Maritime University of Szczecin
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie
2011, 27(99) z. 1 pp. 20–27 2011, 27(99) z. 1 s. 20–27
Analysis of the level of OSH specialists’ knowledge
in the aspect of their vocational qualifications
Analiza poziomu wiedzy służb bhp w aspekcie posiadanych
kwalifikacji zawodowych
Katarzyna Boczkowska, Konrad Niziołek
Technical University of Łódź, Department of Production Management and Logistics Politechnika Łódzka, Katedra Zarządzania Produkcją i Logistyki
90-924 Łódź, ul. Wółczańska 215
Key words: organizational safety and health, tasks of OSH services Abstract
This paper presents a part of the results of the research carried out by its authors in the framework of a research project “Analysis and evaluation of the level of adjustment of entrepreneurs and OSH specialists from the region of Łódź to the changes in legal provisions and in market needs”. In the framework of the project 200 OSH specialists professionally active in the region of Łódź were interviewed. The evaluation of the level of knowledge of OSH specialists and the analysis whether or not there are any differences in it depending on the level on which they obtained their vocational qualifications, on a secondary or on a tertiary level, was the main aim of this analysis.
Słowa kluczowe: bezpieczeństwo i higiena pracy, zadania służb bhp Abstrakt
Artykuł przedstawia wybrane wyniki badań przeprowadzonych przez autorów w ramach projektu badaw-czego „Analiza i ocena stopnia dopasowania łódzkich przedsiębiorstw i kadr bhp, do zmian w przepisach i potrzebach rynku”. Analizą objęto grupę 200 pracowników służb bhp prowadzących swą działalność na terenie województwa łódzkiego. Głównym celem analizy była ocena poziomu wiedzy kadr bhp oraz poszukiwanie różnic lub ich braku w zależności od tego, czy uprawnienia służb bhp uzyskano na poziomie szkolnictwa wyższego lub innego.
Introduction
In the recent years there have been significant changes in the approach to the issues of organi-zational safety and health, connected mainly with the implementation of the European standards. The labor protection consists of legal guarantees, organizational, technical and educational aspects. A necessity to ensure safe and healthy working conditions is a legal duty of every employer. In order to fulfill their duties correctly, an employer must know what their commitments include. The achievement of legal standards is possible only when among others the following barriers are overcome [1]: low level of employers’ knowledge
on their duties connected with OSH, financial barriers, restricted access to experts’ knowledge and to experienced professionals, imperfect system of trainings both of managers and of employees, lack of activities, incentives, promotion of the rules of systemic safety management in companies.
The extensive research carried out by the authors of this paper on the territories of Lower Silesian voivodeship [2] and Łódź voivodeship [3] proved that the Polish entrepreneurs get lost in the big number of provisions which are often unclear and that they do not get sufficient help from OSH specialists. Therefore, there appears a question: do OSH services which are legally appointed to fulfill control and advisory functions in companies
possess sufficient knowledge in the field of organi-zational safety? The educational offer for future OSH specialists is varied, unfortunately, there are no educational standards on the level of tertiary education defined on the ministry level to get a degree in the field of OSH and this situation questions the essence of educational process.
This paper is to answer this question. The authors carried out a research on the group of 200 OSH specialists. The respondents were divided into two groups: into those who got vocational qualifi-cations “on the old basis” or on the level of secon-dary education and those who have a degree in this field. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the basic knowledge of OSH specialists and to check whether or not there is any difference in the level of vocatio-nal education of respondents.
Legal requirements which define the range of the activities of OSH specialists
The history of the activities of OSH services in Poland dates back to the year 1920 although it was only on 1st August 1953 when the Government Presidium signed a resolution no. 592 on the assurance of progress in the field of organizational safety and health [4]. After the so-called small amendment of the Labor Code in 1992 the next Resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 14 was passed defining the most important rules of the activities of OSH specialists. It was exchanged for the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 2nd September 1997 on the organizational safety and health services [5]. A significant legal modification was introduced in 1998 when employers with more than 100 employees were obliged to create OSH services (earlier there was a threshold of 500 employees).
