"The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity", W. L. Westermann, Philadelphia 1955 : [recenzja]

SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1953—1955 511

the a u t h o r this word means a group whose center of a c t i v i t y was t h e c o m m o n administration of a cult.

PRIVATE LAW THE LAW OF PERSONS

W. L. W e s t e r m a n n , The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Anti-quity (The American Philos. Soc., Philadelphia 1955). This m o n u m e n t a l work is a new syntesis of the history of Greco-R o m a n enslavement which brings u p t o d a t e t h e authors article entitled Sklaverei, published in P a u l y - W i s s o w a - K r o l l , RE, Suppl. vol. V I (1935). T h e f i r s t four chapters of t h i s new synthesis (chapter I — I Y ) cover t h e history of enslavement practice in the period of t h e free Greek polities. This does n o t deviate greatly f r o m t h e pre-sentation available in the Sklaverei t r e a t m e n t , except in one res-pect. Additional knowledge upon Jewish slavery in a colony in up-per E g y p t during t h e second half of t h e f i f t h cent. B. C. made the a u t h o r possible t o establish marked contrasts of the f u n d a m e n t a l a t t i t u d e and t h e procedures of Hebrew and other Semitic slavery as compared w i t h those of t h e Greeks.

The four chapters u p o n slave labour and the t r e a t m e n t of slaves as these presented themselves in t h e Mediterranean area a f t e r t h e conquest of E g y p t and southwestern Asia b y Alexander of Mace-don (chapters Y — Y I I I inclusive) are quite fully recast and rewritten. I n t h e m t h e a u t h o r tried t o approach t h e problems of slave legisla-tion a n d e m p l o y m e n t as displaying, in their own way, in a n age conspicuously m a r k e d b y cosmopolitanism a n d syncretism, t h e results of acceptances and rejections in the field of s l a v e - l a b o u r economy.

T h e account of slavery in t h e lands of the western Mediterra-n e a Mediterra-n duriMediterra-ng t h e period of t h e rise of t h e R o m a Mediterra-n republic is doMediterra-ne in c h a p t e r s I X — X I I . I t has been added to b y n u m e r o u s details and changed in some of its conclusions.

T h e discussion of t h e slave systems of the R o m a n world of the f i r s t t h r e e centuries a f t e r Christ appears in chapters X I I I — X I X . The f i n a l chapters X I X — X X I V dealing w i t h slavery in a world of aggressive and u l t i m a t e l y d o m i n a n t Christianity are entirely n e w as contrasted with the brief s t a t e m e n t m a d e in the P a u l y -W i s s o w a - K r o l l t r e a t m e n t .

512 JOURNAL OF JURISTIC PAPYROLOGY

F o r t h e papyrologists is Chapter V I I : Slavery in Hellenistic E g y p t P· 45—57 the most interesting. See the discussion on expo-sed i n f a n t s , on self-transfer a n d t r a n s f e r of one's children into slavery p . 30; on legislation concerning slavery 38—9; p r o p e r t y — ownership b y slaves 122; on a d m i n i s t r a t i v e safe-conduct ( p i s t i s ) 51—52; laws and and regulations in Alexandria 30,51,53; t r e a t -m e n t of slaves in Alexandria 102; andrapodon (designation of sla-ves) 5; right of asylum 51; sale of children in E g y p t 52, 135; Clau-dius' l e t t e r t o t h e city of Alexandria 103; enslavement for debts in E g y p t 50—51, 135; hieroduli (consecrated slaves) 31; imperial slaves 109—117; intermarriages b e t w e e n slave a n d free 142, 147, 148; legislation concerning slavery in E g y p t 20, 38—9, 52—4: on N a u c r a t i s 4, 47, 54; on hierodulism 31n, 42n, 46n, 49; on para-mone in E g y p t 135; on Jewish slaves in Alexandria 28; war capti-ves as slacapti-ves in E g y p t 135 etc.

I n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n the a u t h o r points out t h a t , , t h r o u g h a num-ber of years of daily contact in t h e P a p y r u s R o o m in the Columbia U n i v e r s i t y " I gave h i m „ t h e b e n e f i t of m y knowledge of the legal as well as t h e social problems of slavery in Hellenistic E g y p t a n d during t h e R o m a n E m p i r e " . I m u s t however confess t h a t m y con-t r i b u con-t i o n w a s in con-this respeccon-t v e r y modescon-t.

E . V o l t e r r a , Manomissioni di schiavi compiute da peregrini (estr. di Studi in on. di P. de Francisci I V , 75 ff.).

P p . 99 f f . of this dissertation dedicated t o Plinii, Epist. 5 — 7 are also v e r y interesting for a papyrologist. T i n y show t h a t t h e g r a n t i n g of t h e R o m a n citizenship t o an E g y p t i a n b y the empe-ror has t h e legal consequence only on condition t h a t lie acquired f i r s t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship. T h e emperor could also grant t o an E g y p t i a n A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship. T h e impossibility of obtaining t h e R o m a n citizenship directly refers only t o t h e Αιγύπτιοι, all other peregrines m a y acquire it w i t h o u t t h e i n t e r m e d i a r y step of A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship.

F. S o k o ł o w s k i , The Real Meaning of Sacral Manumission (Harv. Theol. Rev. X L V I I (3) [ J u l y 1954] 174—181).

T h e essential element in t h e sacral manumission is the dedica-tion of t h e slave b y himself or b y his m a s t e r in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h