vv
LABOR QUALITY IN AN ENTERPRISE AS
A SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Mariusz Wyrostek* Abstract:
Labor which has been evolving together with a human being since the dawn of WLPHYHU\RIWHQEHFRPHVKLJKO\RUJDQL]HGHJLQIRUPRIDQHQWHUSULVH2QH of the enterprise theories refers to its resources and the way they are used. &RQFHQWUDWLQJRQWKHVHLVVXHV,DPHQDEOHGWRH[DPLQHWKHODERUTXDOLW\DV a set of skills and competences realized by a human within the organization.
Key words:UHVRXUFHEDVHGYLHZRQHQWHUSULVHVODERUTXDOLW\
1. Introduction
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uKXPDQRQHV (QWHUSULVHWKHRULHVWU\WRH[SODLQWKHQDWXUHRIUHVRXUFHVLQYDULRXVZD\V 2QHRIWKHWKHRULHVGHDOVZLWKWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGUHVRXUFHVDQGSURFHVVHVDQG ZLWKWKHZD\WKH\DUHRUJDQL]HG,WVHHPVWREHSDUWLFXODUO\IRFXVHGRQWKHODERU HPSKDVL]LQJWKHUROHDQGLPSRUWDQFHRIKXPDQVNLOOVDQGFRPSHWHQFHV 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVVWXG\LVWRFRQVLGHUWKHODERUTXDOLW\DVDQLPSRUWDQW VSHFLILFLW\RIXVLQJWKHHQWHUSULVHUHVRXUFHV7KHUHIOHFWLRQVVKDOOEHXVHGDV DVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKDQGWRFUHDWHDWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHORIODERU TXDOLW\GHWHUPLQDQWVZKLFKLQWXUQVKDOOSURYLGHEDVLVIRUIXUWKHUHPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK ,%86,1(66$1'121352),725*$1,=$7,216$67+(2%-(&762)5(6($5&+ 0$3K'6WXGHQW)DFXOW\RI0DQDJHPHQW'HSDUWPHQWRI/DERXU5HVRXUFHV0DQDJHPHQW&UDFRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI (FRQRPLFVXO5DNRZLFND&UDFRZHPDLOPDULXV]Z\UR#JPDLOFRP
vv 5HVRXUFHEDVHGYLHZRQHQWHUSULVHV 2QHRIWKHPDLQD[HVRIHQWHUSULVHGHYHORSPHQWWKHRU\LVWKHUHVRXUFHEDVHG YLHZ,WLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHQDWXUHDQGSRZHURIDQHQWHUSULVHOLHLQWKHW\SLFDO FRPPRQVHQVHIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHWHFKQRORJLFDOSRWHQWLDOKXPDQNQRZOHGJH RUPDQDJHPHQWWHFKQLTXHVLPSURYHPHQW1RJDSSuERWKLQ WKHUHVRXUFHVDQGFRPSHWHQFHVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
7KH RULJLQV RI WKLV WKHRU\ PD\ EH GHWHFWHG DV HDUO\ DV LQ WKH RSLQLRQV RI WKH HFRQRP\ VFLHQFH SUHFXUVRUV ,Q KLV UHYLHZ RI WKH HFRQRPLF WKRXJKW DFKLHYHPHQWVRQHRIWKHDXWKRUV.XQDV]REVHUYHVWKDWWKHQRWLRQRI UHVRXUFHV SURGXFWLRQ IDFWRUV DSSHDUHG LQ WKH FODVVLF HFRQRPLVWVq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rREMHFWLILHG ODERUs +H DOVR GLIIHUHQWLDWHG EHWZHHQ ODERU IRUFH DQG ODERU 3URGXFW YDOXH RI WKH IRUPHU u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rSURGXFWLRQ IDFWRUVs DQG WUHDWHG HQWHUSULVHVDVDXQLTXHFROOHFWLRQRISURGXFWLRQUHVRXUFHV.XQDV]SS 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHSURSHUVKDSLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQW RIWKHUHVRXUFHEDVHGYLHZRQHQWHUSULVHVWRRNSODFHLQWKHVDQGV /LFKWDUVNLS8MZDU\*LO
