Extreme condition of waves - From the stand point of ship response on sea

Extreme Condition of Waves

From The Stand Point of Ship Response on Sea

By Dr. Yosufurni Yamoriouchi Ship Research institute Ministry of Transport

As a member of the Environmental Condition

Committee, International Ship Structure Congress

(1.S.S.C.), the author was asked to provide material

on this matter to the chairman of the committee,

Dr. N. Hogben, that could be used to prepare the

Committee Report to be presented at the congress'

3rd meeting.

This article

is a revised version of

the original manuscript which was prepared for that purpose.

Introduction

How high and deep the surface of the sea goes

up and down, and how long the wave grows is a

big concern to naval architects, as well as to ship

operators, for predicting the behavior of ships under service on ocean.

Out of a certain necessity as above-mentioned, the author endeavored to collect material concerning

the extreme conditions, especially from the stand

point of a naval architect, to provide a basis for

ship structure design, and found that our knowledge

on this problem was rather limited.

Hence, our

efforts to accumulate data to enable us to estimate

the extreme condition have not been sufficiently

met compared with the demand.

Under such situation, in order to introduce the

state of studies of the subject matter and to provide

some information on the source of data, as well

as wishing for further development in the study

in

future, the collected material

_{is given in the}

following.

By the word "extreme condition", many kinds

of extreme environments are reminded. Even if we

restrict our consideration in the

range of ordinary gravity waves, the period ranges from several seconds

to about 30 seconds and sometimes the waves of

longer than 20 sec. were actually observed.

The extremely high waves have also been observed and

reported by many skippers and scholars from the

age of sailing boat (see paragraph titled "Extreme

Waves Observed"). Some of the waves even exceeded March 1967

Lab

v.

r.

.Anv-Intbotr.p.A' 7..a.

r-Teciinische

Delft

30 meters, although the corresponding periods were not necessarily observed clearly. From the point of view of ship responses especially on the structure, for example the extremely long wave say of 1,000m

is

_{nothing dangerous to the ship structure,}

_not

even high waves, as far as its length is also

moderate-ly large.

Moreover, the word "extreme" is not necessarily clear. Usually, extreme means statistically an

extra-ordinary large value that is expected to happen

during a certain period of time, and this period

can be the days to make a voyage from one port to the other, or months, years or several ten years, or the period of years to cover the whole life of a ship.

At the same time, the extreme will be different

by the scope of the area where these values are

ex-pected to happen. The extreme conditions for

ex-ample in a surrounded tropical sea zone will not

be of course the extreme, if it happens in the

north-ern open ocean, and also the extreme in global

scale might not be the extreme which the ship is

actually expected

_{to encounter on her route on}

service.

The extreme values are concealed in usual

sta-tistics.

say, of the frequency of occurrence of each

class of wave height or period, in

the uppermost

class as the values higher than such

_{and such}

values. _{However, by}

_{the remarkable growth}

_of

the dimensions of ships which are built

recently. the waves that have not been so important for con-ventional-sized ships, have come to be noticed more

seriously in predicting the

response of large-sized

ships, for example in the design of ship

structure.

The waves with period longer than 15 seconds

_or

even 17 seconds have such a serious effect

_{on the}

prediction of long-term response of structure of

large-sized ships, say with length 250m-300 m. as

cannot be neglected, even though the frequency of occurrence is very small.

_{The wave length(s) of}

period(r) 15

sec. and 17

sec.

will be so long as

350 in and 450 m, if the relation

_{P holds.}

_as in the caseof old swell, and will be 234m and 300 m

5

ci

A.-2-respectively. in the case of fully arisen wind seas, if we assume the relation

A.--

2

gfl

derived by

3 27r

Piersonm, for Neumann's spectrum. Accordingly,

here in this report. the extreme is defined widely

as the range of classes of waves which are supposed to be unfavorable to the ship structures, motions and other responses of rather large vessels than ordinary or conventional size_

Review of Data,

Extreme Waves Observed

As above-mentioned. there exists rather famous historical reports on observed high waves that can

not be ignored in mentioning the extreme

condi-tion. From text books' 71 and reports,' 31 we tan pick

them up as shown ih Table I. Most of them are.

however, rather fragmentary data, and even the Fundamental characteristics of observations, for

ex-ample whether these are extreme high singular

waves or averages of heights in some sense, like the mean or the significant height or not. are ma net Cs.

sadly known. As a little more reliable data, we

can relate here on several' other sources.

Table 1 _{Famous Esteem* Waves Reported,}

it Date Nate 112 _220--2141 3. 2211--250 1922 North hit. Atlantic > 341 mean >20 -%%bile- 1933 I 34 marsh Feb. (112) (U.S.S. 14a in ) Length 3_vS 1% 1 Iii liver Hurricane .05m/s .681. t Ent nu n-iervil 7 41114s of st nun

Table 2 Examples of Extreme Waves Observed in Nvv. Pacific Ocean by Japanese Freighters in Winter, 1963

taxa-tion

Table 3 Highest Significant Wave Height during, 1950-0 959 ot Various Weather Ships in

North Atlantic (by Walden 141)

Weather Ship A FS

E IIKM

Significant

Wave I trig!!! /14 IL:. 5 IL.S, 1A

J.

15, IS 9,5

7 No. ol ( t tit. t 7 'III IA 2' 30 2 1 34

Table 4 IFrequency % of '"High", "Very High", "Long"

and "Very Long" Waves in North Atlantic

(by Walden 1411)

(liar Ill )t.:03 01)swation of all wv010.1 0.0i, A -.NI)

-111g/1- waves (w:ne height I. 75...9, 75 09 .-Ven !Ugh" ww%tis (v.:tve height > 9. 75 inv)

mg" wave, (W3 it' prt11141 I3. I+ 17. (3 m3)

en Imttg- (saw pert tocl 17 I 343)

a I Pressure

et";

g PerinA 300 42 998. 7; 'NCI 12 in 1 -Combat 1910 133 107

NI I hay of 112 3110 18.5 250)ii Vet. of

Dec. Hist aN

Propaga-tion Wrist' Atlantic e53c 10--Itti 1341 .2fm/s, oultsrc t0....1..; 1611 Dale & Ship Time (GMT) Flisashima 1963, 33A N

Motu Jan. 12,175.9E DittoLine) woo

1

Ok (Du _{It6s,33.3 N 2501 32} 'Pr,. 2 21.119 12tar IS

(Nlik (1000 991.0 r

Marti an. 20.1355.9 E I (was

Line) 3 limos

before)

Steinman 1963, 40.5243 260 36 991.0 I 2140 16tit 17 ltt

Maria _{Feb. II,} 014.2E

(Sleiii 0600 1

Lint) I 411.4 N' 2N8 36 _S1211.0 112841 Hiroo- il7 el.

irioo165.2 E

Examples of extremely high waves observed In I fE

Japanese freighters in lite North Pacific Ocean and reported to the Meteorological Agency were taken

from the -Marine Meteorological Data" as shown in

Table 2. Thew heights reported are supposed to _{Fix. I Weather Stations in North Atlantic}

be of nearly the significant height. _Ocean

Japan Shipbuilding er Marbly Engiurel

Wind -$tat. 4-0 20, Rif 01:2°.011-max. 0 ( 60 40 30 20

1 trnortr,001.100

1,13

_.1

0 2 3 I£99 00 I 46 * ' ce / 6'A 6 7 st 100. 100 100 12 11 I0 9 6 14, II 10 9

;

