ɊȿɅɂȽɂɈɁɇɈ-ɇɊȺȼɋɌȼȿɇɇȺə ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆȺɌɂɄȺ ȼ ȾȿɊȿȼȿɇɋɄɈɃ ɉɊɈɁȿ ɏɏ ȼȿɄȺ
(ȼ. ȺɋɌȺɎɖȿȼ, ȼ. ɊȺɋɉɍɌɂɇ, ȼ. ɒɍɄɒɂɇ) RELIGIOUS AND MORAL PROBLEMS IN THE RURAL PROSE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (V. ASTAFIEV, V. RASPUTIN, AND V. SHUKSHIN)
ȼȺȼɀɂɇȿɐ ɉɈɉȿɅɖ-ɆȺɏɇɂɐɄɂ
ABSTRACT. Victor Astafiev, Valentin Rasputin and Vasiliy Shukshin are the representatives of a rural Russian prose. They all come from Siberia that has a great impact on their works. They wanted to save the rural spirit, hidden in the endless forests of the taiga, from the destructive influence of the urban culture. The writers wanted the Siberian countryside to help Russian society, which was drawn away from cultural roots, to return again to God.
Wawrzyniec Popiel-Machnicki, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ „ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɨɦ” ɪɨɦɚɧɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɚɹ „ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧ-ɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ” (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɥɶɢ ɗɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɚ) ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹ, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. „Ɍɟɨ-ɪɢɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜ-ɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɣ, ɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ, ɨɬɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɸ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. ɐɟɧɡɭɪɚ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɥɚɫɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɭɯɨɜ-ɧɨɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɪɭɳɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞ-ɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɟ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1964 ɝɨɞɭ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ ɏɪɭɳɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɜɟɹɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɫɟɤɚ Ʌɟɨɧɢɞɚ Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜɚ, ɡɚɧɹɥɢ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɢ: ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ⱥɫɬɚ-ɮɶɟɜ, ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ ɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ
ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ Ʌɭɰɢɹɧ ɋɭɯɚɧɟɤ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ „ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ”, ɩɪɢɡɧɚ-ɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ „ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ”1 . ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚ-ɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɚɣɝɢ. Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ, Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ ɢ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɪ-ɧɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɤ Ȼɨɝɭ. ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ-ɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ-ɧɨɦ ɬɚɦ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ, ɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟ-ɝɨ, ɫɬɚɪɲɟɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ. ɀɟɥɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ ɲɚɧɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ Ɋɨɞɢɧɵ, ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɭ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-ɞɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ, ɢɡ ɚɥɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɋɪɨɫɬɤɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɡɭ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɶɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ɂɚɥɵɝɢɧ, „ɱɢɬɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɚɜɬɨ-ɪɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɚɜɬɨ-ɪɚɧɟ, ɚ, ɝɥɹɞɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɚɜɬɨ-ɪɚɧ – ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɭ”2 . ȼɫɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ – ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ, ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɥɸɛɢɥ. ȼ 1973 ɝɨɞɭ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ Ʉɚɥɢɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɟ, ɞɨ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪɵ ɜ 1974 ɝɨɞɭ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɧɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɢɫɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɡɧɚɬɨɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɒɭɤ-ɲɢɧɚ ɗɞɜɚɪɞ ɉɚɜɥɹɤ3 . Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɚ, ɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ „ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ”, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɢɫɬɚ ȿɝɨɪɚ ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɦɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬ-ɤɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɫɚɦ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɧɢɬɶ. ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɤɪɨ-ɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȿɝɨ ɫɟɦɶɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɪɟɫɬɚ ɜ 1933 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɚɬɶ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɫɤɚɥɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ, ɭɡɧɚɜ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɜ ɋɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɟɬ ɫɵɧ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ, Ɇɚɪɢɹ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɧɚ, ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɹ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɧɹɥɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɥɚ ɜɢɫɟɜ-________________ 1
L. S u c h a n e k, ĝwiadkowie, oskarĪyciele, sprzymierzeĔcy i obroĔcy. O postawach
pisarzy rosyjskich, [ɜ:] Daü Ğwiadectwo prawdzie, red. L. Suchanek, Kraków 1996, ɫ. 59.
