Netherlands Ship Model Basin ship handling and manoeuvring simulator - One-week training course in manoeuvring special ships

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Bibi. eck

Onderafde

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.sbouwkunde T- nische Hogeschoo, '-lit J ouitNTATIE

NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN SHIP HANDLING AND MANOEUVRING

SIMULATOR

One-week training course in manoeuvring special ships

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NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

SHIP HANDLING AND MANOEUVRING SIMULATOR

One-week training course in

manoeuvring special ships

Contents: - Introduction - Bridge equipment - Projection system - Training program:

1. Keeping course in a channel 2 Changing course in a channel

3. Anchor aweigh and sailing into a channel Approaching a pilot station

. Anchoring

Emergency avoidance of an object ahead Missed approach of a harbour entrance

Repetitions

By: I. Oldenkamp K. Meurs

NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN PAGE

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iritroduction

The startling development in shipping in recent years has led to types of ships, larger or faster than there have

ever been before.

The shipowners are faced with the problem that they need

competent senior officers for these new ships.

In the past, steps in the evolution of new ships from old

ones have never been very large and caused no special problem.

Transferred from a f40.000 tons ship to a 50.000 tons ship the mariners will not encounter great difficulties.

However, nowadays transitions from a 50.000 tons deadweight tanker to a 200.000 tons deadweight or larger tanker are

quite common.

It is obvious that before making such a transfer some

kind of schooling is required.

This can be achieved by actually sailing such a ship.

A new way of training is now available at the JSMB Shiphandling and Manoeuvring simulator. The advantage over the conventional method, mentioned before, is that in a week's time a number of manoeuvres can be made

exceeding the number generally made during several voyages.

In the

Manoeuvrin _{simulator all kinds of s-iips and a}

great many different situations, including potentially dangerous ones, can be simulated. The trainee, sailing the ship under these circumstances, becomes familiar with

the possibilities and limitations of the ship. An indispensable aid in achieving- this will be the recordings that are made of the ship's reaction.

Registration of any variable of' interest cari be made, like the path of the centre of gravity, heading, _{rate of} turn, velocity, rudder angle etc.

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These recordins wl1 be at the trainee's disposal immediately after completion of a manoeuvre and there

can be a discussion about the maneeuvre. If necessary,

the manoeuvre may be repeated under identical circumstances.

The number of' trainees attendinp the trainiri course

is not restricted, but in order to give each trainee enough training time the most favourable number of

trainees is three.

In case three trainees take part in the course, each

of them will in turn play the role of captain, pilot

or helmsman. Tn this way each trainee will do a manoeuvre

under one condition three times, once as a captain, once

as a pilot and once as a helmsman. Tf a manoeuvre is

not carried out satisfactorily, he will get the opportunity

to make repetitions later.

Any type of ship can he simulated if her manoeuvring

characteristics are known. If' these characteristics are

unknown they may be determined from model tests _{or from}

tests at sea.

Any waterdepth can be simulated provided that the

ship's characterisi..ics are known at_this waterdepth.

In the trainin _{course certain figures are mentioned}

like the shio's velocity, current velocity, distance from the ship to anchorae etc. None of' these figures are fixed, but may be changed at the principal's

request.

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T

After the traininp course a brief report will be rade. This report will contain the schedule accordinR to which the training eourse has been performed and the

recordings made during the runs.

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Bridge equipment

The bridge is provided with the following instruments

in use on modern ships:

Steering wheel with indicator Rudder angle indicator

Three sided overhead rudder angle indicator Gyro compass and one repeater

Magnetic compass

Rate of turn indicator

Clock

Depth indicator Log

Relative wind indicator

Engine telegraph

VHF radio

De cc a

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Projection system

Outside simulation of sea, sky and horizon.

The sea and sky are projected on a cylindrical screen,

so the view is not restricted in any direction. Turns of 360 deg. are possible.

Harbour entrances with leading lines and other land-marks can be simulated as shadow images on the screen.

Other objects like ships, buoys etc. can also be simulated. At the moment this is not yet possible in combination with a harbour entrance, but this will

soon be possible.

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7.

Photographic view from wheelhouse

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1. Keeping course in a channel

1.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. 1.

1.2. The ship starts at the channel axis and has an

adjustable speed of for instance 10 knots and a

heading in the direction of the channel axis.

The task will be then to keep the ship close to

the channel axis on a steady heading.

This will be done under three increasingly difficult

current conditions.

The trainees will be informed of the direction

and the approximate velocity of the current.

1.3. The navigation systems to be used are both

leadinglines and decca.

i». The number of runs will be three per condition, totalling nine.

Each run will last about 20 minutes.

1.5. This task will improve the trainee's ability to counteract the effect of a current. Besides, the trainee will learn to bring a slowly reacting ship

on a steady course after a disturbance. NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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¡path of the centre

of gravity of the ship

Fig. 1.

channel axis

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2. Changing course in a channel

2.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. 2.

2.2. The ship starts at the channel axis and has a speed of lo knots and a heading in the direction

of the channel axis.

The first task will he to keep the ship as close to the channel axis as possible. After a mile

the ship has to make a change of course of 30 deg.

Thereafter the trainee must bring the ship on the

channel axis again and on a steady course.

This will first be done without current and there-after under two increasingly difficult current

conditions.

2.3.

The navigation systems to be used are both leading lines and decca.

2»4. The number of runs will be three per condition, totalling nine.

2.5. This task will improve a trainee's ability to predict the time the ship requires to react to

the rudder and the time necessary to steady the ship

on a new heading. NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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i

channel axis

Fig. 2.

3Q0

path of' the centre

of' gravity of' the

ship

N

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3. Anchor aweigh and sailing into a channel 3.1.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. _3.