7KH FRQWHPSRUDU\ UHVRXUFHEDVHG YLHZ RQ HQWHUSULVHV LV D UHVXOW RI GLVFXVVLRQV EDVHG RQ WKUHH VHHPLQJO\ GLIIHUHQW LVVXHV RXWVWDQGLQJ
vv
FRPSHWHQFHV 5LFDUGLDQ HFRQRPLFV DQG HQWHUSULVH LQFUHDVH $W ILUVW WKH UHVHDUFKRQFRPSHWHQFHVGHDOWZLWKWKHPDQDJHUVq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
7KH HQWHUSULVH HIILFLHQF\ DQG HIIHFWLYHQHVV DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ LWV UHVRXUFHVDQGWKHFDSDELOLWLHVRIXVLQJWKHP5HVRXUFHVDUHLQRWKHUZRUGV SURGXFWLRQIDFWRUVRZQHGRUFRQWUROOHGE\DQRUJDQL]DWLRQZLWKWKHXVHRI RWKHUUHVRXUFHVRUVNLOOVWKH\DUHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRILQDOSURGXFWV/LFKWDUVNL S7KXVQRWRQO\WKHUHVRXUFHVRZQHGE\WKHHQWHUSULVHFRXQWu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
The skillsDUHDELOLWLHVWRXVHUHVRXUFHVWKDWLVWRGHSOR\DQGXVHWKHPVR WKDWWKHHQWHUSULVHqVDLPVDUHDFKLHYHG7KHVHDUHLQGLUHFWJRRGVFUHDWHGE\ WKHHQWHUSULVHIRUPRUHHIIHFWLYHXVHRIWKHUHVRXUFHVRZQHG%\IUHTXHQWOLQNV WRNQRZOHGJHDQGVLPLODUO\WRLWWKHVNLOOVDUHRIKLGGHQFKDUDFWHU8QOLNH WKHPDWHULDOUHVRXUFHVVNLOOVLQFUHDVHZKLOHEHLQJXVHG2QHRIWKHDXWKRUV GLYLGHVVNLOOVLQWRFRPSHWHQFHVDQGNH\FRPSHWHQFHVThe Competences are WKHVNLOOVZKLFKUHODWHWRWKHEXVLQHVVEUDQFKZKLOHWKHkey competences are WKRVHZKLFKDUHRIWKHJUHDWHVWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHFRPSDQ\DQGDUHGHFLVLYH IRU LWV FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH /LFKWDUVNL S +RZHYHU IURP WKH HQWHUSULVHqV YDOXHV SHUVSHFWLYH LWV UHVRXUFHV PDNH D FHUWDLQ KLHUDUFK\ 7KH ORZHVWLQWKHKLHUDUFK\DUHUHVRXUFHV
7KHDERYHLPSOLHVWKDWQRWDOOWKHUHVRXUFHVDUHHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKH FRPSHWLWLYHUHVXOWVDFKLHYHGE\WKHHQWHUSULVH7KHUHVRXUFHVDQGVNLOOVZKLFK DUHSDUWLFXODUO\YDOXDEOHIRUWKHHQWHUSULVHEXLOGLWVNH\FRPSHWHQFHV7KH\ DUH RI VRPH LPSRUWDQW GLVWLQFWLYH IHDWXUHV &]HUQLDFKRZLF] S /LFKWDUVNLS8MZDU\*LO
vv
v VWUDWHJLF YDOXH u WKH\ DOORZ IRU PDNLQJ JRRG XVH RI FKDQFHV DQG RYHUFRPLQJKD]DUGV
v WKH\DUHUDUHO\RZQHGE\FRPSHWLQJEXVLQHVVHVuWKHUDUHUWKH\DUH WKHKLJKHUVWUDWHJLFDGYDQWDJHRIWKHHQWHUSULVHLV
v GLIILFXOWLHV ZLWK VXEVWLWXWLQJ ZKLFK SUHYHQWV VRPH UHVRXUFHV IURP EHLQJUHSODFHGZLWKRWKHURQHVDQGWKLVZD\WKH\UHPDLQUDUH v GLIILFXOWLHVZLWKLPLWDWLQJDQGFRS\LQJZKLFKLVQRZDTXLFNDQGHDV\
ZD\WRDFKLHYHKLJKSURILWVEXWWKLVFDQEHSUHYHQWHGE\WKHXVHRI VHFUHWUHVRXUFHVDQGFRPSHWHQFHV
v FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ u WKH PRUH WKH UHVRXUFH LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK RWKHU UHVRXUFHVWKHPRUHGLIILFXOWLWLVWRLPLWDWH