Nowadays, the role of OSH services in a com-pany is legally defined by the law in article 237 of the Labor Code [6] which states that “OSH services in a company fulfill advisory and control roles in the field of OSH”.
The provisions included in the article 237 of the Labor Code [6] oblige an employer to create an OSH service when the number of employees exceeds 100. An OSH service can consist of just one person or of a few people depending on the number of employees, on the conditions in a com-pany as well as on the threats and inconveniences at work. According to the provisions included in the Regulation [5], an employer employing from 100 to 600 people is obliged to employ at least part-time one person who fulfills the functions of an OSH specialist and at least one person full-time for every
600 employees. If an employer employs up to 100 people the execution of tasks connected with OSH can be conferred to an employee with different tasks. What is more, an employer who themselves has accomplished a training necessary to execute the tasks of an OSH specialist can also execute the tasks of OSH service if s/he: employs up to 10 people, employs up to 20 people and their business activity is included in the group of activities with a category of risk not higher than 3.
When there are no competent employees in a company, an employer can transfer the execution of OSH duties to external OSH specialists.
The conditions to undertake work as an OSH specialist are defined in the Regulation on OSH services where the requirements, tasks and powers of an OSH specialist are defined. OSH specialists can be employed in the following positions: inspec-tors, senior inspecinspec-tors, specialists, senior specialists or main specialists of organizational safety and health. The qualifications requirements for the different OSH positions are clearly defined and they state that a person who has a secondary education in the field of OSH can be employed up to the position of a senior inspector of OSH as it is necessary to have a degree to be employed as a specialist on OSH. As far as external experts, who support the employers are concerned, it is necessary for them to possess the qualifications on the level of a specialist or higher.
The stages of research
The project “Analysis and evaluation of the level of adjustment of entrepreneurs and OSH specialists from the region of Łódź to changes in legal provisions and in market needs” was conducted in the period from 1st September 2009 until 31st October 2010. It consisted of a few stages.
The introductory stage in September 2009 included the preparation of a research tool designed by experts. The diagnostic tool in the form of a research questionnaire was prepared. During this stage, the pollsters were trained and a pilot research on the group of 15 OSH specialists was conducted. The aim of the pilot research was to verify the research tool and to prepare the proper procedures for the pollsters – with a general aim to increase the reliability and the project research value.
During the second stage – the research which lasted from November 2009 until June 2010 a re-search sample was chosen – 200 OSH specialists. The employers who fulfill in their companies the functions of OSH specialists did not participate in the research.
Description of the research tool
As mentioned above, a team of experts worked on the design of reliable tools. The proper design of a survey questionnaire is always a starting point for every research and for a deepened analysis of the results achieved. After the analysis of the available research methods a structured interview, belonging to the group of quantitative techniques, was consi-dered to be the most suitable method to conduct a research on a chosen group.
The questions were placed in a certain order – in blocks of questions. The designed questionnaire had a few significant parts:
informational part, which included the data concerning: the code of a pollster, the code of a questionnaire, the code of an interviewed group and the date of an interview;
the so-called demographics, which included the questions concerning the basic features of a respondent;
the main part – questions related to a research issue often placed in blocks.
The designed interview questionnaire included mainly close-ended questions. In these questions a pollster reads out possible answers: in dicho-tomous questions: YES/NO answers, in cafeteria questions at least 3 possible answers.
The interview questionnaire included also open-ended questions, so the questions which allow for some freedom of answers. The application of open-ended questions in the survey used in the project research allowed for a deepened analysis of the research questions.
The main part of a research tool for OSH specialists consisted of the following blocks: kinds of OSH specialists’ activities, personal development,
knowledge,
professional experience/ways of executing tasks, first pre-medical aid.
This paper presents the research results on the knowledge of respondents.
The following working hypothesis was designed: The level of the knowledge of OSH specialists is different depending on their level of vocational qualifications, that is whether they obtained qualification on the level of a tertiary education or others.
