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Kierunki międzynarodowej koordynacji ostrożnościowych regulacji bankowych

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The purpose of this article is to present currently applicable prudence reg-ulations in the banking sector and an attempt to show directions of required changes and modifications. The article is composed of four parts. The first part presents the analysis of reasons of financial market regulation and explains FDXVHVZK\EDQNVDUHVXEMHFWWRVSHFLDORUGHUVDQGVWDQGDUGV7KHVHFRQGDQG third part describes efforts of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and other organisations to develop global banking system operating standards. The author also refers to research over the global impact of guidelines of the Ba-sel Committee on Banking Supervision on the banking sector. The final part presents expected directions of changes in international prudence regulations.

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