v DELOLW\WRLQWURGXFHFKDQJHVZKLFKDOORZVWRPRGLI\DQGLPSURYHWKH SUHVHQWUHVRXUFHVDQGVNLOOVDQGWKLVZD\LQFUHDVHWKHGLVWDQFHIURP SRVVLEOHLPLWDWRUV
v GXUDELOLW\ XQGHUVWRRG DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH IHDWXUHV PHQWLRQHG DERYHLHOHQJWKRIWLPHWKURXJKRXWZKLFKWKHUHVRXUFHVXSSRUWWKH HQWHUSULVHLQDFKLHYLQJLQFRPH
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äÑMS
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qDQGVXSSOLHUVqVLGH,QPDQ\HQWHUSULVHVGHYHORSPHQWLVHTXDWHGZLWK GHYHORSPHQWRINQRZOHGJHPDNLQJXSWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOFDSLWDOFRQWULEXWHGWR WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQE\YDULRXVVWDNHKROGHUJURXSV1RJDSS$Q DQDO\VLVRIRSHUDWLRQRIYDULRXVHQWHUSULVHVRIYDULRXVFRXQWULHVDQGEUDQFKHV ZKLFKKDYHEHHQLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQIRURYHUDKXQGUHG\HDUVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHLU FRPPRQIHDWXUHLVVSHFLILFDSSURDFKWRWKHHPSOR\HHV7KH\DUHWUHDWHGDVWKH
vv PDLQVRXUFHRIWKHHQWHUSULVHVXFFHVV7KHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WR VHOORIIIL[HGDVVHWVLQUHDFWLRQWRFKDQJLQJPDUNHWHQYLURQPHQWWKDQWRGLVPLVV HPSOR\HHVuWKHLUSKLORVRSK\LVWRFUHDWHDFRPPXQLW\EDVHGRQWKHH[SHUWLVH RIVHYHUDOJHQHUDWLRQV,WPXVWEHQRWLFHGWKDWQRWDOOWKHVWDNHKROGHUVEULQJ LQWHOOHFWXDOFDSLWDOWRWKHHQWHUSULVHEXWRQO\WKRVHZKRVHDFWLYLW\FRQWULEXWHV WRFUHDWLQJQHZYDOXHVEULQJLQJPHDVXUDEOHPDUNHWEHQHILWVQHZSURGXFWV RUJDQL]DWLRQDOVROXWLRQVTXDOLW\/LFKWDUVNLSS 7KHVRXUFHRIFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHLVLQUDUHUHVRXUFHVDQGRUVNLOOVWR XVH WKHP PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ 7KLV LV D ZLGHU ORRN DW HIIHFWLYHQHVV LQYROYLQJ PRUHHFRQRPLFDOSURGXFWLRQRUEHWWHUIXOILOOPHQWRIFXVWRPHUVq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qV)LYH )RUFHV $QDO\VLV 7KH UHVRXUFHEDVHG YLHZ SULPDULO\ UHIHUV WR WKH LQWHUQDO IDFWRUVDQGWKHQDQDO\VHVH[WHUQDOFRQGLWLRQV&]HUQLDFKRZLF]S .XQDV]S
7KH HPSKDVL]HG UROH RI QRQPDWHULDO UHVRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ LQ SDUWLFXODU FRPSHWHQFHV DELOLWLHV DQG VNLOOV RI SHRSOH FUHDWLQJ DQ HQWHUSULVH GUDZV RXU DWWHQWLRQ WRZDUGV ODERU FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI KXPDQ FDSLWDO $GGLWLRQDOO\ HIIHFWLYHQHVVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVHVZKLFKFUHDWHDGGHGYDOXHPDNH XVUHIOHFWRQWKHLUTXDOLW\+HQFHWKHIROORZLQJSDUWRIWKLVVWXG\LVJRLQJWR EHGHYRWHGWRWKHODERUTXDOLW\LVVXH
3. Issues concerning the quality of labor