2 ɋ. Ɂ ɚ ɥ ɵ ɝ ɢ ɧ, Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɜ ɤɢɪɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɚɩɨɝɚɯ. Ʉ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɚ,
[ɜ:] ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ: http://shukshin.virtbox.ru/article/zalygin.html (10.08.2009).
ɲɭɸ ɜ ɢɡɛɟ ɢɤɨɧɭ. ɒɭɤɲɢɧ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜ, ɱɬɨ „ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ” ɭɝɨɥ ɩɭɫɬ, ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɫɢɬɶ ɢɤɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ʉɚɥɢɧɵ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɨɧ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɥ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ-ɧɵɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɤɭɥɶɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɦ Ȼɨɝɨɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ȼ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ – Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɜ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ – ɡɟɦɥɹ, ɜ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ – ɦɚɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɧɨɫɢ-ɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ4 . ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɭɬɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨ-ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɞ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɚ. ȼ Ʉɚɥɢɧɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ȿɝɨɪ ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧ, ɩɚɞɚɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɸɪɶɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɵɜɟɬ ɥɨɞɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɥɶɹɯ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɟ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜɞɚɥɟɤɟ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɪɚɦ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸ-ɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɝɧɨ-ɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɬɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɭɸ, ɛɥɟɫɬɹ-ɳɭɸ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɦ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ. ɗɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɟɯɨɜ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɒɭɤ-ɲɢɧ-ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɵɦ-ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɤɚɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ „ɜɢɡɢɬɚ” ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ȼ ɤɧɢ-ɝɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɬ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɤɢɧɨɮɢɥɶɦɨɦ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ȿɝɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤ, ɜɵɩɪɵɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ-ɪɵɞɚɧɢɟɦ: „Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ! ɉɪɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɹ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢ!..”. Ʉɢɧɨɤɚ-ɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɭɲɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɤɚ ȿɝɨɪɚ ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɮɢɥɶɦɭ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɱɧɨ ɠɢɜɭɸ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɬɱɭ ɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɛɥɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɩɨ-ɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɢɫɤɪɟɧ-ɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɤɚɹɧɢɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ Ⱥɥɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɬɚ-ɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɨɡɚɛɵɬɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ. ɋɬɚ-ɪɚɹɫɶ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɭ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ: ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɹɯ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɧ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ. ________________ 4Ƚ.ɉ. Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɬ ɨ ɜ, Ɇɚɬɶ-ɡɟɦɥɹ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1992, ɫ. 81.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ. Ʉɪɢ-ɬɢɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – ɉɚɜɟɥ Ȼɚɫɢɧɫɤɢɣ – ɩɢɫɚɥ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɷɯɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ ɢ – ɲɢɪɟ – ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɶɧɢɱɶɟɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ; ɬɢɯɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɵɲ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ5 . ȿɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɨ ɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫɚ ɢ ɷɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɸɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɀɢɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɧɢ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ 15 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1937 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɚ. Ⱦɟɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɜ ɫɟɥɟ Ⱥɬɚɥɚɧɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɞɚɥɟɤɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɚ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɧɟɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɮɢɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɰɢɣ. Ƚɟɪɨɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ȼɚɜɠɢɧɱɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɢɯ „ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦɢ” ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɢ-ɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ6 . ɀɢɡɧɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɚ „ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ” ɥɸɞɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ „ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɪɨɞɢɧɨɣ”. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ „ɪɨɞɢɧɭ” ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1976 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɉɪɨɳɚɧɢɟ ɫ Ɇɚɬɟɪɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɦɚɡɨɯɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ Ɇɚɬɟɪɚ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɦɚɡɨɯɢɡɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ”, ɛɵɥ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ Ⱥɬɚɥɚɧɤɚ. ɋɟɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɝɚɪɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɳɚɧɢɟ ɫ Ɇɚɬɟɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶɸ – ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜ Ɉɝɪɵɡɤɨ – ɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɳɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɪɚ-ɜɢɥɨɫɶ7 . Ⱥ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɚɞɨ ɥɢ, ɲɚɝɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ „Ɇɚɬɟɪɚ” ________________ 5 ɉ. Ȼ ɚ ɫ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Memento Mori. ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ, „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ” 1992, ʋ 44, 28.10, ɫ. 4. 6
A. W a w r z y Ĕ c z a k, Naród i paĔstwo w twórczoĞci pisarzy rosyjskich nurtu
„wiej-skiego”. Wasilij Bielów, Władimir Liczutin, Walentyn Rasputin, Kraków 2005, ɫ. 14.
