A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S ________ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 36, 1997
W aldem ar Saram onow icz
S O M E C A U SA L A S P E C T S O F S E G M E N T A T IO N P R O C E S S E S IN IN D O E U R O P E A N D R IF T
1. IN TRO D U C TIO N
T h e p u rp o se o f this article is the analysis o f som e selected analytical tendencies in P olish from th e p o in t o f view o f the so called drift p h en o m en a in In d o e u ro p ea n languages [cf. S a p i r 1949; L a k o f f 1972; V e n n e m a n n 1974, 1975]. Specifically,the generalisations advanced by T h eo V ennem ann in his m odel o f syntactic change [ V e n n e m a n n 1973, 1974, 1975] will be co n fro n ted w ith views held by P olish linguists concerning the relev ant tendencies in the language.
2. T H E C O N C EPT O F D R IF T
I he term drift trad itio n ally subsum es the g rad u al system atic stru ctu ra l changes in the In d o e u ro p ea n fam ily, reflected in a variety o f an alytical processes.
In an article “ A n o th e r loo k at d rift” , L a k o ff en u m erates the follow ing m a jo r m an ifestatio n s o f the phenom enon:
1. T h e n om inal system:
i) th e o b lig ato ry use o f an a p h o ric, n o n em p h atic subject p ro n o u n s. ii) the use o f articles- definite and indefinite.
iii) the use o f p repositions instead o f case endings. 2. T h e verbal system:
i) th e developm ent o f p erip h rastic causatives, inchoatives, etc. ii) the developem ent o f perip h rastic auxiliaries.
A ccording to L a k o ff all these p h en o m en a reflect a single general schem e w hich m anifests itself basically in th e tendency to w ard s g reater segm en tatio n in th e linguistic system . She calls this schem e a m etac o n d itio n and p resents the follow ing w orking definition o f th e concept:
If there is a choice between a rule and a lexical item to produce a surface structure containing independent segments, as opposed to one containing bound forms, pick the form er. Speaking metaphorically, it instructs the language to scgmentalize where possible. In a wide variety o f ways, every one o f the phenom ena I have identified as being drift-related is a change in the direction o f greater segm entation, or, as Sapir p u t it, in the direction o f the independent w ord. [ L a k o f f 1972: 178]
W ithin V cnn em an n ’s developm ents o f the th eo ry o f d rift, th e relev an t seg m en tatio n processes are determ ined by the Principle o f N a tu ra l Seriali zation. T his principle imposes a unidirectional serialization o f op erator-operand hierarchies (w ith the d irectional arran g em en t o f verb an d o bject being a m odel fo r the o th e r sentential arrangem en ts)
T h e rule is represented by the follow ing diagram :
O p e ra to r (O p eran d ) in X V O p e ra to r (O p erand)
(O p eran d ) O p e ra to r in V X where:
X = verb com plem ent
and: in a c o n stitu en t stru ctu re AB, A is o p e ra to r and В is o p eran d if the en tire co n stitu en t AB is in the sam e syntactic catego ry as B.
T h u s, given the follow ing categories: A object adverb m ain verb n o u n m od ifier n o u n p h rase
stan d ard o f com pariso n etc. A precedes В in X V languages A follow s В in VX languages. where:
X V , V X = indicate the d o m in a n t o rd e r o f verb an d its co m plem en t. A s V ennem ann po in ts o u t a change in th e basic o rd erin g o f V an d О ap p e ars to result (th ro u g h analogical pressure) in a w holesale re o rd erin g o f o th e r o p e ra to r-o p e ra n d hierarchies. В verb verb auxiliary verb n o u n ad p osition co m p arativ e adjective
In th e follow ing analysis we will discuss tw o m a jo r d iach ro n ic processes in Polish: n o m in alizatio n , an d the spread o f p re p o sitio n al co n stru c tio n s. B oth processes co n stitu te exam ples o f a w ide ran ge o f an aly tical changes in th e lang uage, all o f w hich a p p e a r to be striking ly c o n siste n t w ith V e n n em an n ’s segm entation predictions. A t the sam e tim e, the n a tu re o f these tendencies, as defined by P olish linguists, w ould seem to p o in t to a richer variety o f causal facto rs th a n tho se suggested in V e n n em an n ’s stru ctu ra lly o rien tated m odel.
