III. MODERN TOOLS FOR BUSINESS AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS MANAGEMENT
-DURVÊDZ-DEÊRØVNL*
$QGU]HM/LV**
LESSONS LEARNED SYSTEM AS A TOOL OF MANAGING ORGANISATIONAL KNOWLEDGE: THE CASE OF MILITARY ORGANISATIONS
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse the Lessons Learned systems applied by military organisations as the tools of organisational learning and managing organisational knowledge. Firstly, the concept of learning from experience has been discussed from the perspective of military organisations. Then, applying the NATO model, the elements of Lessons Learned capabilities have been enumerated and studied. The case study combines observations, lessons and best practices identified in NATO, the U.S. Army and the Polish Armed Forces. The contents of the paper are based on the outcomes of the critical analysis of military documents, the literature survey, the observation method and the unstructured interviews with experts.
Key words: Information and Knowledge Management, organisational learning, experiential learning, Lessons Learned capability, Lessons Learned process, NATO Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre, U.S. Center for Army Lessons Learned, Polish Armed Forces Doctrine and Training Centre
1. Introduction
.QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW DQG RUJDQLVDWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ DUH VRPH RI WKH nKRWWHVWo LVVXHV LQ WKH WKHRU\ DQG SUDFWLVH RI PDQDJLQJ FRQWHPSRUDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV 7UDGLWLRQDOO\ WKHVH FRQFHSWV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK EXVLQHVV RUJDQLVDWLRQV ,Q HIIHFW WKH PDMRULW\ RI VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK LV IRFXVHG RQ WKH H[SORUDWLRQ RI EXVLQHVV HQWLWLHV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH XUJHQF\ WR GHYHORS DQG WR LPSOHPHQW .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW VROXWLRQV DQG RUJDQLVDWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ V\VWHPV LV DOVR UHFRJQLVHG EH\RQG D IRUSURILW VHFWRU 0LOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV
&RO0$WKH3ROLVK$UPHG)RUFHV'RFWULQHDQG7UDLQLQJ&HQWUH%\GJRV]F]
/W&RO 3K' WKH 3ROLVK $UPHG )RUFHV 'RFWULQH DQG 7UDLQLQJ &HQWUH %\GJRV]F] WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI *HQHUDO 0DQDJHPHQWWKH)DFXOW\RI(FRQRPLFVDQG0DQDJHPHQW1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\7RUXØ
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
p WRRXWOLQH1$72mVDSSURDFKWRWKH.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWFRQFHSW p WR LGHQWLI\ WKH DVVXPSWLRQV DQG PDMRU EXLOGLQJ EORFNV RI WKH 1$72mV
/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\
p WR DQDO\VH WKH HOHPHQWV RI /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLWLHV LQ WKH 1$72 PLOLWDU\VWUXFWXUHWKH86$UP\DQGWKH3ROLVK$UPHG)RUFHV
p WRLGHQWLI\EHVW/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSUDFWLFHVLQPLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQVZKLFK FDQDSSOLHGLQRWKHUVHFWRUV
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
7KHDUWLFOHFRQVLVWVRIWZRFKDSWHUV,QWKHILUVWFKDSWHUDWWHPSWVKDYHEHHQ PDGHWRVWXG\WKHDVVXPSWLRQVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFHLQ PLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV ,Q RUGHU WR SURYLGH WKH EDFNJURXQG IRU WKH IROORZLQJ DQDO\VLV 1$72mV DSSURDFK WR .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW KDV EHHQ RXWOLQHG 6XEVHTXHQWO\WKHQDWXUHDQGPDMRUEXLOGLQJEORFNVRI1$72mV/HVVRQV/HDUQHG FDSDELOLW\ KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG ,Q WKH VHFRQG FKDSWHU HOHPHQWV RI /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLWLHV LQ 1$72 WKH 86 $UP\ DQG WKH 3ROLVK $UPHG )RUFHV VWUXFWXUHVDUHORRNHGDW7KHDQDO\VLVHQFRPSDVVHV/HVVRQV/HDUQHGVWUXFWXUHV SURFHVVHVDQGWRROV)LQDOO\DQGHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWVRPHEHVWSUDFWLFHVGHHPHG WREHDSSOLFDEOHLQRWKHUVHFWRUVDUHLGHQWLILHG
2. Learning from experience as a component of Knowledge Management
Information and Knowledge Management
.QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW .0 LV RQH RI WKH PRVW ZLGHVSUHDG DQG SRSXODU FRQWHPSRUDU\ PDQDJHPHQW FRQFHSWV 'HHSO\ HPEHGGHG ZLWKLQ WKH UHVRXUFHEDVHGDSSURDFKWRPDQDJLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQVLQDKLJKO\WXUEXOHQWDQG PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWWKH.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWFRQFHSWSHUFHLYHV NQRZOHGJH DV WKH SULPDU\ VRXUFH RI FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH FI .RÒPLØVNL S $FFRUGLQJWR%DUQH\ S DQRUJDQLVDWLRQmVUHVRXUFHV QHHGWREHYDOXDEOHUDUHLPSHUIHFWO\LPLWDEOHDQGQRQVXEVWLWXWDEOHLQRUGHU WREHFRPHWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIDFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJH'HILQHGDVcDIOXLGPL[ RI IUDPHG H[SHULHQFH YDOXHV FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG H[SHUW LQVLJKW WKDW SURYLGHV D IUDPHZRUN IRU HYDOXDWLQJ DQG LQFRUSRUDWLQJ QHZ H[SHULHQFHV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQo 'DYHQSRUW DQG 3UXVDN S NQRZOHGJH LV DQ LQWDQJLEOH UHVRXUFHFKDUDFWHULVHGE\WKHXQFHUWDLQW\RIDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGDVVRFLDWHGULVNV HIIHFWVSURSHUW\ULJKWVDQGLQYHVWPHQWV FI.RÒPLØVNLS 7KHUHIRUH NQRZOHGJH KDV D QDWXUDO SRWHQWLDO WR EHFRPH D VWUDWHJLFDOO\ LPSRUWDQW UHVRXUFH DQG WKH EDVLV RI D VXVWDLQDEOH FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH +RZHYHU GXH WRDIRUHPHQWLRQHGIHDWXUHVPDQDJLQJNQRZOHGJHLVUHFRJQLVHGDVDFKDOOHQJH