14 0 20 50 70 W nelspotd hI

Values for 50, 90, 99 and 100% of height in increasing order from 0 m observed at 9 weather station ships

in North Atlantic

7

Fig. 2 Significant Wave Height at Various

Wind Speed (from Walden [4])

,-, 011n 10 20 30 4Q 50 - 11 70. ,,, ''.1etrtrtit a worilloollOrP100111Dointo I.? gg, 00 otiste7 16 ' 10 .

r

100t00 _{99% III} G -437 11I trB 'Ilk7onorce,m B auto°

ll

9 9-4.6

VIII

tiM

'1515" 'RP '15'

Es .

j

S 4 10 10 3.0 *me:speed 0 40 SO -47 0% 40% 5 14 13 12 II 10 9 .7 6 2-60 70, 7 6 5 4

Values fur 50, 90, 99 and 1000.4 of period in increasing order from 0 sec. observed at 9 weather station ships

in North Atlantic

Fig. 3 Characteristic Wave Period at Various(

Wind Speed (from Walden [4])

In the report by H. Walden"1, on the waves in the North Atlantic Ocean, observed by 9 weather %hips. A,B,C.D.E.I.J,K and M. during the 10 years

1950-1959. the number of observations totalling to 227,369, we can find very interesting tables and

Figures concerning extreme waves as follows. Table 3 shows the highest (significant) waves obsers ed at

each

station AM

during these 10 years. The

ab-solute highest wave observed by %scattier ships was

18 no at station "K", which was taken on December

6, 1959. Table 4 shows the per tent of "high" and "very high" waves, and also "long- and "vet-.

hong-wavesobserved at 9 weather ships. 11.1Valden show-ed more detailed frequency of (xi utrence of 'l ugh'

and "scry high" was ('5 at each weather ship by season or by direction. Figs. 2 and 3 are self

ex-planatory and vets interesting expressions on

ex-Iremely high or long waves, the ex in rain° being

familiar with Its as was used by II. U. Roll's). The

results by H. Walden corer data of 10 years.

in-t hiding in-thain-t. of 2 yeain-ts already an:Jived

hs IL

U.

Roll. and are more adequate to induce the general

character.

Empirical and Theoretical Expressions. on

Extreme Heights

Here .se luxe to remind about the statist iea

hat at tei of the "ayes, as has(' I we it _(Jerked by

tonguet.1 iiggiils,ItI Gael wrighll and 1 ongue6H ig-Table S Various Expected Wove Heights

I in Highest Ii 2' 5 591 f00 200 5410 1,000 2,000 FP, 000 10,4)00 20,000 50,000 100,000

Expected Value 114:11rel ml

N:. row Band Spec t turn Neumann Spectrum

,, 2 <0,1091 x I. 256 c 1. 4 In 2 1.591 2 x 1.1100

Highest calorie N Samples

lExi ted I(ia/lest 33 .1% e Height l(CY)s,./ Na WOW hand Spectrum Neumann %net ',wig

=10 _{2 3} 2 K2.121 2x I.9tF 2x 2. 280 2x 2.137 2X72. 42r1 x 2.311 Ts 2. 609 2x 2. SOS 2x 2.738 2 X 2.63,7 2 x 2. 862 2342. 765 2x 3.017 2.2.925 2 x 3. P30 2* 3.041 2x 3.2391 2x 3.153 x 3.377 2 x 3. 198 2x 3.478 2x 3. 399 0% a reit 1967 7 50 SO i= 2 3 2 s 0. 5.11 2- 1.1120 2.1.211 2 1.113 2 1.647, 7 10 30 -2 . = 2 4

ginst7t. They say if the waves are narrow banded,

the bandwidth of the spectrum of the waves was

narrow), the average wave height Col, significant

wave height or one-third highest mean wave height

Ca,. the one n-th highest wave height Cue will be

as shown in Table 5. Mere E0 is twice of the

vari-ance 2 6'02 of the ayes as a time series and is

related to

die area surrounded' by the spectrum as

Forl

[44(w)1210., when the spectrum is defined by [.4(w)]2 as was, done by Neumann and Pierson. In

the same table. the highest waves expected if the

independent samples of number N were observed

are shown. From thew, we can imagine very high

waves might be observed as far as the number of observation is extremely large. From Table 6 that Neumann.

Table 6 Wool Characteristics of Fully Arisen Sea (from Neumann. James and Pierson [SD James and Pierson "" showed, and also

from the large multiples in Table S. we can think

about the possibility to base %try high waxes in

strong winds. However. it t ala I Is the saint. in rabic

6 are for the so-called full) arisen seas,

and to

get this condition, very long fetch and dmation as shown in Table 7, for example 1.420 sea Miles and

Table 7 Minimum Fetch and 'Duration to Get Fully Arisen' Condition (from [8]) Wind, Speed (It) 34 38 42 II, 'an 54

(n. mile) 120 pm Km I MO 1420. rtho "SOO

Duration (hour) 30 38 47 57 69 MI Ng

69 hours for wind speed of 50 kt. are necessary

which are so seldom to be fulfilled actual's. Accord-ingly the expected highest sallies are much lower

than the values in Table 6. as were tealized in

Table I--3. Very high waves ale also obserseth

when more than two wine systems. say of windy sea and swell existed simultaneously as in i)phoon (see paragiaplt on "Ohsetsed Waves in Typhoon (Cyclone)'. By the wa). attention should be paid on the multiples of Ita for various expected values. These values are calculated by Cartwright and

Longuebbliggins for gennal casein as the function of a parameter t that shows the band spread of the

nit tads Mow..

m.

spectrum, where ,MO. Ma* rits, being

nth. 2nd and 401 moment of the spent urn repel

tively. The values listed in the left «datumof I a Mr

5 are used often for general cases, however. these

are for the narrow band spectrum t=0, and 7iir

different when ta0 especially when the %petition

has a wide spread over frequency and t>0. t %alio. for Neumenn's spectrum!" is f=% 213 Mid the

multi-ples calculated for this value using the general

relations in (71 are shown in the light column

Table 5.

It might be interesting to find that the woild's

highest retort( of wave height at 112 feet (34 metes). by U.S.S. Ramapo in Table I, is nearly equal to the

significant wave height (in (114 feet) of !fulls at isen

sea expressed by Nettmann's Spectrum, at wink! speed of 62 kt, whereas it is reported

that the

wind speed

was 68 kt and the storm lasted for 7 days. (The

significant height for 6$ kt, is calculated to

be HI

feet),

'the classical' expressions on the "highest" waves produce' by given wind. derived Bs many stholars as follows ate not used recently. however. it may

be winI 11%, 11 to be mentioned bete as the

his-sor it a I ex pressitnts.

Cornish (1934):. /!=0,48t, Zimmerman (1932): /1=0.440

0.3 Rossi). and Montgomery (1935) H. vs Sverdrup and Munk (1.942): H =0.26

Statistical Expression of Maximum Wave Height A. a statistical expression of the maximum, wave height of the Atlantic Oman. Darhysnirell" showed,

lila' 1,1 ho" ilig till lout lowiminial distributions lot

each !mil& of time oh the year.

y'6.6 ex p ( -(log p 4)2/0.063 ) December--March 9.2 exp ( -(log 48)3/0.104 ) April--July 6. I ex p ( -(log x)8y/0.1 37 ) August-November wherey is the 'probability density, is he mannikin, wave height in leer.