3. N O M IN A LIZA TIO N
T h e process o f nom in alizatio n is generally described in P olish linguistics as a shift from synthetic verbal co n stru c tio n s w hich cum ulatively carry b o th categ o rial an d lexical m eanin g, to th eir analytical c o u n te rp a rts in w hich categ o ry an d m ean in g are expressed by sep arate elem ent [cf. В a r t m i ń s к i
1973; A n u s i e w i c z 1978].
e.g. 1. zam ierzać - m ieć zam iar. 2. strzelić - o d d ać strzał. 3. zdarzyć się - m ieć miejsce. 4. pojm ow ać - m ieć pojęcie. 5. baczyć - zw racać uwagę.
T h e analysis o f these exam ples show s th a t in stru c tu ra l term s n o m in a lization seems to be consistent w ith the P rinciple o f N a tu ra l S erialization, and could, theoretically, be interpreted as a p oten tial result o f the analo gical pressure o f th e p re d o m in a n t SVO p a tte rn in th e language,
e.g. o ld er form m o d ern form
pojm ujesz m asz pojęcie
X V V X
A s we can see from the co m p ariso n o f the relevant p attern s, only the no m in al V X arran g e m e n t is serially co m p atib le w ith the statistically p re d o m in a n t w ord order. T h e d iach ro n ic n a tu re o f n o m in aliz atio n (as opp osed to the synchronic aspect o f the p h en o m en o n evident in exam ples 1,2,3) is indicated in the figures presented by W ierzbicka [1962]. T hey show a g radu al tra n sitio n from a verbally to a n o m inally d o m in a n t system:
wiek X IV -X V X V I X V II-X IX X X
P ro ce n t czasow nika w śród 37 33 24 8
czterech części m ow y
She offers the follow ing com m ent w ith regard to th e long-term d irec tio n ality o f th e process:
Tak więc rozwój polszczyzny od przewagi konstrukcji werbalnych i hipotaksy międzyzdaniowej d o przewagi kontrukcji nom inalnych [...] nie ulega wątpliwości. Nie jest to rozwój równomierny. A naliza bardziej szczegółowa, uwzględniająca większą liczbę tekstów w ykazałaby z pewnością szereg odchyleń od lej głównej linii. Zasadniczy jednak kierunek jest właśnie taki. [Wierzbicka 1962: 208]
T he diachronically viewed nom inalization tendency described by W ierzbicka is best illu strated in h er co m p ariso n o f a 16th an d 20th cen tu ry tra n sla tio n o f the sam e L atin text:
1593 [K oszucki]
Ja k o m się d o b rz e nauczył Się [...] strzec
Jeśliby tego pierw ej nie uczynił B ardzo m ało co bacząc
1960 [K ornatow ski]
J a k wielkie p ostęp y sam zrobiłem m ieć się n a baczności
Jeśli nie urzeczywistnił swego zam iaru M a [...] poczucie
W hile accepting the possibility o f a stro n g er L atin influence o n th e early tra n sla tio n , W ierzbicka presents exam ples o f n om in al co n stru c tio n s in the o rigin al text, rendered verbally by K oszutski. T h is, acco rd in g to her, po in ts to the fact th a t the verbal n a tu re o f the 16th centu ry P olish p ro se is n o t entirely d eterm ined by the L atin source, bu t reflects intrinsic featu res o f th e n ativ e system:
[Cycero]
co n se q u en tia cernit oblivio
in dicendi exercitatione tarn est in vitio
[K oszutski]
baczy co za tym idzie zapam iętyw ać m u szą
gdym się n a w ym ow ę ćwiczył ta k grzeszy
A lth o u g h W ierzbicka’s research clearly suggests th e progressive n a tu re o f deverb alizatio n in Polish, the expansion o f no m in al co n stru c tio n s in the lan g u ag e h as n o t been c o n c u rre n t w ith a w holesale rem ov al o f th e ir synonym ic synthetic equivalents. In the m ajo rity o f cases descriptive no m inal stru c tu re s coexist w ith th e ir verbal c o u n te rp a rts , w ith w hich th ey a re generally identical on the d enotation level but no t identical on the co nn otatio n level [cf. A n u s i e w i c z 1978]. T h e n a tu re o f this coexistence is described by A n u s i e w i c z in the follow ing way:
Between analytical constructions and their simple equivalents there occurs a process of m eaning, stylistic, and functional repartition which is a sign o f tendencies to polarize com m on-functional lingual elements in the language. E.g. the expression wywrzeć nacisk (to exert pressure) is not synonymous with nacisnąć (press), and prow adzić śledztwo (conduct an enquiry) differs from śledzić (to watch).
