M E T A L L U R G I C A L A B S T R A C T S
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I . P r o p e r tie s o f M e ta ls . . . 97
I I . P r o p e r tie s o f A llo y s . . . 99
I I I . S t r u c tu r e ( M e t a l l o g r a p h y ; M a c r o g r a p h y ; C r y s ta l S t r u c t u r e ) 102
I V . D e n t a l M e ta llu r g y . . . . 1 0 4
V . P o w d e r M e ta llu r g y . . . . 1 0 5
V I. C o rro sio n a n d R e l a t e d P h e n o m e n a . . . 106
V I I . P r o t e c t io n ( O t h e r t h a n b y E le c tr o d e p o s itio n ) . . . 107
V I I I . E le c tr o d e p o s itio n . . . . 1 0 8
I X . E le c tr o m e ta llu r g y a n d E le c t r o c h e m i s t r y ( O th e r t h a n E le c tr o -
d e p o s itio n ) . . . —
X . R e fin in g . . . —
X I . A n a ly s is . . . . 1 1 0
X I I . L a b o r a t o r y A p p a r a t u s , I n s t r u m e n t s , &c. . . . . — X I I I . P h y s ic a l a n d M e c h a n ic a l T e s tin g , I n s p e c t i o n , a n d R a d io l o g y . 110 X I V . T e m p e r a t u r e M e a s u r e m e n t a n d C o n tr o l . . . . — X V . F o u n d r y P r a c t i c e a n d A p p lia n c e s . . . . . 1 1 1 X V I . S e c o n d a r y M e t a l s : S c r a p , R e s id u e s , & e. . . . . 1 1 5 X V I I . F u r n a c e s , F u e ls , a n d R e f r a c t o r y M a te r ia ls . . . . 1 1 5
X V I I I . H e a t - T r e a t m e n t . . . . 1 1 5
X I X . W o r k i n g ... 116
X X . C le a n in g a n d F in is h in g . . . . 1 1 7
X X I . J o in in g . . . . 1 1 8
X X I I . I n d u s t r i a l U s e s a n d A p p lic a tio n s . . . . . 1 2 1
X X I I I . M isc e lla n e o u s . . . . 1 3 1
X X I V . B ib lio g r a p h y . . . . 1 3 2
X X V . B o o k R e v ie w s . . . . 1 3 5
A U T H O R I N D E X T O A B S T R A C T S
AKIMOW, G ., 9 9 . A l l e n , F . A . , 1 1 3 . A n s e l , G ., 1 0 1 , 1 0 3 . A p p l e t o n , (S ir ) E . , 1 3 2 . A s h c r a f t , D . J . , 1 2 0 . A t t i n g e r , V . M ., 1 1 0 . A v e r y , H . S ., 1 0 2 . B a k e r , W . A . , 1 1 2 . B a r d e e n , J . , 9 7 , 9 8 . B a r r e t t , C . S ., 1 0 2 . B a r t o n , V . P . , 9 9 . B a s t i e n , P . , 1 1 6 . B a u m o e l , D . , 1 1 6 . B e a u j a r d , L . , 1 3 2 . B e m ille r , J . E . , 1 0 9 . B e n n e t t , F . C ., J r ., 1 1 0 . B e n n e t t , H . , 1 3 2 . B e r n a r d , W ., 1 1 9 . B e r t h e t , P . , 1 1 8 . B e v e r , M . B . , 9 7 . B la c k , R . F . , 1 2 2 . B la c k m u n , E . V . , 1 1 4 . B la k e y , R . E . , 1 0 8 . B lu m , W ., 1 0 9 . B o a s , W ., 9 8 . B o b a l e k , E . G ., 1 0 1 . B o b r o w s k y , A . R . , 1 0 2 . B o u l e t , M . 0 . , 1 1 1 . B o y le , R . D ., 1 1 9 . B r a t t a in , W . H . , 9 7 . B r e n n e r , A . , 1 0 9 . B r e w e r , G ., 1 0 0 . B r i n k m a n , W . J . , 1 1 4 . B r o c k m a n , F . G ., 1 0 9 . B r o o k in g , W . J . , 1 2 0 . B u r p o , R . S ., J r . , 1 0 1 ,
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D o s w e l l, H . R ., 1 1 4 . D o u g h t o n , R ., J r ., 1 2 2 . E r i c k s o n , J . L ., 1 1 5 . E v a n s , H . , 1 1 4 . E v a n s , U . R . , 1 0 2 . F a h lm a n , E . G ., 1 1 4 . F a h y , E . R . , 1 0 9 . F a u s t , C . L ., 1 1 8 . F i n c h , S . L ., 1 1 3 . F i t z g e r a l d - L e e , G ., 1 1 3 . F la n i g a n , A . E . , 9 9 . F o n t a n a , M . G ., 1 0 7 . F r a n c i s , J . L . , 1 1 3 . F u k a l , F . F . , 1 2 1 . F u ll e r , M . L ., 1 0 2 . G e is le r , A . H . , 1 0 2 . G e is t , K ., 1 1 4 . G e o r g e , P . F . , 1 0 3 . G i b s o n , L . P . , 1 2 1 . G i o v a n e ll i , R . G ., 1 2 0 . G o e t z e l , C . G ., 1 0 2 . G o r d o n , P . , 1 0 1 . G r a n t, D . , 1 1 8 . G r a y , A . G ., 1 1 0 . G r e e n w o o d , H . W ., 1 3 5 . G r e e n w o o d , J . N . , 9 8 . G riffin , W . B . , 1 2 1 . G r o s s , B . , 1 2 0 . G r o v e r , H . J . , 1 1 1 . G r u n b e r g , — , 1 2 2 . G u i l l e t , L ., 1 3 2 . G u lb r a n s e n , E . A ., 1 0 2 . G u n n , R . E . W ., 1 1 6 . H a g e m a n , W ., 1 3 5 . H a l le r , C . T ., 1 0 2 . H a m , J . L . , 9 7 . H a m , W . R . , 9 7 . H a n n o n , C . H . , 1 1 8 . H a r p e r , W . F . , 9 9 . H a r t m a n n , E . C ., 1 1 9 . H a s le m , M . E . , 1 0 8 . H a u s n e r , H . H . , 1 0 5 ,
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H e n d e r s o n , J . G ., 1 1 9 . H é r e n g u e l, J . , 1 3 2 . H e r m a n , M . R ., 1 0 0 . H e s s , W . F . , 1 2 0 . H i c k m a n , J . W ., 1 0 2 . H i c k s o n , E . F . , 1 0 8 . H o f f , E . A . W ., 1 1 7 . H o g e , H . R ., 1 0 0 . H o l le n b a c k , G . M ., 1 0 4 . H o l l o m o n , J . H . , 9 8 ,
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H o l m , R ., 1 3 5 . H o l t , H . , 1 1 9 . V a n H o r n , K . R . , 9 9 . H o s d o w ic h , J . M ., 1 0 9 . H o t h e r s a l l , A . W ., 1 0 9 . I h s e n , H . C ., 1 0 0 . J a q u e r o d , A ., 1 3 2 . J e n i c e k , L ., 1 3 2 . J e t t e r , K . , 1 0 3 . J o m i n y , W . E . , 1 2 2 . J o n e s , F . W ., 1 1 6 . J o r d a n , L . A ., 1 0 8 .
K a m e c k i , J . , 1 0 8 . K a u f m a n n , A . R . , 1 0 1 . K e l l e r , F . , 1 0 2 . K e r r , R . M ., J r . , 1 1 4 . K i n g , R . , 1 1 9 . K i r k e n d a l l , E . O ., 1 0 0 . K l a y e r , W . J . , 1 1 4 . K n i g h t , H . A . , 1 0 1 , 1 1 9 ,
12 2.
K o h , P . K . , 1 0 2 . K o h l s , G . C ., 1 1 4 . K r o l l , W . J . , 9 7 .
L a c o m b e , P . , 1 3 2 . L ä G r e liu s , E . L . , 1 1 1 . L a p s l e y , J . T ., 9 9 . L a w , L . W ., 1 1 6 . L e e , O . R . J . , 1 1 4 . L e w i s , C . J . , 1 1 0 . L in d s a y , G . A . , 9 9 . L in s l e y , H . E . , 1 2 0 . L lo y d , H . S ., 1 2 0 . L o r c h , A . Y ., 1 0 1 . L o r d , J . O ., 1 0 3 . L u k e n s , H . C ., 9 7 .