This was obtained by Darbyshire following thk

statistical dist i but ions originally prop nerd In Jasper' I as a long-term distribution of the signUi

(ant wave height as

eogx-log B)3 A exp

where B shows a MOM probable "a lame of

The above-mentioned distributions were obt.lhard analyzing the record of the Tucker', ship home wa yr

recorder, taken at ever) three hours by the Ocean

Weather Ships, mostly "Weather Explorer" during Japan Shipbuilding Marine Engineenng Wind speed (kt) 34 3st 412 46 50 54. 56

E. ((ti) 110 Poi 316 4914 755 1810 1'331

Average Wave _{1,8.6 241.5i 311. 5 39.5 48.7 39t II:}

Height Cu, (re)

SignificantWave _{29."7 u39..f330. 3 63.2 77.8 94.3 103.0} Height C,/, (ft) 1110 Highest _{97.7 49.Xl 64.0 110.3 98.912,01.0 131.0} Wave _tit to (ft) y 1' of

I

,Wprrh /oh:

"at

3 5 to, 20 301050

Maximum neve Height FM/

Fig. 4

Graph of Percentage of timeValue

of Maximum Wave

Height is Exceeded

against Value of Maximum Wave Height for

all Weather Ship Data (from Darbyshire [109

pethx1 of four yeah 1952-4955. In Fig. 4, the

weather ship data (wave height) is plotted on the

r axis and the percentage of time wave exceeds a

given height on the y axis. The scale of the graph

is arranged, as was done by Jasper. so that the

points

fall On a

straight line

if

the logarithmit normal distribution law holds. It is seen that tile,

lie very close to a straight line front about 4.5 ft to

-15 ft, although there is a marked departure from

linearity outside these aloes. In Fig. 5. the points of these observations split into classes of lit interval

are shown, and fall' very nearly on the 'distribution

(stoke -shown, which is given by

y=t6 exp

Clog

_-1170.126

%Ninth is the overall mean of the abovedmentioned

distributions for eat hi season.

etriar's

ati

n

i.p, 4Q 150

Maularkin, Wave MetgRe Fee,

Fig. 5 Frequency of Occurrence of Value of:

Maximum Height against Value of Maximum

Wave Height for all Weather Ship Data

from Darbyshire [10])

Observed Waves in Typhoon (Cyclone)

As one of the extreme tonditions of the %evert environments for the ship structure. the tropical cyclone will he worth while to he treated here.

Despite of the practical importance, rather few are

known on its character and construction at present. whereas the wave theory has developed remarkably,

these days. 'This partly depends upon the 'apt('

transition of this phenomenon itself, and also main

the scantiness of the measured or observed data in

a. wide range in spate-wise as well as in tiine.wise.

In this situation, the observed data of the Ms-,

torical typhoon on September 26. 1935 by the i

penal Japanese Navy. %Inch has not been Pt' blish& until the end of the "at, is one of die few exceptions

of this kind of data and is believed to be wort%

while to be referred litre as an example of Ow

'observed data of the t yp110011.

The enter typi1001I (rimed owl the nutM squadron of the It Ii Imperial Japanese Fleet, which

was composed of mote than 30 warship., spread' over

a wide area of about $00 !Mill it .11 Miles width

against the typhoon. taming out a grand manetnet.

The minimum I l'1111'1 pte.stne measured by the

main squadronwas 9514

ink

anti laws the speed{ of

advance of the typhoon was about 70 kin /hour.

Tilt

detailed observation of the atmospheric pressure.

SOP, 26.30363 I 200 0 . viotrasOo itir -1 7b1 . 1.47, _'ten i ";.1117n:Lon.-411 4145h 1/Thert An I 1., 2

_qg

- _{ri Pe ien} Of HJOhn, .reolial Mono a OR rL. r (A I. 0 OS ct 2 5 /0 20 30 40 50 60 20 BO 90 96 99 99'5 00I9.5 0 9 2

Fig. 6 Pressure Pattern and Path of Fleet

(inset shown by black dots) (from Arakawa and Suda [12])

95

of

'6(

wind speed.' and taltret gout. wave periiid. height :old The speed of Jaropagat ion and' the swell. taken

the <tither% ot these W31,4111/5 were illlakted II 'S I lit

klythographii id the Impel i.il Nal

4-intl dist United as a tg adult:tidal upon . titer the

war. II. Arakawa and K. slid.' suniniaiitecl and Jill,-(ceded the aliatssis birdie' and rein oil it in the

enimenhil Here, just few

figures and tables 'di lw

It'itl ftti tom it. as We *11tVC this data is 1141119,501111% tot the following in.

1eret4ing features: 41) I he still in kiln to Ow oiwn

lea in

a mature stage, and lit) the simnel' I ewe/

t rinsed ote_r a tint in squadron a% a inn e-titeirdonecl. anel the net Of Hie meteon)logii al )1)%els at ban was

fait It dense that made it possible to t PI/9111111 II

more complete ph !Mt' of the sourour of a Is phoon

together With 'the tail 1011s het wren niece. PI 01014.11 al and isicsanographital elements in its mantle stage

than has been prOiible before.

Fig. ft stlitns the general prittern C91 lie r !Theory,

aunt the toot m. of the fleet (In Ida( k dor in the

inset in tippet light curlier). bete the pressure bet rug shown in min fig (760 inut Hg 1.013 nifty Fig. 7 and Fable $ show the dist; dimity/ of

the "Ind

speed. and dire( tion. _{Front these we tau 'see} luau

Ow wind speed, ale ninth gteatel in the right half than in the left hall of the twhoon.

The heights if Wind waves are shown in Table 9'

and in Fig. S _In the sea state number that are

hulk ated in the table. The highest reached 90 meters, and steriwr than 1/10, 'I he swells :ire shown:

in 1*w. :9 by swell males. As slurwn in Fig. 7, the 10

aut. 0 Milo

-

-Fig. 7 Chart of Wind Speed and Direction "a", and StreamlinePattern.

over Same Area -IV* (from Arakawa and Soda [12])

.r_

3% tttos, 4A4' r" I Ao 12h - 1.1414 3 -_ 169; 11 41 : I99/3

ii

I 1 I /ertm .

tits

wytA?