A nalytical constructions, as alternative forms, acquire a defined stylistic tone (e.g. they serve to express such text characteristics as: officialism, loftiness, festivity, seriousness, anonym ity, etc.), and become characteristic stylistic determ inants o f particular flexions o f the Polish language. [1978: 194]
H av in g considered briefly the diach ro n ic an d synchronic aspects o f n o m in alizatio n , let us now co n c en trate on som e ex p lan a to ry suggestions advanced by P olish linguists w ith respect to th e ph eno m en o n .
In her analysis o f causal aspects o f dev erbalizatio n, W i e r z b i c k a [1962] po in ts o u t th a t in stru ctu ral term s the process is to be u n d ersto o d as the result o f a system atic shift from syntactic h yp otaxis to the sim ple sentence. She illustrates this tendency w ith the follow ing exam ples:
16th century: W szakoż m y śm iele stoików n aślado w ać m ożem y, k tó rzy się pilnie d o w iadują, skąd słow a idą.
2 0 th ce n tu ry : O dw ażm y się n aślad o w ać tu ta j sto ików , k tó rz y s ta ra n n ie b a d a ją pochodzenie w yrazów .
A cco rd in g to W ierzbicka, this shift is a reflection o f a ten den cy in the language to w ard s a greater precision and econom y o f style. A s reg ard s the d ra m a tic exp ansion o f nom inal co n stru ctio n s in th e 20th cen tury , she derives the p h en o m en o n from a variety o f c u ltu ra l and intellectual tren d s (e.g. im pressionism , n atu ralism ) w hich she cum ulatively refers to as the “m o d ern E uro p ean m entality” . These trends are supposed to h av e introduced a change in th e language tow ards a p redom inantly nom inal style. W ierzbicka enum erates, afte r L o m b ard , a n u m b er o f features w hich have facilitated th e spread o f nom inalization:
- n o m in al co n stru c tio n s are sh o rt, w hich m ak es them especially suitable for caption s, titles, posters, advertisem ents, etc.
- th e n o u n (as opposed to the verb) has a w ider ran g e o f app licatio n s in language. It can serve as the subject, com plem ent, ad ju n ct, ad verb ial, predicative,
- the use o f the n o u n occasionally allow s us to dispense w ith th e n o tio n o f subject, w hich plays an im p o rta n t role in certain official styles (e.g. J u tro n astąp i otw arcie o b rad ).
Similar explanatory views are expressed by I. B ajerow a and J. Anusiewicz. T h e fo rm er finds the m o tiv a tio n fo r the spread o f analytical co n stru c tio n s in general, in w hat she calls the intellcctualization o f language. She defines the tendency as on e w hich reshapes th e system so th a t it becom es m o re a d e q u a te as a m ean s o f scientific com m u n icatio n [cf. B a j e r o w a 1972].
