Kotoru, or kotoro is the side of anything, mostly the front side 99. utara, comp, of u (see 66) + tara, ‘that’; this word means ‘men, people, persons, comrades, relations’, and is used to express the plural of names of living things. Here kamui utara, ‘gods’. Similarly ajnu utara ‘men!, seta utara, ‘dogs’.
The other plural sign cin (or sin) is usually employed for objects that are not living. But these affixes may be inter
changed according to the value ascribed to an inanimate thing, or vice versd. So: pohocin, ‘children’, saha sin, ‘elder sisters’ and ikoro Utara, ‘precious things’, kosondo utara, ‘silk garments’.
100. eran contains the root ran ; for e see 5; kusu, see 60.
102. havehe or hau, the voice of any living creature^
hum, a noise of any object.
MATERIALS OP T H E AINU LANGUAGE 37 103. nisat ekasu, a locution equivalent to ‘the dawn’.
104. kamui sing, instead of pi. The number o f nouns is very often not denoted, but understood by the context. Simi
larly, see 83, 89; cf. 99.
rax, pi. of 3 rd person of ran.
107. usinoxte, a special form for the 3 rd person pi. of sinox. An analogous form is: ujaxte from ja.n. ‘to land’; euroxte from rok, ‘to s it . Te is a particle used to change some in
transitive into transitive verbs, like oman, ‘to go’, omante, ‘to send’; cis, ‘to cry’, ciste, ‘to make cry’; us, ‘to go into’, uste,
‘to put on’; for u, see 66.
108. kata or kasketa, ‘upon, on the top’.
109. tutano, derived from tu, ‘two’.
110. osino or osinnox, see 84.
114. hemaxpa seems to be the pi. of 3 rd pers. of he- maka, ‘to finish’. Cf. 141.
122. paje. pi. of oman. ‘to go’.
124. hoskino, comp, of hoski, ‘previous, antecedent’, -j- no, a particle changing the adjectives into adverbs; hoski is perhaps a comp, of os, ‘back, behind -f- ki, ‘to do’.
jukara, see Preface, Chap. VI, 8.
125. ukokisi, comp, of uko, see 39 -}- ki -j- si or xci is a pi. sign.
126. hauki, see Preface, Chap. VI, 4.
128. ucaskoma, see Preface, Chap. VI, 1.
131. ojna „ Chap. VI, 3.
133. tuita „ „ Chap. VI, 2.
136. sistono kusu kara, ‘the break of day was very near’.
Similarly' oman kusu kara, ‘(he) prepared him self to go’, esapa risara kusu kara, ‘thy head is near being (is becoming) bald’.
ampe, comp, of an, ‘to be’ -f- pe, ‘a thing’.
143. jasumixci, pi. of jasumi, a word taken from the Japanese; the pure Ainu for ‘to rest’ being sine.
nisetox or niseto, comp, of nig, ‘the sk y’ -f- etox = etok,
‘a limit’.
144. rikipasi, 3 rd pers. pi. of rijcm, 'to ascend’.
38 B . F I M U D S K I
148. anhonupuru, corap. of an -j- ko -)- nupuru, see 83.
150. anhi ne, instead of the more usual an ne; ne, ‘to be, to become'.
153. tanina, comp, of to * , ‘now’ -J- na, ‘also'.
154. ne ampe means almost tbe same as the particle kajki; see 35. It also corresponds sometimes to the English
‘then, but'.
155. ekovebekere, comp, of e, see 5; —|— ko -j- vebekeref news'.
156. anokaj, ‘I’ or ‘we’.
158. ireske, comp, of i, see 34, -f- reske, see 58.
162. israntonne is perhaps comp, of i, ‘me’, -|- s = si,
‘self’ -(- ran — ram, ‘thought, wish’ -[- onne, ‘thither’. Whether the t has any etymological value, I cannot decide.
163. annoski, comp, of an, ‘night’ -J- noski, ‘middle’.
165. oxta is here not a postposition, but an independent adverb, meaning ‘thither, there’, cf. 193.
169. pajki an, 1st person sing, of numa, ‘to rise’.
170. nejajke, comp, of neja, ‘that’ - |- aw, ‘was’ -j- ike = hike, ‘when, whilst’, see 65.
173. humhisin, comp, of hum, see 102, -)- hi -J- sin, see 99.
174. pinoxponne, comp, of p i, ‘secret’; -]- no, see 124; -j- x (seems to be euphonic) -j- ponne, also an adverbial particle.