I

t .64

.L.1.1 22 13" I in ' 0 1210\

-4

0 7 Q' 411 4.711/1 IM 1 3":11 9 H 4 'I 4040i 1 ' 40 8 C Ilr Pnerompnal 8 401 0 0$1 't .16.40 I Tue.-, $ to . a

Sin

81/71141.n. S";00:::0/811 ,berti 11.2/rvisto 49 St!. '50 t11Sulic A Mart

_{-,-- _}

--4,870For":114$°573;9111

- r,

8°°9 14 sole

ad, 4fture %ea' alICIIK.,ptom :011,:bv9919fle0, beau, rri (0480.888i8 490,4, 0 0e4d 1.410) 1i I e, '00(100. 58 3 519, Moot lf 04',et I. he f 'MP RCWN 4 7 nege 'tee 8 ye.,. 9 Plmnnn10,410, Prevrtous Sae

Fig. 8 _{Distribution of Wave Height in Typhoon}

by Sea State Number (from Ara ka wa and

Suda [12])

japan Alit pbuilding ç Marione Etg:,mtrs

8 24L 0 1 11 'a 0 I ' 4h 11248 14 S -91 4,../..)../ 4'$ I

Maximums mean

sowing rusted) winds in the right twill quadrant

I 71. the it }Amon showed consider:1111v unifootitts. and

as J 4 ottsenurrur of 1 Itch rtisminned blowing from

;he east, the unrest,'aiding wind warts were rel-atir eh)

loge, For an rifssenci standing initial'', in the light front tio.ithant of the caphisio. the wind direction ;'mild shift sud(Ien') !torn southeast

_{to solidi or}

4111d14W14 .07 the twlionn (enter moved notihwatrl.

1 !no in the right tear quadrant. new waves were

framed. rercising earl From the smart cit south

west 99 Inds "het ea. be Ware S)//leln _{phut:hired In}

the raster], Willa remained as a 'swell as is shown honatirall) In Fig, l'31. Over the ()cum' in _the light rem muldrant. the seas writ then unusual!)

mountainous at point C in Wig. lo and

Ind IlSed

I In' ilarinagel. 'Zelda ti he s.;iishife. sniffled in this

ts phooti origin

lie ol great wiriest to natal

in

17.7(7 rfestioseis lint I heir tore isms (71 main Mains ',token (711 .41. the boat id the Midges. One

(I aticnt sufferer! a set hats 11.11k in the main hillll. atoll pAry %vie serainislts al:imaged on the bridge, and

maw; oilier, soldered mote or less ita shut tore or

kill ego

1t sides sliest. _{moil. Sahel uhieretsl (LILA 'were}

W.-8 Moon (ovr 20.6:inute periods) Wad Speeds (m/mac) for Each Group is Fleet, Sept. 26 1 93S

(front Arali4wol hod Suth 1161) Submarine Ilot lila Navigator:, Main lniundion noo. Irnwheiln 134,al

Flom la

5:10nosiof 77sesfrio. etc. Mean values from

Hartle

Ashford Krieger i rill rut,: ., - arJt. I"ea II 1Anus I Min

flotilla i Sendai Also It (boas

I raiser 001 Myoko Ten ry ta I Hach; Rrayo 1 Haguro House Aloganti Kronur Mikurnalot if

If!h13.5

Vi2 it G

....

'" *'rEiti77 -&Mt 42.8 Sii II f 0811 .. _{n 42,5 17 Ili 2} trfli It $ S. 7 as il: Il Itth , ti Os 06.4 1H.

ii

1 lb 6 6 10 21.1 27 24 7 th h VI 25.1 30 TT '1 Ph 1,14 IS 2'84 44 le. 3 1116 15 18 M1,6

lit

Si CI,

Shiva I Ilb 30in

17)1:.;"

'34.5

!MI 31.5 40 36:0

ilifill 10 30 7314 log rr, I

Tr 20

at.,

$1/ _S2.1

11/144 _.$ llli _{V- b 3,:t .24 m}

the centrf Ithwed The wilco passed Arlie troth I Im97741.

ihrough main alnnot 711 month al Olene ittan 14t1

squadron at alit-lit mile. 7icet of de minatit al till It's

1430 ISIT. / he sluing of ?tonna

radius id tabu

ars

so, parti:.1 Jot ,riglii loaf of tsiplostn

I leaf ink wAs in,

p I 0% I III J IC I y 8 nautical melts. L

4 Ilitt

,rill. ...4 A t ... 41 - 1 ido

IS

(5 -13 4160 I; 1 9 l iShl f t 'n sl, ( , 17334 3514 1 se b. c

:r

ie

ki 7 St I. 47, .. tikr7, ..1.4 I attic $

7,77anne

7'4"

_in. .. too₇ Subm. on. ' ,Pul. a o

5101illa , i ini,1133,,,

.h

P' '400 45.0

Altn,

Fig. 9 Distribution of Swell by Swell Sea

(from Arakawa and Soda (121)

IC stoat 187. the center igfafeterl center passed

about 100nountal shout 75 nJulit al

in east of fit.- rnile. east of

dr-Ala mantel'

'In left half of typhoon

aslaq. V1441011111 )144,010 _. li (slim lit 4 gh %hid; 141144 I ma get) twik re I itiPM s 154141 tire.5.11 I 1500 .., 10 11322 II l'os:.on1414 II

%14.uak t ., 111 41I 4 la- 34

!V nth i .,,, ,r. )5543 1,3...14 112/5 In /2781 /I 14141 1420 Is 1418 1443 I0 145$1 '?"5 1500; .s415

potted in japan. "I lie one In Captain NT !Sato tof

Nits 4 Katy.) Valid"' (if the I IDIrographit

Depart-ment of the Japanese Imin.nial \ass. was about the

typtimin of 898 rob, the world second It us est pile, SOW measured on board. and repotted Ilia! tile _wag:

height readied about JO mete's. the 11/11/11M' of

titplioon olaset sell it _{the weather station l'ango}

(29°N. 135°E) dining lameirk lobe' Piot was 9. and

in one of them. the wait height id signilit ant viave

PI cm, highest to, .was

In thinking of the 4441 MOM' 1)4 44114% on the

or tan /mob& in tsphoon /one. (lie must /Hello.

rninani t halm teiistit ot the wind field is its un-steadiness.

_{hit tate til (kluge id the wind speed}

as well as its _{dirt"( lion} is unit Ii lot gel than those tit the usual wittds. AI present. no pit-diction

method based on pow them) is _{)et established.}

Ilowevet. S. I _{itoki has tat lcdl 1 wit t toot welielesive}

win k51251 _{on the was es ill the is pluton /lit% :MCI}

det eyed a general CM pi rif I _{title MI their C 11.11 at let is}

-tin. amity/Mg the obscised (rata ot 69 typhoons It)

ocean %scathe, _{Dation ships and other ships. and} also by ajet raft of the NIctemologital _{Ref ontiaissome.}

I hese 'serve a a paid guide to pteditt the was es

IA 10011 ',CDC..