T h e la tte r describes analytical tendencies as “ a sem antic process reflecting inclin atio n s to th in k analytically, to a detached an d individualized scru tiny
o f things, to a n objective d escription o f the w orld, an d to view ing reality in its m ost com plicated and varied aspects” [ A n u s i e w i c z 1978: 195]. H e fu rth e r develops and clarifies his view o f the p ro b lem w hen he says:
Analityzmy czasownikowe odznaczają się niejednokrotnie większą precyzją w form ułow aniu wypowiedzi, wyrażają bowiem różne relacje temporalne, które nie mają wykładników fleksyjnych. Są one funkcjonalnym i odpow iednikam i różnych form rodzaju czynności, a mianowicie: sygnalizują znaczenie inchoatywne, czyli wskazują n a początek czynności lub przewidywanego stanu, np.: budzić zainteresowanie, dać początek, podjąć krytykę, wejść w rozw ażania, wprawić w ruch; wyrażają znaczenie terminatywne, czyli ukazują koniec czynności lub stanu, np.: dojść d o stwierdzenia, uznania, wniosku, dokonać analizy, klasyfikacji, doprow adzić d o świadomości, sformułować wniosek, znaleźć odbicie, potwierdzenie, są też wykładnikami znaczenia duratywnego, np.: prow adzić badania, poszukiwania, rozmowy, rozum owanie, spory, przeprow adzić analizę, dow ód, obserwację... Osiąga się więc przez stosowanie konstrukcji analitycznych większą jasność i dokładność w przedstawianiu rzeczywistości.
T h e ex p lan ato ry statem en ts q u o ted so fa r are sy m p to m atic fo r P olish linguistics. T hey reflect a m o re general ap p ro ach to the causal aspects o f n o m in a liz a tio n a n d o th e r an a ly tica l changes. W ith in th is a p p ro a c h em p h asis is p laced o n n o n -stru c tu ra l, sy stem -ex tern al fa c to rs (c u ltu re , civilization, science) as the u ltim ate m o tiv a tin g forces b ehind th e vario u s segm en tatio n processes. C onsequen tly, the rise o f new p erip h rastic s tru ctures is viewed as an externally induced, co m p ensating reactio n o f th e system , aim ed a t satisfying the requ irem ents im posed on the lan gu age by th e ever increasing “com plicacy o f th o u g h t p rocesses” [ A n u s i e w i c z 1978: 196].
T his psychologically biased u n d ersta n d in g o f th e ca u sa tio n p rob lem seems to diverge aspectually from V en n em an n ’s m ech anism o f sy ntactic change. In his m odel, the ap p earan ce o f analytical stru ctu res is u n d ersto o d n o t as an externally im posed enrichm ent o f the m eans o f linguistic expression, b u t as an intern ally m o tiv ated purely stru ctu ra l process, in itiated u ltim ately by system atic S -O am biguity and effected th ro u g h analogical pressu re o f th e p re d o m in a n t V, О p a tte rn .
A n interestin g aspect o f nom in alizatio n tendencies in P olish has been po in ted o u t by B a r t m i ń s k i [1971]. T h e linguist has observed th a t th e relatively recent ra p id expansion o f nom inal co n stru c tio n s in the lan gu age o f m ass m ed ia considerably facilitates the gram m aticalizatio n o f w ord ord er. T h e reaso n fo r this p h en o m en o n lies in th e fact th a t th e n o u n s th a t p re d o m in a te in jo u rn alistic an d publicist style b elong to th e in an im ate categ o ry (e.g. bodźce, sk u tk i, elem enty, problem y, czynniki, sto su n k i, etc.). T his category is ch aracterized by th e lack o f distinctive S -O inflection. A lso, th e verbs w hich occur in analytical stru ctu res (e.g. m ieć, stanow ić, w yw oływ ać, przynosić, stw arzać, etc.) u sually have very generalized m ean in g
an d as a consequence c a n n o t them selves serve as a fully d ep e n d ab le S -O d isam b ig u atin g factor.
A s B artm inski suggests, th e recipients o f th e nom inalized styles are exposed in consequence to a fa r g reater n u m b er o f sentences w ith suspended S-O inflection th a n w ould be w a rran te d by the actu al level o f inflectional syncretism in the language. T his, according to him , creates fa v o u rab le c o n d itio n s fo r th e stabilization o f w ord o rder.