176. otakata, comp, of 1) ota, or otaka, ‘a part of the sea-shore between the pecara, ‘the part of the shore under water at high tide’, and masara, ‘the higher part of the shore, always covered with grass’. Otaka is always sandy and therefore bears this name (ota, ‘sand’). 2) ta or kata, see 108.
sapan is the 1st pers. sing, of saw, ‘to go down, to go Irom the house to the sea’.
177. makunni, poetical for makun; it is comp, of mak or max (in tbe word maxta), ‘the direction from the sea land
wards' -j- un, which, placed after words, makes them adjectives.
keururu, poetical for masara, see 176.
178. pisonni, poetical for pisun; pis, ‘sea’ used only in compounds; un, see 177.
179. ocasax, poetical for cas, ‘to run’.
MATERIALS O F T H E AINU LANGUAGE 39 181. cis, instead of the more common cip, ‘a boat’.
182. nanun, comp, of nan, ‘tbe face’ -j- un, see 177.
183. am for an, ‘m y’; n before p and b = m.
185. aneuf, comp, of an, see 3 -J- e, see 5 -f- uf, or uk, ‘to take’.
186. hurukata, comp, of kuru, ‘a surface’ -f~ Jcata, see 108.
187. ajsanMe, for an sanfie, cf. 52; sanfce is comp, of san, ‘to go down’ -j- lie is a particle that renders an intrans
itive verb transitive. So ran, ‘to descend’, ranlce, 'to Jet down’;
asin, ‘to go out’, asinlce, ‘to take out’.
188. koarurenka, comp, of ko, ‘to’ (i. e. the oars to the boat) -f- ar = ara, ‘quite, entirely’ -j- uren/ca, ‘to bring up, to arrange (symmetrically), to prepare’; urenka is comp, of uren, 'a pair’ ka or kara, ‘to do’. Ainu boatmen usually row with two oars apiece: whence may have come this derived meaning of order and symmetry.
190. anorepunlce comp, of an -f- o, ‘to be in’ -(- repun
‘to go far into the sea’ -j- lie, see 187.
191. Icunne to, literally, ‘dark day’, means ‘night’.
195. an rusui kusu, see 3 and 60.
196. aneajga, comp, of an -j- e, making tbe verb tran
sitive, adds the general idea of an object; -f- ajga or ajka, or ajkcip, ‘unable, to be unable’. The Ainus give also this name to the left hand and call the right hand the able one, askaj; see 201.
.197. neva kajki or va kajki, ‘nevertheless’.
201. aneaskaj, comp, like the word aneajga, see 196.
205. aj setoko: aj instead an, cf. 52; setoko comp, of si,
‘s e lf -j- etoko, ‘in front of’.
208. japan, 1st pers. sing of ja n , which is the opposite of repun; see 190.
219. tekihi, ‘the hand, or tbe branch of a tree’.
220. ehora is the transitive form of the verb hora, ‘to fall’.
ciuni, comp, of ciu, ‘to prick, to sting’ -j- ni, ‘a tree’, is ‘a tree, whose branches touch the earth’.
221. empoketa, derived from pok, ‘under’.
40 B . P liS U D S K I
229. jejneno, comp, of je, ‘to say' -(- ineno or neno. ‘like, the same as’.
235. anauhe, comp, of an, ‘their’ -f- hau, ‘voice’ -j- he.
237. veciu, comp, of ve denotes the action of two or more persons. For ciu, see 220.
239. sen*ram kora, a poetical word, camp, of sem,
‘like’ -(- kora or koracino, ‘like’. Ram, see 162.
243. tava, comp, of ta, ‘this’ -f~ va (contr. orova), is the opposite of ta, oxta, see 2.
258. uhaukire, comp, of u -f- hauki, ‘to make a noise with the voice, to sing’ -|- re\ 3r4 pers. plur. of hauki, cf. 107.
The particle re placed after verbs, meaning ‘to force, to oblige’, also changes an intransitive into a transitive verb, like the particle te, (see 107) or ke, (see 137.) So iVere, ‘to nurse’, ib'e'
‘to eat’; xosibire, "to return (active verb), to give back’, xosibi, ‘to return (neuter verb); nu, ‘to hear’, nure, ‘to cause to hear’.
264. nate or naxte seems to be contr. from nax, ‘so’ -)- an ‘was’ -|- te, see 3.