Gale Observations

there exist _{gale t harts publishes! by several} coun-tries, telling us the number ol gales Cm( 411 tell in

Waf-t% in' rertliir; sea /hoes ill es en season In month

of the Near. _{the one published by the US.} Hydro-grapliic

()flite

is a representatiie one. _{For tile}

Non ii _{Pacific Ocean. mew work has been done}

con-cern ihg this matter,on by Japanese Environmental Gump. DU Ming the North Pacific Ocean (0-55°N.

rirE-- I 31)tIV) into 5-1 %ell tones, the number of

occurrent e of I onibinet1 Classes of wind speed-wind direttiort, wind speed-wine height, wave beight-wae

direction and have period-wave _{direction were Ob.}

:1140 14.11 th 0 s' 1123

About _1/23

200 ' .1°4e.3 3'34 !ti. 1 20

31141 . 1/12

200-.300 a / i 8-- I AI)

(ea! itna int)

Ito

'shout 200 .4. ..,..: . 4, .. ...,

00 ,

iN+u %bow 8/ .About 0 11/14

tainett tot each month and tot annual Hwang :ark

ing about 900.000 sheets of tank ol mit! aw

\k teortologit al Data" reported by Japanese ships Elut-ing 101.1 -NW). The wind rose and wave height lip,

toga t IN e were made from this statist ifs,

sltonit In flatmates in rigs. Ii and I2. and published. In this analysis. die per tent of observation tit the

gale kitty wind 34 kt and above was also obtained

for each month for each tone. and was marked

in the \Vital Rose. F, am this statistics, man) kinds

Table 12 North Atlantic Ships Observations on Gale Frequency

tintm 1201

St ((((IS of 33 ',Ants and Mrekter

Fig. 10 Schematic Drawing

of Swell "a", Wind Waves

"b" and Pyramidal Wave at

"e" (from tiltrakawa and Saida

ff2D

IN

Winds 'oil 41 Knots and greql.of

vDiranon

Oates is

al 'Wing

-ILA

Japan Shipbuilding fr Alarnie Engsnecrot, Table' 9 State of Sea Oh _{d by Main Squadron in}

Typhoon Area, Sept. 26. 1935

(from Atakiwa and Soda lie Highest "Maws

Steennem

(r-eIhn)' (meter!)

_(/u4)

(second) 1 iel8t4 sva.se length I. "Fa" er rind T

veltain'Y'r wooed,(com

H ft

Month

JAN .. FEB MAR APR MAY siu NT JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year

*1936 _{III 362t 411124 167 IN,} 1957 .723 682 5141 ;454 199 got ₃₃ WI _{UP! MO nil 474}

14514 1675 162l 102 R'26E 100 64 39 93 244 357 2.40 4114; 1959 0/39 776/ 297a 1,05 118 47 pi 1127 240 4470 821 MO 672 :9217 4125 255 117 57 56 46 868 152 :912 333 toil 421 443 347 475 179 .3) 3?, 3,7 4,11 357 92 3 n! 7962 299' 184* 822, 280 145 83 12

17/01/25 70

69 M4 190 II _{136 179} 47 ₃₃ 11936 ₁₇ 214 91 len 104 2'i 2957 319 31.12 256 1114 50 321 Pp _{IS 27} M. ME

11958 246 231 4:141 LIS rir 6 34 9S 136 47 ?us

1939, 270 2$o. SS 34

/

23 114' 832 iro6oL _{261 367' 134} 71 30 9° Le 31

42 S6aflV

1961 265 297 192 1271 54 17.9 144 20 756 tO5 92 31., 1962 296 184' 316 .77 19 '13; 5 19 14 141 Off loth 1963 153 220 282 11`7 34 6 12 12 63 196 208 21 1964 _{333 1304 , 291 37 25 14 12e} Nunn. 01 slain 14 15 the OT I 211 the 610 43 5

.* t163 a 02 : Z914 .4.021#.11 71

4 ...___.

_\

,;,3"`

L.--117.

/

.0

Ty Sall ,2 1r711 1 _{.4 ti}

ill!.

11 11xampli. of Wind !lose

Wont Min

111 _, I CO 41 .O to _e a a.. ---111.111111111111111111. 'Si WI I IA Ri MARKS ...)0 II OLof X Zmor mum. t*. -8 4

a-r

; -1,4 e .14

-ft

v-. ce. ; ii, Pir it! 1 I :19h 1.1 1 it:: ; z 41 4 T. 2-,,,,, ,

II

Japan Shipbuilding AfArive Elle4 net

Table 111 *a Frequency of Winds Greeter than 33 Knot. (G hen 1SF 7)

at lVcau bet Sidi halt in Ninth Atlantic (from Pflug/wit 1211)

II

et,

E.Lz2Et .

Erg. Ui Percentage of Gale Force, :11-Knots and Above in North Pacific Ocean

(160°E- 170°E)

id I.e.:virile 0, °1$1101,' 31111? V.1.111°1S ms.h hike wind

IA It 4in4g4 In the lilolIbtI tit the teat 1/ifi leitth %en 'stagily 103 Ii)

litf

vittpe

lilt ship *Dalt

71'r ortb

110041411 (004 In 'vatic Fiti exiin4ple et,

Skit Sandi! lilt ut

ilii pet

firs she 010/101

01% raial st-21 awe eau latiolde altt the

.441!) P.11 ill. gi rah olleill"F- 1711

II anti I able IIII?" ate for the Notch

1110t4i1. %Vali 1:/1//(' 1:/11/2' I sin-kiting lila

tilt

I/141111)/m .14(1.11VAIIV0, :014 1110 per 1 er11 013

01111f-Is IN al VP) Is 11(0 111;41%

COM-;silleiVt Int Mal iie 0101.1.10.ilavn (1.0.1 I1V 1111' gturrd11

Air mai t arse

1,11,2 W1L":1111C1 S1.111011 ship, Alen' 0011 Sh 1111411 bk. ILIA till eke clilieretat UI lilt I wl t414'010

4,11t; es

lit'

isticlt,ic s Ito the grill? ii shit, is la

41.01Alt: bating/in

tilt strit mann, anti

Ilium/. the till se on ,110t AvIleltai HIV V1'0.11 11C1 'lit il)11

shilial1140.11VOlstO si.1% 011 lilt sane 1.01111 as passible

its S110 1.01 12(0,1,1111S131Illanki 1410 INC41111 (01111111011.

tgai

Ph 47

(hese lure the gale 01),011:111011%. EV6,1testr. ilf in lilt 1

Ii. Oil( the lesisnise Id ship striterlist it) 110(

.ttfl iionttertits. tiiiiit (10/.1ilts1 data tit gait. wands

of llic Jassy., Ill %091 101(1' tiwittlict

lit

fin 111.11ittit till the (hie( 14)11 is 12.10"1111111 littiti Ii.

It1,111-

Illt

11/11/1s 10 tilt' sn eS. For Sake, ibir

slalisills shotsa iii staid lose in trig. 111 winters

die 111.11i1/1111011 iii lilt' (0111/00,10.00 01 il,tvsts. 1.11111 Speed-Wind dile. Ili011 is molt 1011.0111 li)

tfitIliiiialiiill

Ii

!IRIS Lind 111 slut is? all 4)411

Lilt. 5541? ii %et) nab th'e

In ordil to i imiplite tin' long-rein] t pelted oi.ues

resivinic of slily di taint and 111/1111.11-0 Olt dc.1140.