M c A d a m , D . J . , 9 8 . M c A r d , G . W ., 1 1 1 , 1 2 1 . M c D o n a ld , J . C ., 9 9 . M c I n t o s h , J . A ., 1 1 2 . M c M a s te r , R . C ., 1 1 1 . M a n j o in e , M . J . , 1 1 0 . M a r k u s , J . , 1 2 3 . M a r t ig n y , A ., 1 0 6 . M a s o n , J . F . , 1 1 8 . M a s s o n n e t , C h ., 9 7 . M a t t h e w s , F . , 1 2 0 . M e h l, R . F . , 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 . D e M e n t , J . , 1 3 5 . M e r r ill, J . A . , 1 2 4 . M e y e r h o f, W . E ., 9 8 . M ills , D . V ; , 1 2 0 . M o o r e , H . G ., 1 0 3 . M o o r e , T . E . , 1 0 4 . M o r iz e , P . , 1 3 2 . M o r r is o n , C . H . , 1 1 4 . M u k h a c h e v , V . M ., 1 1 0 .
N a u g h t o n , J . J . , 1 0 1 . N i c h o l s o n , J . R . , 1 1 5 . N i s b e t , J . D . , 1 1 5 . N o c a r , E . C ., 1 1 4 . N o r c r o s s , A . C ., 1 2 2 .
O c h i e a n o , M . L . , 1 1 9 . O ls o n , H . M ., 1 0 7 . O l s o n , W . A ., 1 0 9 .
P a i c , M ., 1 3 2 . P a l m , J . H . , 9 8 . P a l m e r , E . W ., 1 0 0 . P a r k e , R . M ., 9 7 . P a r s o n s , J . T ., 1 2 1 . P a t e r s o n , ( S i r ) C ., 1 3 1 . P a t e r s o n , E . V ., 1 0 8 . P e a l e r , G . A ., 1 1 4 . P e l l - W a l p o l e , W . T .,
1 1 2.
P e t e r s , F . P . , 1 2 4 . P e t t i t , R . H . , 1 0 7 . P h il l i p s , R . W ., 1 0 5 .
P o r t e r , W . C ., 1 0 8 . P o r t t e u s , P . H . , 1 2 1 . P o t t e r , E . Y ., 9 7 . P r i c e , G . H . S . , 1 0 5 . P u m p h r e y , W . I . , 1 1 6 . Q u a r r e ll, A . G ., 1 0 2 . R a y , K . W ., 1 0 5 . R h i n e s , F . N . , 1 0 0 . R i d d e ll , G . E . , 1 0 9 . R o g e r s , W . J . , 1 1 8 . R o s e n t h a l , E . , 1 2 3 . S a g e , S . A . J . , 1 3 1 . S a m a n s , C . H . , 9 7 , 1 0 2 . S a n d e r s o n , L ., 1 1 1 ,1 1 2 ,
1 3 1 .
S c h le c h t e n , A . W ., 9 7 . S c h le ic h e r , W . F . , 1 1 7 . S c h w e y c k a r t , R . , 1 1 7 . S c o t t , F . L . , 1 1 0 . S e a b u r y , R ., 1 1 8 . S h a n k s , T ., 1 1 3 . S h e ll , J . , 1 0 5 . S h o c k l e y , W ., 9 7 . S h o r e , G ., 1 0 9 . S ie b e i, E . , 1 1 6 . S m i g e l s k a s , A . D ., 1 0 0 . S m i t h , C . S . , 1 0 0 . S m i t h , C . W ., 1 1 0 . S m i t h , G . C ., 1 2 1 . S m i t h , M ., 1 2 0 . S m i t h , N . , 1 1 8 . S m o lu c h o w s k i, R . , 1 0 0 . S o k o l o v , N . , 1 2 3 . S p e n c e r - T im m s , E . S .,
1 0 9 .
S t a n s e l , N . R . , 1 1 5 . S te r n b e r g e r , W . Y .,
1 0 9 . S t o u t , J . W ., 9 9 . S u t t ö n , H . , 9 8 . S u t t o n , R . , 1 0 2 . T a y lo r , H . S ., 1 3 1 . T e d s e n , L . F . , 9 9 . T h e x t o n , J . , 1 1 4 . T h o r p e , J . F . , 1 3 6 . U r q u h a r t , W . M ., 1 0 0 . V o y d a , T . , 1 0 9 . W a t t s , C ., 1 0 4 . W e il, R . , 1 3 1 . W h it e l e y , M . A . , 1 3 6 . W ij n g a a r d e n , A . V ., 9 8 . W i l c o x , R . L . , 1 1 4 . W il k i n , D . B . , 1 1 7 . W i l li a m s , C ., 1 3 1 . W i l s o n , L ., 1 1 3 , W i l s o n , P . H . , 1 3 2 . W im p f d e n , S . P . , 1 2 3 . W i s e , E . M ., 1 0 5 . W o ld m a n , N . E . , 1 0 1 . W o r r e ll, F . T . , 9 7 . Z a c h a r ia s e n , W . H . ,
1 0 4 .
Z a m b o k y , A . N . , 1 1 9 . Z a p ffe , C . A ., 1 0 1 , 1 0 8 .
b
METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Volume 15 NOVEM BER 1947 Part 3
I.— PROPERTIES OF METALS
[Discussion on E. V. Potter and H. C. Lukens’s Paper:] “ Solubility of Hydrogen in Electrolytic Manganese and Transition Points in Electrolytic Manganese.”
--- (M e ta ls T e c h n o l.,1947,
14,(4 )
; A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P u h l. N o . 2187, 3 7 - 4 0 ).— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1947, 14, 1. W . R . H a m a n d C . H . S a m a n s d is c u s s t h e t r a n s i t i o n p o in ts i n m a n g a n e s e . T h e y p o i n t o u t t h a t iro n , n ic k e l, a n d c o b a lt w h e n p r e s e n t a s o x id e s i n g la s se s u n d e r g o t r a n s itio n s , th e te m p , o f w h ic h fo llo w se rie s la w s o f t h e ty p e T n = c ( l / 32 — 1 / n 2). M e a s u re m e n ts o f h y d r o g e n d iffu s io n i n d ic a te t r a n s i t i o n t e m p , o f t h e s a m e t y p e . T h e se m a y b e d u e t o e le c tr o n ic s h if ts i n t h e a to m s , a n d H . a n d S . s u g g e s t t h a t se rie s t r a n s i t i o n s o f t h i s t y p e m a y b e p r e s e n t i n so lid m a n g a n e s e , a n d m a y b e re s p o n s ib le f o r th e d is c re p a n c ie s b e tw e e n t h e r e s u l t s o f d if f e r e n t in v e s ti g a t o r s f o r so m e o f t h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p . C h a n g e s o f t h i s k in d m a y b e d i s t i n c t fro m p h a s e c h a n g e s . I n r e p l y t o M . B . B e v e r, P . a n d L . s t a t e t h a t t h e y f o u n d fu s e d q u a r t z p r e f e r a b le t o a l u n d u m c r u c ib le s f o r m e ltin g m a n g a n e s e . F . T . W o rrell sh o w s a p h o t o g r a p h o f t w in s i n a c o p p e r - m a n g a n e s e a llo y , a n d s u g g e s ts t h a t y - m a n g a n e s e m a y h e f a c e - c e n tre d c u b ic a n d n o t f a c e - c e n tre d t e t r a g o n a l ; t h e l a t t e r m a y b e d u e t o s t r a i n s i n q u e n c h in g .— W . H .- R .Discussion on [R. M. Parke and J. L. Ham’s Paper :] “ The Melting of Molybdenum in the Vacuum Arc.”
— ( M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1 9 4 7 , 14,(4);
A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P u h l. N o . 2187, 1 1 -1 4 ).— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1 9 4 7 , 14, 2.
