld
42 Metallurgical Abstracts Vol. 15
b e su lp h u ric a c id (pTA 3-0) w ith m in im u m tim e lag betw een n ickel d ip a n d su b s e q u e n t n e u tra liz in g d i p ; (4) tw o n e u tra liz e r ta n k s sh o u ld be used, th e first fa irly s tro n g a n d th e second w eak er. T h e so lu tio n s sh o u ld be o p e ra te d a t 140° P . (60° C.) a n d free fro m carb o n a te s. T w o a lte rn a tiv e co m positions a re : (a) 0-4 oz. so d iu m c y an id e a n d 0-2 oz. so d iu m h y d ro x id e p e r gal. fo r 1J m in ., a n d (6) 0-12 oz. so d iu m cy an id e a n d 0-10 oz. so d iu m h y d ro x id e p e r g al. fo r 2 | m in .— A. B . W .
N ickel-Z inc Corronizing. L . C. C o n ra d i (Corrosion a n d M a teria l Protection, 1946, 3, (7), 12 -1 3 ).— N ic k el-zin c diffused c o atin g s are p ro d u c ed b y h e a t- t r e a tm e n t a t 700° P . (371° C.) o f o b jec ts p re v io u s ly e le c tro p la te d w ith nickel ( n e x t to b asis m e ta l) a n d zinc. T h e r e s u lta n t c o atin g c o n sists o f som e re sid u a l n ick el, n ick e l-z in c allo y s, a n d p o ssib ly som e free zinc a t th e o u tsid e.
C o m p ara tiv e s a lt-s p ra y corrosion te s ts o f specim ens w ith zinc a n d n ick e l-z in c e le ctro d e p o site d co atin g s a n d n ic k e l-z in c diffu sed co atin g s a re re p o rte d , a n d sh o w c o n sid era b ly less corrosion fo r th e diffused c o ats. A p p lica tio n s a n d co sts a re briefly discu ssed .— A. B . W .
H ot-D ip Galvanizing Practice. W illiam H . S pow ers, J r . (Steel, 1946, 119, (7), 108-110, 1 3 0 -1 3 1 ; (9), 100, 103-104, 1 0 6 ; (10), 1 2 7 -1 2 8 ; (11), 136-138, 140, 1 5 5 ; (12), 122, 1 2 4 ; (13), 149-150, 1 5 2 ; (14), 74, 76, 78, 102, 1 0 5 ; (15), 134, 137, 1 7 2 -1 7 4 ; (17), 118, 121, 1 3 7 -1 4 1 ; (18), 114, 116, 126, 128, 1 3 0 ; (19), 118-120 ; (21), 1 1 2 -1 1 4 ; (22), 8 8 -9 0 , 92 ; (23), 123, 1 26,129.— W . G. A.
Full Autom atic Hot Zinc Galvanizing of Tanks. R a y m o n d P . L o d fo rd (Ir o n A ge, 1947, 160, (5), 56—60).— L . e x p la in s th e a d v a n ta g e s o f fu lly a u to m a tic m eth o d s o f h o t zinc g a lv an izin g a n d d escribes sev eral ex am p les o f
“ conveyorized ” ta n k -g a lv a n iz in g in sta lla tio n s, in clu d in g th e m ak e -u p a n d o th e r c h a ra c te ris tic s o f b a th s fo r m ech an ical o p e ra tio n .— J . H . W .
Zinc Spraying. J o h n H o w a t (Corrosion a n d M a teria l Protection, 1946, 3, (7), 8 - 1 0 ; a n d (ab rid g ed ) P roducts F in ish in g , 1947, 11, (6), 74, 76).— T he cap a b ilitie s o f th is m e th o d o f zinc c o atin g a re lis te d a n d ex am p les o f a p p lic a tio n s a n d p e rfo rm a n ce in service g iven.— A. B . W .
Zinc-Coating Structural Members. --- (Steel, 1946, 119, (10), 122).—
S tr u c tu r a l m em b ers o f b rid g es h a v e b e e n zinc s p ra y e d to im p ro v e corrosion- re sistan c e.— M. A . V.
*The Use of Metallic Pigm ents in the Preparation of Protective Paints [Zinc, M agnesium, A lum inium ]. J . E . O. M ayne (J . Soo. Chem. In d ., 1947, 66, (3), 9 3 -9 5 ).— In c o rp o ra tio n o f zinc d u s t in a p o ly sty re n e la c q u er p ro d u c ed a p a in t film w ith a p p rec ia b le c o n d u c tiv ity , w hile m ag n esiu m a n d alu m in iu m pow d ers d id n o t d o so. M easu rem en t o f th e e le ctro d e p o te n tia l o f a steel specim en c o a te d w ith th e p a in t a n d h a v in g a s c ra tc h on th e su rface to expose th e iro n , p a r tly im m ersed in sea w a ter, show ed t h a t w ith zinc th e p o te n tia l w as sim ilar t o t h a t o f zinc w h ereas w ith m ag n esiu m a n d a lu m in iu m i t differed little fro m t h a t o f iro n . E v e n a f te r 3 m o n th s ’ ex p o su re, th e zinc specim en w as free fro m r u s t a t th e sc ratc h . These differences in b e h av io u r m a y b e a ttr ib u te d to v a ria tio n s in th e p ro p e rtie s o f th e re sp ec tiv e o xide film s.— S. J . K .
Preparation of Metals for Painting. R . E . G w y th e r (Corrosion a n d M aterial Protection, 1947, 4, (2), 8, 10-11).— P re s e n te d a t th e sy m p o siu m o n “ M odern M etal P ro te c tio n ” h e ld in C leveland, S e p tem b e r 1946, b y th e local sectio n s o f t h e A m erican C hem ical Society, th e A m erican I n s t i tu t e o f C hem ical E ng in eers, a n d th e E le ctro ch em ical S o ciety .— J . L . T.
Anti-Corrosive Protection of Metals by Phosphatization. J . H . P ry d le n d e r (R ev. P ro d u its C him ., 1946, 49, (19/20), 171—175).— T he use o f p h o sp h a te c o atin g s fo r th e p ro te c tio n o f m e ta ls is briefly re v iew e d w ith reference to p a te n ts a n d r e c e n t B ritis h a n d G erm an a rticle s u n d e r th e h ead s : fu n d a m e n ta l p rin c ip le s ; su rface p r e p a r a tio n ; b a th com p o sitio n , tim e , a n d t e m p . ; p h o sp h a tin g n o n -ferro u s m e ta ls ; p h o sp h a te c o atin g s to p ro m o te lu b r ic a tio n ; a n d leg al a sp e cts.— A. B . W .