It is 411011.411011,e1 721 10 In 1Winvil/) It) 1,1.110 1411101

latfe NI:111Ill v. esti ialb lie Itie t lass 1t stiquitg ulnas a1111 ill(111`,4 wine% Ntlitte .ilie Irspolless*1 ige insets

die tirrin

large. 10161 Or oieler id

Fig. II is ationtel kind it dpitio it, shott him die

.15 et age %shad speed ion January litn example. ilk st:tvoll Ill 111%;1011111(1114 in dig \ 0,111 Pacibti,

(ite:17V 41 r.011 S111011 qt.*: /one 01 1A1,11 1141v 2 ,

I tier fe. I his vos idsrainctil231 situplc 1 ming a

(19',1-14011) 01 Ow tables/244

aj weirthit

11111111.11101$ in the 1.t1tsii Irecorediticieat Altelo 10911

1411t. -Nlai brie Ittratalogiiiill ()MA- lielswiesit Ate

1.11tattlene s/ qr. 1 Ills Lint! tit :ship #rnt rtar staN.1311 itS$ steClie (-11111011.11ittlIs (0111.1 Am; 1W a *id& 'to

eslittindle the 041Jeltle

"Data on Relations between Winds and Waves

tin (lit

II I c5/ifintsiatri til tilt Arian 141,201204

vt.iS. 1.111(11 IS stlittrstll 10

lie slir

4/35,44164/11

rapt raicni III the beiwecti (einds watts,

nothing will he stated liric :11041106e, .14 306015

1p01151 1'1-'1 hate Inc.' 11111111111(V1

in

thik6 (0141

flute kw OM Ottt reilniliVinS,

front Ole obscited data.

Figs. It, and 17 Me 111(' 1001011s 01111.11112411 Iii flit

workInl.'I Ite s anilard de\ imitni is espies...41i

10-getlier with the mean relations, and alma xsit h chg.

1*11 1067 1953 1954 0955° 1956 1957 11958 1059 1960 _10.4441 It 41 4

Li

./..14 9.5 1.1.0, 11.9 9,1 St P 9.9 9.4 III? 10.6

it

2 15.2 9.2 WI] J3./ 35.5 10.2? 10.1 lots, II I 16 0 1.,4 a4S; 10.4 P2.3 1344 12.6 11.4 14.0 113.0 141 I. 7.4 : 6 /IA :40 8.1, 2.9 11.0 4.1 14.: 5.6 9.2 2.6 12. 4 3.4 ;10.2 113.8 4. S

:.

9 1.T.7

14

III II Al, 7 1&H 112.0 7.9 20-67 RI.ti 11.2 9W 7.7 M.2 13,3 1147 10.7 10.9 Lt. 2 IL 6 44. I' 1:1:l5 9.14 LS i 2' it

I

6, i 6.5 %1 640 5.1 3.2 6.2 5.4 7.1 Se3 6 1 St 6 2.1 5.2 6.01 3.13 6.0 6,,7 6.1i 11.3 6 0 la. It SOW "it 7 6040 700 7/4.51 '7912 gs.; 9n.5 7Z I) 102.9 ii1.9 71 N.

S. 01, Vitrasi PI i iti; 7,4 s,14 /4.7 100' 11.4 lin

14$ V lallettii i 1 ?'I -044.4,

-10

0s1) -0.11 4-1 4 -0.2. +2.G 44% I .11 11111 lils a taltit'd I

4 Ito

'41

a. r.7.7 EEC

it]

Mgr

=Cr

Cr:CEMErtiCta

COMEEXMCE3IIME:Err

EECEOCCICOCCOCCINNI1

EEENICITEMCOCI:E= ECIX_

ft= orocennzmer

_{fratIrrinCraCtrinC}

metarinasai

rincEntrerrrerranem

SCESMEMITErfflEICE1C

I, 4 a 17 lil 2It.., rn 4. PI to 17 It 2 I .1_1.0 23 Ka I! 74 COMB MIENZI Gefile

mann:

arala2

maim

MECUM EiCEr 1/ TI _{CCIIMECECFICEEIC} 1.

erne

14}-I r 2 -r-EZ11030 giE

fit

rn

:7CCindigE

'FT

-ae.ta, sr

is...'

e4) I I. 4 f I -, its_tLao _too IA 71r-

VP> is

Fig. 15 No. of Sea Zones in Pacific

70

_Yr

_41, A, f fi naiter4 rut ge Paly _st: 10 767- 300rt ih.;1 'lama 12

Fig. 16 _{Average Wave Height for Wind} Speed (from [27111 118/, 48r 84- 187 7

T77

Ar-I 1.11. ot-/ t. 4--t a/74

I.

' 8 4 Morns nanta 0 0* S

of,

"Nre

, Vat mfr aria. 70 1.0.2.nt78601 tart 14888tirt :0 To

X

_',ft,2 .nd S1. ..b

Fig., 17 _{Average Wave Period}

_{for Wind}

Speed (from [213)

Sat;' for the Not iii 1damii )ceart. Here ammo v.t lhase to pay attention to the &Het e 01 OWc horn(

ter of data by general ships and the

ion ships. the data lot the Ninth .\i 1./11/11 Ist tot obt intil tt limn the (Ina of Svead Ir. station shit

by II.

t.

Results obtainete 'by H. Walden 141 fro ,siniq

data 1950-1959 on the same weather ships :or slight

ly higher than these values on height as well as%pi

period, howeser, die difference is %too smail

^ts-1-1---tt

4- t

Inputs Shipbuilding Marine Enginerutix

gCCEICCICC!CMMOCOM

raj

_COMM

-it EC

nor

prat

END 1

I.

4 4-

-4-Fig. 11 Average Wind Speed (kt) for Each Small Sea Zone (from MD

(Shadow shows zone where wind speed is larger than 17 kt )

01.$ it Ix 1. 7' 7 a.

Roll.

.11111

Zone 4 I 3

[ ;Stile

I Ca 0 /9 I

Fig. 19 Frequency of

Wave Period for Each

Class of Wind Speed

Mom 12711 '40- 5414 a kbe 0' S r ?So0 713 s S 473 473 7 &Oa ts,

it

tg No. of Obsofo. 105.744 to ton CM. 0 14 2 IS 373 I 71! 75 a 73 50-00st Caul 0 ,1 o e o Cain IS! z 9 ttell Ism - 10 4 011 EihrIM ye, eg. (11 La $ 9 II 1-1 15stc

not la tender to get

the itfra ol loge

sanitititat of the 'elation... Figs. la and 19 ate shown Rom Ilie. most frequent want. height and petits!

most ha! iii to flight! %alio. In the int tease of

avid %elot I'S. 1101VC1111', lot the winds stronger than

'MU , the' deal iluotioli is Sits irtegiii.ti. This

Is part he due to the small number of olsset.ations. lint ti tells us also the fat t that tin higher wind 9/red. tø get the mai lilt stage. ailed hill misc.!)

sea. IJ needs %tit ii It )I34 11111r dm at inn and len h down. e. that it is set) seldom' Ii, he I iiIfikti. and is iii.- result. the stage'ol deseloimiem is so different

11% I he t use

%gain the rejoin hy /finds .1 11)11

sample on this !elation. Fig. 20 shot., the

fic-tioClal!. disti donjon 01 ...or height and pet int! at

.1 the' station "Is- in the Not th ()tray

-at various 141:14ses (II 'Wind Nellat 11%,

Figi5 211(a)(41) air anothei estilt obtained from

I fin the Ninth Pu.ihit. In this intrstigation, the

itetteinage ol oat lit fence ol the combined Class of

ha% r iodAvae height Was obtained tor eat hi class

of atm, sixted. Bete talk lour sheets are shown

1441 highet lass of wind teed. Fig. 22 is for the

\ orth Ailantit tttatlier station "K" on the same

Match 1967 *4! s 0 - 25 315 115. 1,76 4 25, ua 20 3001 I Geis 0 01 e :e 7 71 S 75 7 75. 015 473 iti;if717 9 11 11 'Stec It SOU' C

la

5 4 11 13.15set

!ffirri

DT 5 I 9' II Ii Itsrc

Fig. 18 Frequency all

Wave Height for Each

Class of Wind Speed

(from [27i)

0.1 0 I ; 9 III IScaic ill..1111it 44411 0 lObt 9

telat ions. Stu II

kind of Own tan he

at statute oh

findirt 'investigations.