W . J . K r o ll a n d A . W . S c h le c h te n r e f e r t o e a r lie r p a p e r s o n m e ltin g i n t h e v a c u u m a r c . T h e y e m p h a s iz e t h e d iffic u ltie s lik e ly t o a r is e f ro m v a p o r iz a tio n o f m e t a l , a n d f r o m g a s d is c h a rg e f ro m r e s id u a l g a s i n t h e m e ta l. T h e y f o u n d d if fic u lty i n m a i n t a i n i n g a s t e a d y A .C . a r c , a n d w e re f o rc e d t o u s e D . C . ; i t m i g h t b e p o s s ib le t o s u p e rim p o s e D .C . o n A .C . P . a n d H . i n r e p ly s t a t e t h a t v a p o r iz a tio n d iffic u ltie s w e re n o t e n c o u n te r e d w i t h m o ly b d e n u m , b u t m i g h t b e e x p e c te d w i t h r e l a t i v e l y v o l a t i l e m e t a l s s u c h a s c h r o m iu m o r m a n g a n e s e . S o lo n g a s a s u ffic ie n t c .d . w a s m a i n t a i n e d , t h e y f o u n d t h e A .C . a r c v e r y s te a d y . I n r e p l y t o 0 . F . C o m sto ck a n d R . S . D e a n , P . a n d H . s t a t e t h a t w i t h n e w ty p e s o f v a c u u m p u m p s , t h e r e q u ir e d d e g re e o f e v a c u a ti o n c o u ld b e o b ta in e d .
— W . H .- R .
Viscosity of Molten Aluminium and Its Alloys.
(A k im o w ). S e e p . 9 9.*Copper Oxidation Study Using Radio-Active Cu Tracer.
J . B a rd e e n , W .H.
B r a t t a i n , a n d W . S h o c k le y ( B e ll T e le p h . S y s te m , T e c h . P u b l.,1946,
M o n o g r a p h B-1425).— R e p r i n t e d f ro m J . C h e m . P h y s ic s ,1946,
14,(12), 7 1 4 -7 2 1
; se e M e t. A b s .,1947,
14,305.—
J . L . T .*Linear Casting Shrinkage of Gold and Its Alloys.
( H o lle n b a c k ) . S e e p .104.
[Discussion on E. A. Gulbransen and J. W. Hickman’s Papers :] “ Electron- Diffraction Study of Oxide Films on Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, and Copper and Alloys at High Temperatures.” (--- ) See p. 102.
Recent Developments and Prospects for the Future Regarding the Resistance of Materials.
C h . M a s s o n n e t (R e v . U n iv . M in e s ,1947,
[ix ],3, (4), 118-126).
— A re v ie w .— M . E .
* D e n o te s a p a p e r d e s c rib in g th e r e s u lts of o rig in a l re se a rc h , t D e n o te s a first-c la ss c ritic a l review .
H
98 Metallurgical Abstracts V ol . 15
The Failure o£ Metals by Fatigue.
J . N e ill G r e e n w o o d (M e ta llu r g ia , 1947,35,
(2 1 0 ), 2 8 9 - 2 9 0 ).— A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c ti o n t o a s y m p o s iu m o n t h e “ F a i l u r e o f M e ta ls b y F a t i g u e ” h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e rin g , U n i v e r s i t y o f M e lb o u rn e .— J . L . T .Theories of the Mechanism of Fatigue Failure.
W . B o a s (M e ta llu r g ia , 1947,35,
(2 1 0 ), 2 9 0 -2 9 1 ).— A s u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d a t t h e s y m p o s iu m o n t h e “ F a i l u r e o f M e ta ls b y F a t i g u e ” h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e rin g , U n i v e r s i t y o f M e lb o u rn e .— J . L . T .Fatigue Problems Associated with Aircraft Materials. H.
S u t t o n (M e ta llu r g ia , 1947,
35,
(2 1 0 ), 2 9 1 -2 9 2 ).— A s u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d a t t h e s y m p o s iu m o n t h e “ F a i l u r e o f M e ta ls b y F a t i g u e ” h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e rin g , U n i v e r s i t y o f M e lb o u rn e .— J . L . T .[Discussion on J. H. Hollomon’s P aper:] The Mechanical Equation of State.
--- ( M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1947,14,
( 4 ) ; A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P u b l. N o .2187,
9 - 1 1 ) .— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1947,14,
4. J . H . P a lm a n d A . V . W ijn g a a r d e n s u m m a r iz e t h e i r w o r k (M e ta le n , 1946, (D e c .)) w h ic h le a d s t o H . ’s e q u a tio n . D . J . M c A d a m e m p h a s iz e s t h a t s o f te n in g o f a m e t a l a f t e r c o ld w o r k c a n t a k e p la c e a t te m p , w e ll b e lo w t h a t o f r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n . H . a g re e s , a n d c o n s id e rs t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f a m e c h a n ic a l e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e d o e s n o t p r e c lu d e t h e p o s s ib i l i t y t h a t t h e s tr e s s m a y b e d if f e r e n tly d e p e n d e n t o n s t r a i n a t d if fe r e n t te m p , o r r a t e s o f s t r a i n .— W . H .- R .
*Surface States and Rectification at a Metal-Semi-Conductor Contact.
J o h n B a r d e e n ( P h y s . R e v ., 1947, [ii],71,
(1 0 ), 7 1 7 -7 2 7 ).— T h e o re tic a l. T h e c o n d i t i o n o f a ffa irs a t t h e in te r f a c e b e tw e e n a m e t a l a n d a s e m i- c o n d u c to r is d i s c u s se d . T h e p r e v io u s t h e o r y r e g a r d e d i m p u r i t y a to m s a s g iv in g ris e t o n e w e n e r g y le v e ls in t h e f o r b id d e n r e g io n b e tw e e n t h e fille d a n d c o n d u c tio n b a n d s o f a s e m i- c o n d u c to r . T h is v ie w is e x t e n d e d t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t lo c a liz e d s t a t e s o n t h e s u r f a c e w i t h e n e rg ie s i n t h e f o r b id d e n re g io n . A c o n d itio n o f n o n e t c h a r g e o n t h e s u rfa c e m a y c o r re s p o n d t o a p a r t i a l fillin g o f th e s e s ta te s . I f t h e d e n s i ty o f s u r f a c e le v e ls is su ffic ie n tly h ig h , th e r e w ill b e a n a p p r e c ia b le d o u b le la y e r a t t h e f re e s u r f a c e o f a s e m i- c o n d u c to r f o rm e d f ro m a n e t c h a rg e f ro m e le c tr o n s i n s u r f a c e s t a t e s a n d a sp a c e c h a r g e o f o p p o s ite s ig n , s im ila r t o t h a t o f a r e c tif y in g j u n c t i o n , e x t e n d i n g i n t o t h e se m i- c o n d u c to r . T h is d o u b le la y e r t e n d s t o m a k e t h e w o r k f u n c tio n i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e h e ig h t o f t h e F e r m i le v e l in t h e i n t e r io r w h ic h i n t u r n d e p e n d s o n t h e i m p u r i t y c o n te n t.I f c o n t a c t is m a d e w i t h a m e ta l, t h e d iffe re n c e i n w o r k f u n c tio n b e tw e e n m e ta l a n d s e m i- c o n d u c to r is c o m p e n s a te d b y s u r f a c e - s ta te s c h a rg e r a t h e r t h a n b y a s p a c e c h a r g e a s is o r d in a r ily a s s u m e d , s o t h a t t h e sp a c e -c h a rg e la y e r is in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e m e ta l. R e c tif ic a tio n c h a r a c te r is tic s a r e t h e n in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e m e ta l. T h e se id e a s a r e u s e d t o d isc u ss c o n flic tin g e x p e r im e n ta l d a t a .
— W . H .- R .
♦Contact Potential Difference in Silicon Crystal Rectifiers.