$V DQ\ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO UHVRXUFH NQRZOHGJH LV VXEMHFWHG WR PDQDJHPHQW SURFHVVHV LQFOXGLQJ SODQQLQJ DQG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ RUJDQLVLQJ OHDGLQJ DQG FRQWUROOLQJ DLPHG DW nDFKLHYLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO JRDOV LQ DQ HIILFLHQW DQG HIIHFWLYH PDQQHUo *ULIILQ S ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH SURFHVV RULHQWHG DSSURDFK .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW LV GHILQHG DV D VHW RI DFWLYLWLHV HQFRPSDVVLQJ NQRZOHGJHLGHQWLILFDWLRQDFTXLVLWLRQGHYHORSPHQWGLVWULEXWLRQ SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGXVHXQGHUWDNHQE\RUJDQLVDWLRQVLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHNQRZOHGJH JRDOV 3UREVW S 7UDGLWLRQDOO\.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWLVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK EXVLQHVV RUJDQLVDWLRQV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH XUJHQF\ WR GHYHORS NQRZOHGJH
PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV DQG VROXWLRQV LV ZLGHO\ UHFRJQLVHG EH\RQG D IRUSURILW VHFWRU )RU LQVWDQFH 1$72 LV D JRRG H[DPSOH RI WKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ GUDZLQJ D ORW RI DWWHQWLRQ WR PDQDJLQJ NQRZOHGJH $V +XWVRQ S REVHUYHV LQIRUPDWLRQ VXSHULRULW\ ZDV DFNQRZOHGJHG DV RQH RI WKH SULRULWLHV E\ WKH 1$726XPPLWDW5LJDLQ,QHIIHFWWKHPRVWXSWRGDWHFRQFHSWVDQG FDSDELOLWLHVVXFKDV1$721HWZRUN(QDEOHG&DSDELOLWLHV 11(& .QRZOHGJH 'HYHORSPHQW .' DQG &RPSUHKHQVLYH $SSURDFK &$ DUH nGDWD GULYHQ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQULFKo,QRUGHUWRHVWDEOLVKWKHDVVXPSWLRQVDQGUXOHVRI,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQW ,.0 DQGWRVWUHQJWKHQFRPPRQHIIRUWVZLWKLQ WKLV DUHD LQ WKH 1$72 ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW 3ROLF\ 1,03 ZDV LVVXHG7KH3ULPDU\'LUHFWLYHRQ,QIRUPDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW 3',0 IROORZHG RQH \HDU ODWHU 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ WKH $OOLHG &RPPDQG 2SHUDWLRQV $&2 DQG $OOLHG &RPPDQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ $&7 GHYHORSHG WKHLU ,.0 9LVLRQ DQG 6WUDWHJLF &RQFHSW DQG HQGRUVHG WKH %L6WUDWHJLF &RPPDQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG .QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQW'LUHFWLYH
7KH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG ,.0 GLUHFWLYH GLVWLQJXLVKHV EHWZHHQ .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW 6XFK DQ DSSURDFK IROORZV WKH FRPPRQO\ DFFHSWHG GLVWLQFWLRQ DPRQJ NQRZOHGJH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG GDWD FI 'DYHQSRUWDQG3UXVDN SS )LUHVWRQHDQG0F(OUR\SS $FFRUGLQJWRWKH1$72XQGHUVWDQGLQJ.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWLVGHILQHGDV DnPXOWLGLVFLSOLQHGDSSURDFKWRDFKLHYLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHVE\PDNLQJ WKH EHVW XVH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ H[SHUWLVH LQVLJKWV DQG %HVW 3UDFWLFHVo %L6& ,.0'LUHFWLYHDVFLWHGLQ+XWVRQS ,QIRUPDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW GHQRWHV cWKH GLVFLSOLQH WKDW GLUHFWV DQG VXSSRUWV WKH KDQGOLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKRURXJKLWVOLIHF\FOHHQVXULQJLWEHFRPHVWKHULJKWLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHULJKWIRUP DQGRIDGHTXDWHTXDOLW\WRVDWLVI\WKHGHPDQGVRIDQRUJDQLVDWLRQo %L6&,.0 'LUHFWLYHDVFLWHGLQ+XWVRQS 7KHSURFHVVRULHQWHGDSSURDFK WR ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW UHVHPEOLQJ WKH 3UREVWmV PRGHO RI .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW LV REVHUYHG LQ WKH 1$72 *ORVVDU\ RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV7HUPVDQG'HILQLWLRQV7KHGRFXPHQWGHILQHV,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW DV WKH cPHDQV WKURXJK ZKLFK DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQ PD[LPL]HV WKH HIILFLHQF\ZLWKZKLFKLWSODQVFROOHFWVRUJDQLVHVFRQWUROVGLVVHPLQDWHVXVHV DQGGLVSRVHVLWVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKURXJKZKLFKLWHQVXUHVWKDWWKHDFWXDOYDOXH DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO YDOXH RI WKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ LV LGHQWLILHG DQG H[SORLWHG WR WKH IXOOHVWH[WHQWo $$3$ S