Quality LQ ZKLFK UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI YDULRXV SURIHVVLRQV DQG VFLHQFHV KDYH EHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQVLQFHDQFLHQWWLPHVKDYHQRWEHHQGHILQHGH[SOLFLWO\\HW2Q WKHFRQWUDU\LQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIDXWKRUVDJUHHWKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRGHILQH LWXQDPELJXRXVO\DQGFDWHJRULFDOO\$QHW\PRORJLFDORULJLQRIWKLVZRUGLV /DWLQTXDOLWDVLQWURGXFHGLQWKHVW&HQWXU\%&RQWKHEDVLVRI*UHHNpoiotes XQGHUVWRRGDVDSURSHUW\RUFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDQDWWULEXWH,WLVEHOLHYHGWKDWWKLV FRQFHSWZDVLQWURGXFHGWRWKHSKLORVRSK\E\3ODWRWRGHVFULEHDFHUWDLQGHJUHH RI SHUIHFWQHVV DV DQ HYDOXDWLYH MXGJPHQW ZKLFK LV LQVHSDUDEO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWKWKHXVHU$ULVWRWOHLQWXUQUHFRJQL]HGTXDOLW\DVrZKDWPDNHVDWKLQJ
vv EHDWKLQJs+HQFHIURPDSKLORVRSKLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKHTXDOLW\LVDIHDWXUH RUDJURXSRIIHDWXUHVZKLFKGLVWLQJXLVKDSDUWLFXODUREMHFWIURPWKHRWKHUV 6NU]\SHNS4XDOLW\LVGHILQHGLQYDULRXVZD\VLQWKHPDQDJHPHQW VFLHQFHVDVZHOO7KHYDULHW\RIGHILQLWLRQVH[WHQGVIURPWKHPRVWJHQHUDODQG XQLYHUVDOWRWKHPRUHGHWDLOHGRQHVUHIHUULQJWRSDUWLFXODUUHVRXUFHVSURFHVVHV RUSURGXFWVDQGWKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV6RPHRIWKHVHJHQHUDOH[SUHVVLRQVWDNH IRUPQRWVRPXFKRIVFLHQWLILFGHILQLWLRQVDVUDWKHUOLWHUDU\DSKRULVPV
7DGHXV] .RWDUELQVNL WKH FUHDWRU RI SUD[HRORJ\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH QRWLRQ RI labor LV YHU\ DPELJXRXV ZKLFK UHVXOWV IURP WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUH LV QR VLQJOH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI LW +H GHILQHG labor DV D VHULHV RI DFWLYLWLHV FKDUDFWHULVWLFRIRYHUFRPLQJGLIILFXOWLHVLQRUGHUWRIXOILOOVRPHERG\qVYLWDO QHHGV+HLQGLFDWHGWKDWLQYDULRXVVLWXDWLRQVGLIIHUHQWIHDWXUHVRIODERUDUH HPSKDVL]HG XQSOHDVDQW HIIRUW DQ DFWLYLW\ WR ZKLFK VRPHRQH LV GHYRWHG SURGXFWLYHFKDUDFWHURIODERXWKHRSSRVLWHRISOD\IRUFHGODERU7KHDERYH PHQWLRQHGQHFHVVLW\WRRYHUFRPHGLIILFXOWLHVPHQWLRQHGFUHDWHVDQHQIRUFHG VLWXDWLRQWKXVDVLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHRIODERULVLWVHQIRUFHPHQW+HQFHLQWKH SUD[HRORJLFDOPHDQLQJODERULVFRQWUDVWHGZLWKDOOQRQVHULRXVDFWLYLWLHVQRW WKUHDWHQHGE\DQ\HQIRUFHPHQWRUZLWKSOD\.RWDUELþVNLSS 7KLVLVDYHU\JHQHUDOH[SODQDWLRQRIODERUZKLFKUHIOHFWVWKHSUD[HRORJLFDO LGHDRIJHQHUDOL]LQJWKHHIILFLHQWRSHUDWLRQWKHRU\7KLVZD\LWLVSRVVLEOHWR XVHDYHU\PHDQLQJRIWKLVFRQFHSWDQGWRPDNHLWGHWDLODFFRUGLQJWRSDUWLFXODU FRQGLWLRQVDQGVLWXDWLRQV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGHILQLWLRQFLWHGKHUHVHHPVWRUHIOHFW H[FHOOHQWO\ WKH QDWXUH DQG IXQGDPHQWDO VHQVH RI ODERU ZKLFK FRQWULEXWHV WR DKXPDQDQGHQDEOHVKLPKHUWRVXUYLYHDQGGHYHORS7KHHQIRUFLQJFKDUDFWHU