Applied statistical tools
In order to compare the knowledge of respon-dents depending on the system of education in which they acquired vocational qualifications a
pa-rametric test was used verifying a hypothesis on the equality of two structures indicators [7] for two big samples as the number of the groups A and B exceeds 50. H0 hypothesis was formulated for each of the analyzed questions that these groups have equal structure indicators and an alternative H1 hypothesis:
H0 : p1 = p2 H1 : p1 ≠ p2
The value of the statistics was calculated:
n q p w w u i i 1 2 (1) where: 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 n n w n n w n n n n n p q n n n n p i i i i i i
U statistics, with an assumption of the correc-tness of the H0 hypothesis, has a normal asymptotic distribution so for all the variables (questions) a critical value read from a distribution function of standardized normal distribution with a significance level 0.05 is 1.64 and the area of H0 hypothesis rejection has the form:
; 1,64 1,64;
W (2)
Statistical description of research groups
The questions included in the demographics of the questionnaires, where the respondents marked the proper class range constituted the basis for the analysis of the respondents’ structure.
The interviewed group of 200 OSH specialists is divided into two subgroups with a similar number of people:
Group A – 66 employees of OSH services without a degree,
Group B – 134 employees of OSH services with a vocational degree in the field of OSH. The analysis of the group of respondents was carried out with the usage of basic parameters, which describe a statistical population taking into consideration an average level of a phenomenon, the changeability of features and the level of asymmetry.
The comparative analysis of the respondents’ age and their professional experience was based on
the calculated statistics, presented in a synthetic form in table 1.
Table 1. Descriptive parameters of respondents’ seniority [source: own study]
Tabela 1. Parametry opisowe stażu pracy wśród respondentów [źródło: opracowanie własne]
Age of
respondents Total seniority Group A Group B Group A Group B
Group number 66 134 66 134
Structure indicator 33% 67% 33% 67% Average 51 years 43 years 28 years 19 years Median Me 53 years 42 years 32 years 21 years Quartile 1 Q1 45 years 31 years 23 years 7 years
Quartile 3 Q3 59 years 55 years 36 years 31 years
Standard deviation S 11 years 14 years 10 years 13 years Coefficient of
variation VS 21% 32% 36% 68%
Quartile deviation Q 7 years 12 years 7.5 years 12 years Coefficient of
variation VQ 13% 29% 23% 57%
Asymmetry
coefficient WS –0.14 0.24 –0.38 –0.16
The analysis of the age of respondents shows that OSH specialists are mainly people who are mature, aged 35–55. It is a professional group,
which is differentiated taking the age into consi-deration. People with secondary education (group A) are on average 8 years older than degree holders (group B). This regularity is confirmed by the measures of location although the deviation from the median measured by the coefficient of variation VQ is smaller for measures of location. The age
distribution for group A points at a slight negative asymmetry, and for group B for a positive one.
In the research it was important to get to know a professional profile of OSH specialists that is why the respondents were analyzed taking their profes-sional activities on the labor market into conside-ration (Tab. 2).
A group of respondents with a secondary education has been active on a labor market on average for 9 years longer than degree holders. The differentiation of both groups is significant, the deviation from the average is respectively 10 and 13 years, which in case of B group questions the usefulness of arithmetic mean as the average measurement for total seniority. In case of the analysis of the middle values, it can be also stated that group B is younger than group A (Me1 = 32, Me2 = 21). The differentiation from the median is significant and it equals for both groups (VQ = 23%,
57%). The seniority distribution both for group A
Table 2. The level of the respondents’ knowledge in the field of OSH trainings (niA, niB – the number of correct answers for A and B
groups) [source: own study]
Tabela 2. Poziom wiedzy ankietowanych w obszarze szkoleń bhp (niA, niB – liczba poprawnych odpowiedzi grupy A oraz B) [źródło:
opracowanie własne]
Issues niA wiA niB wiB p q u
OSH trainings – frequency of periodical OSH trainings
For blue-collar workers 59 89% 115 86% 0.870 0.130 –0.707
For administrative office positions 33 50% 87 65% 0.600 0.400 2.026
For managers and employers 56 85% 113 84% 0.845 0.155 –0.096
For engineering and technical employees 55 83% 113 84% 0.840 0.160 0.180
For OSH specialists 56 85% 115 86% 0.855 0.145 0.184
Duration of preliminary trainings
General instructions 48 73% 95 71% 0.715 0.285 –0.270
Position instructions for blue-collar workers 50 76% 99 74% 0.745 0.255 –0.286 Position instructions for administrative office staff 14 21% 40 30% 0.270 0.730 1.294
Duration of periodical trainings
For blue-collar workers 42 64% 99 74% 0.705 0.295 1.494
For administrative office positions 41 62% 95 71% 0.680 0.320 1.251
For managers and employers 39 59% 89 66% 0.640 0.360 1.015
For engineering and technical employees 32 48% 69 51% 0.505 0.495 0.400
For OSH services 19 29% 56 42% 0.375 0.625 1.786
Post-trainings documentation
Daily schedule 15 23% 51 38% 0.330 0.670 2.168
Programs of trainings 37 56% 70 52% 0.535 0.465 -0.510
Exam protocol 16 24% 30 22% 0.230 0.770 –0.293
and B points at a negative asymmetry which is a significant asymmetry in case of B group.