(IIHFWLYH DQG HIILFLHQW .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW DQG RUJDQLVDWLRQDO OHDUQLQJDUHWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQV,QKLVVHPLQDOZRUN 6HQJH S GHVFULEHVOHDUQLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQDVDQRUJDQLVDWLRQnZKHUH SHRSOH FRQWLQXDOO\ H[SDQG WKHLU FDSDFLW\ WR FUHDWH WKH UHVXOWV WKH\ WUXO\ GHVLUH ZKHUH QHZ DQG H[SDQVLYH SDWWHUQV RI WKLQNLQJ DUH QXUWXUHG ZKHUH FROOHFWLYH DVSLUDWLRQ LV VHW IUHH DQG ZKHUH SHRSOH DUH FRQWLQXDOO\ OHDUQLQJ
KRZWROHDUQWRJHWKHUo7KHDLPRIWUDQVIRUPLQJLQWRD.QRZOHGJH&HQWULF 2UJDQLVDWLRQLVGHFODUHGLQWKH1$72%L6WUDWHJLF,.09LVLRQ$VVWDWHG LQ WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG GRFXPHQW n7KH 1$72 0LOLWDU\ 6WUXFWXUH ZLOO WUDQVIRUP LQWR D .QRZOHGJH &HQWULF 2UJDQLVDWLRQ .&2 WKDW GHOLEHUDWHO\ DQGV\VWHPDWLFDOO\H[SORLWV1$72LQIRUPDWLRQDQGH[SHUWLVHDQGSURDFWLYHO\ PDQDJHVLWVLQIRUPDWLRQDQG.0SURFHVVHV7KH1$72VWUDWHJLFFRPPDQGV ZLOO SURPRWH DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO FXOWXUH WKDW IRVWHUV LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJH VKDULQJ DQG WUHDW LQIRUPDWLRQ H[SHUWLVH H[SHULHQFH DQG %HVW 3UDFWLFHDVYDOXDEOHDVVHWVDVDIXQGDPHQWDOFDSDELOLW\UHTXLUHGWRDFKLHYH GHFLVLRQ VXSHULRULW\o %L6& ,.0 9LVLRQ DQG 6WUDWHJLF &RQFHSW DV FLWHGLQ+XWVRQSS
6XPPDULVLQJ FRQWHPSRUDU\ PLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV DSSUHFLDWH WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI NQRZOHGJH DV DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO UHVRXUFH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG .QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWLVUHFRJQLVHGE\1$72DVRQHRILWVSULRULWLHVZKDW LV PLUURUHG LQ RIILFLDO SROLFLHV GLUHFWLYH DQG VWUDWHJLF GRFXPHQWV 1$72m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essons Learned ([SORULQJWKHQDWXUHRINQRZOHGJH)LUHVWRQHDQG0F(OUR\ SS SRLQWRXWWKHUROHRIOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFH$VWKH\REVHUYHGDFFRUGLQJWR PRGHUQSUDJPDWLVPnNQRZOHGJHLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJEDVHGRQH[SHULHQFHo7KH\ TXRWH$OOHH S ZKRGHILQHVNQRZOHGJHDVnH[SHULHQFHRULQIRUPDWLRQ WKDWFDQEHFRPPXQLFDWHGRUVKDUHGoDQG$UJ\ULV ZKRFODLPVWKDW cNQRZOHGJH LV WKH FDSDFLW\ IRU HIIHFWLYH DFWLRQo /HDUQLQJ IURP H[SHULHQFH VHHPVWREHRQHRIWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHVRIWKHOHDUQLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQXQGHUVWRRGDV cDSODFHZKHUHSHRSOHDUHFRQWLQXDOO\GLVFRYHULQJKRZWKH\FUHDWHWKHLUUHDOLW\ $QGKRZWKH\FDQFKDQJHLWo 6HQJH S 7KLVSRLQWRIYLHZLVVKDUHGE\ PLOLWDU\VHUYLFHPHQ7KHFRPPDQGHURIWKH1$72-RLQW$QDO\VLVDQG/HVVRQV /HDUQHG &HQWUH %ULJ *HQ 6RQQHE\ KLJKOLJKWV LQ KLV IRUHZRUG WR 1$72 // +DQGERRN n,Q D VXFFHVVIXO OHDUQLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQ OHVVRQV DUH LGHQWLILHG DQG WXUQHG LQWR OHVVRQV OHDUQHG HIIHFWLYHO\ DQG HIILFLHQWO\ WKH RUJDQLVDWLRQmV /HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\HQDEOHVWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQWRUHDFKLWVIXOOSRWHQWLDOo 1$72//+DQGERRN
$VDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGOHDUQLQJIURPSUHYLRXVH[SHULHQFHLVKLJKO\YDOXHG LQWKHDUPHGIRUFHV9HJR S;, FODLPVWKDWnOHDUQLQJSURSHUOHVVRQV LVRQHRIWKHNH\SUHUHTXLVLWHVIRUDQ\PLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQWRDYRLGUHSHDWLQJ HUURUVDQGPLVWDNHVQH[WWLPHLQFRPEDWo7KHUHPHGLDODFWLRQVLQWURGXFHGLQ WKH861DY\DQG0DULQH&RUSVLQWKH3DFLILFDVWKHUHVXOWRI/HVVRQV/HDUQHG IURPWKHEORRG\DPSKLELRXVDVVDXOWRIWKH7DUDZD$WROOLQ1RYHPEHU DUH D FODVVLFDO FDVH RI WKH YDOXH RI OHDUQLQJ IURP H[SHULHQFH +DOOHW HW DO S 6RPHRWKHULQWHUHVWLQJKLVWRULFDOH[DPSOHVDUHSURYLGHGE\9HJR SS;, LQDFKDSWHUGHYRWHGWRRSHUDWLRQDO/HVVRQV/HDUQHGLQKLVZRUN RQWKHWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFHRIMRLQWRSHUDWLRQDOZDUIDUH
$ 1$72 /HVVRQ /HDUQHG LV GHILQHG DV nDQ LPSURYHG FDSDELOLW\ RU LQFUHDVHGSHUIRUPDQFHFRQILUPHGE\YDOLGDWLRQZKHQQHFHVVDU\UHVXOWLQJIURP DQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI RQH RU PRUH UHPHGLDO DFWLRQV IRU D OHVVRQ LGHQWLILHGo %L6&'DVTXRWHGLQ1$72//+DQGERRNS /HDUQLQJ IURPH[SHULHQFHDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJFRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWVDUHWKHNH\SRLQWV RI WKH 1$72mV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVV $V RIILFLDOO\ GHFODUHG WKH DLP RI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHGXUH LV nWR OHDUQ HIILFLHQWO\ IURP H[SHULHQFH DQG WR SURYLGH YDOLGDWHG MXVWLILFDWLRQV IRU DPHQGLQJ WKH H[LVWLQJZD\RIGRLQJWKLQJVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHSHUIRUPDQFHERWKGXULQJWKH FRXUVHRIDQRSHUDWLRQDQGIRUVXEVHTXHQWRSHUDWLRQVo $-3 % S 2EVHUYDWLRQVLQVLJKWVDQGOHVVRQVPD\UHODWHWRERWKWDQJLEOHDQGLQWDQJLEOH HOHPHQWVRIPLOLWDU\FDSDELOLW\7KH\PD\EHLGHQWLILHGDQGOHDUQHGDWDOOOHYHOV RIPLOLWDU\KLHUDUFK\IURPWKHUDQNDQGILOHWRIRXUVWDUJHQHUDOV9HJR S;, GLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQWHFKQRORJLFDOWDFWLFDORSHUDWLRQDODQGVWUDWHJLF /HVVRQV /HDUQHG $FFRUGLQJ WR KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ n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o>@.