270. ankujrasi, comp, of an-\~ kujra, ‘to go stealthily’ -J- si\ this pi. sign is not on account of the subject ('I*) but because the object (the gods) is in the pi. Similarly: ajnu utara anekovebekeresi, ‘I informed the men’; ta ajnu episkan kamui onne ciruj anasi, ‘this man was insolent towards all the gods’.
274. maxneku, ‘a woman’; comp, of maxne, see 12-,-\-ku or kuru, ‘a person’.
275. imi, from the root mi, ‘to clothe’.
asinlie, comp, of asin, ‘to go out’ -f- ke, see 187.
276. aj for an, ‘being’.
278. ahunke, comp, of ahun, ‘to go in’ -j- ke.
280. an-u, comp, of an, see 3, -)- u or uf, cf. 185.
283. aj jajkokarikari, comp, of aj, instead of an, (n before j = j) -(- ja j ko kari, ‘to envelop’; concerning the duplication, see 34.
291. e or ek, ‘to come’; but e, ‘to eat’; see 23.
293. kojakus or kojajlcus, ‘impossible, to be unable’, comp, of ko -j- jaj -}- kus, ‘to pass over’.
M ATERIALS O F T H E AINU LANGUAGE 41 297. rikin, cf. 287 (rikipaxci). Here the verb is sing, and the subject, pi.
302. antura, comp, of an, see 3 -j- tura, ‘to lead’.
315. sirukunni or sirikunne has two roots: siri ‘the earth the weather, the time’ kunne, ‘dark’.
316. utoxseka, plural form of tox.se, cf. 258.
ruhesin an is the pi. of ruhe an, ‘it is evidently’ -J- sin for si, see 125.
322. nejte or nete, ‘after, thereupon’.
328. Turupun, comp, of Turupa -j- un. see 177. Turupa or Rurupa is the name of an ancient village (or district) no longer in existence, mentioned b y many o f the old traditions, which I have taken down in writing among the Ainus of Saghalien. It was (so they say) a place where they dwelt in very ancient times. Turupa is compound of turn or ruru,
‘the sea’ -j- pa, ‘the head, the beginning’.
335. hetaneja or hetanana are particles sometimes placed at the end of an interrogative sentence.
339. max, see 12; is used here instead of maci, ‘a w ife’.
343. onne, a syn. of oxta, ‘into, in ’.
344. hemaxnaraje, comp, o f he -f- max (see 177) -j- raje,
‘to move’.
an-kusu iki; an, see 3; kusu iki, are particles denoting the future tense.
352. ekoro ‘th y ’; comp o f e, the sign o f the 2 nd person -f- koro, see 14.
353. rehe, comp, of re, ‘the name’ -j- he, see 25.
355. pirika, 'good, beautiful, rich,’ according to the context.
356. henki or hengi, 'grandfather’ or ‘ancestor’.
357. utarikehe or utarihi, see 99.
utarix or utarihi has here an independent meaningj ‘the comrades, the relatives’.
358. porono, comp, of poro, ‘great’ -j- no, see 124.
361. ven, ‘bad, abominable, poor’, the contrary of pirika.
42 B. P J iS U D S K I
363. vente, comp, of ven, see above, 361 -j- te, see 107.
Here te is added to an adjective and thereby changes it into a denominative verb.
taha, comp, of ta, ‘this’ -J- ha, see 25.
364. sinene, comp, of sine, ‘one’ - |- ne, ‘to be’.
365. eomekaha, comp, of e, see 352, -f- omeka, 'to re
main’ -(- ha.
368. nispa, comp, of nis, 'the sk y ’ -j- pa, 'the head’;
means ‘a rich man, lord, sir, chief’.
369. inau is a thick stick or pole, with shaving3 partly cut off and hanging down from it, often in great abundance and rather ornamental. It is stuck in the ground in divers places, or sometimes suspended from the wall of the but; and thus placed, it is considered to be an offering to the gods.
Much has been written by various authors (J. Batchelor in his book ‘Ainus and their folklore’ and in Hasting’s E ncyclo
paedia of Religion, W. Gr. Aston, ‘The Japanese gohei and tbe Ainu inao’, Jour, of the Anthrop. Inst, of Grr. Br. and Ir.
v. X X X I, 1901 and L. Sternberg, ‘The cult of inau’, Boas anni
versary volume, New York 1906. Dobrotworski, Ainu-Russian dictionary, Kazan 1875) about this interesting form of worship.
But I cannot here do more than state what I believe to be