Fig, 28 whit11 shows the a.nrage vta.e height fru eacIi small sea /one of 2° in latitude. 50 in longitude. correspond. to Fig. ilk These tan also be a I lite

to find the relations between wind and wens.

Estimation of Extreme Condition

Difficulties in Observing Long Waves

The observation of long wanes is lather dilla wit,

and die derma( oat the ineasmemem is Also inferior

to that for the modelate wtoes, nine esist sets

less data on the long s.a.e.s Estimation of Long Waves

In spite of this lait, !magnet, for largetsited

ships. %ay biggei than 1110.000 onus, to know the

frequent ol the Iiinge'. w.oes than IF, wit.

is rather important to 1n edit t the long-term iespomor of the huh strut tine, ('5 ('Ii though the ah.ailtite %aim

of the frequent) is rather small, as 3slas mentioned in the Introduction.

60 So T.0

17

Year Zone, 45,3 Observ 1,00,885

0011..

ic.i.a

14 0 775 575 1,21.5 423 0 30 0

0

0 54! 0 -0 No of 0 5 0 0 5 I 9 0

4 4 414 .9 5 I 155. it

"

'

g

giVaqn00

D 0 ..1.411 I 14 0,7

-42509 II 2 75 1 1 45 S 6 B 4 10 125 hi) no rri% I 17 in ill rnstt

a

1? 1" 1SS fl Sb ,s or I te-8838.8 0441cpc,,a, L 4 C 1S 41 15 'Si 76

t

Irla.IS ilia

at

a 519

II

ca Saw. 14891 Net Vs I 1114 F4,4 1 Ibi'll.;1:18 ' ° 9j 0 46471 CIL, t 425 15 4 4 5 5 t -7. 8 t no In is o 4.04i 444 04,04 Inge ... ii'? 145 11 5 21 33Kts Iii? Otter 6 916 ant WO 341 ii;

ha

G-r

I 16. Psg., 2ts is ,itrntspber Lind id

Sys* the ts SI ss dill 1231

Estimation of High Waves

.;t52 72,7 7-1

r '6

I 3

C

ODOUILObnc"

71 '75 3 IS o 45 5 6 7 8 9151Ts Is 0 lc.

ov. mart m a 11 ICS INS

4/3701

nu of 1564.9 :44

./14ar Val Om

kind aof tio". Out was matte rut'

'nights to slim% ti 27-29. 47 1 1 5

*

16 .1 le 1

1Dt.

an i _ _.:0 n 88,0 044 LiA 69 tp 6 61, d pino--4.4 .1 3u;0000

1. 5 4 45 5 6 7 irk 7.5 Ise /0. eS * in i2 'pi 5 fit Fa i7stet_..

*.a*otnet, ofrer _ lit tts [Is

3.

Wive Pastain Yr a

4 471441

so:

No 01.017terv 473 la_... at etineseov !II3 40

Iltar v0654417 I

iSFe

VI 4 Oat(

'507%

It of /Hie; mkt flair.

this 6Ifr 111117/6, iltg plot Iva% wed.

along I Ur 1-c441ils s111.93, 11 Ill Fig. 21(b) as. all

ex-.nil Ole, at I. sod of 41777,71 17III! till She 4, nilitilathe

Ire-thin

Nik% Madre. lig, 2 11 shot., the tiiiiiIii.o1131

114.11118'1Sn tot tot tiiu niter .4 4. a% t 1141'1414i tor ca.

Ore, 44 %vase height .14.11 hr.' I hid maett,

111:11,111.4341 oviing

tht

late kt this

I lass intt

trios Ins el I nig ails }HA( 'nudge to t lie Idap

hr

satts tei eat ii t ol ts r height. Fig. 24 1. obtained!.

IF rmirin !Ink, .44e ma% in aide 141 guess the II et Win

IWO 1177,1111 rein 4' 44 lunge', istarses, or the es Ii ewe long

Is distils.

on Wow. lain -'49

limn Oil flOne

're newt in VC isa

No col Wawn_,158161a - tla N wnII4l4in 219 14 6

,,d

SOL 44 4713 10 9 11 aer.: °Au, si 0 45 6 I 12 14 ii; 1RIVIt 444 'Penalin set su 30 713 -10

Fig. 20 Frequency of

it aye

Height and Period for Each

Class of Wind Speed from

Walden pill)

Concluding Remark

Se%L.1.11 dillei types of t Ms. p1111 Wa6f7 IAN 114NI

17,11 iv:1w height. in %II C.% r Ii It'd p.11.4.11q1CA

p1ticr'stale ttl ordinate And issa, hi /0% (.0 tI, Milne 7414

I brill nil lied NNW II) he espet1,111% 17141:17111111,1111 tnnoweNs the ex inanely long or high W:41 es. Jill guess Our

extreme 'aloes or Co estimate the p.m itta hit sus At

4044 tit rem r iii stIN high %Allies limn 111Ir 11/411,44 919 !rower Sailors is et 3. dill it toll I Iwo. es el. 111.16 It 401181876

he thine 1417111 1111 tl.tho tohho oiled in 1117.9411174,19611,19

Wei I 4 lesigned (disci al i tills rile 41.1141818 979 437

57 .1111171es% of data is the same osier sill klIstits 40

Scud' iii winch Milt %1:1%en to Ntor:e rani 1 are III genii' needed to au LUELItitone Nysreinatat

more at tome and wen 8o-ordu nit& AAA 10 Meet !Ills litilland.

tint hitting this Fellow OW_ attil4 stsati

hi-press his thanks to S. Uninkic. ,iL.it iii

541 %II% And NI/ 'I', I: a oda. Nlarine \lets. w se Section. /Stettin °logical Agent s. lot then kind

SiStante inp1 epa ring the ma rertai,

754 30%. 10 44. 0 L. 404 to 41_24 .45 6 1 I 1711 16 18 To ANC 374 No_Newat_{is B 29k}Wars6,099 -40, /6 -311% 72,5 4%

0

-46 way, -.OSAet 1112 _c 2".,' IS 6 B I 0 17 11.116 lo fa ;Ma flaw Pg..,

-

_tai 20Kn

41-Is

Japan Shipbuilding e Aferin itligipetnn_

Wave eleo(hl Wy Period!

740 irdOesert 6.095 0 1110Kn 41149IIIZ76 1_ SProkome. et 8 81 -Ilie' same igs. 50 - 10 III In 1)1. I 14 U 44

-"Mitt '4

-a 0 01 Oa 11 2_ Z.. I 014 42 , 01

--;-fl

0/ -; 001 - a

--..

_Tr

Nth, I II, kkA \44 4 \

"

7' or -14.. *nee 717? '110 h. -41- Jo. TIT 4..4 a " /If 6.,"41.1 t+.1? ' 1r,

li

IN 5

i

:A

1 i

i

,.,

I CI 41

/ I.