W a l t e r E . M e y e rh o f ( P h y s . R e v ., 1947, [ii],71,
(1 0 ), 7 2 7 -7 3 5 ).— C f. p r e c e d in g a b s t r a c t . T h e r e c tif y in g p o r t io n o f a c r y s ta l r e c tifie r is t h e c o n t a c t b e tw e e n a s m a ll p o i n t o f m e t a l s u c h a s t u n g s t e n , a n d a s e m i- c o n d u c to r s u c h a s silic o n c o n ta in in g s u i t a b l e im p u ritie s . T h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c h a r a c te r is tic s o f s u c h c o n t a c t s a re re v ie w e d , a n d t h e u s u a l t h e o r y d e s c rib e d . T h e c o n t a c t p .d . b e tw e e n n a n d p t y p e s o f silic o n a n d d if fe r e n t m e ta ls w e re m e a s u re d e x p e r im e n ta lly b y a m e th o d (S te p h e n s , S e rin , a n d M e y e rh o f, P h y s . R e v ., 1946, [ii],69,
4 2 , 2 4 4 ; se e M e t.A b s ., 1946,
13,
158) i n w h ic h t h e z e ro v o lta g e r e s is ta n c e o f t h e c o n t a c t is m e a s u re d a s a f u n c tio n o f t h e t e m p . T h e c o n t a c t p .d . v a lu e s w e re p r a c tic a lly i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e k i n d o f m e t a l u s e d , a n d o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e silic o n s u r f a c e . T h e w o r k -f u n c tio n d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n t h e s a m e s u b s ta n c e s w e re o b t a i n e d i n d e p e n d e n tly b y a p a r a lle l- p la te c o n d e n s e r ( K e lv in ) m e th o d , u s in g s u rf a c e s p r e p a r e d u n d e r v a r io u s c o n d itio n s a s r e g a r d s e x p o s u re t o t h e a t m o s p h e re . T h e r e s u lts s h o w e d n o c o r re la tio n b e tw e e n t h e c o n t a c t p .d . a n d1947 I I . — Properties of Alloys 99
w o rk -f u n c tio n - d if f e re n c e v a lu e s . T h is is i n c o n t r a s t t o a c c e p te d t h e o r y , a n d t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s a r e d is c u s s e d .— W . H .- R .
*The
KX-Ray Absorption Edge of Silicon.
V o la P . B a r t o n a n d G e o rg e A . L in d s a y ( P h y s . R e v ., 1 9 4 7 , [ii],71,
(7 ), 4 0 6 -4 0 8 ).Erratum : The
K X-Ray Absorption Edge of Silicon. V o la P . B a r t o n a n d G e o rg e A . L in d s a y ( P h y s . R e v ., 1 9 4 7 , [ii],71,
(1 0 ), 7 3 6 - 7 3 7 ).— A n o t e m a k in g c o r re c tio n s t o t h e a u t h o r s ’ p a p e r (s e e p r e c e d in g r e fe re n c e ).— W . H .- R .*The Magnetic Quenching of Supraconductivity.
J . W . S t o u t (P h y s .Rev.,
1947, [ii],
71,
(1 0 ), 7 4 1 ).— A n o te . S ie n k o a n d O g g ( P h y s .Rev.,
1947, [ii],71,
3 1 9 ; se e M e t. A6.5., 1 9 4 7 ,14,
31 0 ) s u g g e s te d t h a t f o r t h e “ s o f t ” s u p r a - c o n d u c to r s le a d , m e r c u r y , t i n , in d iu m , t h a l l i u m , C u S , A u2B i, z in c , a n d c a d m iu m , t h e th r e s h o l d m a g n e tic fie ld H T f o r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f s u p r a c o n d u c ti v i t y is b e t t e r r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e e x p r e s s io n H T = A ( T cal2 — S’3' 2) t h a n b y th e p a r a b o lic r e l a t i o n H T = B ( T 2 — T 2). T„ is t h e t e m p , a t w h ic h t h e m e ta l b e c o m e s s u p r a c o n d u c tin g i n z e ro fie ld . S y s t e m a t i c e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e d a t a s h o w s t h a t n e i t h e r r e l a t i o n e x a c t l y f its t h e d a t a , a n d t h a t t h e p a r a b o lic r e l a t i o n is i n a l l c a s e s t h e b e t t e r a p p r o x i m a t io n .— W . H .- R .F o r A . S . T . M . S ta n d a r d s , se e p p . 1 2 4 -1 2 9 .
II.— PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS
Viscosity of Molten Aluminium and Its Alloys.
G . A k im o w (M e ta l P ro g ress, 1946,49,
(1 ), 99—100).— T h e v is c o s ity o f m o l t e n a lu m in iu m a n d o f c e r ta in a lu m in iu m - s ilic o n a n d a l u m i n i u m - c o p p e r a llo y s h a s b e e n i n v e s ti g a t e d b y S e rg e ie v a n d P o la c k b y o b s e r v a tio n s o f t h e d a m p in g e ffe c ts o f t h e m o lte n m a te r ia ls o n t h e to r s io n a l o s c illa tio n o f a s te e l b a l l s u s p e n d e d i n t h e m e lt.T h e b a l l a n d p i v o t w e re p r o t e c t e d b y a r e f r a c t o r y c o a tin g . D a t a o b t a i n e d a t 1290° F . (6 9 9 ° C .) f o r a lu m in iu m - s ilic o n a llo y s a n d a t 1265° F . (6 8 0 ° C .) f o r a l u m i n i u m - c o p p e r a llo y s a r e s u m m a r iz e d g r a p h ic a lly , p o r t io n s o f t h e r e s p e c tiv e c o n s t it u t i o n a l d ia g r a m s b e in g r e p r o d u c e d f o r c o m p a r is o n . T h e v is c o s ity i n b o t h c a s e s in c r e a s e s s h a r p l y a s t h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t i n t h e a llo y f ir s t a p p e a r s , a n d d e c r e a s e s c o n s id e ra b ly a t e u t e c t i c c o m p o s itio n . T h e d is c r e p a n c y b e tw e e n th e s e r e s u l t s a n d t h o s e o f S a u e r w a ld m a y b e e x p la in e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t S . m e a s u r e d t h e v is c o s ity a t t e m p , w e ll a b o v e t h e liq u i d u s .
— P . R .
*Room-Temperature Tensile Properties of Aluminium Alloy Sheet Following Brief Elevated-Temperature Exposure.
J . T . L a p s le y , A . E . F l a n i g a n , W . F . H a r p e r , a n d J . E . D o r n ( J . A e r o n a u t. S c i ., 1947,14,
(3 ), 1 4 8 -1 5 4 ).— N a t u r a l l y a g e d m a t e r i a l s 2 4 S -T , 2 4 S -R T , a n d 6 1 S -W m a y b e e x p o s e d ( w i t h o u t d e f o r m a tio n ) f o r 2 0 m in . a t t e m p , u p t o 5 0 0 ° F . (2 6 0 C .) w i t h l i t t l e o r n o lo ss in y ie ld s tr e s s . T h e a r tif ic ia lly a g e d m a t e r i a l s 2 4 S -T 8 1 , 2 4 S -T 8 4 , 2 4 S -T 8 6 , 6 1 S -T , R 3 0 1 -T , a n d X B 7 5 S - T m a y b e s im ila r ly e x p o s e d w i t h o u t lo ss i n y ie ld s tr e s s a t t e m p , u p t o 4 0 0 ° F . (2 0 5 ° C .), b u t a b o v e 4 5 0 ° F . (2 3 3 ° C .) t h e loss b e c o m e s g r e a t . D e f o r m a tio n s in v o lv e d i n h o t f o rm in g m a y in d u c e a n a c c e le r a tio n o f t h e e le v a t e d - t e m p . a g e in g p ro c e s s .— H . P l .[Discussion on A. E. Flanigan, L. F. Tedsen, and J. E. Dorn’s Paper ;]
“ Stress-Rupture and Creep Tests on [Alclad] Aluminium Alloy Sheet at Ele
vated Temperatures.”
-— — (M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1 9 4 7 ,14,
( 4 ) ; A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P u b l. N o .2187, 7-8).—
C f. M e t. A b s ., 1 947,14,
5. I n r e p l y t o ./ . C.M c D o n a ld , t h e a u t h o r s s t a t e t h a t e lo n g a tio n s a t f r a c t u r e i n s h o r t- tim e te n s ile t e s t s te n d e d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n e lo n g a tio n s a t f r a c t u r e i n s t r e s s - t o - r u p t u r e t e s ts . I n r e p ly t o K . R . v a n H o r n , t h e y s a y t h a t e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f s h o r t- tim e c re e p d a t a w o u ld s e e m h a z a r d o u s .— W . H .- R .
1 0 0 Metallurgical Abstracts V ol . 15
♦Brittle Failure oi Hogged-Out Fittings from 14S-T Billets.