/HVVRQV/HDUQHGDUHH[SHFWHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIFRPPDQGHUV KHDGTXDUWHUV DQG IRUFHV ,Q RUGHU WR HIIHFWLYHO\ PDQDJH RUJDQLVDWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ LQ D MRLQW FRPELQHG DQG KLJKO\ WXUEXOHQW RSHUDWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLW\ VHHPV WR EH LQGLVSHQVDEOH
,WVKRXOGEHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWWKHPLOLWDU\KLHUDUFK\RIFRPPDQGOHYHOVLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHFLYLOLDQFODVVLILFDWLRQRI PDQDJHPHQWOHYHOV,QPLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQVWKHWDFWLFDOOHYHOLVORFDWHGDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHKLHUDUFK\ZKLOHWKHRSHUD WLRQDOOHYHOLVDQLQWHUPHGLDWHHFKHORQEHWZHHQWDFWLFVDQGVWUDWHJ\,QEXVLQHVVRUJDQLVDWLRQVWKHKLHUDUFK\LVUHYHUVHG &RPSDUHDQGFRQWUDVW $-3% S DQG*ULIILQ SS
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH JXLGLQJ GLUHFWLYH HVWDEOLVKHG DW WKH OHYHO RI WKH 1$72 VWUDWHJLF FRPPDQGV nD /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLW\ SURYLGHV D FRPPDQGHU ZLWK WKH VWUXFWXUH SURFHVV DQG WRROV QHFHVVDU\ WR FDSWXUH DQDO\VH DQG WDNH UHPHGLDODFWLRQRQDQ\LVVXHDQGWRFRPPXQLFDWHDQGVKDUHUHVXOWVWRDFKLHYH LPSURYHPHQWo %L6&' DV TXRWHG LQ 1$72 // +DQGERRN S 7KHJUDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH1$72DSSURDFKWRD/HVVRQV/HDUQHG FDSDELOLW\LVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH 7KH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLW\ >6RXUFH Bi-SC Directive 80-6
Lessons Learned -XO\ DV FLWHG LQ The NATO Lessons Learned Handbook -RLQW $QDO\VLV DQG /HVVRQV /HDUQHG &HQWUH 6HFRQG HGLWLRQ 6HSWHPEHUS @
7KH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG PRGHO HQFRPSDVVHV FRUH HOHPHQWV RI 1$72 /HVVRQV /HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\LWVIRXQGDWLRQVDQGNH\VXFFHVVIDFWRUV .6)V QHFHVVDU\IRU LWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KHNH\FRPSRQHQWVUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUHDVWKHSLOODUVRI WKHn/HVVRQV/HDUQHGKRXVHoLQFOXGH VWUXFWXUHVSURFHVVHVDQGWRROV/HDGHUVKLS DQGPLQGVHWPDNHXSWKHIRXQGDWLRQZKLOHLQIRUPDWLRQVKDULQJFRQVWLWXWHVWKH FDSVWRQH 7KH HQJDJHPHQW RI OHDGHUV SRVLWLYH PLQGVHW ZLOOLQJQHVV WR VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VWDNHKROGHU LQYROYHPHQW FRPELQHG DOO WRJHWKHU DUH FRQVLGHUHG WREHWKHNH\ FULWLFDO VXFFHVVIDFWRUVIRUD/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\ %L6&' DVFLWHGLQ1$72//+DQGERRNSS
6XPPLQJ XS WKH OLWHUDWXUH VXUYH\ DQG DQDO\VLV RI WKH DSSURDFK E\ PLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV WR OHDUQLQJ IURP H[SHULHQFH SURYH WKDW /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FRQVWLWXWH RQH RI WKH NH\ EXLOGLQJ EORFNV RI PDQDJLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK 1$72m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mV PLOLWDU\ VWUXFWXUH WKH 86 $UP\ DQG WKH 3ROLVK$UPHG)RUFHVZLOOEHDQDO\VHGDQGGLVFXVVHGWKRURXJKO\
3. Elements of a Lessons Learned capability Structures
7KH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGVWUXFWXUHLVGHILQHGDVWKHnVNLOOHGDQGGHGLFDWHG //SHUVRQQHODOORFDWHGWRDGHTXDWHSRVWVZLWKLQDQRUJDQLVDWLRQo %L6&' DVTXRWHGLQ1$72//+DQGERRNS 7KHDQDO\VLVRI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG VWUXFWXUHV ZLOO EH FRQGXFWHG IURP WZR SHUVSHFWLYHV )LUVWRIDOOWKHERGLHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH1$72/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\ ZLOO EH LGHQWLILHG 6HFRQGO\ WKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ RI WKH 3ROLVK $UPHG )RUFHV /HVVRQV/HDUQHGV\VWHPZLOOEHVWXGLHG
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
EHQHILFLDULHV RI /HVVRQV /HDUQHG 7KH VHFRQG RI VWUDWHJLF FRPPDQGV $OOLHG &RPPDQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ $&7 LV UHFRJQLVHG DV WKH n1$72mV OHDGLQJDJHQWIRUFKDQJLQJGULYLQJIDFLOLWDWLQJDQGDGYRFDWLQJFRQWLQXRXV LPSURYHPHQWRI$OOLDQFHFDSDELOLWLHVWRPDLQWDLQDQGHQKDQFHWKHPLOLWDU\ UHOHYDQFH DQG HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH $OOLDQFHo>@ 7KURXJK LWV VXERUGLQDWHG 1$72mVWULSOH-V -:&-)7&DQG-$//& $&7SURYLGHVWUDLQLQJVXSSRUW WRRSHUDWLRQDOIRUFHVDQGOHDGVWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIPLOLWDU\FDSDELOLWLHV ,Q UHJDUGV WR /HVVRQV /HDUQHG WKH -RLQW :DUIDUH &HQWUH -:& DQG WKH -RLQW )RUFH 7UDLQLQJ &HQWUH -)7& LQFRUSRUDWH OHVVRQV LGHQWLILHG GXULQJ RSHUDWLRQV LQWR WKH SUHGHSOR\PHQW WUDLQLQJ ZKHUHDV WKH -RLQW $QDO\VLV DQG /HVVRQV /HDUQHG &HQWUH -$//& DVVLVWV WKH $OOLDQFH DV D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQ7KH-$//&LVWKHNH\SOD\HULQWKH1$72/HVVRQV/HDUQHG V\VWHP
$FFRUGLQJWRLWVPLVVLRQWKH-$//&LVn1$72mVFHQWUHIRUSHUIRUPLQJ MRLQW DQDO\VLV RI RSHUDWLRQV WUDLQLQJ H[HUFLVHV DQG &RQFHSW 'HYHORSPHQW DQG ([SHULPHQWDWLRQ FROOHFWLYH H[SHULPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ HVWDEOLVKLQJ DQG PDLQWDLQLQJDQLQWHUDFWLYHPDQDJHG/HVVRQV/HDUQHG'DWDEDVH //'% o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mVFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\$VVWDWHGLQLWVYLVLRQ WKH-$//&HIIRUWLVIRFXVHGRQEHFRPLQJUHFRJQLVHGDVWKHn1$72mVOHDGLQJ DJHQWIRUDMRLQWDQDO\VLVZLWK>d@HIIRUWVDQGSURGXFWVUHVSHFWHGWKHUHE\ HQDEOLQJ >d@ FRQWULEXWLRQ WR LPSURYH WKH FDSDELOLWLHV RI WKH $OOLDQFHo>@ 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWVKRXOGEHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWLQWKH-$//&WKHDQDO\VHVDUH SHUFHLYHG LQ D ZLGHU FRQWH[W DV RQH RI WKH VWDJHV RI WKH OHVVRQV OHDUQHG SURFHVV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH1$72PLOLWDU\FRPPDQGVWUXFWXUHDSSURYHGDW WKH3UDJXH6XPPLWLQWKH-$//&LVVXERUGLQDWHGWR$OOLHG&RPPDQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ $&7 7KH-$//&SHDFHHVWDEOLVKPHQWQXPEHUVSRVWV GHSDUWPHQWDOLVHG IXQFWLRQDOO\ LQ VHYHQ EUDQFKHV FI )LJXUH $V WKH
KWWS ZZZDFWQDWRLQWLQGH[SKSRUJDQL]DWLRQKTVDFWPLVVLRQ GDWHRIDFFHVV -XQH KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQWDERXWMDOOFPLVVLRQDQGYLVLRQDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV 0D\ KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQWDERXWMDOOFDERXWMDOOFDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV 0D\ KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQWDERXWMDOOFPLVVLRQDQGYLVLRQDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV 0D\
RUJDQLVDWLRQ HPSKDVL]HV LW VHHNV D nEDODQFH EHWZHHQ VFLHQWLILF H[SHUWLVH DQG RSHUDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFH SURYLGHG E\ D PL[ RI PLOLWDU\ FUHGLELOLW\ FLYLOLDQ FRQWLQXLW\ DQGFRQWUDFWRU IOH[LELOLW\ DQDO\VWV>ZKLFK@LVHVVHQWLDO WRHQVXULQJKLJKTXDOLW\LQVLJKWIXO-$//&SURGXFWVo>@
)LJXUH7KH-$//&LQWHUQDORUJDQLVDWLRQ>6RXUFH KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQW
DERXWMDOOFRUJDQL]DWLRQDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV -XQH @
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n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o>@.