RIODERUEULQJVIXUWKHUPHDQLQJIXOUHVXOWVLHWKHQDWXUHRIPRWLYDWLRQr7KH SRLQWLVWKDWDPDQZRPDQZRXOGGRZLOOLQJO\ZKDWKHVKHPXVWGRWKDWKHVKH GRHVQRWGRZKDWKHVKHPXVWRQO\EHFDXVHKHVKHPXVWGRLWEXWWKDWKHVKH ZRXOGILQGSOHDVXUHLQLWDQGDVDUHVXOWVWUHDPOLQHKLVKHUODERUE\VKRZLQJ JHQHURVLW\LQGHYRWLQJWRLWs.RWDUELþVNLS:KDWLVHPSKDVL]HG KHUHLVWKHQHFHVVLW\RIDQHPSOR\HHHQJDJHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQLQWKHODERULQJ SURFHVVZKLFKLVDFRQGLWLRQRIWKHODERUVWUHDPOLQH7KHODERUDQGLQIXUWKHU SHUVSHFWLYHuWKHZKROHHQWHUSULVHuPD\UHPDLQUHDOO\HIILFLHQWRQO\DVDQ HIIHFWRIFRQVWDQWDWWHQWLRQWRWKHHIILFLHQF\7KXVZD\ODERUVWLOOUHPDLQVRQH RIWKHEDVLFSURGXFWLRQIDFWRUVDQGWKHPDLQUHVRXUFHRIDQHQWHUSULVHUHDOL]HG E\WKHHPSOR\HHVDQGPDQDJHUVRIYDULRXVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHYHOV
2QH RI WKH PRVW RXWVWDQGLQJ 3ROLVK TXDOLWRORJ\ VFLHQWLVWV GHILQHV the
TXDOLW\RIODERUDVDQH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKHHPSOR\HHIXOILOVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQG
GXO\SHUIRUPVWKHODERULQJSURFHVV5HTXLUHPHQWVRQWKHHPSOR\HHFRQFHUQ
&I.ROPDQ6:DZDNS
7KDWLVWRSHUIRUPVHULRXVWDVNVZKLFKLIQRWSHUIRUPHGPD\EULQJDWKUHDWFRPSDUHGWRORVVRIOLIHKHDOWKPHDQVRI VXSSRUWSHUVRQDOIUHHGRPVRFLDOSRVLWLRQJRRGQDPHSHDFHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVMR\RIOLYLQJ.RWDUELþVNLS
vv
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uODERUHUV
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qODERUuZKLFKLVWKHFDVHRQO\IRUVXSHUYLVRUVu DQGPDQDJLQJRQHqVRZQODERUE\DPDQDJHURUHPSOR\HH6XFKPDQDJHPHQW DLPVDWREWDLQLQJFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHDVDQHIIHFWRIVWUDWHJLFGHSOR\PHQW RIKLJKO\TXDOLILHGDQGHQJDJHGHPSOR\HHV7:DZDNS 'HDOLQJZLWKWKHLVVXHRIODERUTXDOLW\LWPXVWEHVWUHVVHGWKDWLWVOHYHO LVSHUFHLYHGYHU\LQGLYLGXDOO\9DULRXVDXWKRUVXVHYDULRXVGHILQLWLRQRIWKLV TXDOLW\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHVLWXDWLRQFRQWH[WDQGGHWDLOVMXVWDVLWLVGLIIHUHQWO\ SHUFHLYHGE\LQGLYLGXDOVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKHHQWHUSULVH,LVHHPVFKDUDFWHULVWLF WKDWWKHODERUTXDOLW\LVQRWRQO\GLIIHUHQWO\EXWHYHQFRQWUDU\DVVHVVHGZLWKLQ
vv
WKHVFRSHRIRQHSURFHVVE\WKHHPSOR\HHVDQGWKHLUVXSHUYLVRUV7KLVRFFXUV ZKHQWKHVXSHUYLVRUVWU\WRDFKLHYHODERUTXDOLW\LPSURYHPHQWE\LQWLPLGDWLQJ HPSOR\HHV 7R HQVXUH WKHLU VDIHW\ WKH\ DUH DEOH WR ZRUN ORQJHU RU PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\RUHYHQPDNHOHVVPLVWDNHVZKLFKIURPWKHHPSOR\HHqVSRLQWRI YLHZ VHHPV WR SURYH ODERU TXDOLW\ LPSURYHPHQW +RZHYHU WKH HPSOR\HHVq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qV FRQFOXVLRQ LWPD\EHVWDWHGWKDWWKHTXDOLW\RIHDFKIXQFWLRQIXOILOOPHQWLQIOXHQFHVWKH TXDOLW\RIODERURIWKHHQWHUSULVHPHPEHUV2OHNV\QS