Some interesting information is provided by the analysis of respondents seniority in OSH services. The respondents, although they have been profes-sionally active for decades, have their seniority in OSH services significantly smaller, they have been on average active for 12 years. That is why it can be stated that the employees of OSH services are people who started their activities in the field of safety in the later part of their professional activities, retraining or updating their knowledge acquired in the execution of other jobs.
OSH specialists with a secondary education have been active on a labor market for a long time whereas the younger OSH specialists, although they are less experienced, are better educated.
Knowledge of OSH specialists – research results
The designed interview questionnaire was to verify the knowledge of OSH specialists taking into consideration their knowledge on the basic duties resulting from the following legal regulations: The Labor Code, the act from 26th June 1974 [6]; The Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 2nd September 1997 on organizational safety and health services [5];
The Regulation of the Minister of Economy and Labor of 27th July 2004 on education in the field of organizational safety and health [8].
Knowledge on OSH trainings
OSH specialists, appointed to fulfill advisory and controlling functions in companies, are res-ponsible for preliminary general OSH trainings and they participate in the creation of company’s inter-nal documents on the programs of trainings. There-fore, it seems relevant to check the respondents’ knowledge in the field of training process, docu-mentation connected with it, duration of certain trainings and times when they are to be conducted. The respondents were asked numerous questions on general preliminary trainings, trainings for certain positions and periodical trainings for the most important groups of employees. The quantitative information for both groups of interviewed OSH specialists is presented in table 2. The calculated structure indicators show that the respondents had the most problems pointing at the frequency of periodical trainings for administrative and office employees, the remaining number of correct answers is similar for groups A and B. The research showed that the knowledge of OSH specialists in
the field of the process of trainings is incomplete, what is more the employees of these services do not even know the legal requirements in the field of trainings as 15% of respondents do not have this knowledge. Table 2 presents the calculated statis-tics and the results of u test for all the analyzed OSH trainings.
The tests results do not give a basis to reject in the majority of cases the H0 hypothesis. It can be considered with a likelihood of 95% that the percentage of the respondents with secondary edu-cation (group A) and who know the requirements for OSH trainings is the same as in case of degree holders (group B). The differences which are statistically important are achieved only in 3 cases that is the frequency of trainings for administrative office positions, duration of trainings for OSH services and documentation requirements in the forms of the daily schedule. The level of knowledge in these cases is higher for B group representatives.
OSH specialists’ knowledge on statutory tasks
The question on the range of tasks and duties, which must be executed by OSH services for which they are appointed by the Regulation on OSH services [5], was a key question from the point of view of the respondents’ knowledge. The respon-dents were given a list of 29 tasks out of which 18 resulted directly from the Regulation and 11 were against the law, but they tend to be wrongly treated as obligatory. In case of the correct tasks 100% of answers was expected, in case of the wrong ones – 0%. Unfortunately, none of the respondents enumerated all the activities as they are defined by the law rejecting at the same time the wrong answers placed deliberately among the answers by the authors. The results achieved in the quantitative approach together with the calculated auxiliary statistics are presented in tables 3 and 4. As results from table 3, the number of the correct answers marked by OSH specialists is highly unsatisfactory, but it is impossible to state which group did better.