G iv e n B re w e r a n d H e r m a n C. I h s e n (M e ta l P ro g re ss, 1946,49,
(3 ), 5 6 6 -5 7 1 ).— A n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f f a ilu re in a la r g e a i r c r a f t f i ttin g h o g g e d - o u t f ro m 1 4 S -T b i lle t f o r e x p e r im e n ta l p u r p o s e s , p a r t s a c t u a l l y p u t . i n t o se rv ic e b e in g n o r m a lly d r o p fo rg e d . F a i l u r e a t a v e r y lo w te n s ile s tr e s s o c c u r r e d in o n e o f t h e lu g s , a n d o b s e r v a tio n s o f s tr e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n o n a p h o to - e la s tic m o d e l s h o w e d a m a r k e d d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d t h a t a s s u m e d f o r d u c tile m a te r ia l.T e s ts o f p ie c e s o f t h e s a m e s h a p e a s t h e lu g a g a in s h o w e d a n u n e x p e c te d ly lo w b r e a k in g s tr e s s , w h ile s im ila r p ie c e s i n 2 4 S -T s h o w e d s a tis f a c to r y p r o p e r tie s
in
te n s io n a n d a h ig h e r s h e a r s t r e n g t h t h a n w a s p r e d ic te d . M e a s u r e m e n ts o f s tr e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n b y m e a n s o f p h o to - g r id s s u g g e s te d t h a t s t a n d a r d t e s ti n g m e th o d s d i d n o t s a t is f a c t o r i l y d is c r im in a te b e tw e e n s a tis f a c to r y a n d p o o r m a t e r i a l . T e s ts w e re t h e n c a r r ie d o u t o n te n s ile p ie c e s w i t h a c e n tr a l r o u n d h o le , t h e r e s u l t s c o r re s p o n d in g f a i r l y w i t h th o s e s u g g e s te d b y t h e s tre s s d i s t r i b u t i o n . S im ila r t e s t s o n b ille ts w h ic h w e re u p s e t b e fo re d r a w in g s h o w e d a c o n s id e ra b le im p r o v e m e n t i n p r o p e r tie s . I t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t (a) n o tc h - s e n s itiv e n e s s c a n b e s a tis f a c to r ily d e t e c t e d b y u s in g h o le d te s t- p ie c e s , (6) b i lle ts f o r h o g g in g - o u t s h o u ld b e u p s e t a n d d r a w n a t f o rg in g t e m p , b e fo re b e in g m a c h in e d . I t is n o t e d t h a t 1 4 S -T i n e x t r u d e d o r p l a t e f o rm d o e s n o t sh o w s im ila r n o tc h - s e n s itiv e n e s s .— P . R .[Discussion on A. H. Geisler and F. Keller’s Paper :] “ Precipitation in Age- Hardened Aluminium Alloys.” (--- )
S e e p . 102.[Discussion on A. D. Smigelskas and E. 0 . Kirkendall’s Paper:] “ Zinc Diffusion in Alpha Brass.”
—-— (M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1 9 4 7 ,14,
( 4 ) ; A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P M . N o .2187,
1 5 -2 2 ).— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1 947,14,
9 4. B . S m o lu c h o w s k i r e g a r d s S . a n d K . ’s r e s u l t s a s e v id e n c e f o r t h e e x is te n c e o f l a t t i c e d e f e c ts a n d v a c a n c ie s , a n d is s u r p r is e d t h a t t h e in flu e n c e o f v a c a n c ie s is so la rg e . B . F . M e h l d isc u s s e s t h e b e a r in g o f t h e r e s u l t s o n t h e g e n e r a l t h e o r y o f d iffu sio n . C . S . S m i t h s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e c h a n g e s i n c o m p o s itio n r e s u l t i n g f ro m d iffu sio n s e t u p s t r a i n s o n a c c o u n t o f c h a n g e s i n la t t i c e s p a c in g . T h e s e s t r a i n s m a y b e r e lie v e d b y t h e f o r m a tio n o f c r a c k s o r fissu re s t h r o u g h w h ic h z in c m a y p a s s b y v a p o r iz a tio n , a n d t h i s m a y a c c o u n t f o r a n a p p a r e n t d iffu s io n o f z in c g r e a t e r tt»t h a n t h a t o f c o p p e r . L . S . D a r k e n p o i n t s o u t t h a t i n t h e f o r m a tio n o f o x id e sc a le s , i t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n r e c o g n iz e d t h a t t h e m o b ilitie s o f a n io n a n d c a tio n a r e n o t e q u a l. H e a ls o d e v e lo p s t h e a c t i v i t y t h e o r y o f d iffu s io n . E . W . P a lm e r r a is e s t h e p o s s ib ility o f t h e r e s u lts b e in g a f fe c te d b y o x id a tio n , a n d M . B . H e r m a n s t a t e s t h a t r e s u lts s im ila r t o th o s e o f S . a n d K . h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d i n t h e s t u d y o f d iffu s io n i n a a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s. E . O . K . re p lie s t o t h e d isc u s s io n , a n d t h i n k s i t im p r o b a b le t h a t t h e r e s u l t s w e re a f fe c te d b y o x id a tio n .— W . H .- R .
♦Constitution of the System Indium-Tin.
F . N . R h in e s , W . M . U r q u h a r t , a n d H . R . H o g e ( T r a n s . A m e r . S o c . M e ta ls, 1947,39,
6 9 4 - 7 1 1 ; d isc u ss io n , 7 1 1 -7 1 2 ).— T h e liq u id u s w a s d e te r m in e d f ro m c o o lin g c u r v e s a n d t h e s o lid u s b y o b s e rv in g t h e t e m p , a t w h ic h a li g h t l y l o a d e d t e s t sp e c im e n r u p t u r e d d u r in g slo w h e a tin g . M e ta llo g ra p h ic o b s e r v a tio n s w e re m a d e o n sp e c im e n s c u t w ith a r a z o r b la d e , g r o u n d w ith 600 c a r b o r u n d u m i n s o a p s o lu tio n o n b r o a d c lo th , p o lis h e d w ith a lu m in a in so a p s o lu tio n o n s ilk n a p c lo th , a n d e tc h e d i n a s o lu tio n o f 6 g. K2C rO , i n H2S 04 2 0, s a t u r a t e d N a C l s o lu tio n 12, H F 80, H N O j 4 0 , a n d w a t e r 3 0 0 c.c. I n g e n e r a l, t h e d ia g r a m o f F in k , J e t t e , K a t z , a n d S c h n e t t l e r ( T r a n s . E le d rb c h e m . S o c ., 1 939, 7 5 , 4 6 3 ; see M e t. A b s ., 1939, 6, 4 0 3 ) is c o n firm e d , b u t i t is c o n s id e re d t h a t t h e y -p h a s e u n d e r g o e s p e r ite c to id d e c o m p o s itio n b e lo w 80° C. a n d n o t p e r ite c tic d e c o m p o s itio n a t 124° C. T h e l im its o f t h e a - a n d S -p h a se field s a r e r e lo c a te d . R e s is ta n c e t o c o m p re ss io n is a w e ll d e fin e d m a x im u m n e a r t h e li m i t o f s o lid s o lu b ility o f in d iu m i n t i n .— J . C. C.
1947 I I . — Properties of Alloys 1 0 1 [Discussion on E. A. Gulbransen and J. W. Hickman’s Papers :] “ Electron- Diffraction Study of Oxide Films on Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, and Copper and Alloys at High Temperatures.
” ( --- ) S ee p . 102.[Discussion on R. S. Busk and E. G. Bobalek’s Paper:] “ Hydrogen in Magnesium Alloys.” --- (
M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1947,14,
( 4 ) ; A . I . M . M . E . T ech . P u l l . N o .2187,
2 2 - 2 4 ) .— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1947,14,
9 5 . L . A . C a ra p e lla s t a te s t h a t h y d r o g e n c o u ld b e r e m o v e d m o re r a p i d l y b y v ig o ro u s m e c h a n ic a l s tir r in g , o r b y v i b r a t io n d u r i n g h ig h - f r e q u e n c y m e ltin g . I n r e p ly t o q u e s tio n s , R . S . B . s t a t e s t h a t t h e ro le o f h y d r o g e n i n m a g n e s iu m a llo y s is t h a t o f a g g r a v a tio n o f m ic r o -s h rin k a g e . A s a v o id is f o rm e d o n c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e s o lid ify in g liq u id , h y d r o g e n g a s d iffu s e s i n t o t h e s p a c e , a n d so p r e v e n t s m o r e l i q u i d fro m fe e d in g t h e v o id . I n r e p l y t o L . C . C h a n g , R . S . B . s a y s t h a t t h e s o lid s o lu b ility o f h y d r o g e n in m a g n e s iu m is m a r k e d l y a f fe c te d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a llo y in g e le m e n ts , b u t n o c o r r e la tio n w i t h t h e P e r io d ic T a b le c o u ld b e f o u n d . J . J . N a u g h to n r a is e s t h e q u e s tio n o f h y d r o g e n e m b r i tt l e m e n t , a n d R . S . B . s a y s t h a t t h e r e w a s n o e v id e n c e o f h y d r o g e n e m b r i tt l e m e n t o f m a g n e s iu m a llo y s.— W . H .- R .[Discussion on J. P. Doan and G. Ansel’s Paper :] “ Some Effects of Zirconium on Extrusion Properties [and Constitution] of Magnesium-Base Alloys Con
taining Zinc.”