In h er d iscu ssio n o f In d o -E u ro p e a n seg m en ta tio n processes, R o b in L a k o ff offers the follow ing view concerning the ex pan sio n o f p re p o sitio n al inflection:
The use o f prepositions instead of case endings: T he older IE languages expressed gram m atical relationships in nouns through the use o f case endings: morphologically dependent form s attached to a noun-stem th a t had no independent existence (that is, was a “ b o u n d ” form). L ater languages have tended to develop, instead, an invariable independent noun w ithout endings (except fo r plural) and a set o f prepositions, also morphologically independent, to fulfil the functions previously performed by case endings. In some o f the m odem languages cases still rem ain, though in the majority (e.g. G erm anic and Greek) they are in vestigial form , and prepositions are becoming m ore and more essential. In m ost m odern languages, cases (i.e., surface case m arkers) have vanished entirely, except for a few vestigial form s in the pronom inal system. [ L a k o f f 1972: 174]
In th e w ake o f G re en b erg ’s and L eh m a n ’s studies o f linguistic universals, V e n n e m a n n [1975], in his tu rn , p roposes the follow ing stru c tu ra l analysis o f the affix ation p h en o m en a which accom pan y the change from X V to VX:
A Prefix Stem
e.g. P roblem y w yw ołują przesadn e reakq'e. Z asad y określają przepisy.
P roblem y stw arzają sytuaq'e stresogenne. S padek pro d u k cji spow odow ał w zro st cen.
5. THE SPREAD OF PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Suffix
X V
o r m o re specifically:
В С
N P P o stp P rep N P
X V V X
A ccording to V ennem ann, arran g em en ts A an d В are c o n tra ry to the P rinciple o f N a tu ra l S erialization in a V X language, an d as such are d o o m ed to phonological red u ctio n a n d /o r oblivion [cf. V e n n e m a n n 1975]. T h e new p ro ductive p a tte rn s, represented in C, are consistent w ith the V X order. Sym ptom atically fo r V ennem ann’s m odel o f syn tactic change it is im plied th a t, sim ilarly to o th er segm entation processes, the tra n sitio n from p o stp o sitio n to p reposition is induced th ro u g h analogical serialization pressure. In th e light o f o u r consideration s, so far, co ncern in g certain poten tially d rift related phen o m en a in P olish, it is in teresting to observe th a t a process has been tak in g place in the language, w hich basically ap p ears to reflect the tendencies outlined abo ve by R o b in L ako ff. T h e relev an t process consists in a system atic ap p e ara n ce o f prep o sitio n s in en v iro n m e n ts in w hich, from the s tru c tu ra l p o in t o f view, th ey seem re d u n d an t (given the already existing postpositional inflection, e.g. przechodzić {przez} ulicę). T h e p h en om enon is placed in a w ider In d o -E u ro p e a n co n tex t by M a ria L e s z - D u k [1988]. In her p ap e r describing the process o f the replacem ent o f genitival an d accusatival objects by p repo sitio n al expressions in the h istory o f Polish, she w rites [1988: 25]:
W polszczyżnie od czasów najdawniejszych po współczesność obserwuje się proces wyco fywania dopełnienia dopełniaczowego i biernikowego na rzecz rozmaitych wyrażeń przyimkowych. Proces ten jest ogniwem ogólnej tendencji zdążania języków słowiańskich d o analityzm u, tendencji przejawiająej się w językach zachodnioeuropejskich zanikiem fleksji nom inalnej, stałym szykiem, oraz użyciem wyrażeń przyimkowych w miejscu form przypadkow ych.
She offers, am ong others, the follow ing d a ta in evidence o f this analytical tendency: historical odjechać d o m o stw a ujść niebezpieczeństw a d o p ły n ąć brzegu żebrać chleba p am iętać p rzestróg poczekać człow ieka
present od d o m o stw a przed niebezpieczeństw em do brzegu o chleb o przestrogach n a człow ieka etc.