7KH ODERU TXDOLW\ OHYHO GHSHQGV RQ VHYHUDO IDFWRUV UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH HQWHUSULVH LWVHOI LWV UHVRXUFHV VNLOOV DQG FRPSHWHQFHV %HFDXVH ODERU LV LQVHSDUDEO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKDKXPDQWKHPDLQJURXSVRILWVTXDOLW\GHWHUPLQDQWV UHODWHWRWKHKXPDQDVDODERULQJVXEMHFW7KHEDVHLVZHOOWUDLQHGHQJDJHGDQG ZHOOPRWLYDWHGVWDII7KLVVWDIIPXVWEHHTXLSSHGZLWKOHDGLQJWHFKQRORJ\XS WRGDWHPDFKLQHVDQGGHYLFHVDVZHOODVJRRGPDQDJHUV2UJDQL]DWLRQVKRXOG EH EDVHG RQ OHDGHUVKLS GHOHJDWLQJ DXWKRUL]DWLRQV LQFUHDVLQJ HPSOR\HHVq UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG H[WHQGLQJ WKHLU ILHOG RI RSHUDWLRQ ,QFUHDVH RI ODERU TXDOLW\LVSRVVLEOHLQWXUQE\FRQWLQXRXVHPSOR\HHGHYHORSPHQWH[SDQGLQJ NQRZOHGJH RI HPSOR\HHV DQG DV D UHVXOW RI WKH ZKROH RUJDQL]DWLRQ REWDLQLQJH[WUDTXDOLILFDWLRQVDQGQHZVSHFLDOL]DWLRQVZKLFKPHDQVOHDUQLQJ VKRXOGEHFRPHDFRQVWDQWHOHPHQWRIDQHPSOR\HHqVOLIH7:DZDN SS2EYLRXVO\WKHDERYHH[DPSOHVGRQRWH[KDXVWWKHFROOHFWLRQ RI ODERU TXDOLW\ FRQGLWLRQV EXW RQO\ LQGLFDWH WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW RQHV DOVR IURP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI WKH UHVRXUFHEDVHG DQG FRPSHWHQFHEDVHG YLHZ RQ HQWHUSULVH )RUPHU UHIOHFWLRQV PD\ OHDG WKH UHDGHU WR D ZURQJ FRQYLFWLRQ WKDWDOOWKHHQWHUSULVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQIOXHQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIODERUSRVLWLYHO\ 7KLV LV QRW WKH FDVH RI FRXUVH 7KXV WR PDLQWDLQ HYHQ PLQLPXP EDODQFH
7KLVLVERWKDYHU\LPSRUWDQWDQGH[WHQVLYHLVVXHZKLFKIRUREYLRXVUHDVRQVVKDOOQRWEHSUHVHQWHGKHUHLQGHWDLOPRUH LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWLWFDQEHIRXQGLQ2OHNV\Q
vv
VRPHH[DPSOHVRISKHQRPHQDGHVWUXFWLYHIRUWKHTXDOLW\RIODERUVKRXOGEH PHQWLRQHG7KHVHDUHDPRQJRWKHUVH[FHVVLYHVWUHVVDWODERURUSURIHVVLRQDO EXUQRXW 7KH IRUPHU LV RIWHQ DQ HIIHFW RI H[FHVVLYH RU LQFRUUHFWO\ VHOHFWHG PHWKRG RI PRWLYDWLQJ HPSOR\HHV JRRG LQ LQWHQWLRQV EXW QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQ WKHUHVXOWV7KHODWWHUSURIHVVLRQDOEXUQRXWRFFXUVDVDQHIIHFWRIFRQWLQXRXV RIFRQWLQXRXVO\UHSHDWHGHPRWLRQDODJLWDWLRQZKLFKDVDUHVXOWGHSULYHVDQ HPSOR\HHRIKLVKHUDELOLW\WRODERU7KLVSKHQRPHQRQLVRIWHQWKHUHDVRQRI QRWRQO\ORZTXDOLW\RIODERUEXWDOVRORZHPSOR\HHVqPRUDOHKLJKDEVHQFH IDFWRUDQGHPSOR\PHQWIOXFWXDWLRQ3DQHNSS 8VLQJWKHDERYHGHILQLWLRQVDQGILQGLQJVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDVVXPHWKDWWKH TXDOLW\RIODERULVERWKWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRQWKHODERUHU DQG ODERU SURFHVV DUH IXOILOOHG DV ZHOO DV WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK LW LQIOXHQFHV GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG LWV VWDNHKROGHUV ,W GHSHQGV RQ WKH TXDOLILFDWLRQVIHDWXUHVDQGDWWLWXGHVRIWKHODERUHUDVZHOODVRQWKHWHFKQRORJ\ XVHGDQGPHWKRGRIWDVNRUJDQL]DWLRQ