Ki

_1.4

i 1. ellI ne t. I . ell evil, ÷ 4O 1 16". _''

err

--a

rerrr

-_ 5

-

--..- --1( 4Af. II. 4

r T r

:: is:-,;MIC17:-. ,_vt- , s i, soot el '.. tile I On . N -71.*

0,)

.1

Fig. 21 Frequency of Wave Height Period

(from 119])

Fig. 22 Frequency of Wave Height Period

in

at Weather Ship "K" in

North

Atlantic (from Walden (S])

1962 _il

Lt

trill Vei, 1520 kt to an Val. 19,54.1.

Sea Zone 3+.4. No. .of Observ. 21,270 I( hi Wind Vet ,20--25 ktSea -Zone 3+4. No. of Obeerv. 10.985(to all Vel ', 10 3014

'Win& Vet 311-.40,4t iti: 415 ger 40 3 4Ir;

Sen, Zone, 3+4 No labsuiv :1/47M

II Wind

4714 25.-30 kt for all 1."el I &Si 1 Sea Zoo,. 3+4 No. ot Observ, 5,103

3onya,r, 14.4

29

MS

ISM"

um

ISEIVIIIMIE3C01 ELI 118 ES,

ail

Iiii

:_st ue va MI= IMP

re

IIEI meUP

Sin

dila

IlmialaiMi

IN

1:0 MEM=

ECIES311113ESIIE3 IN IMO 411111 IMEZNIMECIE12 re Oa MD IIZ) SD Am am

la. AP ma InESIMIIMEEZHE:IXOCClimlegina

inallaw

. m um isma IMR US ea or am

eammitna rt.

:J. -.. so

MC

en 4.II ad az in us el..)11E1 mi mom

EMS -tt

L

UNIE3011911111 Ilb MANIMP MI is. as ow N3

ISDOIC:inanaes

at IN

MI

IS:9111111Mar ea ma E2111221MIIIIMEI ea

It

EZIEZIEDIECIEVEIB

Iv

GM in EMIEEI MOM

CI

In

EU .91:1 ".:..06 144 it ID 2.100

Fig. 23 Average Wave Height fm

for Each Small Sea Zone (from [191)

(Thin shadow for higher than 2m, thick for

higher than 3 m )

*

Fig. 24 Cumulative Frequency of Occurrence

of Wave Period

(

Against Each Class of

Height)

Fig. 26 Relative Cumu-lative Frequency of Wave

Period We Against Each

Class of Height)

.1.

cow )

I.& for 40 tro ',pot

Fig. 25

Relative Cumulative Frequency of

Fig. 27

cumulative Frequency of Occurrence

Wave Period

I% Against Each

Class of

_{of Wave Height (01c Against Each Class of}

Height) Period)

Japan Shipbuilding .thitine Eriguirri. 111 .ecm fro--I I 4 80 40t 4 4 I 15 1 25 .3 ' -4 -

r

&

Reference

1 1 1 W. 1. Nelson. Jr.: "An Interpretation of the

Obsenable l'ropet ties of 'Sea. Waves in Terms of the Energy Specuum of the Gaussian Rec-ord". Amer. Geophys. 35. 1954

P2.1

V. (.ol " )term. %Vases and Kindred

Geo-phy.ital Phenomena", Cambridge Unis. Press. 193

r. Scrilrup, NI. M.

Johnson and R. 14.

Fleming: -The thralls. Melt Physics,

therais-ity, and General Biology", Pternited Pall. 1955

its I S. Ilnoki: -(bran NVtnes and 1V.ne Climates".

Agents of Science :Ind 'Irthnology. jar,. Pitt)

I I 14. \ Valtlen: "Die Figenschaften der Xleties.

wilful' MI Norilatlantisi hen Orrati-. Detitm her

\ Vellertficast Setwouttalitt Einteb I kungen Ni. '11 Hamburg. 19641

16 1 11. "Height, length and Steepness of 'it:await" in the North .MIcittii and

I/inten-sion. 01 Scala .t vs .IS FlintI kills cii \ chid Fort r".

1 et I mit al and Researi It Millet))) No. 1--119,1

lite Sot. of Na'. Ault. And Mat. Eng.

Pitt

NI. S. lotiguetiligginx: "On the

Diminution of the Heights of Sea \Vases",

Itnit. of Mat ine Research. Vol. II. Na. 3 Dec.

1952

p D. 1E. Ccut.right S. 1 onguet-1 I igginst

he Statistical 1/isnibution of the Maxima of a Random Function", Prig. of the Royal

SOL A.. Vol. 2$7. 1956

f8 1 W. 1. Pierson. Jr.. C. 'Neumann, and R. W.

lames: "Prat tital Methods for Observing and 1:1)rvi usc i og Ocean Waves by Means of Wine

Synod and Statistics", II. 0. Pub. No. 603.

IPtchogtaphit Office. 115. Nay*, 1955

*me Sows 20 25471 So Irrs 1-StatIn ahs ariSs 210,9B5 Ow-7,9 tate> fi *at fleten 2 Lg

Fig. 28 Relative Cumulative Frequency of

Wave Height .(%

Against Each Class of

Period) Fig. 29 Relative Cumulative Frequency of

Wave Height (% Against Each Class

of

Period)

ikfitceh 1967 21

119 1 C. Neumann: On Ocean WaNe Spectra and

a _{New Method} of Forecasting Wind Cent-rated

Sea", Tech. Memo. No. 43. Rem It Erosion.

Board, Ikt. 1953

I MI Ilarhyshire:

-The Distribution

of WaVe Heights".

The Dock

and Harlan- Authority.

May Hisf;

P N. IL jasper Prot ceilings

of hist

MI -Ship end WaNt'S-, COMO il

or Moe

Re-earth and SNA \IE, Chapt.

1121 II. Arakawa and K. Nuda: -Analysis of Winds,

Wind Winn a MI Swell over the Sea to the

East of japan during tile Typhoon of

Septem-ber 26, 1935-, Monthly Weather Res hew. mil. Erik 1953 Weather Boman, U.S.A.

1131 NI. Sato: -On the Typhoon Fluounterell her

S. S. No. Kano-maim-. Hydrograohie Bid=

kiln. II. P. S

0-11 -General Rex kw of the Observations at Weath-er Station Tango during 1963". Maritime SCI

Marine Division, japan MOM! olugil .11 Agency

1451 S. Unokit ''On the Speed. Travel Time and

Direction of Ocean Waves due to Trooicall

Cyclones", Jour of Meteor. Soc.

Japan :it

No. 6, 1956

rthil S. Unotic

"On tile

Ocean Was Cs _due

Tropical tiVi loon (2n el Paiin): Distribtiti.41 of Waves stewed horn Council it Cintsillet.1 Ilion and "typhoon Recommit...mit- In Mt crafts-, Join. of Meteor. si)(. japan No 2.

1957

11171 S. Unoki: -On the Ocean Waits due to

Tropical (Mimes

Gird Paper): Mean

tion Of \Vase Heights and Peru MIS. Jour cti

Meteor. Soc. Japan. 35, No. 5. 1957 'tlion 11. I Roll: Statistical M. I 4 tion. Distribu-4111,nd 0

yes on the North Pat On at. ran and si

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1903. NI.ii me 1)isimint I,ip.tit

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