7KH 3ROLVK $UPHG )RUFHV LQWURGXFHG WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG V\VWHP LQ ,QLWLDOO\ WKH IRFXV RI WKH V\VWHP ZDV JLYHQ H[FOXVLYHO\ WR /HVVRQV /HDUQHGIURPPLOLWDU\RSHUDWLRQVDEURDG*UDGXDOO\LWVVFRSHKDVH[SDQGHG
KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQWDERXWMDOOFRUJDQL]DWLRQDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV -XQH KWWS ZZZMDOOFQDWRLQWDERXWMDOOFRUJDQL]DWLRQDVS GDWHRIDFFHVV -XQH
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q &K2' 7KH LQWHUQDO RUJDQLVDWLRQ RI 3$) '7& LQFOXGHVWZRGHSDUWPHQWV VWDIIGLYLVLRQV UHVSRQVLEOHIRUSULPDU\DFWLYLWLHV DQGWZRVXSSRUWLQJHOHPHQWV FI)LJXUH
)LJXUH7KH3$)'7&LQWHUQDORUJDQLVDWLRQ>6RXUFH KWWS ZZZFGLVZSPLO
SOHQKWPO GDWHRIDFFHVV -XQH @
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
6XPPLQJXSERWKRUJDQLVDWLRQVXQGHUVWXG\KDYHLPSOHPHQWHGVWDQGLQJ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG VWUXFWXUHV 7KH\ FRPELQH FHQWUDOLVHG DQDO\WLF HIIRUWV DQG GHFHQWUDOLVHG FDSDELOLWLHV WR PDNH REVHUYDWLRQV -$//& DQG WKH 3$) '7&DUHWKHNH\SOD\HUVZLWKLQ/HVVRQV/HDUQHGV\VWHPVLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYH RUJDQLVDWLRQV,QUHJDUGVWRRUJDQLVDWLRQDOGHVLJQ-$//&DQG3$)'7&DUH VWUXFWXUHG IXQFWLRQDOO\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKHLU FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH LV WR HVWDEOLVK PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ SURMHFW WHDPV ,Q HIIHFW PDWUL[ VWUXFWXUHV HQDEOH WKHP
WR LQFUHDVH IOH[LELOLW\ DQG LQFOXGH QHFHVVDU\ H[SHUWLVH IURP YDULRXV ILHOGV +RZHYHU-$//&LVIRFXVHGH[FOXVLYHO\RQDQDO\VLVDQG/HVVRQV/HDUQHGZKLOH 3$)'7&XQGHURQHXPEUHOODFRPELQHV/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\&RQFHSW 'HYHORSPHQWDQG([SHULPHQWDWLRQ &' ( DQGRSHUDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQ
Process
7KH DLP RI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVV LV nWR GHYHORS D OHVVRQ WR LQFOXGH VKDULQJ DQG WR XWLOLVH LW DSSURSULDWHO\o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nFRPSOLFDWHG DQG WLPH FRQVXPLQJo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
7KH86PRGHORIWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSURFHVVDSSOLHGE\WKH&HQWHUIRU $UP\/HVVRQ/HDUQHG &$// FRQWDLQVVL[IXQFWLRQV FROOHFWLQJREVHUYDWLRQV DQDO\VLQJ WKHP VKDULQJ DQG DUFKLYLQJ OHVVRQV DQG EHVW SUDFWLFHV UHVROYLQJ LGHQWLILHG SUREOHPV DQG DVVHVVLQJ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURJUDPPH7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH&$//mVPRGHORIWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSURFHVV LVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH 7KH 86 $UP\ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVV >6RXUFH (VWDEOLVKLQJ
D /HVVRQV /HDUQHG 3URJUDP 2EVHUYDWLRQV ,QVLJKWV DQG /HVVRQV &HQWHU IRU $UP\/HVVRQV/HDUQHG)RUW/HDYHQZRUWKS@
7KH1$72/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSURFHVVLVVWUXFWXUHGLQWRWKHDQDO\VLVSKDVH DQG WKH UHPHGLDO DFWLRQ SKDVH DQG LW HQFRPSDVVHV WKH VL[ IROORZLQJ VWHSV JDWKHULQJ REVHUYDWLRQV DQDO\VLV WKH HQGRUVHPHQW RI UHPHGLDO DFWLRQV DQG WDVNLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJRIUHPHGLDODFWLRQVWKHYDOLGDWLRQ RIDFKLHYHGUHVXOWVDQGWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRIOHVVRQVOHDUQHG7KHVWUXFWXUHRI WKHSURFHVVLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH 7KH 1$72 /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVV >6RXUFH %L6& 'LUHFWLYH
/HVVRQV/HDUQHG-XO\DVFLWHGLQ 7KH1$72/HVVRQV/HDUQHG +DQGERRN -RLQW $QDO\VLV DQG /HVVRQV /HDUQHG &HQWUH 6HFRQG HGLWLRQ 6HSWHPEHUS@
7KH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVV VWDUWV ZLWK JDWKHULQJ REVHUYDWLRQV 7KH DLP RI WKLV VWDJH LV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH DUHDV RI QHHGHG LPSURYHPHQW DQG WKH JDS EHWZHHQ WKH FXUUHQW VWDWXV DQG H[SHFWHG RXWFRPHV DQG EHVW SUDFWLFHV UHFRPPHQGHG WR EH VKDUHG DPRQJ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH 1$72 FRPPXQLW\ 2EVHUYDWLRQVFRQVLGHUHGWREHEDVLFEXLOGLQJEORFNVRIWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHG SURFHVVLQLWLDWHWKHDQDO\VLVSURFHVVHV7KH1$72PRGHORID//SURFHVVLV GHVLJQHG LQ SDUWLFXODU IRU WKH VWUDWHJLF DQG RSHUDWLRQDO OHYHOV RI FRPPDQG 7KHUHIRUHLWHPSKDVLVHVWKHUROHRIIRUPDODQGFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQDO\VHV7KH -$//& KDV GHYHORSHG LWV RZQ SURFHGXUH RI FRQGXFWLQJ PLOLWDU\ DQDO\VHV WKH -$//& 3URMHFW $SSURDFK q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
$ FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI WKH WZR PRGHOV RI WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVVSUHVHQWHGDERYHKLJKOLJKWVWKHVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQWKHLUVWUXFWXUHVDQG EXLOGLQJ EORFNV %RWK RI WKHP LQFOXGH IRXU PDLQ HOHPHQWV WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI REVHUYDWLRQV DQDO\VLV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI LPSURYHPHQWV DQG WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI /HVVRQV /HDUQHG ,Q WKH DXWKRUVm VXEMHFWLYH RSLQLRQ WKH KLJKHU OHYHO RI IRUPDOLW\ W\SLFDO RI WKH -$//& DSSURDFK REVHUYHG LQ SDUWLFXODULQWKHDQDO\VLVVWDJHLVWKHNH\GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVWXGLHGPRGHOV 7KHUHIRUHWKH-$//&DSSURDFKVHHPVWREHPRUHVXLWDEOHIRU/HVVRQV/HDUQHG FDSDELOLWLHVDWWKHVWUDWHJLFDQGRSHUDWLRQDOOHYHOZKLOH&$//mVPRGHOVKRXOG EHUHFRPPHQGHGIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQGWDFWLFDOOHYHOUDWKHU Tools /HVVRQV/HDUQHGWRROVLQFOXGHnWHFKQRORJ\WRVXSSRUWFROOHFWLRQVWRUDJH VWDIILQJ DQG VKDULQJ // LQIRUPDWLRQo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
7DEOH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGWHFKQLTXHVDQGWRROV
7HFKQLTXHV7RROV 2EVHUYDWLRQ $QDO\VLV 5HPHGLDO
DFWLRQV 'LVVHPLQDWLRQ 2EVHUYDWLRQWHPSODWHV ; 1$722EVHUYDWLRQ&ROOHFWLRQ 3URJUDP 2&3 ; $IWHU$FWLRQ5HSRUWV3RVW (YHQW5HSRUWV ; ; ; $IWHU$FWLRQ5HYLHZV ; ; ; 3RVW2SHUDWLRQDODQG3RVW ([HUFLVH,QWHUYLHZV ; ; ; 4XHVWLRQQDLUHV ; ; ;
7HFKQLTXHV7RROV 2EVHUYDWLRQ $QDO\VLV 5HPHGLDODFWLRQV 'LVVHPLQDWLRQ
9LVXDOLVDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV LH ILVKERQHGLDJUDPDIILQLW\ GLDJUDPIORZFKDUWVLQIOXHQFH GLDJUDP ; $QDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHV LH VL[:VILYHUHDVRQVZK\ EUDLQVWRUPLQJFDWHJRULVDWLRQ VWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV ; ; /RFDOO\GHYHORSHG VSUHDGVKHHWVDQGGDWDEDVHV ; /HWWHUVPHPRVDQGWDVNHU WUDFNHUV\VWHP ; &RPPXQLWLHVRILQWHUHVW ; 3XEOLFDWLRQV ; 5HTXHVWIRULQIRUPDWLRQ VHUYLFH ; ,QSURFHVVLQJWUDLQLQJ ; 6WDQGDUG,7DSSOLFDWLRQV ; ; ; ; :HEVLWHNQRZOHGJH UHSRVLWRULHV LHZLNLVH OLEUDULHV ; //GDWDEDVHV ; ; ; ;
6RXUFH 2ZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKH The NATO Lessons Learned Handbook-RLQW$QDO\VLV DQG/HVVRQV/HDUQHG&HQWUH6HFRQGHGLWLRQ6HSWHPEHUSS Establishing a Lessons Learned Program: Observations,QVLJKWVDQG/HVVRQV&HQWHU IRU$UP\/HVVRQV/HDUQHG)RUW/HDYHQZRUWKSS
$V DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG WKH WHFKQLTXHV DQG WRROV XVHG E\ -$//& &$// DQG3$)'7&WRVXSSRUWWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSURFHVVHVLQFOXGHERWKVWDQGDUG DQG FXVWRPLVHG VROXWLRQV 1HYHUWKHOHVV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH REMHFWLYHV RI WKLVSDSHUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVZLOOIRFXVH[FOXVLYHO\RQLWHPVW\SLFDORIPLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV
7KH VWXGLHG RUJDQLVDWLRQV KLJKO\ DSSUHFLDWH WKH UROH RI WKH REVHUYDWLRQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQVWDJHLQWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGSURFHVV,QRUGHUWRLQYROYHDOOWKH VHUYLFHPHQDQGPDNHWKLVDFWLYLW\V\VWHPDWLFWKH\KDYHGHYHORSHGRUDGDSWHG WRROVVXSSRUWLQJWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRISUREOHPVDQGEHVWSUDFWLFHV6RPHRIWKHP VXFKDV REVHUYDWLRQWHPSODWHV3RVW2SHUDWLRQDODQG3RVW([HUFLVH,QWHUYLHZV DQG$IWHU$FWLRQ5HYLHZV5HSRUWV $$5V ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQWKHIROORZLQJ SDUDJUDSKV
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
$SDUW IURP $FWLRQ 5HYLHZV5HSRUWV $$5V WKHUH DUH RWKHU WHFKQLTXHV FRPPRQO\XVHGLQWKH86$UP\DQGRWKHUPLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQVWRFROOHFW REVHUYDWLRQV LQVLJKWV DQG OHVVRQV 2,/V 6LPLODUO\ SRVWHYHQW UHSRUWLQJ LV KLJKO\UHFRJQLVHGLQWKH-$//&DSSURDFK 1$72//+DQGERRNS $Q $IWHU $FWLRQ 5HYLHZ LV nD YHUEDO SURIHVVLRQDO GLVFXVVLRQ RI D XQLWmV DFWLRQV WKDW W\SLFDOO\ RFFXUV LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU D WUDLQLQJ HYHQW FRPEDW RSHUDWLRQ RU DQRWKHU PLVVLRQ WKDW GHWHUPLQHV ZKDW VKRXOG KDYH KDSSHQHG ZKDWDFWXDOO\KDSSHQHGZKDWZRUNHGZKDWGLGQRWZRUNDQGZK\DQGWKH NH\SURFHGXUHVDXQLWZDQWVWRVXVWDLQDQGLPSURYHo:KHQDPRUHIRUPDO DSSURDFK LV UHTXLUHG D ZULWWHQ $IWHU $FWLRQ 5HYLHZ LV SURGXFHG 7KH DLP RIVXFKDUHSRUWLVWRGRFXPHQWnDXQLWmVDFWLRQVIRUKLVWRULFDOSXUSRVHVEXW >LW@DOVRSURYLGHVNH\REVHUYDWLRQVDQG//o &$//+DQGERRNS $FWLRQ 5HYLHZ WHFKQLTXHV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ VHPLQDO ZRUNV RQ NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQWDQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOOHDUQLQJ FI'DYHQSRUWDQG3UXVDN SS *DUYLQSS ,WVHHPVWKDWWKHZLGHVSUHDGIRUPDWRI$IWHU $FWLRQ5HYLHZV5HSRUWV &$//+DQGERRNSS LQWKH86$UP\ PD\EHHDVLO\DGMXVWHGWRWKHQHHGVRIQRQPLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQV
3RVW2SHUDWLRQDO DQG 3RVW([HUFLVH ,QWHUYLHZV FRQGXFWHG E\ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG RIILFHUV DUH DFWLYH WHFKQLTXHV RI WDFLW NQRZOHGJH HOLFLWDWLRQ 7KHLU DLP LV WR H[WHUQDOLVH IUHVK REVHUYDWLRQV DQG H[SHULHQFH JDLQHG E\ 6XEMHFW 0DWWHU ([SHUWV 60(V )RU LQVWDQFH WKH 86 &HQWHU IRU $UP\ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FRQGXFWV WKH VR FDOOHG n8PEUHOOD :HHNVo WR LQWHUYLHZ WURRSV UHGHSOR\HGIURPRSHUDWLRQVEHIRUHWKH\DUHGLVSHUVHG 1$72//+DQGERRN S 6LPLODUO\WKHDQDO\VLVWHDPVRI3$)'7&LQWHUYLHZWKHWUDLQLQJ DXGLHQFHRIPDMRUH[HUFLVHVLQRUGHUWRHVWDEOLVKREVHUYDWLRQVFUXFLDOIURPWKH SHUVSHFWLYHRI3$)FDSDELOLWLHV
$V UHJDUGV WR WKH WHFKQLTXHV DQG WRROV IRU DQDO\VLQJ REVHUYDWLRQV DQG PRQLWRULQJ UHPHGLDO DFWLRQV WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKHP LV DSSOLHG QRW RQO\ E\ WKH DUPHG IRUFHV EXW LW LV FRPPRQO\ XVHG E\ QRQPLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV +RZHYHUWKH1$72'270/3),&DSDELOLW\&DWHJRULVDWLRQLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJ H[DPSOH RI D WHFKQLTXH GHYHORSHG E\ PLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV '270/3), LVWKHDFURQ\PGHQRWLQJWKHHOHPHQWVRIWKH1$72FDSDELOLW\ 'RFWULQHDQG
3ROLF\2UJDQLVDWLRQ7UDLQLQJ0DWHULDO/HDGHUVKLS3HUVRQQHO)DFLOLWLHVDQG ,QWHURSHUDELOLW\,WPD\EHXVHGIRUWKHFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQDO\VLVRIDQLGHQWLILHG SUREOHPRUIRUWKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKHUHPHGLDODFWLRQVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KH DQDO\VLVRIWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\FRQGXFWHGE\+DOOHWHWDO SS SURYLGHVWKHH[HPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKH'270/3),FDWHJRULVDWLRQLQ XVH
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nDQDQDO\VLV WRRO ZKLFK DOORZV REVHUYHUV WR ZRUN RQ D SURMHFW DV LQGLYLGXDOV RU LQ WHDPV QRWLQJ REVHUYDWLRQV LQ D V\VWHPDWLF DQG HDVLO\UHFRYHUDEOH PDQQHU $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHVRIWZDUHDOORZVWKHREVHUYHUWRLQSXWGDWDGLUHFWO\LQWRWKH 1$72 /HVVRQV /HDUQHG 'DWDEDVH ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG WR UHIRUPDW ILHOGV RU WH[Wo>@7KH1$72/HVVRQV/HDUQHG'DWDEDVHLVDFXVWRPHUWDLORUHG,7WRRO SURYLGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLYHVXSSRUWWRWKH//SURFHVV+DOOHWHWDO S FLWH WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH -$//&mV FRPPDQGLQJ RIILFHU ZKR KLJKOLJKWV WZR IXQFWLRQVRIWKH//'DWDEDVH VWRULQJDQGVKDULQJREVHUYDWLRQVDQGOHVVRQV DQDUFKLYHRUDNQRZOHGJHUHSRVLWRU\ DQGVXSSRUWLQJWKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHG SURFHVVDVDVWDIILQJWRRO DWDVNHUWUDFNHUHQDEOLQJWKHFRRUGLQDWLRQRIHIIRUWV RIDOOVWDNHKROGHUVLQYROYHGLQOHDUQLQJ 4. Conclusions 7KHPDLQRIWKHSDSHUKDVEHHQWRVWXG\/HVVRQV/HDUQHGV\VWHPVDSSOLHG E\PLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQVDVWKHWRROVRIRUJDQLVDWLRQDOOHDUQLQJDQGPDQDJLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKH DERYHVWDWHG DLP VRPH RSHUDWLRQDO REMHFWLYHV KDG WR EH DWWDLQHG )LUVW RI DOO 1$72mV DSSURDFK WR .QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWKDVEHHQRXWOLQHG7KHQWKHPDMRUEXLOGLQJEORFNV
DQGWKHNH\VXFFHVVIDFWRUVRIWKH1$72mV/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\KDYH EHHQLGHQWLILHG)LQDOO\WKHHOHPHQWVRI/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLWLHVLQWKH 1$72PLOLWDU\VWUXFWXUHWKH86$UP\DQGWKH3ROLVK$UPHG)RUFHVKDYH EHHQ WKRURXJKO\ VWXGLHG 7KH DQDO\VLV KDV HQFRPSDVVHG /HVVRQV /HDUQHG VWUXFWXUHV SURFHVVHV DQG WRROV ,Q HIIHFW WKH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV FDQ DUULYHGDW
p ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWLVUHFRJQLVHGE\1$72DV RQHRILWVSULRULWLHVZKLFKLVPLUURUHGLQRIILFLDOSROLFLHVGLUHFWLYHV DQGVWUDWHJLFGRFXPHQWV