While wanting to compare two structures, simi-larly, as it was the case with the previous questions on OSH trainings, a parametric test was applied which verified the hypothesis on the equality of two structure indicators in line with statistics (1). The analogical hypothesis was defined, for the assumed 5% of the statistical significance, the level of rejection W(2) also did not change.
With the likelihood of 95% it can be stated that in the fields connected with the preparation of work regulations, collective labor agreements and so on people with secondary education (group A) have a higher level of knowledge than respondents with
a degree (group B). In the remaining fields there is no significant statistical difference between two groups of respondents.
The results obtained for the set of improper answers are more frightening. As showed by the statistics (Tab. 4), the respondents were eager to choose these answers and almost 90% of respon-dents is wrong to consider the supervision over the implementation of provisions and OSH rules as their statutory duty.
The comparison of A and B groups, by means of a test for equality of two u structure indicators with the assumptions identical as before, allows to state that in 8 cases there are no statistically important differences whereas the duty to implement the sys-tem of OSH, the supervision over the compliance with provisions and OSH rules and periodical OSH trainings statistically bigger number of people with secondary education (group A) is wrong to consider as their statutory tasks.
Table 3. The level of the respondents’ knowledge in the field of statutory tasks of OSH services (niA, niB – the number of correct
answers for groups A and B respectively) [source: own study]
Tabela 3. Poziom wiedzy ankietowanych w obszarze ustawowych zadań służb bhp (niA, niB – liczba poprawnych odpowiedzi grupy A
oraz B) [źródło: opracowanie własne]
Tasks of OSH specialists niA wiA niB wiB p q u
Participation in the preparation of work regulations, collective labor agreements 44 67% 72 54% 0.580 0.420 –1.74 Preparation and expressing opinions on the modernization of companies
in the field of OSH 50 76% 105 78% 0.775 0.225 0.414
Monitoring of working conditions 61 92% 121 90% 0.910 0.090 –0.49
Keeping records and preparation of post-accident documentation 61 92% 120 90% 0.905 0.095 –0.65 Execution of periodical analysis of OSH conditions 57 86% 119 89% 0.880 0.120 0.500 Participation in the commissioning of newly built or reconstructed buildings 46 70% 80 60% 0.630 0.370 –1.38 Conducting post-accidents procedures 59 89% 120 90% 0.895 0.105 0.034 Conducting general preliminary OSH trainings 61 92% 117 87% 0.890 0.110 –1.09 Consultancy in the organization of workplaces taking the aspects of OSH
into consideration 57 86% 116 87% 0.865 0.135 0.040
Popularization of the issues concerning OSH and ergonomics 55 83% 103 77% 0.790 0.210 –1.06 Participation in the activities of OSH commissions 60 91% 118 88% 0.890 0.110 –0.61 Participation in the consultations in the field of OSH 56 85% 110 82% 0.830 0.170 –0.49 Expressing opinions on detailed OSH instructions 53 80% 109 81% 0.810 0.190 0.176 Participation in the evaluation of risk assessment 57 86% 116 87% 0.865 0.135 0.040 Submitting proposals concerning OSH requirements for production processes 51 77% 107 80% 0.790 0.210 0.421 Submitting proposals concerning ergonomic requirements for workstands 52 79% 107 80% 0.795 0.205 0.175 Cooperation with occupational physician 53 80% 113 84% 0.830 0.170 0.713 Cooperation with Social Labor Inspector 48 73% 98 73% 0.730 0.270 0.061
Table 4. The level of the respondents’ knowledge in the field of OSH tasks, which are not consistent with the legal regulations, but which are considered as such in the respondent’ opinions (niA, niB – the number of correct answers respectively for A and B group)
[source: own study]
Tabela 4. Poziom wiedzy ankietowanych w obszarze zadań kadr bhp niezgodnych z regulacjami prawnymi, a w opinii respondentów prawidłowych (niA, niB – liczba poprawnych odpowiedzi grupy A oraz B) [źródło: opracowanie własne]
Tasks of OSH services niA wiA niB wiB p q u
Implementation of the system of OSH management 40 61% 62 46% 0.510 0.490 –1.907 Responsibility for OSH conditions in a company 18 27% 33 25% 0.255 0.745 –0.404 Supervision over working conditions 48 73% 86 64% 0.670 0.330 –1.209 Creation of systemic documentation 14 21% 28 21% 0.210 0.790 –0.052 Supervision over the observance of provisions and OSH rules 62 94% 111 83% 0.865 0.135 –2.161 Accountability for OSH issues to: National Labor Inspectorate,