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qTXDOLILFDWLRQV DQGDWWLWXGHVLQWXUQWUHDWHGDVWKHORZODERUTXDOLW\IDFWRUDUHDWWKHVDPH WLPHDQLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWRIKXPDQFDSLWDOuWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHVRXUFHRI DQHQWHUSULVH +HSHUFHLYHVWKHODERUTXDOLW\LPSURYHPHQWDVDVRXUFHRISURILWLQFUHDVH YDOXHDGGHGDQGYDOXHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQLWVHOI7KHVHHIIHFWVPD\EHDFKLHYHG E\FDULQJDERXWWKHLQFUHDVHRIODERUTXDOLW\RIDOOWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQPHPEHUV LQ SDUWLFXODU RI PDQDJHUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU PDQDJHPHQW TXDOLW\ 7KLV OHDGV WRLQFUHDVLQJO\EHWWHUXVHRIRXWOD\VERWKLQWKHDVSHFWRIWKHLUSURILWDELOLW\
vv
DQGRIWKHTXDOLW\RISURGXFWV7:DZDNS+LJKHUSURILWDELOLW\ WUDQVODWHVLQWRFRVWUHGXFWLRQZKLFKDGGLWLRQDOO\LPSURYHVWKHLUUHODWLRQWRWKH TXDOLW\RISURGXFWVRIIHUHG
(DFK HQWHUSULVH RSHUDWHV WR IXOILOO LWV VWDNHKROGHUVq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uLQLWVYDULRXV DVSHFWVVXFKDVHQHUJ\RIDFWLYLW\HFRQRP\HIIHFWLYHQHVVRURUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KXVWKHTXDOLW\RIODERUVHHPVWREHGHWHUPLQHGE\VXFKSURGXFWIHDWXUHV DVIRUH[DPSOHSUHFLVLRQODFNRILQWHUMHFWLRQVRUGXUDELOLW\3UHFLVLRQLVWKH GHJUHHRIGHYLDWLRQIURPDQLQWHQGHGSURGXFWIHDWXUHWKHKLJKHVWSUHFLVLRQLV ZKHQWKHGHYLDWLRQLVWKHVPDOOHVWZKLFKPDNHVWKHSURGXFWZHOOGRQHuDV DQHIIHFWRIVXFFHVVIXORSHUDWLRQu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
vv
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u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uUDWKHUIOH[LEOH)LQDOO\LWPXVW EHDGGHGWKDWLQUHODWLRQWRJRRGODERUHDFKFKDQJHIRUEHWWHULQDOOWKHDVSHFWV PHQWLRQHGDERYHLVDIRUPRIVWUHDPOLQH.RWDUELþVNLSS 7KLVVWUHDPOLQHWDNLQJFDUHRIFRQVWDQWFRUUHFWLQJDQGLPSURYLQJVHHPVWREH YHU\ZHOOLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHSUREOHPRITXDOLW\LQDQHQWHUSULVH (IIHFWLYHQHVVLVVRPHWLPHVXQGHUVWRRGLQWZRZD\VDVDOOYDOXHVRISUDFWLFDODFWLYLWLHVWRJHWKHUGHWDLOHGDVVHVVPHQW RIHIILFLHQF\SURILWDELOLW\HFRQRP\UDWLRQDOLW\HWFRUDVHDFKRIWKHJRRGODERXUYDOXHVVHSDUDWHO\HIIHFWLYHQHVVLV HIILFLHQF\HIIHFWLYHQHVVLVSURILWDELOLW\HIIHFWLYHQHVVLVHFRQRP\HWF3V]F]RäRZVNLS
vv 7KHV\VWHPRIDFWLYLW\SUDFWLFDODVVHVVPHQWSUHVHQWHGKHUHGHVFULEHVDQG H[SODLQVWKHLVVXHRIKXPDQODERUTXDOLW\WRDODUJHH[WHQW2QDFFRXQWRIWKDW LWFDQEHXVHGDVDVWDUWLQJSRLQWWREXLOGDWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHORIODERUTXDOLW\ GHWHUPLQDQWV&UHDWLRQRIVXFKDPRGHOZRXOGJLYHDEDVLVIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VHV DQGHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKRQWKHSUREOHPRIODERUTXDOLW\