3.1.2. This manoeuvre starts at the moment the anchor

is aweigh and the ship has no speed over the ground.

The anchorage is half a mile downstream of the

channel axis.

The current is perpendicular to the channel axis, and the ship is heading into the current.

The task will be to sail into the channel and keep the ship as close to the channel axis as

possible.

This will be done under three increasingly _difficult

current conditions.

The trainees will be informed of the approximate

velocity of the current.

3.1.3. The navigation systems to be used are both leading lines and decca.

3.1.14. The number of runs will be three per condition, totalling nine.

3.1.5. From this manoeuvre the trainee will gain insight

in the increased manoeuvrability of the ship when

sailing with increased propeller r.p.m. NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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3.2.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. .

3.2.2. This manoeuvre is made under the same conditions as in 3.1. with the exception that the anchorage

is upstream instead of downstream of the channel. 3.2.3. The number of runs will he three per condition,

totalling nine.

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starting position of the ship N

\

Fig.

Ì.

9-current _{channel axis}

/

path of the centre of gravity

starting position of the ship of the ship

Fig. 3.

T,

current

path of the centre of

gravity of the ship

channel axis NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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14. Approaching a pilot station

11.1.1. For a plot of the situation see Pig. 5.

14.12. The ship starts on a heading into wind and swell

at a speed of 8 knots.

The task is to reach the pilot station on a

heading 9Q0 to starboard, while slowing down to

3 knots before reaching the pilot station.

The location of the pilot station is 2 miles ahead and i mile off course on the starboard

side.

LI.j.3. The navigation systems to be used are decca and two leading lines.

The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 30 minutes.

14.1.5. This manoeuvre is to gain experience in making

a considerable change of heading, while reducing propeller r.p.m. with consequently reduced rudder effect. Also the trainee will learn how to plan

this whole manoeuvre.

14.2.1. For a plot of' the situation see Fig.

6.

14.2.2. This manoeuvre is made under the same conditions as in 14.1. except the pilot station is I mile on the port side.

14.2.3. The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 30 minutes.

14.3.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. _7.

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LL3.2. This manoeuvre is made under the same conditions

as in 1L.2. but with a current from astern at the start.

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The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 30 minutes. NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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leading lines

0

I

-I

/

2iI/,

path o? the centre of gravity of the ship

jïind and swell

starting position of the ship

Fig. 5.

pilot station

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<:111:>

pilot station _{leading lines}

path of the centre or gravity of the ship

jwind and swell

Fig.

6.

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/

pilot station

Jwind

and swell u rrent Fig. 7. leading lines

path of the eentre of' gravity of the ship starting position of the ship N

\

"-J

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..

5. Anchoring

5.1.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig.

8.

5.1.2. The ship starts on a course with a current

coming in from starboard. The ship's speed is 5 knots.

The task will be to reach a predetermined anchorage and drop the anchor while the ship is moving astern over the ground at a very low

speed.

The speed of the ship is to be determined from

landmarks.

The location of' the anchorage will be 2 miles ahead and i mile to starboard of the course. 5.1.3. The navigation systems to be used are decca,

leading lines and landmarks.

5.1.4. The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 40 minutes.

5.1.5. The purpose of this manoeuvre is to gain experience

in making a considerable change of' heading, while reducing the speed over the ground to zero.

5.2.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. 9.

5.2.2. As 5.1., except with the current coming in

from port and the anchorage being on the port side of the course.

5.2.3. The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 40 minutes. NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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leading line

Fig. 8.

current

path of' the centre of' gravity of the ship

--starting position of the ship

anchorage

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anchorage

leading line

Fig.

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current

N

path of the centre of gravity or the ship

starting

position of the ship NETHERLANDS SHIP MODEL BASIN

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6. _{Emergency avoidance of an object}

6.1.

For a plot of the situation see Fig. lo.

6.2. The manoeuvre starts while the ship is sailing

with a constant speed of 10 knots.

An object is suddenly observed at a short distance ahead. The situation requires an immediate rudder action. After clearing the object the ship has

to return to the original course line.

6.3.

The navigation systems to be used are decca and

the view of the obstruction.

6.L. The number of runs will be three. Each run will last about 20 minutes.

6.5.

The purpose of this manoeuvre is to give the trainee insight in the effect of drastic rudder action and how the path of the ship's stern is

influenced by it.

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object

/

Fig. 10.

/

/1 / ¶ I

I'

ll ,1

path f the stern of the ship

path of' the centre of' gravity of' the ship

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7. Missed approach of a harbour entrance

7.1.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. 11.

7.1.2. The manoeuvre starts while the ship is sailing with a speed of 5 knots on the leading line and

heading for the harbour entrance. Suddenly the situation changes.

(The harbour entrance is blocked, the current

is too strong, or the message is received, that

the harbour entrance is not clear).

The ship has to make a 180 deg. turn in order

to make a new approach.

7.1.3. The navigation systems to be used are decca,

leading lines and the view of the harbour entrance. 7.1»4. The number of runs will be three.

7.1.5. The purpose of this manoeuvre is to show the trainee the shortest possible distance, within which an opposite heading can be reached and the

actions necessary to achieve this.

7.2.1. For a plot of the situation see Fig. 12. 7.2.2. As 7.1., except with rudder failure.

(The rudder is midships).

The run will be made only once.

7.2.3. This manoeuvre will demonstrate the behaviour of

the ship with engine working full-astern.

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FIL

leading line

7'

//\

/ _{path of the centre}

// of gravity / / / / harbour entrance N

r

p starting position of the ship Fig. 11. /

/

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leading line Fig. 12. / / / / / harbour entrance / z - N / / pìth o' e centre of gra7ity starting position of the ship

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8. Repetitions

8.1. Repetitions of manoeuvres that require additional

attention.

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