ɜɢɞɢɦ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ „ɦɚɬɶ”, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ, ɞɨɪɨɝɨɟ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɦ Ȼɨɝɨɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ɋɚɦ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ, ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɹ ɨ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɟ, ɩɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ „Ɇɚɬɟɪɚ” ɛɥɢɡ-ɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɭ „ɦɚɬɟɪɵɣ”, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɤɪɟɩɤɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɢ-ɧɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɪɹ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡɟ ɫ ɧɚɬɭ-ɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹ Ɇɚɬɟɪɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɬɱɭ ɨ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɬɯɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɩ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɪɟɯɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɪɵ, ɚ ɭ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɭ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟ-ɪɭ – ɨɩɨɆɚɬɟ-ɪɭ ɞɨɛɪɚ, ɥɸɛɜɢ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɦ. Ɉɬ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɚ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ-ɧɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɠɚ-ɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ. ɉɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɟɳɟ ɭɦɢɪɚɬɶ, ɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɥɟ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɭɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɠɚɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ Ⱦɚɪɶɹ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ „ɫɬɚɪɭɯɢ”, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ ɦɭɞɪɟɰɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ8 , ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɥ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɩɨ-ɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɤɚ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɢɥ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ Ⱦɚɪɶɹ, ɋɢɦɚ, ɇɚɫɬɹ, Ȼɨɝɨɞɭɥ, ɉɚɜɟɥ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɬɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ – ɫɜɨɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɭɬɸɝɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɜɱɟɝ ɇɨɹ, ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɤ ɧɚ-ɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɸ. ɉɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɜɱɟɝɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɛɵɬɚ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɢɥ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɦ ɠɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɩɨɪɬɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ. Ʌɸɞɟɣ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɣ, ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ – ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱦɚɪɶɹ – ɫɩɪɹɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ʉɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɧɢɬ, ɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɠɢɜɵɯ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɥ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɤɚɤ ɒɭɤɲɢɧ ɢ Ɋɚɫɩɭ-ɬɢɧ, ɛɵɥ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɬɚ-ɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ Ɂɜɟɡɞɨɩɚɞ (1960), Ʉɪɚɠɚ (1965), ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ (1957–1977), Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɷɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ________________ 8ɇ.ȼ. Ʉ ɭ ɛ ɥ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɬɚɪɭɯɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ ȼ. Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢɢ Ʌ. ɉɟɬɪɭ-ɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ. Ɍɪɢ ɜɟɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɇɢɪ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ȼ. Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ 2007, ɫ. 173.
ɨɛɳɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ, ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɷɫɬɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɒɭɤɲɢɧɚ ɢ Ɋɚɫɩɭɬɢɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɤ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟ-ɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɢɞɟɸ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɚɧɬɟɢɡɦɨɦ. ȿɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɚɧɬɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɭɯɭ ɢɞɟɹ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɵ9 . Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵɛɵ, ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɜɟɪɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ. ȼ ɚɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɚɪ-ɦɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɧɟ-ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɢɡ „ɩɨɱɜɵ”, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ – ɝɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ, ɠɢɜɭɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ. Ɉɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɭ Ⱥɫɬɚ-ɮɶɟɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɣɝɚ, ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɭɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ „ɤɧɢɝɭ ɬɚɣɝɢ”. ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-ɝɥɚɫɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɣɝɭ ɢɞɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ „ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ” ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹ-ɬɢɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɜɨɫɩɪɢɹ-ɬɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ: ɭɫɦɢɪɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɭɬɟ-ɲɟɧɢɟ. Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɜɰɨɦ ɛɵɬɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɧ ɦɨɪɚ-ɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬ. ȼɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɩɫɢ-ɯɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ „ɞɭɲɚ” – ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ-ɫɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1976 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵɛɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ ɷɩɢ-ɡɨɞɨɜ-ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɚɯ-ɛɪɚɤɨɧɶɟɪɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɚ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟ ɳɚɞɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɨɧɢ ɧɚ-ɧɨɫɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɪɟɞ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɩɥɟɤɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪ-ɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ: ɚɜɬɨɪ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵɛɵ, ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤ-ɪɵɛɚɤ ɂɝɧɚɬɶɢɱ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɫɜɨ-ɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɟɯɚɯ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɪɟɤɟ, ɥɟɫɭ, ɧɟɛɭ, ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɡɜɟɪɹɦ, ɪɵɛɚɦ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɂɝɧɚ-ɬɶɢɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɜɩɭɬɚɥɫɹ. ɋɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɟɞɢ-ɧɨɤ ɫ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɪɵɛɨɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɛɪɚɤɨɧɶɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɢ-ɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɣ ________________ 9 Cɦ.: ȼ. Ɇ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɧ ɢ ɤ, „ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵɛɚ” ȼ. Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɚ. ɉɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɸ, [ɜ:] ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ: http://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/040909115608 (28.11.2008).
ɪɵɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɥɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ, ɛɨɪɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɪɵɛɚɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɱɢɧɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɟ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɂɝɧɚɬɶɢɱ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɡɚɛɵɬɵɣ ɝɪɟɯ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ-ɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɥ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɟɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ: „ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɟɟ (ɪɵɛɭ – ȼ. ɉ.-Ɇ.), ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɧɟɱɚɹɧɧɨ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɠɢɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ...”10 . ɋɟɣɱɚɫ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ, ɂɝɧɚɬɶɢɱ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ: Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ! Ⱦɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɢ ɬɵ ɧɚɫ! Ɉɬɩɭɫɬɢ ɷɬɭ ɬɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɸ! ɇɟ ɩɨ ɪɭɤɟ ɨɧɚ ɦɧɟ! Ɋɵɛɚɤ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɥɢɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɂɤɨɧ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɥ, ɚ ɜ Ȼɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥ... ɂ ɡɪɹ. ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ, ɧɭ ɯɨɬɶ ɛɵ ɜɨɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɤɨɧɤɭ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɯɨɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɨɧɶɤɟ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɟɝɨ – ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɢɰɭ-ɦɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɟɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ – ɡɚɜɟɳɚɥɚ, ɦɨɥ11 . ɂɝɧɚɬɶɢɱ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɥ ɞɟɞɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɭɜɚɠɚɥ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɭɜɚɠɚɟɬ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢ-Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢ-ɇɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɋɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɚ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɦ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɦ ɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɩɨɣɦɚɬɶ ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵ-ɛɭ. ɉɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ. Ɋɵɛɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɵ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɚɬɟ-ɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɪɚɤɨɧɶɟ-ɪɨɦ, ɜɞɪɭɝ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɝɧɚɬɶɢɱ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɟɟ „ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ”, „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ” ɫɦɵɫɥ. Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥ ɢɞɟɸ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɬɭɪɟ, ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɦɵɫɟɥ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɢɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɸ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɪɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɣɞɹ „ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ, ɞɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ”, ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬ „ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ, ɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ”. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɟ Ɉɜɫɹɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɟ ȿɧɢɫɟɟ, Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɞ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɚɣɝɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɟɳɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ „ɥɢɰɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ” ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɝɧɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ12 . ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ ɩɨɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɚɧɬɢɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɸ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ. ɂɡ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ________________ 10 ȼ. Ⱥ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɮ ɶ ɟ ɜ, ɐɚɪɶ-ɪɵɛɚ. ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 376. 11 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 377. 12ȼ. Ⱥ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɮ ɶ ɟ ɜ, Ⱦɨɣɞɟɦ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ – ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟ, „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɟ-ɬɚ” 1997, ʋ 3, 22.01, ɫ. 11.