7R VXP XS LW FDQ EH VWDWHG WKDW ZKLOH ODERU LWVHOI XQGHUVWRRG DV RQH RIWKHSURGXFWLRQIDFWRUVRUuPRUHSUHFLVHO\uDODERUSRWHQWLDOSHUVRQLILHG E\ KXPDQ EHLQJV u LV RQH RI WKH HQWHUSULVH UHVRXUFHV WKH SURFHVV RI ODERU FDQQRWEHHTXDWHGZLWKWKHUHVRXUFH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIODERU HVWDEOLVKHGWRODUJHH[WHQWE\WKHSUDFWLFDODVVHVVPHQWVRIDFWLYLW\VHHPVWR H[SUHVVWKHHQWHUSULVHFRPSHWHQFHVZKLFKLVWKHZD\RIXVLQJWKHUHVRXUFHV UDWKHUWKDQWKHUHVRXUFHVDQGSRWHQWLDORIWKHHQWHUSULVH 5. Conclusion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
References
&]HUQLDFKRZLF]%=DVRE\SU]HGVLöELRUVWZDMDNRF]\QQLNLNUHRZDQLD
przewagi konkurencyjnej ,Q % 0LNXäD (G Historia i perspektywy
QDXNR]DU]ñG]DQLX.UDNÑZ)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWX(NRQRPLF]QHJRZ
.UDNRZLH
.ROPDQ 5 .ZDOLWRORJLD :LHG]D R UÑĔQ\FK G]LHG]LQDFK MDNRĈFL :DUV]DZD3ODFHW
.RWDUELþVNL 7 Traktat o dobrej robocie :URFäDZ:DUV]DZD .UDNÑZ=1,2:3$1
vv
.XQDV]0=DVRE\SU]HGVLöELRUVWZDZWHRULLHNRQRPLL*RVSRGDUND
1DURGRZD
/LFKWDUVNL - 3RGVWDZ\ QDXNL R SU]HGVLöELRUVWZLH :URFäDZ :\GDZQLFWZR$(LP2VNDUD/DQJHJRZH:URFäDZLX
1RJD$7HRULHSU]HGVLöELRUVWZ:DUV]DZD3ROVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR (NRQRPLF]QH
2EäÑM . Strategia organizacji :DUV]DZD 3ROVNLH :\GDZQLFWZR (NRQRPLF]QH
2OHNV\Q7-DNRĈèZ]DU]ñG]DQLX]DVREDPLOXG]NLPL,Q7:DZDN VHULHV HGLWRU .RPXQLNDFMD L MDNRĈè Z ]DU]DG]DQLX YRO .UDNÑZ :\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORþVNLHJR
3DQHN0'HWHUPLQDQW\MDNRĈFLSUDF\F]äRZLHNDDILOR]RILD740 ,Q 7 :DZDN VHULHV HGLWRU =PLHQLDMñFH VLö SU]HGVLöELRUVWZR Z
]PLHQLDMñFHMVLöSROLW\F]QLH(XURSLHYRO=DU]ñG]DQLHSUDFñ.UDNÑZ
:\GDZQLFWZR,(8-
3V]F]RäRZVNL70DäDHQF\NORSHGLDSUDNVHRORJLLLWHRULLRUJDQL]DFML :URFäDZ:DUV]DZD.UDNÑZ*GDþVN=1,2
6NU]\SHN(-DNRĈèLHIHNW\ZQRĈè/XEOLQ:\G80&6
7NDF]\N 6 :LHU]ELFNL - -DNRĈè u GHWHUPLQDQWD SRSUDZ\ SURGXNW\ZQRĈFL ,Q 7 :DZDN VHULHV HGLWRU =PLHQLDMñFH VLö
SU]HGVLöELRUVWZR Z ]PLHQLDMñFHM VLö SROLW\F]QLH (XURSLH YRO 'HWHUPLQDQW\MDNRĈFLDHIHNW\ZQRĈèSURFHVÑZ.UDNÑZ:\GDZQLFWZR
,(8-
8MZDU\*LO $ .RQFHSFMD ]DVRERZHM WHRULL SU]HGVLöELRUVWZD u FDäRĈFLRZH XMöFLH L NLHUXQHN GDOV]\FK EDGDþ 3U]HJOñG 2UJDQL]DFML , :DZDN6$QDOL]DSRMöFLDMDNRĈFLSUDF\=HV]\W\1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL Ekonomicznej w Krakowie, :DZDN7-DNRĈèD]DU]DG]DQLHSUDFñ,Q7:DZDNVHULHVHGLWRU =PLHQLDMñFHVLöSU]HGVLöELRUVWZRZ]PLHQLDMñFHMVLöSROLW\F]QLH(XURSLH YRO=DU]ñG]DQLHSUDFñ.UDNÑZ:\GDZQLFWZR,(8-