National Sanitary Inspection and courts. 9 14% 16 12% 0.125 0.875 –0.341 Organization of trainings for a given position 16 24% 30 22% 0.230 0.770 –0.293 Organization of periodical OSH trainings 29 44% 42 31% 0.355 0.645 –1.750 Sending for prophylactic examinations 19 29% 32 24% 0.255 0.745 –0.749 Carrying out measurements of working environment 16 24% 29 22% 0.225 0.775 –0.414 Purchase of the equipment for individual protection 17 26% 23 17% 0.200 0.800 –1.429
Knowledge of deadlines connected with the development of OSH specialists’ qualifications
Having acquired the knowledge included in the Regulation on OSH services [5], a respondent should know the final deadlines to develop the qualifications of OSH services which do not possess the sufficient qualifications when the legal changes entered into force. The transition period for OSH services who obtained professional powers on the basis of the previous regulations expires on 30th June 2013. The results of both groups of respon-dents are gathered in table 5.
In both groups of respondents, who referring to the calculated u statistics do not differ on the level of knowledge, a half of the respondents does not know the deadlines of such important changes. The respondents who are degree holders are probably not interested in these changes as qualification minimum assures them the execution of the tasks of OSH specialists in any company and in any position, but it can be considered as frightening that people with a lower level of education do not have knowledge on the deadlines of qualification changes as these changes refer mainly to them.
Conclusions
It is an employer, who is responsible for the conditions. In order to fulfill all the requirements, they should get a proper training in the field of OSH or employ a competent OSH specialist who will play the role of a consulting and controlling organ in widely understood field of organizational safety. From the point of view of the concerned parties, the knowledge of OSH specialists is the basis for the good functioning of a system ensuring safe working conditions. The research conducted in the framework of the research project prove that the knowledge of OSH specialists is not complete.
It refers to all the analyzed fields. What is more the employees of OSH services do not know basic tasks and functions for which they are legally appointed.
Although a profile of an OSH specialist states, that it is a person who is middle aged and profes-sionally experienced, the research results show that even a few years of professional experience do not ensure elementary knowledge in the field of OSH. While referring to the main aim of this paper which was the evaluation of the level of knowledge of OSH specialists which participated in the research depending on the level of their education, it can be stated that generally unfortunately these two groups do not differ. Higher qualification requirements for OSH specialists on the level of tertiary education do not ensure a higher level of knowledge of OSH specialists. The lack of educational standards defined for short-cycle non degree programs which graduates are widely present on the labor market creates a situation in which specialists who do not possess adequate knowledge in the field of safety, will not be able to fulfill correctly their duties. Unfortunately, only the legal provisions without the support and systematization in the process of the education of OSH specialists and its verification will not change the unsatisfactory level of safety in the Polish companies.
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dolno-Table 5. The level of the respondents’ knowledge on the deadlines of OSH specialists qualification changes (niA, niB – the number of
correct answers, for group A and B respectively) [source: own study]
Tabela 5. Poziom wiedzy ankietowanych w obszarze terminów ostatecznych zmian kwalifikacyjnych dla kadr bhp (niA, niB – liczba
poprawnych odpowiedzi grupy A oraz B) [źródło: opracowanie własne]
Answers niA wiA niB wiB p q u
I do not know 10 15% 18 13% 0.140 0.860 –0.329
I do not know but I know it is planned 7 11% 18 13% 0.125 0.875 0.568
No changes are planned 0 0% 1 1% 0.005 0.995 0.704
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Recenzent: dr hab. inż. Zofia Jóźwiak, prof. AM Akademia Morska w Szczecinie