--- (M e ta ls T e c h n o l., 1947,14,
( 4 ) ; A . I . M . M . E . T e c h . P u b l. N o .2187,
24—2 5 ).— C f. M e t. A b s ., 1947,15,
199. I n r e p l y t o P . G ordon, A . s t a t e s t h a t l i t t l e is k n o w n a b o u t t h e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f t h e z ir c o n iu m p h a s e p r e s e n t i n t h e m a g n e s iu m - r ic h a llo y s . T h e im p r o v e m e n t in p r o p e r tie s is d u e ch ie fly t o g r a i n r e f in e m e n t. A . B . K a u f m a n n r a is e s t h e q u e s tio n o f e x tr u s io n s p e e d , a n d A . s t a t e s t h a t t h e e f fe c t o f v a r i a t i o n s i n t h i s f a c t o r c o u ld b e a s c rib e d la r g e ly t o t h e t e m p , d e v e lo p e d . I n r e p l y t o A . V . L o rc h , A . s a y s t h a t th e r e w a s n o a p p a r e n t e ffe c t o f z ir c o n iu m o n t h e c o r ro s io n o f m a g n e s iu m - z ir c o n iu m , o r m a g n e s iu m - z in c - z ir c o n iu m allo y s.-— W . H .- R .Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys.
N o r m a n E . W o ld m a n (M a te r ia ls a n d M e th o d s, 1946,24,
(6), 1475—14 9 0 ).— A “ m a t e r i a l s a n d m e th o d s m a n u a l ” . A c o m p re h e n s iv e s u m m a r y is g iv e n o f t h e p r o p e r tie s o f t h e c o m m e r c ia lly a v a ila b le fo rm s o f n ic k e l a n d n ic k e l a llo y s , w i t h a n a c c o u n t o f p r e fe rr e d p r a c tic e s f o r h e a t - t r e a ti n g , w e ld in g , c le a n in g , fin is h in g , a n d m a c h in in g th e s e m a te r ia ls .— J . c . c .
Physical Metallurgy of Precious-Metal Alloys.
(W ise ). S ee p . 105.Development of Silver Alloys with Specialized Physical Characteristics.
(S h e ll). S e e p . 105.
Super Alloys for High-Temperature Service.
H . A . K n i g h t (M é c a n iq u e , 1 9 4 6 ,30,
(3 3 7 ), 2 1 8 - 2 2 0 ).— P r o m M a te r ia ls a n d M e th o d s, 1946,23,
(6) ; see M e t. A b s ., 1947,14,
2 0 0 .— W . G . A .Magnetic and Electrical Materials.
R o b e r t S . B u r p o , J r . ( M a te r ia ls a n d M e th o d s, 1 947, 2 6 , (2 ), 115, 11 7 ).— E n g in e e r in g F i l e F a c t s N o . 1 46.— J . L . T .A Periodic Chart for Metallurgists.
C a rl A . Z a p ffe ( T r a n s . A m e r . S o c.M e ta ls, 1947,
38,
2 3 9 —2 6 5 ; d is c u s s io n , 2 6 5 —2 7 0 ).— T h e e le m e n ts a r e a r r a n g e d o n a s c h e m a tic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e e le c tr o n s h e lls o f t h e h e a v ie s t e le m e n t.T h e e le m e n ts o f a to m ic w e ig h t 89 a n d u p w a r d s ( in c lu d in g t h e f o u r n e w ly d is c o v e re d e le m e n ts 93—96 ) a r e a r r a n g e d a s a s e c o n d s e rie s o f r a r e e a r t h s . T h e u s e o f t h e c h a r t t o i l l u s t r a t e c e r t a i n p r in c ip le s o f a llo y f o r m a tio n is d is c u s s e d . — J . C. C.
F o r A . S . T . M . S ta n d a r d s , se e p p . 124—129.
1 0 2 Metallurgical Abstracts V ol . 15
III.— STRUCTURE
(Metallography ; Macrography ; Crystal Structure.)
[ F o r a l l a b s t r a c t s o n t h e c o n s t it u t i o n o f a llo y s y s te m s , in c lu d in g X - r a y s tu d ie s , se e I I . — P r o p e r tie s o f A llo y s.]
[Discussion on A. H. Geisler and F. Keller’s Paper :] “ Precipitation in Age-Hardened Aluminium Alloys.” ——
(Metals Technol., 1947, 14, (4);A .I.M .M .E . Tech. Publ. N o .
2187,
8 - 9 ) .— C f. Met. Abs., 1 9 4 7 ,1 4 ,
9 7 . I n r e p ly t o J . H. Hollomon, G . a n d K . s t a t e t h a t q u e n c h in g o f a llo y s p r o d u c e s p la s tic d e f o r m a tio n , so t h a t s lip b a n d s a r e v is ib le o n a p o lis h e d s u rfa c e , a n d th e s e m a y a c t a s s ite s f o r lo c a liz e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t h e e a r ly s ta g e s o f a g e in g . T h e e ffe c t is n o t o b s e rv e d w ith slo w e r r a t e s o f c o o lin g . A . S. Coffinberry q u e s tio n s t h e u se o f t h e e le c tr o n m ic ro s c o p e f o r d e te c tin g lo c a liz e d p r e c ip ita tio n , a n d G . re p lie s t h a t t h e o r d i n a r y li g h t m ic ro s c o p e w ill s u p p ly e v id e n c e o f lo c a liz e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n m o r e r e a d i l y t h a n t h e e le c tr o n m ic ro s c o p e b e c a u s e a la r g e a r e a m u s t b e s c a n n e d . T h e e le c tr o n m ic ro s c o p e w ill r e s o lv e p a r tic le s w h ic h a r e to o s m a ll f o r t h e o r d i n a r y m ic ro s c o p e .— W . H .- R .[Discussion on E. A. Gulbransen and J. W. Hickman’s Papers :] “ Electron- Diffraction Study of Oxide Films on Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, and Copper and Alloys at High Temperatures.” ---
(Metals Technol., 1947,14,
(4) ; A .I.M .M .E . Tech. Publ. N o .2187,
2 5 - 3 7 ).— C f. Met. Abs., 1 947,14,
98.P. K . Koh r e fe rs t o t h e e ffe c t o f t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o n t h e m e a s u re d la t t i c e sp a c in g s , a n d , a f t e r re p ly in g , G . r e p ro d u c e s a g r a p h s h o w in g t h e r e d u c e d l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t s o f t h e o x id e s i n ir o n sc a le a s a f u n c tio n o f t h e o x y g e n c o n te n t.
B. F. Mehl d isc u sse s t h e o r i e n t a t io n a n d r a t e o f g r o w th o f film s. I n r e p ly t o C. O. Ooetzel, G . d e s c rib e s a n d i l l u s t r a t e s t h e e le c tr o n -d if f ra c tio n c a m e r a h ig h - te m p . f u r n a c e . C. H. Samans s t a t e s t h a t r e s u l t s f o r t h e o x id a tio n o f s t e ll i t e i n a i r a t 9 0 0 ° -1 1 0 0 ° C . d i d n o t a g r e e w i t h th o s e o b ta in e d u n d e r t h e c o n d itio n s u s e d b y G . a n d H ., a n d re a s o n s f o r t h i s a r e d isc u sse d . A . B.