p PLOLWDU\RUJDQLVDWLRQVKLJKO\YDOXHOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFH/HVVRQV /HDUQHG FRQVWLWXWH RQH RI WKH EXLOGLQJ EORFNV RI WKHLU NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQWFDSDELOLWLHV p LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK1$72mVXQGHUVWDQGLQJOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFH DQGLPSOHPHQWLQJFRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWVDUHWKHFRUHHOHPHQWVRI WKH/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFRQFHSW p SRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRXURIFRPPDQGHUVDQGVHUYLFHPHQVHHP WREHNH\VXFFHVVIDFWRUVIRUD/HVVRQV/HDUQHGFDSDELOLW\
p WKH /HVVRQV /HDUQHG FDSDELOLWLHV LQ VWXGLHG RUJDQLVDWLRQV FRQVLVW RI WKHIROORZLQJFRPSRQHQWV VWUXFWXUHVSURFHVVHVDQGWRROV
p DOOWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQVXQGHUVWXG\KDYHLPSOHPHQWHGVWDQGLQJ/HVVRQV /HDUQHG VWUXFWXUHV ZKLFK FRPELQH FHQWUDOLVHG DQDO\WLF HIIRUWV DQG GHFHQWUDOLVHGFDSDELOLWLHVWRFDSWXUHREVHUYDWLRQV
p IRXU PDLQ VWDJHV PD\ EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG ZLWKLQ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG SURFHVVHVLQVWXGLHGRUJDQLVDWLRQV WKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIREVHUYDWLRQV DQDO\VHVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILPSURYHPHQWVDQGWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI/HVVRQV/HDUQHG
p WKH VWXGLHG PLOLWDU\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV DSSO\ D ZLGH UDQJH RI /HVVRQV /HDUQHG WHFKQLTXHV FRPELQLQJ ERWK VWDQGDUG WRROV DQG WKHLU RZQ FXVWRPLVHG VROXWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR PHHW YDULRXV UHTXLUHPHQWV RI VWDNHKROGHUVDWDOOOHYHOVRIWKHPLOLWDU\VWUXFWXUHDQGLQDOONLQGVRI EUDQFKHVDQGVHUYLFHV
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
References
$UJ\ULV&Knowledge for action-RVVH\%DVV6DQ)UDQFLVFR $OOHH 9 The knowledge evolution: Expanding organisational
intelligence%XWWHUZRUWK+HLQHPDQQ%RVWRQ
%DUQH\ - Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage n-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQWo 9RO1R
'DYHQSRUW7+3UXVDN/Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know +DUYDUG %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO 3UHVV %RVWRQ
)LGHUHN:6\VWHPZ\NRU]\VWDQLDGR~ZLDGF]HZ:/cGf3U]HJOcG :RMVN/cGRZ\FKv1R
)LUHVWRQH -0 0F(OUR\ 0 Key issues in the New Knowledge Management.0&,3UHVV$PVWHUGDP
*DUYLQ '$ Learning in action: A guide to putting the learning organization to work%RVWRQ
*ULIILQ 5: Management +RXJKWRQ 0LIIOLQ &RPSDQ\ %RVWRQ
+DOOHW00RWD03LQRW-+Smack M., Soegaard P., Introduction to the NATO Lessons Learned capability c7KH 7KUHH 6ZRUGV 0DJD]LQHo ,VVXH1R
+XWVRQ 3 Information and Knowledge Management: Framing the challengec7KH7KUHH6ZRUGV0DJD]LQHo,VVXH1R ,VOHU 7 The NATO Lesson Learned process c7KH 7KUHH 6ZRUGV
.RÒPLØVNL $ =DU]cG]DQLH Z ZDUXQNDFK QLHSHZQR~FL 3RGU§F]QLN
dla zaawansowanych3:1:DUV]DZD
1RQDND,7DNHXFKL+.UHRZDQLHZLHG]\ZRUJDQL]DFML -DNVSÕãNL MDSRVNLHG\QDPL]XMcSURFHV\LQQRZDF\MQH3ROWH[W:DUV]DZD 3DQHN / System Lessons Learned w NATO c3U]HJOÌG :RMVN
/ÌGRZ\FKo QU
3UREVW * Practical Knowledge Management: A model that works, f3ULVPv 6HFRQG4XDUWHU
3UREVW*5DXE65RPKDUGW.=DU]cG]DQLHZLHG]cZRUJDQL]DFML 2ILF\QD(NRQRPLF]QD.UDN¿Z
6FKHLGHU5The After Action Reviewc7KH7KUHH6ZRUGV0DJD]LQHo ,VVXH1R
6HQJH 3 The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organisation5DQGRP+RXVH/RQGRQ
6HZHOO 3 Best Practices: A Lessons Learned enabler for NATO transformation c7KH 7KUHH 6ZRUGV 0DJD]LQHo ,VVXH 1R
6HZHOO3Lessons Learned: A bureaucratic burden or a valuable skill setc7KH7KUHH6ZRUGV0DJD]LQHo ,VVXH1R
9HJR0Joint Operational Warfare861DYDO:DU&ROOHJH1RUIRON
Military publications
Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations$-3 % 0DUFK
%i-Strategic Command IKM Vision and Strategic Concept 'HFHPEHU
Bi-Strategic Command Information and Knowledge Management (IKM) Directive6HSWHPEHU
Bi-Strategic Command Knowledge Development 3UH'RFWULQDO +DQGERRN)LQDO'UDIW1RY
5. Establishing a Lessons Learned Program: Observations, Insights and Lessons&HQWHUIRU$UP\/HVVRQV/HDUQHG)RUW/HDYHQZRUWK 6. ,QVWUXNFMD6\VWHPX:\NRU]\VWDQLD'R~ZLDGF]HZ6LãDFK=EURMQ\FK
RP&'L66=%\GJRV]F]
NATO Glossary of Communication and Information Systems Terms and Definitions$$3$6HSWHPEHU
NATO Information Management Policy C-M 2007(0118) 'HFHPEHU
NATO Primary Directive on Information Management C-M ,19 1RYHPEHU
The NATO Lessons Learned Handbook-RLQW$QDO\VLVDQG/HVVRQV /HDUQHG&HQWUH)LUVWHGLWLRQ2FWREHU
The NATO Lessons Learned Handbook -RLQW $QDO\VLV DQG /HVVRQV /HDUQHG&HQWUH6HFRQGHGLWLRQ6HSWHPEHU