T h e structural analysis o f these d a ta seems to indicate th a t the ap pearan ce o f p repo sitions in the relevant environm ents above cou ld, theoretically, be in terp reted as an initial stage o f the analogical serialization process suggested by V ennem ann:
e.g. człow iek | a = n a człow ieka
X V V X
ulic 1 ę = przez ulicę
X V V X
brzegu = do brzegu
X V V X
T h e next “ h y p o th etical” stage w ould th en be th e loss o f p o stp o sitio n al flection, w hose function w ould consequently be ta k e n over by the p re p o sitions. Y et alth o u g h the Polish d a ta seem to lend them selves, w ith som e consistency, to V e n n em an n ’s analysis on the stru ctu ra l level, it ap p e ars th a t his universal predictions concerning the ca u satio n level d o n o t d o full ju stice to the ap p a ren tly com plex causal n atu re o f p rep o sitio n al exp an sion in the language.
In w hat follow s we will briefly co n c en trate on the sem antic aspect o f th e p h en o m en o n , p o in tin g to m o tiv a tio n a l facto rs w hich go beyond V en n e m a n n ’s stru ctu rally biased analysis and which a p p e ar to be o f equ al if n o t greater ex p lan ato ry relevance th a n the analogical serializatio n factor.
T h e m o st fu n d am en tal sem antic process w hich underlies the sp read o f prep o sitio n s in Polish is generally associated w ith the linguistic tendency to lu cid ity 1 and precision. As a result o f this ap p ro ach , th e p h en o m en o n o f “ d o u b le inflection” is derived by Polish linguists from the “ necessity and need to avoid m isu n d erstan d in g s betw een the sender an d receiver in th e co m m u n icatio n process, the rem oval o f com plication s in th e receptio n o f relayed m essages” [ A n u s i e w i c z 1978: 196].
T h e d rift to w ard s greater lucidity o f linguistic form s is also stressed by D a n u ta B u t t l e r [1967] in her analysis o f three m a jo r sem antic m o tiv atio n al processes involved in the spread o f p repo sitio ns in Polish:
1. Synonimical analogy,
e.g. o d p o rn y n a coś — >■ w ybredny n a coś
1 It m ust be stressed here however, th at the range o f analytical prepositional constructions and their apparently varied m otivational background does n o t allow for them to be easily subsumed under any single scheme. Thus there seems to be a causal gap between, for example, the rise o f “ (przez) ulicę” type constructions and pairs like miłość do b rata and miłość brata.T he lucidity factor can obviously be posited as relevant for only some o f the novel prepositional constructions where there is a potential for am biguity e.g. ukąszenie psa, oskarżenie górników.
2. Loosening o f derivational links between derivations and their bases,
e.g. verb - w ym ów ić p racę
derivative - w ym ów ienie z pracy analogy zw olnienie z pracy 3. Intensification o f the real meaning o f the prefix,
e.g. n a p o ty k a ć па со
dobiec do czego
A s B uttler p oints o u t, all these processes in tera ct w ith th e most general tendency to w ard s a b etter specification o f fo rm er case c o n stru c tio n s in o rd e r to rem ove their m u ltifu n c tio n a l ch a racter. T h e direct con seq uen ce o f th ese sp ecification tendencies is th e in tro d u c tio n o f new p re p o s itio n a l co n stru c tio n s w hich are sem antically specialized:
C k' przynieść co ko m u ^ k ° g °
d la kogo
. . d la ojca
pochw ala ojca , .
od ojca
A cco rd in g to B uttler, the rise o f these new pro d u ctiv e stru ctu re s is acco m panied by a re p a rtitio n process in w hich p rep o sitio n al c o n stru c tio n s usually convey concrete m eanings, w hereas their synthetic c o u n te rp a rts acq u ire a fossilized figurative function,
e.g. dobiec ko ń ca
dobiec do końca.