Bobrowsky q u e s tio n s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e e le c tr o n -d if f ra c tio n m e th o d s fo r d e t e c t i n g s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e s o f o n e o x id e i n t h e p re s e n c e o f a n o th e r . I n r e p ly t o Boger Sutton, G . s t a t e s t h a t m o s t o f t h e o x id e s u s e d w o u ld n o t b e e x p e c te d t o d e c o m p o s e a t t h e t e m p , a n d p r e s s u re s c o n c e rn e d . H. S. Avery re fe rs t o F e304 a n d t h e s p in e ls , a n d e m p h a s iz e s t h a t m a n y s p in e l c o m p o s itio n s a r e p o ss ib le . G . a n d H . d is c u ss t h i s , a n d d e s c rib e e le c tro n -m ic ro s c o p ic o b s e r v a ti o n s o f t h e g r o w th o f film s. M . L. Fuller r e fe rs t o t h e p o s s ib ility o f fa lse v a lu e s b e in g o b t a i n e d f o r l a t t i c e sp a c in g s o w in g t o t h e a c c u m u la tio n o f p o s itiv e c h a r g e o n t h e s p e c im e n , w i t h a r e s u ltin g d e fle c tio n o f t h e d if f r a c te d e le c tr o n b e a m s . G . a n d H . a g r e e w ith t h i s , b u t sh o w t h a t t h e e ffe c t c o u ld n o t b e re s p o n s ib le f o r t h e r e l a t i v e l y la r g e la t t i c e s p a c in g s w h ic h t h e y o b ta in e d . V a r ia tio n s i n t h e c o m p o s itio n s o f d if fe r e n t s p e c im e n s m i g h t a c c o u n t f o r th e c o n flic tin g l a t t i c e sp a c in g s . U. B. Evans a g r e e s t h a t d e p a r t u r e fro m s to ic h io m e tr ic a l e q u iv a le n c e o f te n o c c u rs. H e t h e n d e s c rib e s e x p e r im e n ts o n t h e s t r ip p in g o f film s fro m o x id iz e d su rfa c e s ; th e s e film s w e re o f te n w r in k le d o r c u r v e d , s u g g e s tin g t h e p r e s e n c e o f s tre s s e s w h ic h w o u ld a ffe c t t h e la t t i c e sp a c in g s . A . 0. Quarrell e m p h a s iz e s t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e l y s lig h t d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n t h e l a t t i c e s p a c in g s o f d if fe r e n t s p in e ls lim its t h e u s e o f e le c tro n - d if fr a c tio n m e th o d s f o r i d e n tif y in g s u b s ta n c e s i n t h e film . H e a ls o d isc u sse s t h e p r o te c tiv e m e c h a n is m .— W . H .- R .
[Discussion on C. S. Barrett and C. T. Haller’s Paper:] “ Twinning in Polycrystalline Magnesium [Alloys].”
---(Metals Technol., 1947,14,
(4) ; A .I.M .M .E . Tech. Publ. N o .2187,
1 - 7 ).— C f. Met. Abs., 1947,14,
2 02. B. L.Dietrich s u m m a r iz e s p r e v io u s w o rk , a n d s t a te s t h a t t h e d e f o r m a tio n o f p o ly - c r y s ta llin e m a g n e s iu m a llo y s is n o t c o m p le te ly e x p la in e d b y w o r k o n sin g le
1947 I I I . — Structure 103
c r y s ta ls . H e a g r e e s w i t h B . a n d H . t h a t {101} s lip is a c t i v e a t ro o m te m p ., a n d sh o w s a n e x a m p le o f a b a n d e d s t r u c t u r e . K . J e tte r i l l u s t r a t e s b a n d e d s t r u c t u r e s p r o d u c e d b y b e n d i n g ; th e s e a r e o u tc r o p s o f re g io n s w h e re lo c a liz e d a s a r e s u l t o f r e - o r i e n t a t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m {102} tw in n in g . B a n d e d s t r u c t u r e s a n d o t h e r e x a m p le s o f lo c a liz e d d e f o r m a tio n p r o d u c e d i n r o llin g a r e i l l u s t r a t e d a n d d is c u s s e d . B . a n d H . c o n s id e r t h a t f u r t h e r e v id e n c e is n e e d e d b e fo re tw i n n in g is d e f in ite ly e s ta b lis h e d a s r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e s e s t r u c t u r e s . 6 . A n s e l e n q u ir e s w h e t h e r t h e d e c r e a s e i n te n s ile y ie ld s t r e n g t h o c c u r r in g in th e ro lle r-le v e llin g p r o c e s s is t h e r e s u l t o f r e - tw in n in g o f m a t e r i a l tw i n n e d d u r in g r o lle r- le v e llin g , a n d B . a n d H . a g r e e t h a t t h i s is p r o b a b le . G . s h o w s n e w p o le fig u re s f o r m a t e r i a l s u b j e c t e d t o c o m p re s s io n .— W . H .- R .
*Some Special Metallographic Techniques £or Magnesium Alloys.
P . P . G e o rg e ( T r a n s . A m e r . S o c . M e ta ls , 1 947,38,
6 8 6 - 7 0 8 ; d is c u s s io n , 7 0 8 ; a n d ( s u m m a r y ) A l u m i n u m a n d M a g n e s iu m , 1947,3,
(5 ), 1 1 -1 3 , 24—2 o ).— S p e c ia l e tc h in g s o lu tio n s a r e f r e s h ly m a d e u p f ro m I , 5 g . o f p ic r ic a c id d is s o lv e d in e th a n o l t o m a k e 100 c . c . ; I I , g la c ia l a c e tic a c i d ; I I I , c o n c . n i t r i c a c i d ; I V , 4 8 % h y d r o flu o r ic a c i d ; a n d V , d is tille d w a te r . A m i x t u r e o f I 5 0, V 2 0, a n d I I 2 0 p a r t s b y v o l., u s e d f o r e x a c t l y 15 s e c ., f o rm s a n a m o r p h o u s film o n t h e p o lis h e d s u r f a c e o f m a g n e s i u m - a l u m i n i u m - z i n c s o lid - s o lu tio n a llo y s w ith in a r e s t r i c t e d r a n g e o f c o m p o s itio n s , a n d a m i x t u r e I 5 0 , V 2 0 , a n d I I 16 f o rm s a s im ila r film o n a llo y s w i t h i n a r a t h e r m o r e e x t e n d e d r a n g e . T h e film s , w h e n d r y , d e v e lo p c r a c k s p a r a lle l t o t h e t r a c e o f t h e b a s a l p la n e i n e a c h g r a in . T h e se e t c h a n t s m a y b e u s e d f o r r e v e a lin g c h a n g e s i n c o m p o s itio n w ith in g r a in s , f o r sh o w in g d iffu s io n d u r i n g h e a t - t r e a t m e n t , f o r d is tin g u is h in g b e tw e e n m ic r o -s h rin k a g e a n d f u s io n v o id s , a n d f o r e s t im a t i n g t h e t e m p , a t w h ic h so m e a llo y s h a v e b e e n a g e d . A m i x t u r e o f I 100, I I 5 , a n d I I I 3 slo w s d iffu s io n o f a lu m in iu m f ro m a n a lu m in iu m - c la d b a s e m e t a l t o a m a n g a n e s e - c o n ta in in g c la d d in g m e t a l . A m i x t u r e o f e q u a l v o l. o f I a n d V g iv e s g r e a t c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n M g2S i ( b r i l l i a n t b lu e ) a n d t h e m a n g a n e s e c o n s t it u e n t ( d u ll g r e y ).A m i x t u r e o f I V 10 a n d V 9 0 d a r k e n s M g l;A l]2 c o m p o u n d a n d le a v e s M g3A l2Z n3 u n e tc h e d a n d w h i t e ; a n d i f t h e s p e c im e n is t h e n im m e rs e d i n a m i x t u r e o f I 10 a n d V 9 0, t h e m a t r i x is s t a in e d a g o ld e n c o lo u r a n d M g3A l2Z n3 r e m a in s w h ite . T h is p r o c e d u r e e n s u re s t h a t t h e t e r n a r y c o m p o u n d is n o t o v e r lo o k e d . G ra in b o u n d a r ie s i n c a s t a llo y s a n d t h o s e w r o u g h t a llo y s w h ic h a r e u s u a lly h a r d t o e t c h m a y h e r e v e a le d w i t h a m i x t u r e o f I 100, V 10, a n d I I 5 , w h ic h also d if f e r e n tia te s b e tw e e n g r a in s o f v a r io u s o r i e n t a t io n s a n d is v e r y s e n s itiv e in r e v e a lin g d i s t o r t i o n . G o o d c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n t h e tw o t y p e s o f p r e c i p i t a t e f o u n d i n t h e m a g n e s iu m - a lu m in iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m - a lu m in iu m - z in c a llo y s is g iv e n b y a n e t c h a n t c o n ta in in g I 100 a n d V 10.— J . C. C.
Visual Aids in Teaching Metallography.
J . O . L o rd (M a c h in e r y L lo y d , 1946,18,
(2 ), 6 7 - 6 9 ).— T h e A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty f o r T e s tin g M a te r ia ls sp o n s o r e d a p r o g r a m m e o f r e s e a r c h a n d e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m o tio n p i c t u r e s d e a lin g w i t h so m e o f t h e e le m e n ta r y c o n c e p ts o f p h y s ic a l m e ta llu r g y . L . s u p e rv is e d t h e p r o d u c tio n o f a m o tio n p ic tu r e e n t i t l e d “ M e ta l C r y s t a l s ” , w h ic h r e q u i r e d 4 0 m in . s h o w in g . H e d e s c rib e s t h e d iffic u ltie s e n c o u n te r e d a n d t h e te c h n i q u e a d o p t e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f th i s film .— H . P l .Metallography, Fatigue of Metals, and Conventional Stress Analysis.
H . G . M o o re (M e ta llu r g ia , 1947,35,
(2 1 0 ), 2 9 0 ).— A s u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d a t t h e s y m p o s iu m o n t h e “ F a i l u r e o f M e ta ls b y F a t i g u e ” h e l d u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e rin g , U n i v e r s i t y o f M e lb o u rn e , A u s tr a l i a .— J . L . T .Fractography.
--- ( M a c h in e r y L lo y d , 1 9 4 6 ,18,
(4 ), 8 1 ).— “ F r a c to - g r a p h y ” is d e s c rib e d a s a n e w m e ta llu r g ic a l t e c h n i q u e f o r s tu d y i n g f r a c tu r e s i n m e ta ls . T w o m a i n o p e r a tio n s a r e c a r r ie d o u t ; f irs t, a n in d iv id u a l f a c e t is s e le c te d f o r e x a m i n a t i o n b y t h e a i d o f a m a g n if y in g g l a s s ; s e c o n d , t h e s p e c im e n is m o u n t e d b e tw e e n c la m p s a t r i g h t a n g le s t o t h e a x is o f t h e m ic ro sc o p e b y m e a n s o f a s im p le o r i e n t in g m e c h a n is m . N e i t h e r p o lis h in gn o r e tc h in g is p e r fo r m e d , t h e a c t u a l p la n e o f w e a k n e s s b e in g t h e o n ly s u rfa c e e x a m in e d .— H . P i,.
The National Physical Laboratory [Use of Electron Microscope]. ---
(Machinery Lloyd, 1946,18,
(1 5 ), 8 2 - 8 3 ).— R e fe re n c e is m a d e t o t h e u s e o f th e e le c tr o n m ic ro sc o p e in t h e m e ta llu rg ic a l l a b o r a to r y . B y in d i r e c t m e th o d s , m a g n if ic a tio n s u p t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 d ia . h a v e b e e n o b ta in e d w h ic h a r e s u p e rio r in d e f in itio n t o th o s e o b ta in e d in o p tic a l m ic ro sc o p e s a t a m a g n if ic a tio n o f 1 0 0 0 d i a .— H . P l .Direct Determination of Stacking Disorder in Layer Structures.
W . H . Z a c h a r ia s e n (Phys. Rev., 1947, [ii],71,
(1 0 ), 7 1 5 -7 1 7 ).— T h e o re tic a l. I r r e g u la r itie s i n t h e r e la tiv e d is p la c e m e n t o f t h e la y e r s p a r a lle l t o t h e i r o w n p la n e s o c c u r in m a n y c r y s ta ls o f t h e l a y e r - s t r u c tu r e t y p e . T h is s ta c k in g d is o r d e r g iv e s ris e t o c h a r a c te r is tic f e a tu r e s i n t h e X - r a y a n d e le c tr o n -d if f ra c tio n p a t t e r n s o f s u c h c r y s ta ls . A s t a c k o f N id e n tic a l, p a r a lle l, a n d e q u i - d i s t a n t la y e r s is u s e d a s a sim p le m o d e l ; ir r e g u la r itie s i n t h e r e la tiv e d is p la c e m e n ts p a r a lle l t o t h e p la n e o f t h e la y e r s c o r re s p o n d t o s ta c k in g d is o rd e r. I t is sh o w n t h a t X - r a y d if fr a c tio n d a t a p e r m i t a d i r e c t d e t e r m in a tio n o f t h e F o u r ie r coeff. o f t h e f u n c tio n s w h ic h d e s c rib e t h e s ta c k in g d is o r d e r .— W . H .- R .F o r A .S .T .M . Standards, se e p p . 1 2 6 , 130.
J04 Metallurgical Abstracts V o l. 15
IV.— DENTAL METALLURGY
The Use of Base-Metal Alloys in Casting.
P a u l C o llin s (•/. Dental Research, 1946, 2 5 , (3 ), 158).— S u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n f o r D e n t a l R e s e a r c h . T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f i n d u s t r i a l c a s tin g p r a c tic e s b a s e d o n t h e lo s t- w a x m e th o d c o m m o n i n d e n t i s t r y , a n d t h e e x t e n t o f t h e a p p lic a tio n i n i n d u s t r y , a r e d e s c rib e d . T h e n a t u r e o f t h e in v e s tm e n t u s e d fo r c a s tin g V ita l l i u m - t y p e a llo y s f o r s u p e r c h a r g e r b u c k e ts a n d o th e r a ir c r a f t- e n g in e p a r t s a r e d is c u s s e d . P r a c t i c e a n d e x p e r ie n c e g a in e d fro m d e n t a l c a s tin g p r a c tic e s w e re o f v a lu e t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l i s t . I n lik e m a n n e r i t is e x p e c te d t h a t a d d e d in f o r m a tio n g a in e d b y i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h d u r in g r e c e n t y e a r s w ill b e o f im p o r ta n c e i n t h e f u t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t o f d e s ig n a n d s o u n d n e s s o f q u a l i t y d e n t a l s t r u c tu r e s .—Au t h o r.Developments in Investments for the Casting of Gold Alloys and Base Metals.
T . E . M o o re (J. Dental Research, 1946, 2 5, (3 ), 158).— S u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n f o r D e n t a l R e s e a r c h . T h e c o m p o s itio n a n d p h y s ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f t h e v a r io u s i n v e s tm e n t t y p e s t h a t a r e u s e d i n d e n t i s t r y t o m a k e i n la y s a n d p a r t i a l - d e n t u r e c a s tin g s o f g o ld a n d b a s e -m e ta l a llo y s a r e d is c u s s e d . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f t h e d e n ta l i n v e s tm e n ts a n d t h e lo s t- w a x p r o c e ss t o i n d u s t r i a l u s e f o r c a s tin g c r itic a l w a r p a r t s o f h ig h - m .p . c h r o m iu m a llo y s is a ls o d e s c rib e d . N e w in v e s tm e n ts a n d p ro c e ss e s t h a t w e re d e v e lo p e d a n d u s e d d u r in g t h e w a r a r e re v ie w e d .—A u t h o r .*A Study of Investment Expansions Required for Gold Inlay Castings.
C la u d e W a t t s (J. Denial Research, 1946, 2 5 , (3 ), 160).— S u m m a r y o f a p a p e r p r e s e n te d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n f o r D e n t a l R e s e a r c h . T h is is a p r e lim in a r y r e p o r t g iv in g t h e r e s u l t s o f e x p a n s io n t e s t s o n a n i n v e s tm e n t m a te r ia l a n d in c lu d e s d a t a o n t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n , s e t ti n g e x p a n s io n , a n d h y g r o s c o p ic e x p a n s io n . A c o m p a r is o n o f r e s u l t s o b ta in e d b y tw o d if fe r e n t m e th o d s o f d e te r m in in g s e t ti n g e x p a n s io n is m a d e . C o n s id e r a tio n is g iv e n t o t h e e ffe c t o f t h e s h a p e o f t h e w a x p a t t e r n o n t h e i n v e s tm e n t e x p a n s io n . R e s u lts o f e x p e r im e n ta l t e s t s o n i n la y c a s tin g s a r e g iv e n , c o r r e la tin g s u c h f a c to r s a s t y p e o f in la y g o ld , t o t a l in v e s tm e n t e x p a n s io n , a n d f it o f t h e c a s tin g .—Au t h o r.