A sim ilar tendency fo r g reater precision o f expression is reflected in the re p a rtitio n process w hich tak es place betw een the co ncrete-ad v erb ial, and the g ram m atical fu nction o f nou n s in a sentence. B u t t l e r ch aracterises this p h en o m en o n in the follow ing way [1967: 11]:
[...] form y analityczne stają się wykładnikam i funkcji konkretnych okolicznikowych, form y syntetyczne utrw alają się w funkcjach gram atycznych dopełnienia bliższego i dalszego oraz orzecznika, służą do budowy schematu zdań.
e.g. The Instrumental
G ra m m a tic al fu n ctio n - nom in al predicative e.g. jest m ilicjantem
T h e adverbial fu n c tio n is tak en over by p re p o sitio n al co n stru ctio n s: e.g. M ieszkańcy czynem społecznym rozrzucają żużel -
w czynie społecznym . The Dative
G ra m m a tic a l fu n ctio n - indirect object e.g. d ać co kom u C o n crete fu n ctio n - adverbial e.g. uciec d o m atk i
Even this b rief survey o f the m a jo r sem antic processes involved in the spread o f p rep o sitio n al co n stru c tio n s in P olish indicates the great asp ectu al d isp a rity betw een th e n ativ e a p p ro a c h an d V e n n e m a n n ’s u n iv ersalistic m odel. S ym ptom atically fo r the form er, no clear reference is m a d e to the role w hich verb serialization m ight play in inducing the relevant segm entation processes T h e latter, alth o u g h structurally coherent, presents an im poverished p ictu re o f a n ap p a ren tly com plex, causally m u ltilateral p h en o m en o n in w hich sem antic and serialization facto rs ap p e ar to in teract an d reinforce each oth er.
T h e aspectual d isp arity in q u estio n becom es clear if we c o m p are th e follow ing d iag ram s w hich p resent th e tw o m odels in a generalized form :
Vennemann’s model Native model In flectional syncretism M u itifu n ctio n ality
o f synthetic form s, increasing com plicacy
o f th o u g h t processes
S -O am biguity
linguistic ten den cy to precision an d lucidity o f expression
d isam b ig u atin g (SXV -» SVX) verb shift (P rinciple o f A m biguity A v oidance)
segm entatio n segm entation (Principle o f N a
tu ral Serialization)
C onsequently, it seems th a t in o rd e r to fully ac co u n t for the an aly tical tendencies discussed in this article, a th eo ry o f chan ge is req uired w hich w ould in c o rp o ra te all p ertin e n t aspects o f the segm en tatio n processes. In p artic u la r, before we dism iss V en n em an n ’s stru ctu ra lly o rien ta te d m o del as hav in g relatively little ex p lan ato ry value in th e light o f the seem ingly p re d o m in a n t sem antic causality o f the relevant p h en o m en a in P olish, it seems th a t m o re research is necessary in to the tem p o ral statistical corelatio n s betw een w ord o rd e r tendencies in the language and th e various segm en tation processes m en tio n ed in this p ap er.
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V e n n e m a n n , T. (1974) “ Topics, Subjects, and W ord Order: From SXV to SVX via T V X ” . In J. M . A n d e r s o n and C. J o n e s (eds) Historical Linguistics 1.
V e n n e m a n n , T. (1975) “A n Explanation оГ D rift” . In C h.N . L i (ed.) Word Order and W ord Order Change. A ustin and London.
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W aldem ar Saram onow icz
W Y BR A N E A SPEK TY M U L TIW ER B A L IZ A C JI W JĘ Z Y K A C H IN D O E U R O P E JS K IC H
Jednym z przejawów rozwoju języków indoeuropejskich jest rozpowszechnione występowanie konstrukcji analitycznych. W języku polskim znajduje to odbicie m. in. w tendencji do używania konstrukcji nominalnych oraz w zjawisku rozprzestrzeniania się wyrażeń przyimkowych.
A rtykuł jest p ró b ą konfrontacji rodzimych koncepcji dotyczących przyczynowości w spo mnianych wyżej procesów z uniwersalistyczną teorią rozwoju języka p roponow aną przez T heo Vennem anna.
